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48 CALCULUTION OF CURL 14. PROJECT. Useful Formulas for the Curl. Assuming
Find curl v for v given with respect to right-handed sufficient differentiability, show that
Cartesian coordinates. Show the details of your work. (a) curl (u v) curl u curl v
4. v [2y 2, 5x, 0] (b) div (curl v) 0
5. v xyz [x, y, z] (c) curl ( f v) (grad f ) v f curl v
6. v (x 2 y 2 z 2)3>2 [x, y, z] (d) curl (grad f ) 0
7. v [0, 0, ex sin y] (e) div (u v) v curl u u curl v
8. v [ez , ex , ey ]
2 2 2
28. Moment. When is the moment of a force equal to zero? 3240 GRAD, DIV, CURL, 2, Dvf
29. Moment. A force p [4, 2, 0] is acting in a line Let f xy yz, v [2y, 2z, 4x z], and w [3z 2,
through (2, 3, 0). Find its moment vector about the x 2 y 2, y 2]. Find:
center (5, 1, 0) of a wheel.
32. grad f and f grad f at P: (2, 7, 0)
30. Velocity, acceleration. Find the velocity, speed,
33. div v, div w 34. curl v, curl w
and acceleration of the motion given by r (t) [3
cos t, 3 sin t, 4t] (t time) at the point P : (3> 12, 35. div (grad f ), 2f, 2(xyf )
3> 12, p). 36. (curl w) v at (4, 0, 2) 37. grad (div w)
31. Tetrahedron. Find the volume if the vertices are 38. Dv f at P: (1, 1, 2) 39. Dw f at P: (3, 0, 2)
(0, 0, 0), (3, 1, 2), (2, 4, 0), (5, 4, 0). 40. v ((curl w) v)
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 9
Vector Differential Calculus. Grad, Div, Curl
All vectors of the form a [a1, a2, a3] a1i a2 j a3k constitute the real
vector space R 3 with componentwise vector addition
(1) [a1, a2, a3] [b1, b2, b3] [a1 b1, a2 b2, a3 b3]
where g is the angle between a and b. This gives for the norm or length a of a
(4) a 1a a 2a 21 a 22 a 23
i j k
(6) a b 4 a1 a2 a3 4 (Sec. 9.3).
b1 b2 b3
c09.qxd 10/30/10 3:25 PM Page 411
(7) (a b c) a (b c) (a b) c.
and to vector functions of more than one variable (see below). The derivative of
v(t) is
dv v(t t) v(t)
(8) vr lim [v1r , v2r , v3r ] v1r i v2r j v3r k.
dt t : 0 t
(u v) r u r v u v r , (u v) r u r v u v r .
Curves C in space represented by the position vector r(t) have r r (t) as a tangent
vector (the velocity in mechanics when t is time), r r (s) (s arc length, Sec. 9.5) as
the unit tangent vector, and r s (s) as the curvature (the acceleration in
mechanics).
Vector functions v (x, y, z) [v1 (x, y, z), v2 (x, y, z), v3 (x, y, z)] represent vector
fields in space. Partial derivatives with respect to the Cartesian coordinates x, y, z
are obtained componentwise, for instance,
0f 0f 0f
(9) grad f f B , , R (Sec. 9.7).
0x 0y 0z
df 1
(10) Da f a f (Sec. 9.7).
ds a
The curl of v is
i j k
0 0 0
(12) curl v v 5 5 (Sec. 9.9)
0x 0y 0z
v1 v2 v3
( fg) f g gf
(13)
( f>g) (1>g2)(gf f g)
div ( f v) f div v v f
(14)
div ( f g) f 2g f g
curl ( f v) f v f curl v
(16)
div (u v) v curl u u curl v
curl (f ) 0
(17)
div (curl v) 0.
For grad, div, curl, and in curvilinear coordinates see App. A3.4.
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