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CRYSTALLIZATION

(A. P. Sinha, et al. Mass Transfer: Principles and Operations)

1. Estimation of the Amount of Crystals Formed: Find the amount withdrawn in a continuous crystallizer for cooling an aqueous
of crystals to be liberated in a crystallizer when 10 tonnes of solution of NaNO3 from 90C to 40C at a rate of 5000 kg/hr.
saturated aqueous solutions of potash are cooled from 80C to The solution contains 16 mol of NaNO3 per 1000 g of water at
35C without evaporation of the water. The potash crystallizes 90C. Consider that when the solution is cooled in the
with two molecules of water per molecule of K2CO3. The crystallizer water simultaneously evaporates in an amount
solubility curve gives the concentrations of the saturated equal to 3% of the initial amount of the solution. The
aqueous solutions of potash as follows: at 80C: 10 mol of concentration of a saturated solution of NaNO3 at 40C is 12.3
K2CO3 per 1000 g of water at 35C: 8.15 mol of K2CO3 per mol per 1000 g of water. [Ans: 130 kW]
1000 g of water. [Ans: 1900 kg]
7. Calculation of the Cooling Surface and the Flow Rate of Water
2. Calculation of the Temperature to Reduce the Concentration Required: For the conditions of the preceding Problem 13.6,
of the Mother Liquor by 50% to Freeze Out the Crystals: To determine the required cooling surface area and the rate of
what temperature does a hot 40% aqueous solution of flow of water in the crystallizer. Assume that the overall heat
potassium nitrate have to be cooled for the concentration of the transfer coefficient equals 100 W/(m2)(K). The water enters
mother liquor to be half the initial one after it is cooled and the cooling jacket at 15C and leaves it at 20C. Counter-flow
crystals freeze out? Relevant data are to be collected from the cooling is used. [Ans: 22400 kg/hr]
solubility curve of potassium nitrate. [Ans: 15C]
8. Requirement of the Cooling Surface in a Counter-Flow
3. Formation of Crystals of Soda During Cooling: How many Crystallizer: Determine the required cooling surface area of a
kilograms of crystals freeze out when 4.2 tonnes of a soda counter-flow crystallizer used to cool 10000 kg/hr of a solution
solution containing 2.5 mol of soda per 1000 g of water are containing 7 mol of ammonium sulfate per 1000 g of water
cooled from 30 to 15C? The soda crystallizes with 10 from 85C to 35C. During cooling, water evaporates (5% of
molecules of water per soda molecule. [Ans: 1300 kg] the mass of the initial solution). The overall heat transfer
coefficient is 127 W/(m2)(K). The cooling water is heated
4. Estimation of Capacity of an Open Tank, Cooling Surface from 13C to 24C. Also, determine the rate of flow of cooling
requirement and Yield of Crystals: A saturated solution of water. [Ans: 20.3 m2, 7660 kg/hr]
potassium chloride at 90C containing 700 kg potassium
chloride is cooled to 20C in an open tank by circulation of 9. Estimation of Cooling Water and Surface Area Requirement
water. The cooling water enters the tank at 15C through a for a Given Crystallization Operation in a Swenson-Walker
jacket and leaves at 25C. The average specific heat and Crystallizer: A Swenson-Walker crystallizer is to produce 800
density of the solution are 0.48 cal/gC and 1.2 g/cm3, kg/hr of FeSO47H2O crystals. The saturated solution enters
respectively. the crystallizer at 49C and the slurry leaves at 27C. Cooling
water enters in the jacket of the crystallizer at 15C and leaves
Assuming the overall heat transfer coefficient to be 120 at 21C. The overall heat transfer coefficient has been
kcal/(hr)(m2)(C), determine (i) the capacity of the tank, (ii) estimated to be 175 kcal/(hr)(m2)(C). There are 1.3 m2 of
the weight of crystals obtained, and (iii) the cooling surface of cooling surface per metre of crystallizer length.
the tank. [Ans: (i) 1.67 m3, (ii) 249.02 kg, (iii) 29.02 m2]
(i) Estimate the cooling water requirement in kg/hr, and
5. Computation of the Rate of Growth of Crystals from the
Knowledge of Degree of Supersaturation, and Values of (ii) Determine the number of crystallizer sections to be
Coefficients of Mass Transfer and Surface Interaction: provided, each section being 3 m long.
Estimate the rate of growth of MgSO47H2O in cm/day from a
Given: Saturated solution of FeSO4 at 49C and 27C contain
solution of MgSO4 having a supersaturation of 0.004 mol
140 parts and 74 parts of FeSO47H2O per 100 parts of excess
fraction MgSO47H2O. The mass transfer coefficient has been
2 water, respectively. The average specific heat of the initial
estimated to be 1.60 kmol/(m )(hr)(mol fraction) and the
solution is 0.70 kcal/(kg)(C), and the heat of crystallization is
coefficient of interaction is 1.40.
15.8 kcal/kg. [Ans: (i) 9571 kg/hr (ii) 6]
The crystals may be assumed to be cubes having an equivalent
diameter of 0.50 cm. The density of the crystal is 1.68 g/cm3.
[Ans: 2.1 cm/day]

6. Determination of Quantity of Heat Withdrawn in a Continuous


Crystallizer: Determine the quantity of heat that must be

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