FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION

John Locke was an English philosopher and physician "Father of Liberalism" ; to

form character (mental, physical, and moral) ; Education as Training of the mind/Formal
discipline ; Notable ideas - "Tabula rasa"

Francis Bacon was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator and
author. "Father of scientific method" "Father of empiricism"

Jean Jacques Rousseau was a Francophone Genevan philosopher, writer and

composer of the 18th century."Hollistic education"(physical,moral, intellectual)
Notable ideas - moral simplicity of humanity; child centered learning; Famous novel:
"Emile" or On Education; Human Development

Edgar Dale was an American educator who developed the "Cone of Experience"
aka "Father of Modern Media in Education"

Erik Erikson was a German-born American developmental psychologist and

psychoanalyst known for his theory on "psychosocial development" of human beings.
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi was a swiss pedagogue and educational reformer
who exemplified Romanticism in his approach. "Social regeneration of humanity"
Notable ideas: "Four-sphere concept of life" his motto was " Learning by head, hand
and heart"

Friedrich Frobel was a German pedagogue a student of Pestalozzi who laid the
"foundation of modern education" based on the recognition that children have unique
needs and capabilities. "Father of kindergarten"
Johann Herbart was a German philosopher, psychologist and founder of
pedagogy as an academic discipline. ;

Edward Lee Thorndike was an American psychologist ; " Father of Modern

educational psychology; connectionism; law of effect. ; "Realize the fullest satisfaction
of human wants"

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION

 IDEALISM Plato (own ideas) nothing exist except in the mind of a man/ what we
want the world to be
REALISM Aristotle;Herbart; Comenius; Pestalozzi; Montessori; Hobbes; Bacon;
Locke

(experience) fully mastery of knowledge

BEHAVIORISM always guided by standards/by procedure; purpose is to modify

the behavior
EXISTENTIALISM Kierkegaard; Sartre; "Man shapes his being as he lives"

Focuses on self/individual

PRAGMATISM/EXPERIMENTALISM William James; John Dewey - learn from

experiences through interaction to the environment

Emphasizes the needs and interests of the children

PERENNIALISM Robert Hutchins

focuses on unchanging/universal truths

ESSENTIALISM William Bagley - teaching the basic/essential knowledge

Focuses on basic skills and knowledge

PROGRESSIVISM Dewey/Pestalozzi (process of development)

focuses on the whole child and the cultivation of individuality

CONSTRUCTIVISM Jean Piaget

Focused on how humans make meaning in relation to the interaction b/w their

experiences and their ideas. Nature of knowledge w/c represents an epistemological

stance.
SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM George Counts - recognized that education
was the means of preparing people for creating his new social order

highlights social reform as the aim of education

ACCULTURATION - learning other culture; the passing of customs, beliefs and

tradition through interaction and reading.

ENCULTURATION - the passing of group's custom, beliefs and traditions from one

generation to the next generation

 Convergent questions - are those that typically have one correct answer.

Divergent questions - also called open-ended questions are used to encourage

many answers and generate greater participation of students. Higher order thinking
skills; to think more creatively.

90 days - enrolled bills becomes a law

30 days - "lapse"

PRINCIPLES & THEORIES OF LEARNING & MOTIVATION

Psychosexual Theory/Psychoanalysis - Sigmund Freud
Psychosocial Theory - Erik Erikson's Theory of Personality
Ecological Theory - Eric Brofenbrenner's Theory of Development
Sociohistoric Cognitive Linguistic Theory - Lev Semanovich Vygotsky
Cognitive Development - Jean Piaget; John Dewey; Jerome Brunner
Phenomenology - Abraham Maslow; Carl Rogers; Louis Raths
Behaviorism - Edward Thorndike; Ivan Pavlov; Burrhus Frederick Skinner
Moral Development - Lawrence Kohlberg
Ivan Pavlov - classical conditioning
Edward Thorndike - connectionism
B.F. Skinner - operant conditioning & reinforcement
Albert Bandura - "bobo doll" experiment; modelling; self eficacy
David Ausubel - Meaningful Reception Theory
Jerome Bruner - Discovery Learning Theory/Inquiry method
Wolfgang Kohler's - Insight Learning Problem
Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin's - Information Processing Theory
Robert Gagne's - Cumulative Learning Theory
Howard Gardner - Multiple Intelligence
Kurt Lewin's - Field Theory/ his concept of life space
Brofenbrenner's - Ecological System Theory
Lev Vygotsky - Social Constructivism; Zond of Proximal Development (ZPD) * gap b/w
actual and potential development
Hilda Taba - Grassroots Approach
Max Wertheimer - Gestalt Psychology
Wilhelm Wundt - "Father of Modern Psychology"
William James - wrote the "Principles of psychology"/ consciousness
 hypothalamus - brain's stress center
Abraham Maslow - physiological needs; "Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs" ;
safety&security; love & belongingness; self-esteem; self-actualization
John B. Watson - (behaviorist approach) an American psychologist who established
the psychological school of behaviorism.
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
Metaphor - is a comparison made b/w things w/c are essentially not alike.
Ex: "Nobody invites Edward to parties because He is a wet blanket"
Simile - is like a metaphor and often uses the words "like" or "as"
Ex: "Jamie runs as fast as the wind"
Personification - when something that is not human is given human-like qualities, this
is known as personification.
Ex: " The leaves danced in the wind on the cold October afternoon"
Hyperbole - exaggerating, often in a humorous way to make a particular point is
known as hyperbole.
Ex: "My eyes widened at the sight of the mile-high ice cream cones we we're having for
dessert"
Onomatopoeia - when you name an action by imitating the sound associated with it.
Ex: "The bees buzz angrily when their hive is disturbed"
Idiom - an idiom is an expression used by a particular group of people with a meaning
that is only known through common use.
Ex: "I'm just waiting for him to kick the bucket."
Synecdoche - a synecdoche is a figure of speech using a word/words that are a part
to represent a whole.
Ex: referring to credit cards as "plastic" is a synecdoche
Assonance - when you repeat a vowel sound in a phrase, it is an assonance.
Ex: "It's true, I do like Sue."
Metonymy - a metonymy is a figure of speech where one thing is replaced w/a word
that is closely associated with it such as using "Washington" to refer to the United
States
REPUBLIC ACTS
RA #7836 - Philippine Teacher Professionalization Act of 1994
RA #7796 - TESDA Act of 1994
Article XIV 1987 Philippine Constitution (Educ.Sci & Tech,Arts,Culture& Sports)
this is the very fundamental legal basis of education in thr philippines.
 Education Act of 1982 (Batas Pambansa 232, Sept 11,1982) an Act providing for
the Establishment & Maintenance of an Integrated System of Education
RA #4670 - Magna Carta for Public School Teachers (June 18,1966)
RA #6713 - Code of Conduct & Ethical Standards For Public Officials and
Employees
RA #7877 - Anti-sexual Harrassment Act of 1995
RA #9155 - Decentralization; Legal basis of Shared Governance in Basic
Education
RA #7784 - Establishment of Center of Excellence
K-12 Curriculum - Enhanced Basic Education Curriculum
RA #90210 - "An Act to Integrate Information Teachnology into the Public
Elementary & Secondary Curricula & Appropriating funds
RA #10121 - DRMM approval headed by OCO office of Civil defense May 2010
LITERATURE
Folklore - traditionally derived and orally transmitted literature
Folktales - reflect the people's beliefs handed down from generation to generation by
word of mouth
Epilogue - conclusion or final part of non-dramatic literary work
Genre - distinctive type of literary composition such as epic, tragedy, comedy & novel
"Quo Vadis" - means "where are you going"
hieroglyphics - oldest forn of egyptian writing
Allegory - narrative whose meaning is beneath the surface
Elegy - a meditated poem of grief
Sonnet - verse w/14 iambic pentameter lines
Epic - long poem w/c depicts the adventure of a great hero who reveals his country's
aspirations; narrates heroic deeds and supernatural happenings w/local actor in w/c
people sing/chant
Soliloquy - speech made by a person who reveals his thoughts
Manuel Arcilla - "How my brother Leon brought home a wife"
Washington Irving - "The Legend of a Sleepy Hollow"
Fall of the house of usher - hypochondriac living in morbid fear
Cyrano de Bergerac - poet & soldier noted for his Peculiar nose
"The Illiad of Homer" - great epic poem whose plot centers around the anger & wrath
of Achilles against agamemnon
"The Bells" - "If eyes are made for seeing, then beauty is its own excuse for being"
 Cacophony - literary term w/c means harsh & discordant sounds introduced for poetic
effect
George Bernard Shaw - know for his excellence of characterization, swiftness of
narrative & clarity of style.
Edgar Allan Poe - greatest American writer of horror and detective stories
Rabindranath Tagore - best known for his collection of poems called Gitanjali/song
offerings
Robert Frost - ranked as one of the best modern American poets.
Geoffrey Chaucer - Morning Star of English Literature
Mark Twain - "Samuel Clemens"
Harriet Stowe - "Uncle Tom's Cabin"
Charles Darwin - Origin of species
Lazlo Biro - invented the ball point pen
Harry Potter - epic kind of story
VOCABULARY

Emulate imitate

Vouchsafe grant

Abeyance suspended

Denigrate malign

Furtive sneaky

Remonstrate protest

Corroborate confirm

Gullible easily deceived

Germane relevant

Plebeian common

Vulpine cunning

Spendthrift spender

Impolitic unwise
Terse concise

Parsimonious stingy

Stupefy make numb

Pariah outcast

Wizened shrivelled

Dubious doubtful

Incriminates accuse

Frivolous worthless

Susceptible inclined

Impertinent irrelevant

Ostracized excluded

Conglomeration diffusion

Cacophonous loud and unpleasant

Carnal worldly

Aplomb composure

Candor honesty

Contemptuous scornful

Feeble weak

Inevitable certain

FILIPINO
Ang panubong - handog sa dalagang may kaarawan (koronang bulaklak)
Florante at Laura - (awit) "katiwalian ng mga kastila"
Jose dela Cruz - tungkod ng tulang tagalog
Noli Me Tangere - (Rizal) suliraning panlipunan ng bayan
"Doktrina Kristiyana" - Fr. Domingo de Nieva unang aklat na nalimbag sa
pilipinas
Severino Reyes - Ama ng dulaang tagalog
Juan Luna - La Spolarium
"Alim" - pinakamatandang epiko ng pilipinas
Jose Palma - naglikha ng "Himno Nacional Filipino"
Liwayway - nabigyan ng pagpapahalaga ang sariling wika
Lope K.Santos - "Ama ng balarila ng pilipino"
Andres Bonifacio - "anak bayan"
Pupdok/Kinting kulirat - hindi kailanman ginamit ni Marcelo del Pilar
Teodoro Agoncillo - isang kilalang manunulat ng kasaysayan
Manuel Quezon - Ama ng Wikang Pambansa
Constancio de Guzman - lumikha ng awit na "Ang Bayan Ko"
Pascual Poblete - Ama ng pahayagang tagalog