ISBN 978-0-626-24864-2

SANS 309:2004
Edition 3.3

Any reference to SABS 309 is deemed

to be a reference to this standard
(Government Notice No. 1373 of 8 November 2002)

SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Anionic bitumen road emulsions

Published by SABS Standards Division

1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001
Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568
www.sabs.co.za
SABS

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Table of changes
Change No. Date Scope
Amdt 1 1976 Amended to lower the values for the coagulation value of spray-
type and pre-mix-type emulsions when mixed with standard
chippings.
Amdt 2 1986 Amended to change the method for determining the coagulation
value of emulsions when mixed with Portland cement and to
introduce a new method for determining viscosity. A note
regarding dilution of an emulsion has been added to appendix B.
Amdt 3 2004 Amended to delete reference to the standardization mark
scheme, to insert headings for the tables, to delete footnotes
regarding standard dolerite chippings being obtainable from the
SABS, to delete a footnote regarding information found in the
appendices, and to delete reference to SABS 471 and replace it
with SANS 50197-1.

Acknowledgement
Standards South Africa wishes to acknowledge the valuable assistance derived from publications of
the following organizations:

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

British Standards Institution (BSI)
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Foreword
This standard was approved by National Committee SABS SC 59E, Construction standards
Pavement materials testing, in accordance with procedures of the SABS Standards Division, in
compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement.

This edition cancels and replaces edition 3 (SABS 309:1972).

A vertical line in the margin shows where the text has been modified by amendment Nos 2 and 3.

Reaffirmed and reprinted in February 2011.

This standard will be reviewed every five years and
either be reaffirmed, amended, revised or withdrawn.

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Contents
Page

Acknowledgement

Foreword

1 Scope ..................................................................................................................................... 3

2 Definitions .............................................................................................................................. 3

3 Requirements.......................................................................................................................... 4

4 Packing and marking .............................................................................................................. 5

5 Sampling and compliance with the specification ................................................................... 6

6 Methods of test ...................................................................................................................... 6

Figure 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 11

Appendix A Applicable standards .......................................................................................... 12

Appendix B Notes to purchasers ............................................................................................ 12

Appendix C Conversion of degrees Engler to kinematic viscosity ......................................... 13

Amdt 2

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Anionic bitumen road emulsions

1 Scope
This specification covers the requirements for three types (each of grade 60) of anionic bitumen
road emulsions suitable for the preparation and treatment of road and other surfaces carrying
wheeled and foot traffic.

NOTES

a) The standards referred to in the specification are listed in appendix A.

b) Requirements that must be specified by the purchaser are listed in appendix B, which also contains other
important notes to users of these emulsions.

c) Deleted by amendment No. 3.

2 Definitions
For the purposes of this specification, the following definitions apply:

2.1
ASTM method
test method published by the American society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street,
Philadelphia, Pa 19103, USA

2.2
binder content
difference between 100 % and the percentage water content

NOTE By this definition binder content includes the emulsifier(s) content.

2.3
bitumen
non-crystalline solid or viscous mixture of complex hydrocarbons that possesses characteristic
agglomerating properties, softens gradually when heated, is substantially soluble in trichlorethylene,
and is obtained from crude petroleum by refining processes

2.4
bitumen emulsion
liquid mixture in which a substantial amount of bitumen is suspended in a finely divided condition in
an aqueous medium by means of one or more suitable emulsifying agents

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2.5
IP method
test method published by the Institute of Petroleum, 61 New Cavendish Street, London W1M 8AR,
England

2.6
lot
quantity of anionic bitumen road emulsion of the same batch identification, from one manufacturer,
submitted at any one time for inspection and testing

2.7
types of emulsion

2.7.1
pre-mix type
emulsions with sufficient stability to allow mixing with certain types of aggregate before breaking of
the emulsion occurs

2.7.2
spray type
emulsions characterized by rapid breaking of the emulsion on application, and normally unsuitable
for mixing with stone chippings

2.7.3
stable-mix type
emulsions with sufficient mechanical and chemical stability for all purposes involving mixing with
stone chippings, natural gravels, and soil (including aggregates containing large proportions of fines
or chemically active materials such as cement or hydrated lime)

3 Requirements
3.1 Composition
The emulsion shall be homogeneous and free from impurities, and shall contain only bitumen,
emulsifying agent(s), and water.

3.2 Emulsifying agent(s)

The type and amount of emulsifying agent(s) in an emulsion shall not have any deleterious effect on
the bitumen deposited.

3.3 Bitumen base

The bitumen base used for the manufacture of the emulsion shall comply with the requirements of
SANS 307 relevant to the grade of bitumen used.

3.4 Classification (based on coagulation value)

The coagulation value of a bitumen emulsion, determined in accordance with the relevant test
method given in column 8 of table 1, shall comply with the value given in the table appropriate to the
type of emulsion specified by the purchaser.

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Table 1 Classification of anionic bitumen road emulsion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Requirement
Stable-mix Test method
Property Spray type Pre-mix type
type subsection
min. max. min. max. min. max.
a) Coagulation value when mixed with 6.2
standard dolerite chippings, %
(m/m) 25 25
b) Coagulation value when mixed with
Portland cement, % (m/m) 2 6.3
* Obtainable from the SA Bureau of Standards.
Amdt 1; amdt 3

3.5 Other requirements

The bitumen road emulsion shall comply with the requirements given in table 2 appropriate to the
type of emulsion specified by the purchaser.

Table 2 Requirements for anionic bitumen road emulsions

1 2 3 4
Requirement
Test
Property Pre-mix type and Stable-mix method
spray type type
Viscosity at 50 C, Saybolt Furol seconds 20-50 ASTM D244
Binder content*, % (m/m) 60-62 60-62 *
esidue on sieving, g/100 mL, max. 0,25 0,25 See 6.4
Sedimentation after 60 complete rotations Nil Nil See 6.5
* By difference from water content determined in accordance with method ASTM D244.
Amdt 2; amdt 3

4 Packing and marking

4.1 Packing
The condition of each drum and tanker into which the anionic bitumen road emulsion is packed shall
be such as to have no detrimental effect on the quality of the product during normal transportation
and storage.

4.2 Marking
The following information shall appear in legible and indelible marking on each drum or, when the
emulsion is supplied in tankers, on the relevant consignment documents:

a) The manufacturers identification;

b) the description, type, and grade of the product;

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c) the batch identification;

d) the month and year of manufacture, e.g. 7/72;

e) the quantity.

5 Sampling and compliance with the specification

NOTE This section applies to the sampling for inspection and testing before acceptance or rejection of single
lots (consignments) in cases where no information about the implementation of quality control or testing during
manufacture is available to help in assessing the quality of the lot.

5.1 Sampling
The relevant sampling procedure described in method ASTM D140 shall be applied in determining
whether a lot complies with the appropriate requirements of the specification. The sample so taken
shall be deemed to represent the lot.

5.2 Compliance
The lot shall be deemed to comply with the requirements of the specification if, after inspection and
testing the sample taken in accordance with 5.1 is found to comply with all the appropriate
requirements of the specification.

6 Methods of test
NOTE Except for the test sample required for the determination of residue on sieving, strain all test samples
required for the tests through a sieve of nominal aperture size 710 m.

6.1 Viscosity and binder content

Use the appropriate methods listed in column 4 of table 2.

6.2 Coagulation value when mixed with standard dolerite chippings

6.2.1 Apparatus

a) Bottle. A clear glass storage bottle of height approximately 180 mm and diameter approximately
90 mm (e.g. a 1 kg fruit preserving jar) with a wide mouth and fitted with a rubber sealing ring
and a screw-on lid.

b) Mixer. A machine capable of rotating the bottle end-over-end at a rate of 60-70 rotations per min.

NOTE One rotation means one complete rotation of the bottle end-over-end through 360.

c) Dishes. Flat-bottom nickel dishes of diameter approximately 90 mm and depth approximately

15 mm.

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6.2.2 Materials

a) Standard dolerite chippings1). Dolerite chippings that pass and are retained on sieves of
nominal aperture sizes 9,50 mm and 6,70 mm respectively, and that have been prepared as
follows: Amdt 3

Place approximately 1 kg of the chippings on a 200 mm diameter sieve of nominal aperture size
2,80 mm and agitate thoroughly under tap water in a sink. Repeat this procedure four times using
fresh water each time. Drain the stone, transfer it to a glass beaker, and wash three times with
500 mL portions of distilled water, stirring the stone with a glass rod. Then air-dry the washed
stone to constant mass.

b) Xylol. Pure xylol, 2 degree xylol, or 3 degree xylol of which (in all cases) the residue after
evaporation does not exceed 0,2 g/litre.

6.2.3 Procedure

a) Clean the bottle with petroleum spirit, dry it, wash it with soap solution and then with distilled
water, and finally dry it with a soft cloth.

b) Bring the bottle, the chippings, the xylol, and the test sample to a temperature between 18 C
and 28 C before the test is started and maintain them within this temperature range throughout
the test.

c) Place 200 1 g of the standard chippings in the bottle, and add 20 0,2 g of emulsion. Screw
the lid on immediately, invert the bottle, and tap the base sharply by hand so that the stone
chippings and emulsion fall freely. Place the bottle (in the inverted position) in the mixer and
rotate it end-over-end 140 times, i.e. for approximately 2 min. (The exact period will depend upon
the rate at which the bottle is being rotated, e.g. at a rate of 60 rotations per min it will take 2 min
20 s to complete 140 rotations, but at a rate of 70 rotations per min, the time taken will be exactly
2 min.)

NOTE The period between adding the emulsion to the chippings and starting the mixer should not exceed
1 min.

d) Stop the mixer, add to the mixture in the bottle 200 1 mL of freshly boiled distilled water (cooled
to the test temperature), replace the lid, and rotate the bottle end-over-end in the mixer
60-70 times, i.e. for approximately 1 min. Strain off the wash water and residual emulsion
through a sieve of nominal aperture size 710 m and repeat the agitation with 200 mL quantities
of the boiled distilled water until the washings are clear.

e) Drain away as much as possible of the water, place the sieve in a beaker, and dissolve the
bitumen from it in exactly 100 mL of xylol. Pour the solution into the original bottle, wash the
sieve and beaker with a further 100 mL of xylol, and add the washings to the bottle. Close the
bottle, replace it in the mixer, and rotate for a period of 15 min (to dissolve the coagulated
bitumen).

1)
Obtainable from the South African Bureau of Standards, Private Bag X191, Pretoria. Amdt 3

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f) Allow the bottle to stand for 30 min (to permit dispersed water and stone dust to settle), then
pipette a 25 mL aliquot of the supernatant xylol solution into each of 2 tared nickel dishes,
evaporate the xylol by placing the dishes for 1 h 30 min on the metal surface of a water bath or a
steam bath (but not in contact with the steam), and then cool in a desiccator. Determine
accurately the mass of bitumen residue in each dish. The two masses should not differ by more
than 2 mg. If they do, repeat the procedure until 2 results that differ by not more than 2 mg are
obtained.

6.2.4 Calculation

Use the mean of the two masses to calculate as follows the amount of bitumen coagulated as a
percentage of the total bitumen originally present:

b 8 100
Coagulation value =
20 (1 M/100)

where

b = the mass of bitumen in 25 mL of xylol solution, g

M = water content of the original emulsion, % (m/m), as determined in accordance with

method ASTM D244

Report the coagulation value, rounded off to the nearest whole number.

6.3 Coagulation value when mixed with Portland cement

6.3.1 Apparatus

a) 1,40 mm sieve. A sieve of diameter approximately 80 mm, of height approximately 40 mm, and
of nominal aperture size 1,40 mm.

b) 180 m sieve. A sieve of diameter approximately 200 mm and of nominal aperture size 180 m.

c) Plastics beaker. A flat-bottomed, plastics beaker, of capacity 1 L, of depth approximately

140 mm and of diameter approximately 100 mm. Amdt 2

d) Rod. A steel rod of diameter approximately 13 mm and having rounded ends.

e) Graduated cylinder, 100 mL.

f) Pan. A shallow pan of capacity approximately 50 mL.

6.3.2 Material

a) Fresh Portland cement, complying with the requirements of SANS 50197-1 for the cement type
CEM 1, Portland cement.

b) Water, distilled or deionized. Amdt 2, amdt 3

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6.3.3 Procedure

a) Calculate the amount of water and emulsion under test necessary to prepare 100 mL of an
emulsion that contains 50 % (m/m) of water.

b) Determine, to the nearest 0,1 g, the combined mass of the 1,40 mm sieve and the pan.

c) Sift a portion of the cement through the 180 m sieve and transfer 50 g of the sifted cement to
the plastics beaker.

d) Maintaining the ingredients and apparatus at a temperature of approximately 25 C throughout,

add the amount of water calculated in (a) above to the cement in the plastics beaker. Using a
circular motion, immediately stir the mixture with the rod at such a rate that one revolution is
completed during 1 s. Stir for 30 s, and then immediately add the amount of emulsion (test
sample) calculated in (a) above to the beaker. Stir for 30 s and then immediately add 150 mL of
water and continue stirring (at the same rate) for a further period of 3 min.

e) Quantitatively transfer the mixture onto the sieve (using 500 mL of water) and then wash the
residue on the sieve with 1 L of water (poured from a receptacle held at a height of approximately
150 mm above the sieve). Ensure that the washing of the sieve is completed within 40-60 s.

f) Transfer the sieve to the pan, heat the sieve and pan to dryness in a well-ventilated oven that is
maintained at a temperature of 163 1 C, cool, and determine the total mass (i.e. pan and sieve
containing residue) to the nearest 0,1 g. Amdt 2

6.3.4 Calculation

Report (to the nearest whole number) the coagulation value, calculated as follows:

(M 2 M1 ) 100
Coagulation value =
M3

where

M2 = mass of the sieve and the pan and the materials retained in the pan and on the sieve, g

M1 = mass of the empty sieve and pan, g

M3 = mass of binder in 100 mL of diluted emulsion, g (calculated from the water content
determined in accordance with method ASTM D244)

6.4 Residue on sieving

Use method IP 91, but use a sieve of height 50 mm, diameter approximately 80 mm, and nominal
aperture size 150 m (see also NOTE to section 6).

6.5 Sedimentation test

NOTE Maintain the temperature of the laboratory during this test at 18-28 C.

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6.5.1 Apparatus

a) Jar. A cylindrical container of clear glass as specified in method IP 15 (section 4(a)), but having a
graduation mark at 75 mL.

b) Centrifuge. A centrifuge, having a diameter of swing between the tips of the tubes of between
38 cm and 43 cm and the speed of which can be controlled to give a relative centrifugal force
(r.c.f) of between 500 and 600 at the tip of the tubes.

NOTE The correct speed may be calculated from the formula:

Speed, r.p.m. = 423 r.c.f./d

where

d = diameter of swing, cm.

For a diameter of 38 cm the speed will be between 1 530 and 1 675 r.p.m. and for a diameter of 43 cm
between 1 435 and 1 573 r.p.m.

c) Mixer. An apparatus as shown in figure 1.

6.5.2 Soap solution

An aqueous soap solution containing 1 g of potassium oleate per 100 mL of solution.

6.5.3 Procedure

a) Clean the jar with petroleum spirit, dry it, rinse it with the soap solution, and dry it again with a
clean soft cloth or a tissue. Add approximately 10 g of emulsion, and centrifuge the jar for 5 min
at the calculated speed (see 6.5.1(b)).

b) Add 30 mL of the soap solution, close the jar with a bung pushed down to the 75 mL graduation
mark, and place the jar in the mixer.

c) Operate the apparatus so that the jar is steadily rotated at a rate of one complete rotation
(through 360) per second. After every 5 rotations stop the apparatus in such a position that the
jar is inclined (upside-down) at an angle of 30 to the vertical and leave it for 10 s to allow the
washings to drain down and the presence of sediment at the bottom of the jar to be observed.

d) Repeat the procedure described in (c) above until the sediment has been completely removed
from the bottom of the jar.

NOTE In some cases a few isolated specks, of diameter approximately 1 mm, remain at the bottom of the
jar after the sediment has been otherwise completely removed. These specks may be disregarded.

Report the number of complete rotations required to effect complete removal of the sediment
from the bottom of the jar.

10

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Figure 1 Apparatus for sedimentation test

11

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Appendix A

Applicable standards Amdt 3

Reference is made to the latest issues of the following standards:

ASTM D140, Standard practice for sampling bituminous materials.

ASTM D244, Standard test methods for emulsified asphalts.

IP methods 15, 91, 212. Amdt 2

SANS 307, Penetration grade bitumens.

SABS 471, Portland cement and rapid hardening portland cement. Amdt 3

SANS 50197-1/EN 197-1 (SABS EN 197-1), Cement Part 1: Composition, specifications and
conformity criteria for common cements. Amdt 3

Appendix B

Notes to purchasers

B.1 The following requirement shall be specified in tender invitations and in the order or contract:

The type (see 3.4, 3.5, table 1, and table 2).

B.2 The general classification of road emulsions given in table 1 is based on tests using standard
dolerite stone chippings (see 6.2) and Portland cement (see 6.3) and should therefore be
interpreted as a qualitative classification only and not as a quantitative measurement of
performance. The field performance of an anionic bitumen emulsion should be related to the
aggregate being used as well as to any other parameter likely to affect its performance in practice.
Therefore, although the limits given in table 1 for coagulation value provide a general guide to the
suitability of an emulsion for the purpose for which it is to be employed and provide for reasonable
duplication when the product is again ordered, satisfactory performance in a particular application is
the only true criterion.

B.3 These emulsions are not stable for indefinite periods; they should be used as soon as
possible after delivery and should not be subjected to very low temperatures or to great fluctuations
in temperature during storage.

B.4 Anionic bitumen emulsions should not be mixed with cationic bitumen emulsions because
such mixing will result in breakdown of the products. Equipment that has been used for cationic type
emulsions and that has then to be used for anionic type (or vice versa) should be carefully cleaned
in accordance with proceedings recommended by the manufacturer of the type with which it is to be
used.

12

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B.5 Consumers whose equipment or conditions of use, e.g. hand-spraying, require a viscosity
outside the limits given in table 2 for spray type emulsions should consult the supplier of the
emulsion.

B.6 The dilution of any of the emulsion types must be done only in consultation with the supplier of
the emulsion.

To ensure that diluting the emulsion with the actual water used in practice will lead to the desired
result, tests must be carried out using this water only.

NOTE Once an emulsion is diluted, the resulting product may no longer comply with one or more of the
requirements of this specification. Amdt 2

Appendix C

Conversion of degrees Engler to kinematic viscosity

Use the following formulae to convert degrees Engler to kinematic viscosities:

0,086 4
For E 1,35-3,2: V = 0,08 E
E

0,04
For E above 3,2: V = 0,076 E
E

where

V is the kinematic viscosity in Stokes.

E is the degrees Engler. Amdt 2

SABS

13

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