You are on page 1of 4

Q: Heat flow through solid, liquid and gas

Ans: Heat Transfer Conduction, Convection And Radiation

HEAT TRANSFER: Any matter is made up of atoms and


molecules has the ability to tranfer Heat. The atoms are in
different types of motion any time. The motion of molecules
and atoms is responsible for heat or thermal energy and every
matter has this thermal energy. More the motion of molecules
more will be the heat energy.

How is Heat Transferred?


ANS: Heat can travel shift from one place to another in three
manners namely: Conduction, Convection, and Radiation.
Conduction and convection need matter to transfer heat.
If the temperature difference exists between two systems, heat
will find a way to transfer from higher to the lower system.

Conduction:

The law of heat conduction is also known as Fouriers law.


Fouriers law
states that
the time rate of heat transfer through a material is
proportional to the
negative gradient in the temperature and to the area.
Fouriers equation of heat conduction:
Q = -kA(dT/dx)

Where,
Q is the heat flow rate by conduction (W)
k is the thermal conductivity of body material (Wm1K1)
A is the cross-sectional area normal to direction of heat flow
(m2) and
dT/dx is the temperature gradient (Km1).
dt is Temperature difference in oC or K
dx is Thickness of the body in the direction of flow, m.

Negative sign in Fouriers equation indicates that the heat flow


is in the direction of negative gradient temperature and that
serves to make heat flow positive.
Thermal conductivity k is one of the transport properties.
Other are the viscosity associated with the transport of
momentum,diffusion coefficient associated with the transport
of mass.Thermal conductivity k provides an indication of the
rate at which heat energy is transferred through a medium by
conduction.
Example1
Asbestos layer whose thickness is 20 mm is used as an insulator
over a boiler wall. Consider an
area of 0.9m2 and calculate the rate of heat ow over this area
if the temperatures on either side of
the insulation are 400oC and 30oC. Given K = 0.116 W/mK
Solution:
To calculate heat ow, we need to nd the heat ux.
Heat ux is given by,
q = k dt / dx. m2
= 0.116 (30 400)/0.02
q = 1566 W/m2
Rate of heat ow Q is expressed by,
Q = Heat ux Area
= 1566 0.9
Q = 1409.4 W
Conduction transfers heat via direct molecular collision. An
area of greater kinetic energy will transfer thermal energy to an
area with lower kinetic energy. Higher-speed particles will
collide with slower speed particles. The slower-speed particles
will increase in kinetic energy as a result. Conduction is the
most common form of heat transfer and occurs via physical
contact.
Examples would be to place your hand against a window or
place metal into an open flame.

The process of heat conduction depends on the following


factors: temperature gradient, cross-section of the material,
length of the travel path, and physical material properties.

The temperature gradient is the physical quantity that describes


the direction and rate of heat travel. Temperature flow will
always occur from hottest to coldest or, as stated before, higher
to lower kinetic energy. Once theres thermal equilibrium
between the two temperature differences, the thermal transfer
stops.

Cross-section and path of travel both play an important part in


conduction. The greater the size and length of an object, the
more energy thats required to heat it. And the greater the
surface area thats exposed, the more heat is lost. Smaller
objects with small cross-sections have minimal heat loss.

Physical properties determine which materials transfer heat


better than others. Specifically, the thermal conductivity
coefficient dictates that a metal material will conduct heat
better than cloth when it comes to conduction.

Q: Unsteady heat in solid

You might also like