Charles Lyell

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, FRS (14 November 1797 22 February
1875) was a Scottish geologist who popularised the revolutionary work Sir Charles Lyell, Bt
of James Hutton. He is best known as the author of Principles of
Geology, which presented uniformitarianismthe idea that the Earth
was shaped by the same scientific processes still in operation todayto
the broad general public. Principles of Geology also challenged theories
popularised by Georges Cuvier, which were the most accepted and
circulated ideas about geology in Europe at the time.[1]

His scientific contributions included an explanation of earthquakes, the

theory of gradual "backed up-building" of volcanoes, and in
stratigraphy the division of the Tertiary period into the Pliocene,
Miocene, and Eocene. He also coined the currently-used names for
geological eras, Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic. He incorrectly
conjectured that icebergs may be the emphasis behind the transport of
glacial erratics, and that silty loess deposits might have settled out of
flood waters.

Lyell, following deistic traditions, favoured an indefinitely long age for

the earth, despite geological evidence suggesting an old but finite
age.[2] He was a close friend of Charles Darwin, and contributed Born November 14, 1797
significantly to Darwin's thinking on the processes involved in Kinnordy House, Angus,
evolution. He helped to arrange the simultaneous publication in 1858 of Scotland
papers by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace on natural selection,
Died 22 February 1875
despite his personal religious qualms about the theory. He later
published evidence from geology of the time man had existed on Earth. (aged 77)
Harley Street, London,
England

Contents Nationality Scottish

Citizenship United Kingdom
1 Biography Alma mater Exeter College, Oxford
2 Career and major writings
3 Scientific contributions Known for Uniformitarianism
3.1 Uniformitarianism Awards Royal Medal (1834)
3.2 Geological Surveys
Copley Medal (1858)
3.3 Volcanoes and geological dynamics
3.4 Stratigraphy Wollaston Medal (1866)
3.5 Glaciers Scientific career
3.6 Evolution
4 Legacy Fields Geology
5 Bibliography Institutions King's College London
5.1 Principles of Geology
Influences James Hutton; John
5.1.1 Online first edition
5.1.2 Details of publication Playfair; Jean-Baptiste
5.2 Elements of Geology Lamarck; William
5.3 Travels in North America Buckland
5.4 Antiquity of Man
Influenced Charles Darwin
5.5 Life, Letters, and Journals
6 See also Alfred Russel Wallace
7 Notes Thomas Henry Huxley
8 References Roderick Impey
9 External links
 Murchison
Joseph Dalton Hooker
Biography
Lyell was born into a wealthy family, on 14 November 1797, at the family's estate house, Kinnordy House, near
Kirriemuir in Forfarshire. He was the eldest of ten children. Lyell's father, also named Charles Lyell, was noted
as a translator and scholar of Dante. Also an accomplished botanist, it was he who first exposed his son to the
study of nature. Lyell's grandfather, also Charles Lyell, had made the family fortune supplying the Royal Navy
at Montrose, enabling him to buy Kinnordy House.

The family seat is located in Strathmore, near the Highland Boundary

Fault. Round the house, in the strath, is good farmland, but within a
short distance to the north-west, on the other side of the fault, are the
Grampian Mountains in the Highlands.[3] His family's second country
home was in a completely different geological and ecological area: he
spent much of his childhood at Bartley Lodge in the New Forest, in
Hampshire in southern England.

Lyell entered Exeter College, Oxford, in 1816, and attended William

Buckland's lectures. He with a graduated BA Hons. second class degree
in classics, in December 1819, and gained his M.A. 1821.[4][5] After
graduation he took up law as a profession, entering Lincoln's Inn in
1820. He completed a circuit through rural England, where he could
observe geological phenomena. In 1821 he attended Robert Jameson's
lectures in Edinburgh, and visited Gideon Mantell at Lewes, in Sussex.
In 1823 he was elected joint secretary of the Geological Society. As his
eyesight began to deteriorate, he turned to geology as a full-time
profession.[5] His first paper, "On a recent formation of freshwater
limestone in Forfarshire", was presented in 1822.[5] By 1827, he had
abandoned law and embarked on a geological career that would result
in fame and the general acceptance of uniformitarianism, a working out The main geographical
of the ideas proposed by James Hutton a few decades earlier. divisions of Scotland

In 1832, Lyell married Mary

Horner in Bonn, daughter of Leonard Horner (17851864), also
associated with the Geological Society of London. The new couple
spent their honeymoon in Switzerland and Italy on a geological tour of
the area.[6]

During the 1840s, Lyell travelled to the United States and Canada, and
wrote two popular travel-and-geology books: Travels in North America
(1845) and A Second Visit to the United States (1849). After the Great
Chicago Fire, Lyell was one of the first to donate books to help found
the Chicago Public Library. In 1866, he was elected a foreign member
of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Charles Lyell at the British Association
Lyell's wife died in 1873, and two years later (in 1875) Lyell himself
meeting in Glasgow 1840. Painting by
died as he was revising the twelfth edition of Principles. He is buried in
Alexander Craig.
Westminster Abbey.[6][7] Lyell was knighted (Kt) in 1848,[8] and later,
in 1864, made a baronet (Bt),[9] which is an hereditary honour. He was
awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society in 1858 and the Wollaston Medal of the Geological Society in
1866. Mount Lyell, the highest peak in Yosemite National Park, is named after him; the crater Lyell on the
Moon and a crater on Mars were named in his honour; Mount Lyell in western Tasmania, Australia, located in a
profitable mining area, bears Lyell's name; and the Lyell Range in north-west Western Australia is named after
him as well. In Southwest Nelson in the South Island of New Zealand, the Lyell
Range, Lyell River and the gold mining town of Lyell (now only a camping site)
were all named after Lyell.[10] The jawless fish Cephalaspis lyelli, from the Old
Red Sandstone of southern Scotland, was named by Louis Agassiz in honour of
Lyell.[11]

Career and major writings

Lyell had private means, and earned further income as an author. He came from a
prosperous family, worked briefly as a lawyer in the 1820s, and held the post of
Professor of Geology at King's College London in the 1830s. From 1830 onward
his books provided both income and fame. Each of his three major books was a
work continually in progress. All three went through multiple editions during his
lifetime, although many of his friends (such as Darwin) thought the first edition of Lyell Family Grave in
the Principles was the best written.[12][13] Lyell used each edition to incorporate Brookwood Cemetery with
additional material, rearrange existing material, and revisit old conclusions in light a memorial to Lyell
of new evidence.

Principles of Geology, Lyell's first book, was also his most famous,
most influential, and most important. First published in three volumes
in 183033, it established Lyell's credentials as an important geological
theorist and propounded the doctrine of uniformitarianism.[14] It was a
work of synthesis, backed by his own personal observations on his
travels.

The central argument in Principles was that the present is the key to the
past a concept of the Scottish Enlightenment which David Hume had
stated as "all inferences from experience suppose ... that the future will
resemble the past", and James Hutton had described when he wrote in
1788 that "from what has actually been, we have data for concluding
with regard to that which is to happen thereafter."[15] Geological
remains from the distant past can, and should, be explained by reference
to geological processes now in operation and thus directly observable.
Lyell's interpretation of geological change as the steady accumulation Lyell between 1865 and 1870
of minute changes over enormously long spans of time was a powerful
influence on the young Charles Darwin. Lyell asked Robert FitzRoy,
captain of HMS Beagle, to search for erratic boulders on the survey voyage of the Beagle, and just before it set
out FitzRoy gave Darwin Volume 1 of the first edition of Lyell's Principles. When the Beagle made its first stop
ashore at St Jago in the Cape Verde islands, Darwin found rock formations which seen "through Lyell's eyes"
gave him a revolutionary insight into the geological history of the island, an insight he applied throughout his
travels.

While in South America Darwin received Volume 2 which considered the ideas of Lamarck in some detail.
Lyell rejected Lamarck's idea of organic evolution, proposing instead "Centres of Creation" to explain diversity
and territory of species. However, as discussed below, many of his letters show he was fairly open to the idea of
evolution.[16] In geology Darwin was very much Lyell's disciple, and brought back observations and his own
original theorising, including ideas about the formation of atolls, which supported Lyell's uniformitarianism. On
the return of the Beagle (October 1836) Lyell invited Darwin to dinner and from then on they were close
friends. Although Darwin discussed evolutionary ideas with him from 1842, Lyell continued to reject evolution
in each of the first nine editions of the Principles. He encouraged Darwin to publish, and following the 1859
publication of On the Origin of Species, Lyell finally offered a tepid endorsement of evolution in the tenth
edition of Principles.
Elements of Geology began as the fourth volume of the third edition of
Principles: Lyell intended the book to act as a suitable field guide for
students of geology.[4] The systematic, factual description of geological
formations of different ages contained in Principles grew so unwieldy,
however, that Lyell split it off as the Elements in 1838. The book went
through six editions, eventually growing to two volumes and ceasing to
be the inexpensive, portable handbook that Lyell had originally
envisioned. Late in his career, therefore, Lyell produced a condensed
version titled Student's Elements of Geology that fulfilled the original The frontispiece fromElements of
purpose. Geology

Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man brought together Lyell's

views on three key themes from the geology of the Quaternary Period of Earth history: glaciers, evolution, and
the age of the human race. First published in 1863, it went through three editions that year, with a fourth and
final edition appearing in 1873. The book was widely regarded as a disappointment because of Lyell's
equivocal treatment of evolution. Lyell, a devout Christian, had great difficulty reconciling his beliefs with
natural selection.[17]

Scientific contributions
Lyell's geological interests ranged from volcanoes and geological dynamics through stratigraphy,
palaeontology, and glaciology to topics that would now be classified as prehistoric archaeology and
paleoanthropology. He is best known, however, for his role in popularising the doctrine of uniformitarianism.
He played a critical role in advancing the study of loess.[18]

Uniformitarianism

From 1830 to 1833 his multi-volume Principles of Geology was published. The work's subtitle was "An
attempt to explain the former changes of the Earth's surface by reference to causes now in operation", and this
explains Lyell's impact on science. He drew his explanations from field studies conducted directly before he
went to work on the founding geology text.[5] He was, along with the earlier John Playfair, the major advocate
of James Hutton's idea of uniformitarianism, that the earth was shaped entirely by slow-moving forces still in
operation today, acting over a very long period of time. This was in contrast to catastrophism, an idea of abrupt
geological changes, which had been adapted in England to support belief in Noah's flood. Describing the
importance of uniformitarianism on contemporary geology, Lyell wrote,

Never was there a doctrine more calculated to foster indolence, and to blunt the keen edge of
curiosity, than this assumption of the discordance between the former and the existing causes of
change... The student was taught to despond from the first. Geology, it was affirmed, could never
arise to the rank of an exact science... [With catastrophism] we see the ancient spirit of speculation
revived, and a desire manifestly shown to cut, rather than patiently untie, the Gordian Knot.-Sir
Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology , 1854 edition, p.196; quoted by Stephen Jay Gould .[19]

Lyell saw himself as "the spiritual saviour of geology, freeing the science from the old dispensation of
Moses."[20] The two terms, uniformitarianism and catastrophism, were both coined by William Whewell;[21] in
1866 R. Grove suggested the simpler term continuity for Lyell's view, but the old terms persisted. In various
revised editions (12 in all, through 1872), Principles of Geology was the most influential geological work in the
middle of the 19th century, and did much to put geology on a modern footing. For his efforts he was knighted
in 1848, then made a baronet in 1864.

Geological Surveys
Lyell noted the "economic advantages" that geological surveys could provide, citing their felicity in mineral-
rich countries and provinces. Modern surveys, like the British Geological Survey (founded in 1835), and the
US Geological Survey (founded in 1879), map and exhibit the natural resources within the country. So, in
endorsing surveys, as well as advancing the study of geology, Lyell helped to forward the business of modern
extractive industries, such as the coal and oil industry.

Volcanoes and geological dynam ics

Before the work of Lyell, phenomena such as earthquakes were

understood by the destruction that they brought. One of the
contributions that Lyell made in Principles was to explain the cause of
earthquakes.[22] Lyell, in contrast focused on recent earthquakes (150
yrs), evidenced by surface irregularities such as faults, fissures,
stratigraphic displacements and depressions.[22]

Lyell's work on volcanoes focused largely on Vesuvius and Etna, both

of which he had earlier studied. His conclusions supported gradual
building of volcanoes, so-called "backed up-building",[4] as opposed to Lyell argued that volcanoes like Vesuvius
the upheaval argument supported by other geologists. had built up gradually.

Stratigraphy

Lyell's most important specific work was in the field of stratigraphy. From May 1828, until February 1829, he
travelled with Roderick Impey Murchison (17921871) to the south of France (Auvergne volcanic district) and
to Italy.[4][6][23] In these areas he concluded that the recent strata (rock layers) could be categorised according to
the number and proportion of marine shells encased within. Based on this he proposed dividing the Tertiary
period into three parts, which he named the Pliocene, Miocene, and Eocene.

Glaciers

In Principles of Geology (first edition, vol. 3, Ch. 2, 1833)[6] Lyell

proposed that icebergs could be the means of transport for erratics.
During periods of global warming, ice breaks off the poles and floats
across submerged continents, carrying debris with it, he conjectured.
When the iceberg melts, it rains down sediments upon the land.
Because this theory could account for the presence of diluvium, the
word drift became the preferred term for the loose, unsorted material,
today called till. Furthermore, Lyell believed that the accumulation of
fine angular particles covering much of the world (today called loess)
was a deposit settled from mountain flood water.[24] Today some of Lateral moraine on a glacier joining the
Lyell's mechanisms for geological processes have been disproven, Gorner Glacier, Zermatt, Switzerland.
though many have stood the test of time.[5] His observational methods
and general analytical framework remain in use today as foundational
principles in geology.[5]

Evolution

Lyell first received a copy of one of Lamarck's books from Mantell in 1827, when he was on circuit. He
thanked Mantell in a letter which includes this enthusiastic passage:

"I devoured Lamark... his theories delighted me... I am glad that he has been courageous enough and
logical enough to admit that his argument, if pushed as far as it must go, if worth anything, would prove
that men may have come from the Ourang-Outang. But after all, what changes species may really
undergo!... That the Earth is quite as old as he supposes, has long been my creed..."[25]
 In the second volume of the first edition of Principles Lyell explicitly rejected
the mechanism of Lamark on the transmutation of species, and was doubtful
whether species were mutable.[26] However, privately, in letters, he was more
open to the possibility of evolution:

"If I had stated... the possibility of the introduction or origination of fresh

species being a natural, in contradistinction to a miraculous process, I should
have raised a host of prejudices against me, which are unfortunately opposed at
every step to any philosopher who attempts to address the public on these
mysterious subjects".[27]

This letter makes it clear that his equivocation on evolution was, at least at first,
a deliberate tactic. As a result of his letters and, no doubt, personal
Charles Darwin conversations, Huxley and Haeckel were convinced that, at the time he wrote
Principles, he believed new species had arisen by natural methods. Both
Whewell and Sedgwick wrote worried letters to him about this.[28]

During the Beagle survey expedition from 1831 to 1836, Darwin read Lyell's Principles as they were published,
and made geological findings supporting Lyell's ideas. On return, he became a close personal friend, and Lyell
was one of the first scientists to support On the Origin of Species, though he did not subscribe to all its
contents. Lyell was also a friend of Darwin's closest colleagues, Hooker and Huxley, but unlike them he
struggled to square his religious beliefs with evolution. This inner struggle has been much commented on. He
had particular difficulty in believing in natural selection as the main motive force in evolution.[29][30][31]

Lyell and Hooker were instrumental in arranging the peaceful co-publication of

the theory of natural selection by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in 1858:
each had arrived at the theory independently. Lyell's data on stratigraphy were
important because Darwin thought that populations of an organism changed
slowly, requiring "geological time".

Although Lyell did not publicly accept evolution (descent with modification) at
the time of writing the Principles,[32] after the DarwinWallace papers and the
Origin Lyell wrote in his notebook:

3 May 1860: "Mr. Darwin has written a work which will constitute an era
in geology & natural history to show that... the descendants of common
parents may become in the course of ages so unlike each other as to be
entitled to rank as a distinct species, from each other or from some of
their progenitors".[33]

Lyell's acceptance of natural selection, Darwin's proposed mechanism for

evolution, was equivocal, and came in the tenth edition of Principles.[5][34] The
Antiquity of Man (published in early February 1863, just before Huxley's Man's Alfred Russel Wallace in 1862.
place in nature) drew these comments from Darwin to Huxley:

"I am fearfully disappointed at Lyell's excessive caution" and "The book

is a mere 'digest' ".[35]

Quite strong remarks: no doubt Darwin resented Lyell's repeated suggestion that he owed a lot to Lamarck,
whom he (Darwin) had always specifically rejected. Darwin's daughter Henrietta (Etty) wrote to her father: "Is
it fair that Lyell always calls your theory a modification of Lamarck's?" [36][37]

In other respects Antiquity was a success. It sold well, and it "shattered the tacit agreement that mankind should
be the sole preserve of theologians and historians".[38] But when Lyell wrote that it remained a profound
mystery how the huge gulf between man and beast could be bridged, Darwin wrote "Oh!" in the margin of his
copy.[17]
Legacy
Places named after Lyell:

Lyell, New Zealand

Mount Lyell (California)
Mount Lyell (Canada)
Lyell Land (Greenland)
Lyell Glacier
Lyell Canyon
Lyell Glacier, South Georgia
Mount Lyell (Tasmania)
California's Mount Lyell group

Bibliography
Principles of Geology

Online first edition

Lyell, Charles (1830). Principles of geology, being an attempt to explain the former changes of the
Earth's surface, by reference to causes now in operation. vol. 1. London: John Murray.
Lyell, Charles (1832). Principles of geology, being an attempt to explain the former changes of the
Earth's surface, by reference to causes now in operation. vol. 2. London: John Murray.
Lyell, Charles (1833). Principles of geology, being an attempt to explain the former changes of the
Earth's surface, by reference to causes now in operation. vol. 3. London: John Murray.

Details of publication

Principles of Geology 1st edition, 1st vol. Jan. 1830 (John Murray, London).
Principles of Geology 1st edition, 2nd vol. Jan. 1832
Principles of Geology 1st edition, 3rd vol. May 1833
Principles of Geology 2nd edition, 1st vol. 1832
Principles of Geology 2nd edition, 2nd vol. Jan. 1833
Principles of Geology 3rd edition, 4 vols. May 1834
Principles of Geology 4th edition, 4 vols. June 1835
Principles of Geology 5th edition, 4 vols. March 1837
Principles of Geology 6th edition, 3 vols. June 1840
Principles of Geology 7th edition, 1 vol. Feb. 1847
Principles of Geology 8th edition, 1 vol. May 1850
Principles of Geology 9th edition, 1 vol. June 1853
Principles of Geology 10th edition, 186668
Principles of Geology 11th edition, 2 vols. 1872
Principles of Geology 12th edition, 2 vols. 1875 (published posthumously)

Elements of Geology
Elements of Geology 1 vol. 1st edition, July 1838 (John Murray, London)
Elements of Geology 2 vols. 2nd edition, July 1841
Elements of Geology (Manual of Elementary Geology) 1 vol. 3rd edition, Jan. 1851
Elements of Geology (Manual of Elementary Geology) 1 vol. 4th edition, Jan. 1852
Elements of Geology (Manual of Elementary Geology) 1 vol. 5th edition, 1855
Elements of Geology 6th edition, 1865
Elements of Geology, The Student's Series, 1871

Travels in North America

 Lyell, C. (1845). Travels in North America. 1. London: John Murray.
Lyell, C. (1845). Travels in North America. 2. London: John Murray.
Lyell, C. (1849). A Second Visit to the United States of North America. 1. London: John Murray.[39]
Lyell, C. (1849). A Second Visit to the United States of North America. 2. London: John Murray.[39]

Antiquity of Man
Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man. 1 vol. 1st edition, Feb. 1863 (John Murray, London)
Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man 1 vol. 2nd edition, April 1863
Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man 1 vol. 3rd edition, Nov. 1863
Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man 1 vol. 4th edition, May 1873

Life, Letters, and Journals

Lyell, Katharine Murray, ed. (1881). Life, Letters, and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell. 1. London: John
Murray.[40]
Lyell, Katharine Murray, ed. (1881). Life, Letters, and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell. 2. London: John
Murray.[40]

See also
Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle, a book by Stephen Jay Gould that reassesses Lyell's work

Notes
1. Cannon, Walter F. "The impact of uniformitarianism: two letters from John Herschel to Charles Lyell,
18361837." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (1961): 301314.
2. Rudwick, Martin. 2014. Earth's Deep History. University of Chicago Press.
3. Google maps, including terrain and satellite.
4. Bailey, Edward 1962. Charles Lyell. Nelson, London.
5. Wilson 1973.
6. MaComber 1997.
7. Westminster Abbey.
8. "No. 20905" (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20905/page/3692). The London Gazette. 13
October 1848. p. 3692.
9. "No. 22878" (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22878/page/3665). The London Gazette. 22
July 1864. p. 3665.
10. "Lyell" (http://www.theprow.org.nz/yourstory/lyell/#.VcKWS_mqqkp). theprow.org.nz. Retrieved
20 August 2017.
11. "Cephalaspis lyelli" (http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/species-of-the-day/evolution/cephalaspis-lyell
i/index.html). The Natural History Museum. 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
12. Darwin, F. (1887). Life and letters of Charles Darwin. II. London. p. 90.
13. Darwin, F; Seward, A.C. (1903). More letters of Charles Darwin. II. London. p. 232.
14. Thanukos 2012.
15. Mathieson, =Elizabeth Lincoln (13 May 2002). "The Present is the Key to the Past is the Key to the
Future" (http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2002CD/finalprogram/abstract_34786.htm). The Geological Society
of America. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
16. Judd gives a number of examples: Judd J.W. 1910. The coming of evolution. Cambridge.
17. W.F., Bynum (1984). "Charles Lyell's Antiquity of Man and its critics". J. Hist Biol. 17 (2): 153187.
JSTOR 4330890 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4330890). doi:10.1007/BF00143731 (https://doi.org/10.10
07%2FBF00143731).
18. Smalley, I. J., Gaudenyi, T., Jovanovic, M. 2014. Charles Lyell and the loess deposits of the Rhine valley.
Quaternary International 372, 45-50. doi.10.1016/j.quaint.2014.08.047
19. Galilei, Galileo (2001). Stephen Jay Gould, ed. Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems. New York:
Modern Science Library. pp. ixx.
 20. Porter 1976, p. 91.
21. Whewell, William 1837. History of the Inductive Sciences, vol. IV of the Historical and Philosophical
Works of William Whewell. Chapter VIII The two antagonistic doctrines of geology. [reprint of 3rd
edition of 1857, publ. Cass 1967].
22. Adams, Frank D. The Birth and Development of the Geological Sciences. Dover Publications, Inc., 1938.
23. Stafford, Robert A. Scientist of Empire. Cambridge, UK. Cambridge University Press, 1989.
24. Lyell, Charles (1881). "XXIV". Life, Letters and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell (https://archive.org/strea
m/lifelettersandj01lyelgoog#page/n130/mode/2up). John Murray. p. 110. "
You hint at icebergs and northern waves. The former has no doubt had its influence, and when icebergs
turn over, or fall to pieces, huge waves are caused not merely from the north. But it has always seemed to
me that much more influence ought to be attributed to simple denudation where beds of loose sand,
gravel, or mud were upheaved, and sometimes alternately depressed and upraised in an open sea. The
exposure of such destructible materials must have led to the confusion you allude to, but much less so
where the beds were protected in fiords, &c. The broken fossils found in these strata would agree with
my denudation hypothesis, which I think strengthened by the frequent regular re-stratification of the beds
containing the deep and shallow water species."
25. Lyell K. 1881. The life and letters of Sir Charles Lyell. 2 vols, London. vol. 1 p. 168
26. Lyell C. 183033. The principles of geology. Murray, London. vol. 2, Chapter 2.
27. Lyell to William Whewell, 7 March 1837. In Lyell K. 1881. The life and letters of Sir Charles Lyell. 2
vols, London. vol. 2 p. 5
28. Judd J.W. 1910. The coming of evolution. Cambridge. Chapter 8, pp. 8386.
29. Bowler P.J. 2003. Evolution: the history of an idea (https://books.google.com/books?id=gJXmS49Q7r0C
&pg=PA129). 3rd ed, University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23693-9 pp. 129134, 149150, 215
30. Mayr E. 1982. The growth of biological thought (https://books.google.com/books?id=pHThtE2R0UQC&
pg=PA375). Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-36446-5 (esp pp. 375381, 404408).
31. M., Bartholomew (1973). "Lyell and evolution: an account of Lyell's response to the prospect of an
evolutionary ancestry for man". Brit J Hist Sci. 6 (3): 261303. JSTOR 4025445 (https://www.jstor.org/st
able/4025445). PMID 11615533 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11615533).
doi:10.1017/S0007087400016265 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007087400016265).
32. Lyell C. 183033. The principles of geology. Murray, London. vol. 2, pp. 2021.
33. Wilson, Leonard G. (ed) 1970. Sir Charles Lyell's scientific journals on the species question. Yale
University Press. p. 407
34. Desmond A. 1982. Archetypes and Ancestors: palaeontology in Victorian London Blond & Briggs,
London. page 179: "Even Charles Lyell agreed... that 'natural selection was a force quite subordinate to
that variety-making or creative power to which all the wonders of the organic world must be referred.' "
35. Burkhardt F. and Smith S. 1982present. The correspondence of Charles Darwin. Cambridge, vol. 11,
pp. 173, 181.
36. Burkhardt F. and Smith S. 1982present. The correspondence of Charles Darwin. Cambridge, vol. 11, p.
223.
37. Cape, ISBN 1-84413-314-1 Browne, E. Janet 2002. Charles Darwin: the power of place. Volume 2 of a
biography. Cape, London. page 219
38. Browne, E. Janet 2002. Charles Darwin: the power of place. Volume 2 of a biography. Cape, London. p.
218
39. "Review of A Second Visit to the United States of North America, in the Years 1845-6 by Sir Charles
Lyell" (https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b661324;view=1up;seq=195). The Quarterly Review.
85: 183224. June 1849.
40. "Review of Life, Letters, and Journals by Sir Charles Lyell, Bart. ed. by his Sister-in-Law, Mrs. Lyell" (h
ttps://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044092526755;view=1up;seq=108). The Quarterly Review.
153: 96131. January 1882.

References
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Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc.
Wilson, Leonard G. (1973). "Charles Lyell". In Gillispie, Charles Coulston. Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. VIII. Pennsylvania: Charles Scribner's Sons.
"Charles Lyell Westminster Abbey". Retrieved 6 June 2009.
 Thanukos, Anna (2012). "Uniformitarianism: Charles Lyell". University of California Museum of
Paleontology. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
Porter, Roy S. (July 1976). "Charles Lyell and the Principles of the History of Geology". The British
Journal for the History of Science. 32 (2): 91103. JSTOR 4025798. doi:10.1017/s0007087400014692.
Taub, Liba (1993). "Evolutionary Ideas and "Empirical" Methods: The Analogy Between Language and
Species in the Works of Lyell and Schleicher". British Journal for the History of Science. 26: 171193.
doi:10.1017/s0007087400030740.
Hestmark, Geir (2012). "The meaning of 'metamorphic' Charles & Mary Lyell in Norway, 1837".
Norwegian Journal of Geology. 91: 247275.

Image source

Portraits of Honorary Members of the Ipswich Museum (Portfolio of 60 lithographs by T.H. Maguire)
(George Ransome, Ipswich 18461852)

External links
Media related to Charles Lyell at Wikimedia Commons
Works written by or about Charles Lyell at Wikisource
Quotations related to Charles Lyell at Wikiquote
Works by Charles Lyell at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Charles Lyell at Internet Archive
Principles of Geology 1st edition at ESP.
Principles of Geology (7th edition, 1847) from Linda Hall Library

Baronetage of the United Kingdom

Baronet
New creation (of Kinnordy) Extinct
18641875

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