GettingaPassportasacitizenofaState

underArticleIV,Section2,Clause1ofthe
ConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,More
2011DanGoodman

OnAugust18,1856,CongresspassedAnacttoregulatethediplomaticand
consularsystemoftheUnitedStates.AtSection23,itstatedthattheSecretaryof
StateoftheUnitedStateswasauthorizedtograntandissuepassports,andcause
passportstobegranted,issued,andverifiedinforeigncountriesbysuchdiplomatic
orconsularofficersoftheUnitedStates,andundersuchrulesasthePresidentshall
designateandprescribeforandonbehalfoftheUnitedStates,andnootherperson
shallgrant,issue,orverifyanysuchpassport;norshallanypassportbegrantedor
issuedto,orverifiedfor,anyotherpersonsthancitizensoftheUnitedStates.
http://books.google.com/books?id=mUkMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA60#v=onepage&q&f=false

OnMarch3,1863,CongresspassedAnActmakingAppropriationsforsundry
CivilExpensesoftheGovernmentfortheYearendingJunethirty,eighteenhundred
andsixtyfour,andfortheYearendingthe30[th]ofJune,1863,andforother
Purposes.AtSection23,itstates:

Andbeitfurtherenacted,Thatsomuchoftheactapprovedtheeighteenthof
August,eighteenhundredandfiftysix,entitledAnacttoregulatethediplomatic
andconsularsystemsoftheUnitedStates,asprohibitsthegrantingofpassportsto
anyotherthancitizensoftheUnitedStates,shallbe,andisherebyrepealed,sofar
asthatprohibitionmayembraceanyclassofpersonsliabletomilitarydutybythe
lawsoftheUnitedStates.
http://books.google.com/books?id=aK1DAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA754#v=onepage&q&f=false

OnMay30,1866,CongresspassedAnacttorepealSectiontwentythreeof
ChapterseventynineoftheActsoftheThirdSessionoftheThirtySeventh
Congress,relatingtoPassports.Containingonlyonesection,itreads:

BeitenactedbytheSenateandHouseofRepresentativesoftheUnitedStatesof
AmericainCongressassembled,ThatsectiontwentythreeofanactentitledAnact

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makingappropriationsforsundrycivilexpensesofthegovernmentfortheyear
endingJunethirty,eighteenhundredandsixtyfour,andfortheyearending
thirtiethJune,eighteenhundredandsixtythree,andforotherpurposes,be,andthe
sameisherebyrepealed.Andhereafterpassportsshallbeissuedonlytocitizensof
theUnitedStates.
http://books.google.com/books?id=dSs3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA54#v=onepage&q&f=false

Thelastsentence,incombinationwiththeActofAugust18,1856,atSection23
becameSection4076oftheRevisedStatutes:

Section4076(RevisedStatutes).Nopassportshallbegrantedorissuedtoor
verifiedforanyotherpersonsthancitizensoftheUnitedStates.ActofMay30,
1866,ch.102,14Stat.L.54.
http://books.google.com/books?id=cNw4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA407#v=onepage&q&f=false

OnJune14,1902,CongresspassedAnActToamendsectionsfourthousandand
seventysix,fourthousandandseventyeight,andfourthousandandseventyfiveof
theRevisedStatutes.AtSection2itstates:

ThatsectionfourthousandandseventysixoftheRevisedStatutesishereby
amendedsoastoreadasfollows:Nopassportshallbegrantedorissuedtoor
verifiedforanyotherpersonsthanthoseowingallegiance,whethercitizensornot,
totheUnitedStates.
http://books.google.com/books?id=Jrm7L11MEekC&pg=PA134#v=onepage&q&f=false

Fromtheyear1866totheyear1902,nopassportcouldbegrantedorissuedtoor
verifiedforanypersonbutacitizenoftheUnitedStates.

TheFourteenthAmendmentwentintoeffectonJuly28,1868[Footnote1].
BeforetheFourteenthAmendment,acitizenofaStatewasalsoacitizenofthe
UnitedStates:

Thedefendantinerrorisallegedintheproceedingstobeacitizenofthe
UnitedStates,naturalizedinLouisiana,andresidingthere.Thisisequivalenttoan
avermentthatheisacitizenofthatstate.Gassiesv.Ballon:31U.S.(Peters6)
761,762(1832).
http://books.google.com/books?id=ES43AAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1
PA762#v=onepage&q&f=false

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Thiscausehasbeenheardondemurrertothebill,whichalleges,insubstance,
thatthedefendantwasbornpriortoApril6,1841,atFishmoyne,intheparishof
DownandInch,andcountyofTipperary,Ireland,andwasanalien;thatheremained
theretill18(6)2,whenhecametothiscountry,andarrivedatNewYorkaboutMay
13thofthatyear,whenover18andabout20yearsold(Note:1841+20=1861,
thus1862,not1882);thatonOctober22,1867,withouthavingmadeany
declarationofintentiontobecomeacitizenoftheUnitedStates,hepresenteda
petitionfornaturalizationtothesuperiorcourtofthecityofNewYork,...that
thereupontherequiredoathsweretaken,andacertificateindueformwasissued..
...

...But,whateverthefactwas,theadministrationoftheoathsandissuingof
thecertificateshowedthesatisfactionofthecourtastotherequirements,
constitutingajudgmentofadmissiontocitizenship,withtheforceofsucha
judgmentuponthestatusoftheapplicant....

ThedefendantbecameacitizenofthestateofNewYork,ASWELLASofthe
UnitedStates.UnitedStatesv.Gleason:78F.Rep.396(1897).

http://books.google.com/books?id=1ZoKAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1
PA396#v=onepage&q=&f=false

And:

Onthe1stofFebruary[1861],aconvention,calledwithoutauthority,but
subsequentlysanctionedbythelegislatureregularlyelected,adoptedanordinance
todissolvetheunionbetweentheStateofTexasandtheotherStatesunderthe
ConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,wherebyTexaswasdeclaredtobeaseparateand
sovereignState,andherpeopleandcitizenstobeabsolvedfromallallegianceto
theUnitedStates,orthegovernmentthereof.

Itwasorderedbyavoteoftheconventionandbyanactofthelegislature,that
thisordinanceshouldbesubmittedtothepeople,forapprovalordisapproval,on
the23rdofFebruary,1861.

Withoutawaiting,however,thedecisionthusinvoked,theconvention,onthe
4thofFebruary,adoptedaresolutiondesignatingsevendelegatestorepresentthe
StateintheconventionofsecedingStatesatMontgomery,inorder,asthe
resolutiondeclared,thatthewishesandinterestsofthepeopleofTexasmaybe
consultedinreferencetotheconstitutionandprovisionalgovernmentthatmaybe
establishedbysaidconvention.

Beforethepassageofthisresolutiontheconventionhadappointedacommittee
ofpublicsafety,andadoptedanordinancegivingauthoritytothatcommitteeto
takemeasuresforobtainingpossessionofthepropertyoftheUnitedStatesinTexas,
andforremovingtheNationaltroopsfromherlimits.Themembersofthe

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committee,andallofficersandagentsappointedoremployedbyit,wereswornto
secrecyandtoallegiancetotheState.Commissionerswereatonceappointed,with
instructionstorepairtotheheadquartersofGeneralTwiggs,thenrepresentingthe
UnitedStatesincommandofthedepartment,andtomakethedemandsnecessary
fortheaccomplishmentofthepurposesofthecommittee.Amilitaryforcewas
organizedinsupportofthesedemands,andanarrangementwaseffectedwiththe
commandinggeneral,bywhichtheUnitedStatestroopswereengagedtoleavethe
State,andthefortsandallthepublicproperty,notnecessarytotheremovalofthe
troops,weresurrenderedtothecommissioners.

Thesetransactionstookplacebetweenthe2dandthe18thofFebruary,andit
wasunderthesecircumstancesthatthevoteupontheratificationorrejectionofthe
ordinanceofsecessionwastakenonthe23dofFebruary.Itwasratifiedbya
majorityofthevotersoftheState.

Theconvention,whichhadadjournedbeforethevotewastaken,reassembled
onthe2dofMarch,andinstructedthedelegatesalreadysenttotheCongressofthe
secedingStates,toapplyforadmissionintotheconfederation,andtogivethe
adhesionofTexastoitsprovisionalconstitution.

Itproceeded,also,tomakethechangesintheStateconstitutionwhichthis
adhesionmadenecessary.ThewordsUnitedStates,werestrickenoutwherever
theyoccurred,andthewordsConfederateStatessubstituted;andthemembersof
thelegislature,andallofficersoftheState,wererequiredbythenewconstitutionto
takeanoathoffidelitytotheconstitutionandlawsofthenewconfederacy.

Before,indeed,thesechangesintheconstitutionhadbeencompleted,the
officersoftheStatehadbeenrequiredtoappearbeforethecommitteeandtakean
oathofallegiancetotheConfederateStates.

Thegovernorandsecretaryofstate,refusingtocomply,weresummarilyejected
fromoffice.

Themembersofthelegislature,whichhadalsoadjournedandreassembledon
the18thofMarch,weremorecompliant.Theytooktheoath,andproceededonthe
8thofApriltoprovidebylawforthechoiceofelectorsofpresidentandvice
presidentoftheConfederateStates.

TherepresentativesoftheStateintheCongressoftheUnitedStateswere
withdrawn,andassoonasthesecededStatesbecameorganizedundera
constitution,TexassentsenatorsandrepresentativestotheConfederateCongress.

Inallrespects,sofarastheobjectcouldbeaccomplishedbyordinancesofthe
convention,byactsofthelegislature,andbyvotesofthecitizens,therelationsof
TexastotheUnionwerebrokenup,andnewrelationstoanewgovernmentwere
establishedforthem.

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Thepositionthusassumedcouldonlybemaintainedbyarms,andTexas
accordinglytookpart,withtheotherConfederateStates,inthewaroftherebellion,
whichtheseeventsmadeinevitable.Duringthewholeofthatwartherewasno
governor,orjudge,oranyotherStateofficerinTexas,whorecognizedtheNational
authority.NorwasanyofficeroftheUnitedStatespermittedtoexerciseany
authoritywhateverundertheNationalgovernmentwithinthelimitsoftheState,
exceptundertheimmediateprotectionoftheNationalmilitaryforces.

DidTexas,inconsequencesoftheseacts,ceasetobeaState?Or,ifnot,didthe
StateceasetobeamemberoftheUnion?....

When,therefore,TexasbecameoneoftheUnitedStates,sheenteredintoan
indissolublerelation.Alltheobligationsofperpetualunion,andalltheguarantiesof
republicangovernmentintheUnion,attachedatoncetotheState.Theactwhich
consummatedheradmissionintotheUnionwassomethingmorethanacompact;it
wastheincorporationofanewmemberintothepoliticalbody.Anditwasfinal.
TheunionbetweenTexasandtheotherStateswasascomplete,asperpetual,andas
indissolubleastheunionbetweentheoriginalStates.Therewasnoplacefor
reconsideration,orrevocation,exceptthroughrevolution,orthoughconsentofthe
States.

ConsideredthereforeastransactionsundertheConstitution,theordinanceof
secession,adoptedbytheconventionandratifiedbyamajorityofthecitizensof
Texas,andalltheactsofherlegislatureintendedtogiveeffecttothatordinance,
wereabsolutelynull.Theywereutterlywithoutoperationinlaw.Theobligations
oftheState,asamemberoftheUnion,andofeverycitizenoftheState,asa
citizenoftheUnitedStates,remainedperfectandunimpaired.Itcertainly
followsthattheStatedidnotceasetobeaState,norhercitizenstobecitizensof
theUnion.Ifthiswereotherwise,theStatemusthavebecomeforeign,andher
citizensforeigners.Thewarmusthaveceasedtobeawarforthesuppressionof
rebellion,andmusthavebecomeawarforconquestandsubjugation.Texasv.
White:74U.S.(Wall.7)700,722thru726(1868).
http://books.google.com/books?id=MfY7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA722#v=onepage&q&f=false

Sec.2.Andbeitfurtherenacted,ThatallnaturalizedcitizensoftheUnited
States,whileinforeignstates,shallbeentitledto,andshallreceivefromthis
government,thesameprotectionofpersonsandpropertythatisaccordedto
nativeborncitizensinlikesituationsandcircumstances.

Sec.3.Andbeitfurtherenacted,Thatwheneveritshallbemadeknowntothe
PresidentthatanycitizenoftheUnitedStateshasbeenunjustlydeprivedofhis
libertybyorundertheauthorityofanyforeigngovernment....AnAct
concerningtheRightsofAmericanCitizensinforeignStates,approvedJuly27,1868

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ortheExpatriationActofJuly27,1868.[Footnote2]
http://home.earthlink.net/~walterk1/Patr/US/ExpatriationAct.html

AftertheadoptionoftheFourteenthAmendment,acitizenofaStatewasheldto
beseparateanddistinctfromacitizenoftheUnitedStates:

OftheprivilegesandimmunitiesofthecitizenoftheUnitedStates,andof
theprivilegesandimmunitiesofthecitizenoftheState,andwhattheyrespective
are,wewillpresentlyconsider;butwewishtostateherethatitisonlytheformer
whichareplacedbythisclause(Section1,Clause2oftheFourteenthAmendment)
undertheprotectionoftheFederalConstitution,andthatthelatter,whateverthey
maybe,arenotintendedtohaveanyadditionalprotectionbythisparagraphofthe
amendment.SlaughterhouseCases:83U.S.(16Wall.)36,at74(1873).
http://books.google.com/books?id=DkgFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q&f=false

Inaddition:

IntheSlaughterhousecases,16Wall.36,thesubjectoftheprivilegesor
immunitiesofcitizensoftheUnitedStates,asdistinguishedfromthoseofa
particularState,wastreatedbyMr.JusticeMillerindeliveringtheopinionofthe
court.Hestated...thatitwasonlyprivilegesandimmunitiesofthecitizenof
theUnitedStatesthatwereplacedbythe[Fourteenth]amendmentunderthe
protectionoftheFederalConstitution,andthattheprivilegesandimmunitiesof
acitizenofaState,whatevertheymightbe,werenotintendedtohaveany
additionalprotectionbytheparagraphinquestion,buttheymustrestfortheir
securityandprotectionwheretheyhaveheretoforerested.Maxwellv.Dow:176
U.S.581,at587(1900).
http://books.google.com/books?id=8toGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA587#v=onepage&q&f=false

And:

...Itis,then,totheFourteenthAmendmentthattheadvocatesofthe
congressionalactmustresorttofindauthorityforitsenactment,andtothefirst
sectionofthatamendment,whichisasfollows:Allpersonsbornornaturalizedin
theUnitedStates,andsubjecttothejurisdictionthereof,arecitizensoftheUnited
States,andoftheStatewhereintheyreside.NoStateshallmakeorenforceanylaw
whichshallabridgetheprivilegesorimmunitiesofcitizensoftheUnitedStates,nor
shallanyStatedepriveanypersonoflife,liberty,orproperty,withoutdueprocess
oflaw,nordenytoanypersonwithinitsjurisdictiontheequalprotectionofthe

6
laws.

Inthefirstclauseofthissection,declaringwhoarecitizensoftheUnitedStates,
thereisnothingwhichtouchesthesubjectunderconsideration.Thesecondclause,
declaringthatnoStateshallmakeorenforceanylawwhichwillabridgethe
privilegesorimmunitiesofcitizensoftheUnitedStates,islimited,accordingto
thedecisionofthiscourtinSlaughterHouseCases,tosuchprivilegesand
immunitiesasbelongtocitizensoftheUnitedStates,asdistinguishedfrom
thoseofcitizensoftheState.Nealv.StateofDelaware:103U.S.370,at406
(1880).
http://books.google.com/books?id=Y7wGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA406#v=onepage&q&f=false

SonowthereisacitizenofaStateandthereisacitizenoftheUnitedStates
[Footnote3]:

WecometothecontentionthatthecitizenshipofEdwardswasnotaverredin
thecomplaintorshownbytherecord,andhencejurisdictiondidnotappear.

Inansweringthequestion,whethertheCircuitCourthadjurisdictionofthe
controversy,wemustputourselvesintheplaceoftheCircuitCourtofAppeals,and
decidethequestionwithreferencetothetranscriptofrecordinthatcourt.

HadthetranscriptshownnothingmoreastothestatusofEdwardsthanthe
avermentofthecomplaintthathewasaresidentoftheStateofDelaware,assuch
anavermentwouldnotnecessarilyhaveimportedthatEdwardswasacitizenof
Delaware,anegativeanswerwouldhavebeenimpelledbypriordecisions.Mexican
CentralRy.Co.v.Duthie,189U.S.76;Hornev.GeorgeH.HammondCo.,155U.S.393;
Dennyv.Pironi,141U.S.121;Robertsonv.Cease,97U.S.646.Thewholerecord,
however,maybelookedto,forthepurposeofcuringadefectiveavermentof
citizenship,wherejurisdictioninaFederalcourtisassertedtodependupon
diversityofcitizenship,andiftherequisitecitizenship,isanywhereexpressly
averredintherecord,orfactsarethereinstatedwhichinlegalintendment
constitutesuchallegation,thatissufficient.Hornev.GeorgeH.HammondCo.,supra
andcasescited.

Asthisisanactionatlaw,weareboundtoassumethatthetestimonyofthe
plaintiffcontainedinthecertificateoftheCircuitCourtofAppeals,andrecitedto
havebeengivenonthetrial,waspreservedinabillofexceptions,whichformed
partofthetranscriptofrecordfiledintheCircuitCourtofAppeals.Beingapartof
therecord,andpropertoberesortedtoinsettlingaquestionofthecharacterof
thatnowunderconsideration,Robertsonv.Cease,97U.S.648,wecometoascertain
whatisestablishedbytheuncontradictedevidencereferredto.

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Inthefirstplace,itshowsthatEdwards,priortohisemploymentontheNewYork
SunandtheNewHavenPalladium,waslegallydomiciledintheStateofDelaware.
Next,itdemonstratesthathehadnointentiontoabandonsuchdomicil,forhe
testifiedunderoathasfollows:OneofthereasonsIlefttheNewHavenPalladium
was,itwastoofarawayfromhome.IlivedinDelaware,andIhadtogobackand
forth.MyfamilyareoverinDelaware.Now,itiselementarythat,toeffectachange
ofoneslegaldomicil,twothingsareindispensable:First,residenceinanew
domicil,and,second,theintentiontoremainthere.Thechangecannotbemade,
exceptfactoetanimo.Botharealikenecessary.Eitherwithouttheotheris
insufficient.Mereabsencefromafixedhome,howeverlongcontinued,cannotwork
thechange.Mitchellv.UnitedStates,21Wall.350.

AsDelawaremust,then,beheldtohavebeenthelegaldomicilofEdwardsatthe
timehecommencedthisaction,haditappearedthathewasacitizenofthe
UnitedStates,itwouldhaveresulted,byoperationoftheFourteenth
Amendment,thatEdwardswasalsoacitizenoftheStateofDelaware.Anderson
v.Watt,138U.S.694.Bethisasitmay,however,Delawarebeingthelegaldomicilof
Edwards,itwasimpossibleforhimtohavebeenacitizenofanotherState,District,
orTerritory,andhemustthenhavebeeneitheracitizenofDelawareoracitizen
orsubjectofaforeignState.Ineitherofthesecontingencies,theCircuitCourt
wouldhavehadjurisdictionoverthecontroversy.But,inthelightofthetestimony,
wearesatisfiedthattheavermentinthecomplaint,thatEdwardswasaresidentof
theStateofDelaware,wasintendedtomean,and,reasonablyconstrued,mustbe
interpretedasaverring,thattheplaintiffwasacitizenoftheStateofDelaware.
Jonesv.Andrews,10Wall.327,331;ExpressCompanyv.Kountze,8Wall.342.Sun
Printing&PublishingAssociationv.Edwards:194U.S.377,at381thru383(1904).
http://books.google.com/books?id=tekGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA381#v=onepage&q&f=false

However,acitizenofaStateisstillacitizenoftheUnitedStates;thatis,acitizen
oftheseveralStatesunited,forpurposesofnationality:

Referringto1307ofMr.JusticeStorysCommentariesontheConstitution,and
thecasescited,towhichheaddedBentonv.Burgot,10S.&R.240,thelearnedjudge
inquired:What,then,istherightofastatetoexerciseauthorityoverthepersonsof
thosewhobelongtoanotherjurisdiction,andwhohaveperhapsnotbeenoutofthe
boundariesofit?(p.450)andquotedfromVattel,Burge,andfromMr.JusticeStory
(ConflictofLaws,c.14,539),thatnosovereigntycanextenditsprocessbeyond
itsownterritoriallimitstosubjectotherpersonsorpropertytoitsjudicial
decisions.Everyexertionofauthoritybeyondtheselimitsisamerenullity,and
incapableofbindingsuchpersonsorpropertyinothertribunals,andthus
continued:Suchisthefamiliar,reasonable,andjustprincipleofthelawofnations;
anditisscarcesupposablethattheframersoftheConstitutiondesignedtoabrogate

8
itbetweenStateswhichweretoremainasindependentofeachother,forallbut
nationalpurposes,astheywerebeforetherevolution.....(page296)

Publicistsconcurthatdomicilegenerallydeterminestheparticularterritorial
jurisprudencetowhicheveryindividualissubjected.AscorrectlysaidbyMr.
Wharton,thenationalityofourcitizensisthatoftheUnitedStates[Fn4],andby
thelawsoftheUnitedStates[Fn4]theyareboundinallmattersinwhichthe
UnitedStatesARE[Footnote4]sovereign[Footnote5];butinothermatters,their
domicileisintheparticularState,andthatdeterminestheapplicatoryterritorial
jurisprudence.Aforeignjudgmentisimpeachableforwantofpersonalservice
withinthejurisdictionofthedefendant,thisbeinginternationallyessentialto
jurisdictioninallcasesinwhichthedefendantisnotasubjectoftheStateentering
judgment;anditiscompetentforadefendantinanactiononajudgmentofasister
State,asinanactionofaforeignjudgment,tosetupasadefense,wantof
jurisdiction,inthathewasnotaninhabitantoftheStaterenderingthejudgment
andhadnotbeenservedwithprocessanddidnotenterhisappearance.Whart.
ConflictLaws,32,654,660;StoryConflictLaws,539,540,586.

JohnBengewasacitizenofMarylandwhenheexecutedthisobligation.The
subjectmatterofthesuitagainsthiminPennsylvaniawasmerelythe
determinationofhispersonalliability.Grover&BakerSewingMachineCompany
v.Radcliffe:137U.S.287,at296,297thru298(1890).
http://books.google.com/books?id=htIGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA296#v=onepage&q&f=false

Thisisalsoshowninthefollowingprovision:

Whoever,owingallegiancetotheUnitedStates[Footnote4],levieswar
againstTHEM[Fn4]oradherestotheirenemies,givingthemaidandcomfort
withintheUnitedStatesorelsewhere,isguiltyoftreasonandshallsufferdeath,or
shallbeimprisonednotlessthanfiveyearsandfinedunderthistitlebutnotless
than$10,000;andshallbeincapableofholdinganyofficeundertheUnitedStates.
18U.S.C.2381(2010).
http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/718/usc_sec_18_00002381000.html

ThatthereisacitizenoftheUnitedStatesandacitizenoftheseveralStates
(united)isshownbythefollowingcase:

1.RightoftransitthroughtheStateguaranteedtocitizensbyconstitution.
Underconstitutionalprovisions,bothStateandFederal,everycitizenoftheUnited
StatesandoftheseveralStatesoftheUnionhas,asanattributeofpersonal
liberty,therightoffreeegressfrom,andtransitthroughtheState,unlessrestrained
byduecourseoflaw;andthisrightissubjectonlytosuchlegislativeregulationsas

9
maybeimposedbytheexerciseofthepolicepoweroftheState,orasmayremotely
affectitinthelegitimateexerciseofthepowerofStatetaxation.Syllabus,Josephv.
Randolph:45Ala.2d.253,at253(1882).

Thequestionpresentedfordecisionisaconstitutionalone,involvingthe
validityofanactoftheGeneralAssemblyofthisState....

Itisinsisted,amongotherthings,thattheplainintentandnaturaleffectofthis
statuteistotax,byindirection,theconstitutionalrightofthecitizentohavefree
egress,atallseasonabletimes,byemigrationfromtheState.Ifthisviewbecorrect,
itisclearthatthevalidityoftheactcannotbesustained.

Therecanbenodenialofthegeneralpropositionthateverycitizenofthe
UnitedStates,andeverycitizenofeachStateoftheUnion,asanattributeof
personalliberty,hastheright,ordinarily,offreetransitfrom,orthroughthe
territoryofanyState.Thisfreedomofegressoringressisguaranteedtoallbythe
clearestimplicationsoftheFederal,aswellasoftheStateconstitution.Ithasbeen
saidthateveninEngland,whenceoursystemofjurisprudencewasderived,the
righttopersonallibertydidnotdependonanyexpressstatute,butitwasthe
birthrightofeveryfreeman.CooleysConst.Lim.342.ThisrightwassaidbySir
WilliamBlackstonetoconsistinthepoweroflocomotion,ofchangingsituation,or
ofmovingonespersontowhatsoeverplaceonesinclinationmaydirect,without
imprisonmentorrestraint,unlessbydueprocessoflaw.1Bl.Com.134.Forits
summaryvindicationwhenillegallymolested,thewritofhabeascorpushadits
origin,andwasestablishedwithmagnacharta.HurdonHabeasCorpus.143.

Thislibertyofinterstatetransit,thusbasedontheassertionofpersonalliberty,is
referabletomanyclausesoftheFederalconstitution.InWardv.Maryland,12Wall.
418,430[20L.Ed.449],itwasclassedbyMr.JusticeCliffordasoneofthe
privilegesandimmunitiesofthecitizensoftheseveralStates,guaranteedtothe
citizensofeachStatebyArt.IV.,Sec.2oftheconstitutionoftheUnitedStates.In
thePassengerCases,7How.(U.S.)283[12L.Ed.702],itwasrecognizedbya
majorityoftheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesasarightprotectedbythe
commercialclauseoftheFederalconstitutionfromhostileStatelegislation,andits
existencewasadmittedbyall,anddeniedbynone.Mr.JusticeWaynesaidthatno
StatehadtherighttotaxaforeignerorpersonforcomingintooneoftheUnited
States.That,hecontinued,wouldbeataxorrevenueact,inthenatureofa
regulationofcommerceactinguponnavigation,andassuchhethoughtitviolative
oftheFederalconstitution.PassengerCases,7How.(U.S.)420[12L.Ed.702].In
Crandallv.StateofNevada,6Wall.35[18L.Ed.744,745],theentirecourt
concurredintheview,thatacapitationtaxofonedollar,imposedbythelegislature
ofNevadauponeverypersonleavingtheState,asapassengerbyrailroad,stage
coachorothermodeofconveyance,wasunconstitutionalandvoid.Thereasonwas,
thatitinfringedtheunquestionablerightofeverycitizen(oftheUnitedStates)to

10
havefreeingressandegress,toandfromandthroughtheStatesandTerritories
composingacommongeneralgovernmentarightfullyrecognizedbyallthe
judgesashavinganundoubtedexistence,althoughtheydifferedastotheparticular
grounduponwhichitcouldberested.RoreronInterStateLaw,315.

Therightofeverycitizen,orpersontoenjoyfreeegressfrom,ortransitthrough
theState,is,inouropinion,anundoubtedconstitutionalright.Opinion,Josephv.
Randolph:45Ala.2d.253,at253,255thru256(1882).[Footnote6]
http://books.google.com/books?id=egsOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA253#v=onepage&q&f=false

SeealsothecaseUnitedStatesv.Wheeler(254U.S.281,1920).
http://books.google.com/books?id=DuoGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA281#v=onepage&q&f=false

BeforetheFourteenthAmendment,acitizenoftheUnitedStateswasconsidered
tobeacitizenoftheseveralStatesunited:

TheactofCongressreferredtointhefirstsectionoftheactof11thApril,1799
isrepealedandsuppliedbyanactpassed14thApril,1802,whichisincorporatedin
thisnoteforthepurposeofconnectingthewholelawonthesubject.

Anacttoestablishanuniformruleofnaturalization,andtorepealtheacts
heretoforepassedonthatsubject.

Beinenacted,&c.Thatanyalienbeingafreewhiteperson,maybeadmittedto
becomeacitizenoftheUnitedStates,oranyofthem[Footnote7],onthe
followingconditions,andnototherwise:

First,Thatheshallhavedeclared,onoathoraffirmation,beforetheSupreme,
Superior,DistrictorCircuitCourtofsomeoneofthestatesoroftheterritorial
districtsoftheUnitedStates,oraCircuitorDistrictCourtoftheUnitedStates,three
yearsatleastbeforehisadmission,thatitwas,bonafide,hisintentiontobecomea
citizenoftheUnitedStates,andtorenounceforeverallallegianceandfidelitytoany
foreignprince,potentate,stateorsovereigntywhereofsuchalienmay,atthetime,
beacitizenorsubject.

Secondly,Thatheshall,atthetimeofhisapplicationtobeadmitted,declareon
oathoraffirmation,beforesomeoneofthecourtsaforesaid,thathewillsupportthe
constitutionoftheUnitedStates,andthathedothabsolutelyandentirelyrenounce
andabjureallallegianceandfidelitytoeveryforeignprince,potentate,state,or
sovereigntywhatever,andparticularly,byname,theprince,potentate,state,or
sovereigntywhereofhewasbeforeacitizenorsubject,whichproceedingsshallbe
recordedbytheclerkofthecourt.LawsoftheCommonwealthofPennsylvania,

11
FromtheFourteenthDayofOctober,OneThousandSevenHundred.Republished,
UndertheAuthorityoftheLegislaturewithNotesandReferences,Volume4,
(1810);Philadelphia:JohnBioren,page364.

http://books.google.com/books?id=HO1BAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA364#v=onepage&q=&f=false

However,intheSlaughterhouseCases,theSupremeCourtsplitthetwoequivalent
terms.Thereafter,therewasacitizenoftheUnitedStatesandacitizenofthe
severalStates(united):

Itisquiteclear,then,thatthereisacitizenshipoftheUnitedStates,anda
citizenshipofastate,whicharedistinctfromeachother,andwhichdependupon
differentcharacteristicsorcircumstancesintheindividual.

WethinkthisdistinctionanditsexplicitrecognitioninthisAmendmentofgreat
weightinthisargument,becausethenextparagraphofthissamesection(first
section,secondclause),whichistheonemainlyreliedonbytheplaintiffsinerror,
speaksonlyofprivilegesandimmunitiesofcitizensoftheUnitedStates,and
doesnotspeakofthoseofcitizensoftheseveralstates.Theargument,however,in
favoroftheplaintiffs,restswhollyontheassumptionthatthecitizenshipisthesame
andtheprivilegesandimmunitiesguaranteedbytheclausearethesame.
SlaughterhouseCases:83U.S.36,74(1873).

SincetheFourteenthAmendmentandtheSlaughterhouseCases,thereisacitizen
oftheUnitedStates,whoisnotacitizenoftheseveralStates(united)andacitizen
oftheseveralStates(united)whoisnotacitizenoftheUnitedStates.[Footnote8]

AcitizenofaState,underArticleIV,Section2,Clause1,owesallegiancetotwo
sovereigns,theparticularState,andtheUnitedStates(thatis,theseveralStates
united):

...EverycitizenofaStateowesadoubleallegiance;heenjoystheprotection
andparticipatesinthegovernmentofboththeStateandtheUnitedStates.
Houstonv.Moore:18U.S.(5Wheat.)1,at33;concurringopinionofJusticeJohnson
(1820).[Footnote9]

http://books.google.com/books?id=1FUGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33#v=onepage&q&f=false

Thegeneralgovernment,andtheStates,althoughbothexistwithinthesame
territoriallimits,areseparateanddistinctsovereignties,actingseparatelyand
independentlyofeachother,withintheirrespectivespheres.Theformerinits
appropriatesphereissupreme;buttheStateswithinthelimitsoftheirpowersnot
granted,or,inthelanguageofthetenthamendment,reserved,areasindependent
ofthegeneralgovernmentasthatgovernmentwithinitssphereisindependentof

12
theStates.Collectorv.Day:78U.S.(Wall.11)113,at124(1870).

http://books.google.com/books?id=zMEGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA124#v=onepage&q&f=false

AcitizenofaState,underArticleIV,Section2,Clause1oftheConstitution,isalso
acitizenoftheseveralStates;thatis,acitizenoftheseveralStatesunited.Assuch,a
citizenofaState,underArticleIV,Section2,Clause1oftheConstitution,owes
allegiancetotheseveralStatesunited;thatis,theUnitedStates:

Whoever,owingallegiancetotheUnitedStates[Footnote4],levieswar
againstTHEM[Fn4]oradherestotheirenemies,givingthemaidandcomfort
withintheUnitedStatesorelsewhere,isguiltyoftreasonandshallsufferdeath,or
shallbeimprisonednotlessthanfiveyearsandfinedunderthistitlebutnotless
than$10,000;andshallbeincapableofholdinganyofficeundertheUnitedStates.
18U.S.C.2381(2010).
http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/718/usc_sec_18_00002381000.html

22U.S.C.212(2010)states:

Nopassportshallbegrantedorissuedtoorverifiedforanyotherpersonsthan
thoseowingallegiance,whethercitizensornot,totheUnitedStates.
http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/422/usc_sec_22_00000212000.html

TheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatessaysthisaboutthewordcitizenusedin
theConstitutionandlawsoftheUnitedStates:

...IntheConstitutionandlawsoftheUnitedStates,thewordcitizenis
generally,ifnotalways,usedinapoliticalsensetodesignateonewhohastherights
andprivilegesofacitizenofaStateoroftheUnitedStates.Baldwinv.Franks:
120U.S.678,at690(1887).
http://books.google.com/books?id=c04GAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA690#v=onepage&q&f=false

Sothetermcitizensusedin22U.S.C.212,referstobothacitizenofaState,
underArticleIV,Section2,Clause1oftheConstitution,andacitizenoftheUnited
States,underSection1oftheFourteenthAmendment.[Footnote12]

Thus,acitizenofaState,underArticleIV,Section2,Clause1oftheConstitution,
sincetheadoptionoftheFourteenthAmendment,cangetapassportunder22U.S.C.

13
212.AcitizenofaState,underArticleIV,Section2,Clause1oftheConstitution,can
becauseheisnowacitizenoftheseveralStatesunited(thatis,acitizenofthe
UnitedStates).[Footnote12]

__________________

Footnotes:

1.TheFourteenthAmendmentwasadoptedonJuly28,1868:

TheFourteenthAmendmentwhichwasfinallyadoptedJuly28,1868.Holden
v.Hardy:169U.S.375,at382(1918).

http://books.google.com/books?id=4sGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA382#v=onepage&q=&f=false

OnJuly28,1868,thesecretaryofstateproclaimedthatthefourteentharticleof
amendmentstotheconstitutionoftheUnitedStateshadbeenratifiedbythree
fourthsofthestatesoftheUnion.UnitedStatesv.Lackey:99F.Rep.952,at995
(1900).

http://books.google.com/books?id=Slc4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA955#v=onepage&q=&f=false

2.TheExpatriationActofJuly27,1868waspassedonedayBEFOREthe
ratificationoftheFourteenthAmendment.AnativeborncitizenreferredtoSection
2,therefore,referstoacitizenofaState:

Itappearsthattheplaintiffinerror,thoughanativeborncitizenofLouisiana,
wasmarriedintheStateofMississippi,whileunderage,withtheconsentofher
guardian,toacitizenofthelatterState,andthattheirdomicile,duringtheduration
oftheirmarriage,wasinMississippi.Connerv.Elliott:59U.S.(Howard18)591,at
592(1855).
http://books.google.com/books?id=RkcFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA592#v=onepage&q&f=false

IfSection2relatedtoanativeborncitizenoftheUnitedStates,underthe
FourteenthAmendment,thenitwouldhavestatedso;thatis,thesameprotection
ofpersonsandpropertythatisaccordedtonativeborncitizensoftheUnited
Statesinlikesituationsandcircumstances.Anexample:

14
1.ThequestionaskediswhetherapersonofChinesedescent,borninthe
HawaiianIslands,iseligibleforenlistmentintheMedicalEnlistedReserveCorps.

2.SuchapersonbornintheHawaiianIslandsaftertheirannexationisanative
borncitizenoftheUnitedStates,accordingtotheFourteenthAmendmenttothe
Constitution.OpinionsoftheJudgeAdvocateGeneraloftheArmy,1918,VolumeII,
Page57,Territories:CitizenshipofPersonofChineseDescentBorninHawaiian
Islands.
http://books.google.com/books?id=UuKgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA57#v=onepage&q&f=false

However,Section2doesnotstatethis.

ItistobenotedthataftertheadoptionoftheFourteenthAmendmentthereisstill
anativeborncitizenofaState:

JosephA.Iasigi,anativeborncitizenofMassachusetts,wasarrested,
February14,1897,onawarrantissuedbyoneofthecitymagistratesofthecityof
NewYork,asafugitivefromthejusticeoftheStateofMassachusetts.Iasigiv.Van
DeCarr:166U.S.391,at392(1897).
http://books.google.com/books?id=xuUGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA392#v=onepage&q&f=false

Therefore,thereisanativeborncitizenofaState(oftheUnion)andanativeborn
citizenoftheUnitedStates.Thetwoarenotthesame.OneisborninaState;the
other,bornintheUnitedStates:

Allpersonsborn...intheUnitedStates,andsubjecttothejurisdiction
thereof,arecitizensoftheUnitedStatesandoftheStatewhereintheyreside.
Section1,Clause1oftheFourteenthAmendment.

NotonlymayamanbeacitizenoftheUnitedStateswithoutbeingacitizenofa
State,butanimportantelementisnecessarytoconverttheformerintothelatter.
HemustresidewithintheStatetomakehimacitizenofit.SlaughterhouseCases:
83U.S.(16Wall.)36,at74(1873).
http://books.google.com/books?id=DkgFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q&f=false

ThelanguageoftheFourteenthAmendmentdeclaringtwokindsofcitizenship
isdiscriminating.Itis:AllpersonsbornornaturalizedintheUnitedStates,and
subjecttothejurisdictionthereof,arecitizensoftheUnitedStatesandoftheState
whereintheyreside.Whileitthusestablishesnationalcitizenshipfromthemere
circumstanceofbirthwithintheterritoryandjurisdictionoftheUnitedStates,birth
withinastatedoesnotestablishcitizenshipthereof.Statecitizenshipis

15
ephemeral.Itresultsonlyfromresidenceandisgainedorlosttherewith.
Edwardsv.PeopleoftheStateofCalifornia:314U.S.160,183(concurringopinionof
Jackson)(1941).
http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=6778891532287614638

Thatallpersonsresidentinthisstate,bornintheUnitedStates,ornaturalized,
orwhoshallhavelegallydeclaredtheirintentiontobecomecitizensoftheUnited
States,areherebydeclaredcitizensoftheStateofAlabama,possessingequalcivil
andpoliticalrights.(DeclarationofRights)ArticleI,Section2Constitutionofthe
StateofAlabamaof1875.

Note:ThisprovisionisnotinthecurrentconstitutionoftheStateofAlabama.
http://www.legislature.state.al.us/misc/history/constitutions/1875/1875_1.html

3.AcitizenoftheUnitedStatescanbecomealsoacitizenofaState,underSection
1,Clause1oftheFourteenthAmendment;thatis,acitizenoftheUnitedStatesAND
acitizenofaState:

Thequestionispresentedinthiscase,whether,sincetheadoptionofthe
fourteenthamendment,awoman,whoisacitizenoftheUnitedStatesANDtheState
ofMissouri,isavoterinthatState,notwithstandingtheprovisionoftheconstitution
andlawsoftheState,whichconfinetherightofsuffragetomenalone....

Thereisnodoubtthatwomenmaybecitizens.Theyarepersons,andbythe
fourteenthamendmentallpersonsbornornaturalizedintheUnitedStatesand
subjecttothejurisdictionthereofareexpresslydeclaredtobecitizensofthe
UnitedStatesandoftheStatewhereintheyreside.Minorv.Happersett:88U.S.
(21Wall.)162,at165(1874).
http://books.google.com/books?id=IEsGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA165#v=onepage&q&f=false

TheFourteenthAmendmentdeclaresthatcitizensoftheUnitedStatesare
citizensofthestatewithintheyreside;thereforetheplaintiffwasatthetimeof
makingherapplication,acitizenoftheUnitedStatesANDacitizenoftheStateof
Illinois.

Wedonotheremeantosaythattheremaynotbeatemporaryresidenceinone
State,withintenttoreturntoanother,whichwillnotcreatecitizenshipinthe
former.Buttheplaintiffstatesnothingtotakehercaseoutofthedefinitionof
citizenshipofaStateasdefinedbythefirstsectionofthefourteenthamendment.
Bradwellv.theStateofIllinois:83U.S.130,at138(1873).
http://books.google.com/books?id=DkgFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA138#v=onepage&q=&f=false

16
InsuchcasethentherewouldbeacitizenofaState,underArticleIV,Section2,
Clause1oftheConstitutionandalsoacitizenoftheUnitedStatesANDacitizenofa
State,underSection1oftheFourteenthAmendment:

ThebillfiledintheCircuitCourtbytheplaintiff,McQuesten,allegedhertobea
citizenoftheUnitedStatesANDoftheStateofMassachusetts,andresidingat
TurnerFallsinsaidState,whilethedefendantsSteiglederandwifewereallegedto
becitizensoftheStateofWashington,andresidingatthecityofSeattleinsaid
State.StatementoftheCase,Steigledgerv.McQuesten:198U.S.141(1905).

TheavermentinthebillthatthepartieswerecitizensofdifferentStateswas
sufficienttomakeaprimafaciecaseofjurisdictionsofarasitdependedon
citizenship.Opinion,Steigledgerv.McQuesten:198U.S.141,at142(1905).
http://books.google.com/books?id=ceIGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA141#v=onepage&q&f=false

4.ThetermtheUnitedStates,asusedtherein,referstotheseveralStatesunited:

Atthetimeoftheformationoftheconstitution,theStatesweremembersofthe
confederacyunitedunderthestyleoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,anduponthe
expressconditionthateachStateretainsitssovereignty,freedom,and
independence.Andtheconsiderationthat,undertheconfederation,We,the
peopleoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,indubitablysignifiedthepeopleofthe
severalStatesoftheUnion,asfree,independentandsovereignStates,coupledwith
thefactthattheconstitutionwasacontinuationofthesameUnion(amoreperfect
Union),andamererevisionorremodelingoftheconfederation,isabsolutely
conclusivethat,bytheterm,theUnitedStatesismeanttheseveralStatesunited
asindependentandsovereigncommunities;andbythewords,We,thepeopleof
theUnitedStates,ismeantthepeopleoftheseveralStatesasdistinctand
sovereigncommunities,andnotthepeopleofthewholeUnitedStatescollectivelyas
anation.Stuntv.SteamboatOhio:4Am.Law.Reg.49,at95(1855),Dis.Ct.,
HamiltonCounty,Ohio;and(samewording)PiquaBankv.Knoup,Treasurer:6Ohio
261,at303thru304(1856).
http://books.google.com/books?id=pWhKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA95#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=UfADAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA303#v=onepage&q&f=false

ThisisalsoshownintheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaatArticleIII,
Section3,Clause1,whereatitstates:

TreasonagainsttheUnitedStates,shallconsistonlyinlevyingWaragainst
THEM.
http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html

17
5.(Beforethe14thAmendment)

Theintercourseofthiscountrywithforeignnationsanditspolicyinregardto
them,areplacedbytheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesinthehandsofthe
government,anditsdecisionsuponthesesubjectsareobligatoryuponeverycitizen
oftheUnion.Heisboundtobeatwarwiththenationagainstwhichthewar
makingpowerhasdeclaredwar,andequallyboundtocommitnoactofhostility
againstanationwithwhichthegovernmentisinamityandfriendship.This
principleisuniversallyacknowledgedbythelawsofnations.Itliesatthe
foundationofallgovernment,astherecouldbenosocialorderorpeacefulrelations
betweenthecitizensofdifferentcountrieswithoutit.Itis,however,more
emphaticallytrueinrelationtocitizensoftheUnitedStates.Forasthesovereignty
residesinthepeople,everycitizenisaportionofit,andishimselfpersonallyboundby
thelawswhichtherepresentativesofthesovereigntymaypass,orthetreatiesinto
whichtheymayenter,withinthescopeoftheirdelegatedauthority.Andwhenthat
authorityhasplighteditsfaithtoanothernationthatthereshallbepeaceand
friendshipbetweenthecitizensofthetwocountries,everycitizenoftheUnited
Statesisequallyandpersonallypledged.Thecompactismadebythedepartmentof
thegovernmentuponwhichhehimselfhasagreedtoconferthepower.Itishisown
personalcompactasaportionofthesovereigntyinwhosebehalfitismade.Andhe
candonoact,norenterintoanyagreementtopromoteorencouragerevoltor
hostilitiesagainsttheterritoriesofacountrywithwhichourgovernmentispledged
bytreatytobeatpeace,withoutabreachofhisdutyasacitizenandthebreachof
thefaithpledgedtotheforeignnation.Kennettv.Chambers:55U.S.38,49thru50
(1852).

http://books.google.com/books?id=LgAGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false

6.Thiscaseiscitedinthe1887editionoftheAmericanandEnglishencyclopaedia
ofLawatpage709underthedescriptionRightofInterstateTravel:
http://books.google.com/books?id=K50BAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA709#v=onepage&q&f=false

7.ThetermtheUnitedStates,asusedtherein,referstotheseveralStatesunited:

Atthetimeoftheformationoftheconstitution,theStatesweremembersofthe
confederacyunitedunderthestyleoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,anduponthe
expressconditionthateachStateretainsitssovereignty,freedom,and
independence.Andtheconsiderationthat,undertheconfederation,We,the
peopleoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,indubitablysignifiedthepeopleofthe
severalStatesoftheUnion,asfree,independentandsovereignStates,coupledwith
thefactthattheconstitutionwasacontinuationofthesameUnion(amoreperfect

18
Union),andamererevisionorremodelingoftheconfederation,isabsolutely
conclusivethat,bytheterm,theUnitedStatesismeanttheseveralStatesunited
asindependentandsovereigncommunities;andbythewords,We,thepeopleof
theUnitedStates,ismeantthepeopleoftheseveralStatesasdistinctand
sovereigncommunities,andnotthepeopleofthewholeUnitedStatescollectivelyas
anation.Stuntv.SteamboatOhio:4Am.Law.Reg.49,at95(1855),Dis.Ct.,
HamiltonCounty,Ohio;and(samewording)PiquaBankv.Knoup,Treasurer:6Ohio
261,at303thru304(1856).
http://books.google.com/books?id=pWhKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA95#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=UfADAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA303#v=onepage&q&f=false

ThisisalsoshownintheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaatArticleII,
Section1,Clause7,whereatitstates:

ThePresidentshall,atstatedTimes,receiveforhisServices,aCompensation,
whichshallneitherbeincreasednordiminishedduringthePeriodforwhichhe
shallhavebeenelected,andheshallnotreceivewithinthatPeriodanyother
EmolumentfromtheUnitedStates,oranyofthem.

8.ThephrasecitizensoftheseveralStateswasusedbeforetheFourteenth
Amendment.Ithadadifferentmeaningthen,thatbeingthecitizensofeach
particularState,takentogether.Forexample,seeJusticeCurtisdissentingopinion
inthecaseofDredScott.Onewasacitizenoftheseveralstates,beforethe
FourteenthAmendment,inthesensethatheorshewaseligibletobeacitizeninall
theStatesoftheUnion,underArticleIV,Section2,Clause1oftheConstitution.Soa
citizenoftheseveralStatesdidnotexistbeforetheFourteenthAmendment:

TheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesgivesthecourtsoftheUnionjurisdiction
overcontroversiesarisingbetweencitizensofdifferentstates,[Art.III.Sect.II.1.]
andthejudicialactgivesthisCourtjurisdiction,wherethesuitisbetweenacitizen
ofthestatewherethesuitisbrought,andacitizenofanotherstate.

TheConstitution,aswellasthelaw,clearlycontemplatesadistinctionbetween
citizensofdifferentstates;andalthoughthe4tharticledeclares,thatthecitizensof
eachstate,shallbeentitledtoallprivileges,andimmunitiesofcitizensintheseveral
states,yettheycannotbe,inthesenseofthejudicialarticle,orofthejudicialact,
citizensoftheseveralstates.ReportsofCasesDecidedbytheHonourableJohn
Marshall,LateChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStatesinTheCircuitCourtoftheUnited
States,fortheDistrictofVirginiaandNorthCarolina:From1802to1833Inclusive;
JohnW.Brockenbrough,CounselloratLaw,(Philadelphia:JamesKay,Jun&

19


Brother);1837,page390thru391;Prentiss,Trusteev.BartonsExecutors.
http://books.google.com/books?id=mjK3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA390#v=onepage&q&f=false

Now,however,itmeanscitizensofalltheseveralStates,generally,orcitizensof
theseveralStatesunited.Forclarity,theauthorusesthetermacitizenofthe
severalStatesratherthancitizensoftheseveralStatestodenoteonewhoisa
citizenofalltheseveralStates,generally,oracitizenoftheseveralStatesunited.
ThisisdoneindirectlyinHarrisv.Balk(198U.S.215,1905):

TherecanbenodoubtthatBalk,asacitizenoftheStateofNorthCarolina,had
therighttosueHarrisinMarylandtorecoverthedebtwhichHarrisowedhim.
BeingacitizenofNorthCarolina,hewasentitledtoalltheprivilegesandimmunities
ofcitizensoftheseveralStates,oneofwhichistherighttoinstituteactionsinthe
courtsofanotherState.Harrisv.Balk:198U.S.215,at223(1905).
http://books.google.com/books?id=ceIGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA223#v=onepage&q=&f=false

9.Thereisalsothefollowing:

ThenationoftheUnitedStateswasformedbytheassociationtogetherofthe
sovereignpeopleorinhabitantsoftheseveralindependentStatesinAmericawho
had,unitinginacommoncauseandbyforceofarms,assertedtheirindependenceof
anddissolvedthepoliticalbandswhichhadconnectedthemwith,GreatBritain.
Eachoneofthepeoplethusassociatedthatis,eachinhabitantoftheStates
formingtheUnitedStates,becameamemberofthenationestablishedbythe
association;andimmediatelyeverymemberofthenationowedallegiancetoitand
wasentitledtoclaimitsprotection.

InthecaseofMinorv.Happersett(21Wall.,166)ChiefJusticeWaite,indelivering
theopinionoftheSupremeCourt,saidinrelationtothismembershipthat

Forconvenienceithasbeenfoundnecessarytogiveanametothis
membership.Theobjectistodesignatebyatitlethepersonandtherelationhe
bearstothenation.Forthispurposethewordssubject,inhabitantandcitizen
havebeenused,andthechoicebetweenthemissometimesmadetodependupon
theformofthegovernment.Citizenisnowmorecommonlyemployed,however,
andasithasbeenconsideredbettersuitedtothedescriptionofonelivingundera
republicangovernment,itwasadoptedbynearlyalloftheStatesupontheir
separationfromGreatBritain,andwasafterwardsadoptedintheArticlesof
ConfederationandintheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates.Whenusedinthissense
itisunderstoodasconveyingtheideaofmembershipofanation,andnothing
more.

20
Therefore,themembers,inhabitants,orcitizensoftheStatesbecame,uponthe
formationofthenationoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,membersorcitizensofthat
nation,owingtoitanallegianceseparateandsuperiortotheallegianceduetothe
Stategovernmentsunderwhichtheywereseverallyresiding.

Forthisallegiancetheyareentitled,andhavearighttoexpect,tobeprotectedby
thenationinalltherights,privileges,andimmunitiesguaranteedtothemascitizens
underitsConstitution,whicharethearticlesofassociation,andfromwhichthe
nationderivesallofitspowersandreceivesitslife.

TheORIGINALcitizensoftheUnitedStateswerethosewhoweremembersor
citizensoftheStatesformingthesameatthetimethenationwasestablished,and
thenaturalborncitizensoftheUnitedStatesarethedescendantsofthese,andof
personswhohavebecomenaturalizedpursuanttolawsenactedbyCongressin
accordancewiththeConstitution.Citizensbynaturalizationenjoythesamerights,
privileges,andimmunitiesthatareenjoyedbynaturalborncitizens,withthe
exceptionthat,undertheConstitution,theyarenoteligibletotheofficesof
PresidentandVicePresident.

Amongtheserights,aretherightofacitizenofoneStatetopasswithout
molestationintoanyotherStateforthepurposeofengaginginlawfulcommerce,
trade,orbusiness,orofpursuingpleasureinalawfulmanner;toacquirepersonal
property;totakeandholdrealproperty;tobringanddefendactionsintheState
courts;andtobeexemptfromanyhigherrateoftaxesthanareimposedbytheState
uponitsowncitizens[Wardv.StateofMaryland,79U.S.418,430[Footnote10]]
(ConstitutionU.S.,ArticleIV,Section2),andfrombeingdeprivedbytheStateoflife,
liberty,orpropertywithoutdueprocessoflaw,togetherwiththerighttodemand
theequalprotectionofthelawsoftheState(ibid.,ArticleXIV,section1).....

...Allegianceseemstobethetermadoptedtoexpressinonewordallthe
burdensandobligationsofthecitizensofaStateornation.TheExecutive
DocumentsoftheHouseofRepresentativesfortheFirstSessionoftheFiftySecond
Congress,ExecutiveDocument1,Part5,ReportoftheCommissionerofIndian
Affairs,DepartmentoftheInterior,OfficeofIndianAffairs,October1,1891,page22
thru24.[SeeFootnote11]
http://books.google.com/books?id=EqA3AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q&f=false

10.AcitizenofaState,underArticleIV,Section2,Clause1oftheConstitution,was
atthistime,acitizenoftheseveralStates(united):

Attemptwillnotbemadetodefinethewordsprivilegesandimmunities,orto
specifytherightswhichtheyareintendedtosecureandprotect,beyondwhatmay
benecessarytothedecisionofthecasebeforethecourt.Beyonddoubtthosewords

21
arewordsofverycomprehensivemeaning,butitwillbesufficienttosaythatthe
clauseplainlyandunmistakablysecuresandprotect,therightofacitizenofone
StatetopassintoanyotherStateoftheUnionforthepurposeofengaginginlawful
commerce,trade,orbusinesswithoutmolestation,toacquirepersonalproperty;to
takeandholdrealestate;tomaintainactionsinthecourtsoftheState;andtobe
exemptfromanyhighertaxesorexcisesthanareimposedbytheStateuponitsown
citizens.

ComprehensiveasthepoweroftheStatesistolayandcollecttaxesandexcises,
itisneverthelessclear,inthejudgmentofthecourt,thatthepowercannotbe
exercisedtoanyextentinamannerforbiddenbytheConstitution;andinasmuchas
theConstitutionprovidesthatthecitizensofeachStateshallbeentitledtoall
privilegesandimmunitiesofcitizensintheseveralstates,itfollowsthatthe
defendantmightlawfullysell,orofferorexposeforsale,withinthedistrict
describedintheindictment,anygoodswhichthepermanentresidentsoftheState
mightsell,orofferorexposeforsaleinthatdistrict,withoutbeingsubjectedtoany
highertaxorexcisethanthatexactedbylawofsuchpermanentresidents.

GrantthattheStatesmayimposediscriminatingtaxesagainstthecitizensofother
States,anditwillsoonbefoundthatthepowerconferreduponCongresstoregulate
interstatecommerceisofnovalue,astheunrestrictedpoweroftheStatestotaxwillprove
tobemoreefficacioustopromoteinequalitythananyregulationswhichCongresscanpass
topreservetheequalityofrightcontemplatedbytheConstitutionamongthecitizensof
theseveralstates.Wardv.StateofMaryland:79U.S418,430431(1870).

http://books.google.com/books?id=6X0AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA430#v=onepage&q&f=false

11.Thefollowingisalsowritten:

IntheStates.Indiansnaturalized,eitherunderthegeneralallotmentactor
anyotherlaw,oranytreatyoftheUnitedStates,becomenotonlycitizensofthe
UnitedStates,but,underthefourteenthamendmenttotheConstitution,citizensof
theStatesinwhichtheyseverallyresideaswell.Theyare,therefore,notonly
entitledtolooktotheUnitedStatesforprotectionintheirrightsascitizens,butalso
totheStatesinwhichtheyresideforprotectionintheexerciseoftheprivileges
guaranteedtothemascitizensthereof,whicharedistinctfromthoseofcitizensof
theUnitedStates.Ibid,atpage23.
http://books.google.com/books?id=EqA3AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA23#v=onepage&q&f=false

TheCommissioner,T.J.Morgan,(page146)makesamistake.Heconcludesthata

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citizenofaStateisthesameasacitizenoftheseveralStates.Thiswasprobablydue
toreadingtheSyllabustotheSlaughterhouseCases,whichdoesthis.

Specificallyitstates:

Thefirstclauseofthefourteentharticlewasprimarilyintendedtoconfer
citizenshiponthenegrorace,andsecondlytogivedefinitionsofcitizenshipofthe
UnitedStatesandcitizenshipoftheStates,anditrecognizesthedistinctionbetween
citizenshipofaStateandcitizenshipoftheUnitedStatesbythosedefinitions.
SlaughterhouseCases:83U.S.(Wall.16)36,at37(1873).

http://supreme.justia.com/us/83/36/case.html

Itshouldread:

Thefirstclauseofthefourteentharticlewasprimarilyintendedtoconfer
citizenshiponthenegrorace,andsecondlytogivedefinitionsofcitizenshipofthe
UnitedStatesandcitizenshipofaState,anditrecognizesthedistinctionbetween
citizenshipofaStateandcitizenshipoftheUnitedStatesbythosedefinitions.

Themistakeisrevealedwhenyoureadfrompage73oftheSlaughterhouseCases
opinion.Thereitstates:

Toremovethisdifficultyprimarily,andtoestablishclearandcomprehensive
definitionofcitizenshipwhichshoulddeclarewhatshouldconstitutecitizenshipof
theUnitedStatesandalsocitizenshipofaState,thefirstclauseofthefirstsection
wasframed.

http://books.google.com/books?id=DkgFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false

AcitizenofaStateisnotthesameasacitizenoftheseveralStates.Privilegesand
immunitiesofcitizenofaStatearelocatedintheconstitutionandlawsofan
individualState:

...Whatevermaybethescopeofsection2ofarticleIVandweneednot,in
thiscaseenteruponaconsiderationofthegeneralquestiontheConstitutionof
theUnitedStatesdoesnotmaketheprivilegesandimmunitiesenjoyedbythe
citizensofoneStateundertheconstitutionandlawsofthatState,themeasureofthe
privilegesandimmunitiestobeenjoyed,asofright,byacitizenofanotherState
underitsconstitutionandlaws.McKanev.Durston:153U.S.684,at687(1894).

http://books.google.com/books?id=mmkUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA687#v=onepage&q=&f=false

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PrivilegesandimmunitiesofacitizenoftheseveralStatesarethosedescribedin
Corfieldv.CoryelldecidedbyMr.JusticeWashingtonintheCircuitCourtforthe
DistrictofPennsylvaniain1823:

IntheSlaughterHouseCases,16Wall.36,76,indefiningtheprivilegesand
immunitiesofcitizensoftheseveralStates,thisisquotedfromtheopinionofMr.
JusticeWashingtoninCorfieldv.Coryell,4Wash.Cir.Ct.371,380.Hodgesv.United
States:203U.S.1,at15(1906).

http://books.google.com/books?id=HuEGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA15#v=onepage&q=&f=false

ThelocationfortheseprivilegesandimmunitiesisArticleIV,Section2,Clause1
oftheConstitution:

Fortunatelywearenotwithoutjudicialconstructionofthisclauseofthe
Constitution(ArticleIV,Section2,Clause1).Thefirstandleadingcaseofthe
subjectisthatofCorfieldv.Coryell,decidedbyMr.JusticeWashingtonintheCircuit
CourtfortheDistrictofPennsylvaniain1823.

Theinquiry,hesaysis,whataretheprivilegesandimmunitiesofcitizens
oftheseveralStates?...

ThisdefinitionoftheprivilegesandimmunitiesofcitizensoftheStatesis
adoptedinthemainbythiscourtintherecentcaseofWardv.TheStateof
Maryland.SlaughterhouseCases:83(16Wall.)36,at75thru76(1873).

http://books.google.com/books?id=DkgFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA75#v=onepage&q=&f=false

12.TheUnitedStatesgovernmenthasadualrole.Ithasitsowncitizens,underthe
FourteenthAmendment,whilealsorepresentingtheseveralStatesunited;for
foreignaffairs,anditscitizens.Regardingthelatter,thereisthefollowingcasefrom
theSupremeCourt:

ThepeopleoftheUnitedStatesconstituteonenation,underonegovernment,
andthisgovernment,withinthescopeofthepowerswithwhichitisinvested,is
supreme.Ontheotherhand,thepeopleofeachStatecomposeaState,havingits
owngovernment,andendowedwithallthefunctionsessentialtoseparateand
independentexistence.TheStatesdisunitedmightcontinuetoexist.Withoutthe
StatesinuniontherecouldbenosuchpoliticalbodyastheUnitedStates.

BoththeStatesandtheUnitedStatesexistedbeforetheConstitution.Thepeople,
throughthatinstrument,establishedamoreperfectunionbysubstitutinganational

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government,acting,withamplepower,directlyuponthecitizens,insteadofthe
Confederategovernment,whichactedwithpowers,greatlyrestricted,onlyuponthe
States.ButinmanyarticlesoftheConstitutionthenecessaryexistenceoftheStates,
and,withintheirproperspheres,theindependentauthorityoftheStates,is
distinctlyrecognized.Tothemnearlythewholechargeofinteriorregulationis
committedorleft;tothemandtothepeopleallpowersnotexpresslydelegatedto
thenationalgovernmentarereserved.LaneCountyv.theStateofOregon:74U.S.
(Wall.7)71,at76(1868).
http://books.google.com/books?id=MfY7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA76#v=onepage&q&f=false

reaffirmed,atWhitev.StateofTexas:74U.S.(Wall.7)700,at725(1868).
http://books.google.com/books?id=MfY7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA725#v=onepage&q&f=false

*******

___________________________

Cite as: Getting a Passport as a citizen of a State under Article IV, Section 2,
Clause 1 of the Constitution of the United States of America, More Dan
Goodman, at the Minuteman Page (http://mhkeehn.tripod.com)

________________________

Conversion to Acrobat and permission to post on this website granted by Mr.

Goodman.

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