Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BY
B. C. DAS. M.Sc.
PBOFESSOB OF MATHEMATICS, PBBSIDBNOY COLLBaB,
CALCUTTA (BETD.) ;
EIGHTH EDITION
CALCUTTA 1958.
I*M%a7kad hy
UPlitmEtAnATH
S'OT IT. 17. I>BUB it SONS, PbIVATB ZjTD.,
IS. Bankim Obatterjee Bt., Oaloatta IS
'FHntid by
TBXDXBWBS BASU, B.A.,
tbb k. p. basu ptq. wobsb,
IX, Mohandra O-oBaain laute, OidoTiftta 9
PREFACE
Calcutta B. 0. D.
June, 1947. } B. N. M.
CONTENTS
CHAP? PAGE
for
Statics
Parallel Forces.
Couples.
Frictional Forces.
Conditions of equilibrium of a rigid body under a system
of Coplanar Forces.
Centre of Gravity of a system of particles on a straight
line and in a plane.
Centre of Gravity of a homogeneous rod, triangle, para*
llelogram and circle.
Levers and systems of pulleys.
OHAPTEB I
INTRODUCTION
1*1. Definitions.
(i) Weight,
Weight of a body is the force with which the earth
attracts the body. The direction of this force is vertical.
It is shown in Dynamios (Arts. 5'1 and 7'6) that the earth attracts
everybody to itself with a force which is proportional to the mass of
the body, i,e, the quantity of matter in a body.
(ii) Reaction.
Now it is a common
experience that if a body be placed
in contact with a very smooth surface (s.p. a highly
polished table), and is urged with any force to slide over it,
it experiences very little resistance tangentially, but the
surface, (assumed rigid), does*^ not allow the body to pene-
trate normally through it. The reaction on such a body
is therefore normal to the surface.
(iii) Tension.
( or a smooth surface ),
considering an element MN or which
along the normal, and this has no effect in the tangential direction.
Hence the only tangential forces, namely the tensions at the extre-
mities M and N must balance one another, and accordingly must be
equal and opposite. Thus the magnitude of the tension continues
to be the same throughout the string oven when it passes over smooth
surfaces as in Fig. (i) above.
Thus P being
a force acting at A along AB on a rigid
body, if introduce two equal and opposite forces at B
we
each equal to P
along BA and AB
the two latter, being
in equilibrium, will
neutralise one
another and will
have no effect on
the original force.
Now Pat A, and
the opposite P
at B along the same line, produce equilibrium,
and we are left with a force P at B in the sense AB which
is thus equivalent to the original force P tA A. Hence
follows the principle of transmissibility of a force as enun-
ciated above.
OHAPTEB II
Experimental Verification
Any weights P, Qt
three B
(of which no one should
exceed the the other two) are tied at the extremities
sum of
of three light flexible strings, the other extremities of
which are knotted at a ^
common point A, Two of these
strings are placed over two
smooth pegs, or two light smooth
pulleys (say L and If), fixed
against a vertical wall or black-
board, the knot being between
the pulleys, and the whole
system allowed to come to
is
the equilibrium position as in
the above figure.
Saa Appindix.
10 JNTEBMSJDTATE STATICS
Since P, Q, and B
are in equilibrium, B
is equal and
opposite to the resultant of P
and Q. But B
is represented
by AE^ and iD
is found equal and opposite to it experi-
mentally, as stated above. Thus the resultant of and P
Q is represented by AD.
By P, Q and
altering B
in any manner (with the
restriction that no one is greater than the sum of the
other two), and repeating the experiment, the same result
will be verified in every case.
-P + 2P0oo8o + Q*.
Also tan 6
DE _ Q g flin
AE ~ P + Q COB o
Hence, R- VP*+2PQco 8+"Q*
and Oxtail
Q sin a
P+Q cos a
giving tb^ magnitude and direction of the resultant.
sin p sin a
* sin (180^ - sin (a + P)
PmOA B sin g ^
QssOB B sin a
sin (a + P) sin IS + P)*
li mTMBMJSDJATE STATICS
maUcdllyf a force F along OX* ia identical with a force -JIT along OX.
Henoe, - J? oob B along OX^ may be P cos ^ along OX.
described as
Now (represented by 00) being the resultant of the
given forces, and 6 the angle it makes with OX, its resolved
parts along OX
and OT being equal to the algebraic sum
of the resolved parts of the component forces along the
same two directions, we get
Two loToes
Thus, AB, BC
taken in order represent successively P
and (J, Then
the thitd side AO
(in opposite order) will
represent the magnitude, direction and sense of the resultant^
which will however act at 0.
In vector notation, AB+BC AC.
The proof iseasily seen to depend on the parallelogram
of forces, for, completing the parallelogram ABCD, AD,
which is equal and parallel to BO, represents
in magnitude, direction and sense.
Q equally well
c '
^
Alternative method :
p p
P along OL can be written as
-gj OL^m. OL, where
Now the resultant of the forces represented by m,OL and n.OMia
lm+n},ON along ON, where N is a point on LM such that LN NM :
Ex. 4. Two forces P, Q act at a point along two straight lines making
an angle a with each others and R is their resultant* Two other
forces P\ O' acting along the same two lines have a resultant R\ Prove-
that if B be the angle between the lines of action of the resultants^ then
Similarly, 0' being the angle made by M with the same line,
Ex. b. SJiow that the resultant of two forces see B and sec C aotimg
along AB, AC respectively of any triangle ABC is a force (tan A+tan 0)
along AD, where D is the foot of the perpendicular from A on BC.
SS INTERMEDIATE STATICS
We note that the forces sec B and sec C along AB and AC can be
written as
sec B JD * j C
AC
along these lines.
cos B
^8^
DO^AC'^O
sec C secB
AC AB
s ec C
AC
AC is along AD, since D divides BC in the ratio
860 C .
soc B
See 2-9 ]
AC AB [
AB + BC + Oi> + J)B*AB.
Similarly, AO + AE,
Also AB+j5B*iB,
and BB + 2I)*bB,
As two forces represented by DE and ^ acting at a point cancel
one another, and as the forces all act at one point, we gat by
combining the above,
^
Jb+bc+cd+ve+ac+ce+Id+be=3Ie+Sd.
Hence, adding two more forces represented by AE and BD, we get
iB + AC + Jb + AE + BC + BD + ^ + CD + CE + DE
-=4iI? + 2Bi).
one another.
If 22 be the required resultant and
B the angle it makes with AB, we get
by equating the resolved parts of the
resultant along AB and AE to the algebraic sum of the resolved parts
of the components,
and 22 sin 6=2 sin 30+8 sin 60*+4 sin 90+5 sin 120
Also, tan B =
A 1 A
6+4 \/3
mgniiude.
thA same straight line. Thus thp direction of the resultant of OA and
Ob, beiA| esaotly opposite to OB from eonstruetton, is along the
(JO*
00MP08XTI0N AND BBSOLVTIOUf OF F0S0X8 95
Examples on Chapter II
86 SSTEBUEDUTE STATICS
[ B. U. 1926,
'29 ; B. E. 1982 ]
1929
I - f Jq
tan
[ C. Cr. ]
I
18a Two forces P and Q act at an angle 6 and have
a resultant JB. each force is increased by JB, prove that
If
the new resultant makes with B
an angle whose tangent is
_ (P-0)Bma_ .
P + Q + B + (P + 0)cO8O*
. IP. U.1948: B.H. U.1943]
19.
COMPOSmON AND BE80LUTI0N OF F0B0E8 87
^ sin (a^O)
B sin (a 6')
[ C. U. 1946 ]
resultant is proportional to
JiX - 8 cos cos B cos 0).
80. Two given forces, which are not parallel, act at two
given points of a body. If they be turned through the
same angle in the same sense about their respective points
of application, prove that the resultant is constant in magni-
tude and passes through a fixed point.
^36. AB CD
denote any two equal and parallel
and
chorda of a circle ;P
a point on the circumference equi-
is
distant from A and B, Show that the resultant of forces
acting at P and represented by PA, PB, PC, PD is Constant.
[ C. U. 1943 3
SO, OA, AS, show that bbeir resnltant passes throogh the
in*oeDtre.
45. Forces each equal to P act along the sides AB, OB,
AD, DC of the square ABOD find their resultant.
;
forces
acting along
acting along
AD,
AB and ^ acting along AC is
63. ABCDEF
is a regular hexagon of side a, and at A
forces act, represented in magnitude and direction by AB,
2AC, 3AD, 4A^ 5AF show that the magnitude of the
resultant is J351a.
^
54. Three forces P, Q, B
meet at a point} and the
resultant of P
and Q is 7 lbs. wt. acting at an angle
cos*^ (H) with P. The resultant of and P
is also 7 lbs. B
wt. at an angle cos*^ ( v) with P, and that of Q and is B
s/l29 lbs. wt. at an angle tan^ I --^jwithP. Find
P, Q, B in magnitude and direction, it being given that
Q and B are on the same side of the line of action of P.
65. At any point of a parabola, forces represented in
magnitude and direction by the tangent and normal at the
point (up to their intersection with the axis), both towards
the axis, act. Show that the resultant passes through the
focus.
Answers
Y 91bB.wt. a
"
_2_p _s/L p . 120*.
^/3+l s/8+1
foroei.
14. P*Q.
81. A oiroJe with centre at the extremity of P and radina equal to
the magnitude of Q.
51. 10 Iba. wt. towarda the oppoaite vertex. 62. s/7I Iba wt.
64. Pa>S Iba. wt., Q<=5 Iba. wt. at angle 60* with P,
equilibrium.
Note. The result will also hold if in the above case, the directions
of the forces, instead of being perpendicular to the corresponding sides,
make any equal angles with them, measured the same way round.
The proof is exactly similar.
^
Thus we get a triangle ABO whose sides BO, OA, AB
taken in order, represent the forces P, Q, B in this case,
which proves the theorem.
Note. If we draw any other triangle with the eided parallel to the
lines of action of the gwen forces, this triangle will evidently be similar
to ABC, and accordingly having the corresponding sides proportional,
the three forces in this case may as well be represented in maynAtfude,
direction and sense by the sides of that triangle taken in order.
Cor. Three forces acting at a point being such that thn sum cf
any two is less than the third, they can never be in equiUbrinm, k>le
_P ^ Q ^
sin YOZ sin ZOX sin XOY
On any chosen scale cat off OA and OB along OX and
OY respeotively to represent the foroes P and Q in magni-
tude and direction. Complete the parallelogram OAOB and
join the diagonal 00. Then by parallelogram of forces, the
resultant of P and Q is represented by 00.
Thus
p g_ _ B
sinYOZ sin ZOX sin XOY
P Q_ _ B
sin iQ, B) sin (B, P) sin (P, Q)
see Appendix.
88 INTERMEDIATE STATICS
are that the algebraic sum of the resolved parts of the forces
in any two mutually perpendicular directions'^ may be
separately zero.
P Q _ R
^ JL ij-JL JEL
where a, 6, c are the lengths of the sides BC, CA and AB, [ C. U, 19S8]
by Lamis theorem,
P_ _0 P
Bin BOC* Bin COA Sin AOB
*'*"
P
aio9i(in2B"siiiao'
^
EQUILIBBIUM OE CONOUBBENT F0BCE8 41
or,
2 BiXL A 008 A 2 Bin B oos B 2 Bin C cob G
Kow in the triangle ABC,
Bin ^ ^ Bin C 6*+c*-a
t and oos A etc.
a b c 26c
Thus
^
CD "^OD
^ GG
.
Ti r, 10
81l2 "12** 10 lbs.
Hence ri-2| lbs. wt. and lbs wt..
42 INTEBMEDIATE STATICS
AlternatiTely,
by Lami's theorem in this case,
10
^ I or * rc I
sin COB sin COA sin AOB sin CBO sin CAO sin 90^'
n ^ 10 .
25 26
vertical.
(iii) 4, 15, 9 ?
Ti Ta : 2 1,
: : :
respectively, show that the forces AP$ BP, OP, PD, PE,
PT' are in equilibrium.
44 INTEBMEDIATE STATI08
area
p
OBO
. _gOOA
area area
B
OAB
_ .
Forces P, Q, B
acting along lA, IB, 10, where I
isthe in-oentre of the triangle ABO, are in equilibriun^
show that P <} B - cos iil : cos iP cos iO.
: : :
Foroes P, Q, B
acting along OA, OB, OC, where 0
is the oiroamoentre of the triangle ABO, are in equilibrium ;
show that
__ P
+ 0 * - o*) 6*
. Q _ i? .
As. Forces X, T
act along the sides AB, AD respectlTely
of a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD. If they are balanced by
a force Z
which acts along the diagonal OA from 0 to A.
show that X: T: Z^OD
: OB : BD.
P Q B
0i.B0"0B.0A"00.AB*
EQUILIBRIUM OF CONOUBBENT FORCES 45
18. If four
forces acting along the sided of a quadri-
lateral are in equilibrium, prove that the quadrilateral is
a plane one.
19. (i) If one of the two intersecting forces be given in
magnitude and direction, and the other has its line of action
only given, prove that the least force which will produce
equilibrium is perpendicular to the second force.
^
20, OD, OB, OF are drawn perpendiculars from the
circum-oentre 0 of the triangle ABO upon the sides BO, OA,
AB. Show that the six forces represented by AO, BO, CO,
OD, OB, OF
are in equilibrium.
' 88. A
weight is supported on a smooth plane of inclina*
tion a to the horizon by a string inclined to the vertical at
an angle V. If the slope of the plane be increased to and
the slope of the string is unaltered, the tension of the string
is doubled to support the weight. Prove that
Answers
S. (i) Yes, when all the three forces act in the same line, the last
two being in the same sense, and the first one opposite.
(ii) the mid-point of the line joining the middle points of any
pair of opposite sides.
19. (i) At right angles to the first string ; 5 iJS lbs. wt. and
6 lbs. wt.
so INTERMEDIATE STATICS
40 ^AD AD^F
CO BL A^ P*
JM)~F.OO: M. (1)
PASALLSL VOnOBS SI
...
(4)
CB P
i.e., 0 divides fehe line AB internally in the inverse ratio
of the forces.
diagonals AL, BM
when produced, meet at 0. ( Since the
given forces are not equal, the diagonals are not parallel,
and hence they always meet ).
Draw OC AX or BY
parallel to to meet BA produced
at C, and draw HOQ parallel to AB.
Now, the forces P at A and Q at B are equivalent to
forces P and F at A, and Q and F at B.
QG AX AX P
ao^xl'^ad^f
P.AG^F.OC. ... (1)
CB P
t.e., 0 divides 4B externally in the inverse ratio of the
forces.
Note. When the parallel forces P and Q are unlike and equals
A* 4DL, BEM being identically eqnal, f^DAL^f^EBM, Therefore
ALt BM are parallel and henoo they cannot meet at any finite
;
to the joint effect of two equal and unlike parallel forces. Such a pair
of forces is said to constitute a couple [ sec Chap, VI ]. This case
accordingly is called a case of failure for finding the resultant of two
unlike parallel forces.
In' case of two like parallel forces however, they always have
a single resultant whether they are equal or unequal, for in this case
AL and BM{Fig,, Art. ] will never be parallel, as can be easily
seen.
4 INTBBUEDIATS STATICS
,
(tt) B^PQ ( algebraic snm of P and Q
,..A p no
(*)
Q-Oi'
It P >
Q, BC >
OA. Hence the resultant passes
nearer the greater force, dividing AB internally in case of
like, and externally in case of unlike forces.
Divide the forces into two sets of like parallel forces and
let Pi, Ps be the resultants of the two sets, which are
obviously unlike parallel forces.
PABALLJEL F0B0E8 86
Lot ABh^ the uniform bar 16 ft. long and O be its middle point,
so that its wt. 160 lbs. acts at O, [ because the weight of a uniform
bar acts at its middle point, see Art. 10*5, J
i 160 lbs.
Vo
Let the two men support the bar at C and D, so that AC ^2 ft,
and BD^B ft., and let P and Q be the downward pressure on their
shoulders. Then P, Q are the parallel components of the weight 160 lbs.
of the bar acting at O, Hence by ^rt. 4'2,
whence, P72ft,
Hence the men bear the weights of 72^ lbs. and 87t*t lbs. respec-
tively.
on a light plank. How mmt the block be placed so that one of the men
should bear the weight 205 lbs. more than the other ? [ 0. 1935 ]
INTERMEDIATE STATICS
men at A and B have to bear. Then the weight of the etone acting at
o B
i i W,
Wi 311 lbs.
, . AC TT, 53
Examples on Chapter IV
\J
* 2. The extremities of a straight bamboo pde 8 ft. long
rest on two smooth pegs P and Q in the same horizontal
line. heavy load hangs from a point B of the pole.
A
If PB^SBQ, and the pressure at Q be S25 lbs. more than
that at P, find fihe weight of the load. iO. U. 1941 ] ^
'
t.
A heavy nniform rod rests on two pegs in the same
horizontal line, 1 foot apart. If the pressure on the pegs
re in the retio 1 2, fi^ the distance of the pegs from the
:
[ P. U. 1946 ]
5. Two men,
one stronger than the other, have to
remove a block of stone weighing 300 lbs. with a light pole
whose length is 6 feet the weaker man cannot carry more
;
than 100 lbs. Where must the stone be fastened to the pole
BO as just to allow him his full share of weight ? .
[ B. E. Allahabad ]
P-O-B. .
iP>Q) [C,U.1964]
.
Ss. There are two like parallel forces P, Q. If two
equal and unlike parallel forces S, S having their lines of
action parallel to those of P and Q and distant b from one
another be introduced anywhere in the plane, show that
the resultant is displaced through a distance bS/iP + Q).
^
24. Ithe resultant of two like parallel forces P, Q passes
through a point 0 ; when P is increased by and Q by S, B
the resultant still passes through 0, and also when Q, B
replace P, Q respectively ; show that
Aaswera
1 660 lbs. 8. 1 incbee, 8 inches. 4. fi ftomlhe heavier child.
S. 4 ft from the weaker man. 6. 12 lbs.
0 a
Varignons Theorem.
*In fig. (i), where 0 lies outside the ABAO, the moments
of P and Q about 0
are both of the same sign, (positive in
this figure ), and their algebraic sum is represented by
2A0AB + 2 AO AO = 2ADAB + 2A0A0
= 2 AC AD + 2 A040 2A0AD
*= moment of B.
Note. If the parallel forces arc unlike and unequal, the theorem
can be proved exactly in the same way.
Cor. It easily follows from above that the algebraic sum of the
moments of any two forces about any point on the line of action of
their resultant is zero, and conversely, if the algebraic sum of the
moments of any two coplanar forces (which are not in equilibrium)
about any point in their plane is zero, their resultant passes through
that point.
SPp^Bd.
Cor. 1. It follows from above that if a system of coplanar forces
he in equilibrium, the algebraic sum of their moments about any point
in the plane is aero.
the other hand if the line of action of the force does not
intersect the axis of rotation, nor is parallel to it, the body
^ill turn about the axis. The measure of the tendency of
rotation in this case necessitates the definition of the
moment of a force about a lino as follows :
When a force Pacts on a body in a direction perpendi-
cular to a line AB in the body, but not intersecting it,
^.e., when P acts in a plane perpendicular to AP, as in
Fig* (i)f the moment of the force P
about the line AB
is de^ed to be P.ON, where ON
is the perpendicular
distance between the line of action of P
and the lins AB
about which the moment is to be taken.
P _ q_ B
o {& -c)" 6 {c -o) "" c (a- 6)
Let J Q be the in-centre and centroid of AAPC and r the
iti4tadius Then the perpendiculars from J on the sides are each
equal to r Let GL, GM, G/N be the perps. from G and pi, Ps,
,tl^ petps, from A, B, C on BC, CA, AB then and ;
MOMENT OF A FORCE
9Pi=2A4BC.
Similarly, (?Jir-SA.y(?l^=iA.^*
\
Since the resaltant passes through. land G, hence the algebraic sum
of the moments of the forces about each of the two points Is tsero ;
and P.GL-Q.GM-k-B.QN-^0,
V 60 lbs,
100 lbs.
fixed in order that the man will have the best chance of over-turning
the post, C 0. V, 1944]
Let AB be the telegraph post, A being the base and C the point to
which the rope CD must bo fixed where D is the position of the man
on the ground.
Lot G be the centre of the table through which its weight W acts.
There is a chance of overturning if any weight is placed on the portion
of the table outside the triangle ABC, say in the portion BEC, and the
table will, if it turns at all in this case, turn about the line JB'C', and
when it is on the point of being overturned, A*
just loses contact with
the floor and the weight placed and the weight of the
table have equal
moments about B^C\ i.e., about BO. Now, the weight will clearly have
the greatest turning effect when placed farthest away from BC i,e,,
when placed at B, the mid-point of the arc BBC,
Since ABC is an equilateral triangle, AQDE (2) being the mid-point
of BO) is perp. to BO. Let X be the weight placed. Then tahing
moment about BO,
X,ED^W.QD. ( 1)
n INTERMEDIATE STATICS
Examples on Chapter V
1. AB is a diameter of a circle and AG, AD are chords
at right angles to one another. Show that the moments of
the forces represented by AO, AD about B are equal.
2. Forces 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 lbs. wt. act respectively
along the sides AB, BC, CD etc. in order, of a regular
hexagon each of whose sides is ^/3 feet, 0 is the centre of
the hexagon and on AB an equilateral triangle O'AB is
drawn on the side opposite to the hexagon. Find the
algebraic sum of the moments of the forces about 0,
A and O'.
^A
50 ijw
uniform beam AB is 16 feet long and weighs
masses of 20 and 50 lbs. are suspended from A, B
;
MOMENT OF A FORCE 7B
long,
4 The horizontal roadway of a bridge AB is 36 ft.
weighs 5 tons and rests on two supports at its ends.
What is the pressure on each support when a lorry of
weight 3 tons starting from A is two-thirds of the way
across the bridge ?
^
/fi. Three forces acting along the medians of a triangle,
all from the vertices, are in equilibrium. Show that the
forces are proportional to the lengths of the medians.
12. Forces P, Q, B
act from the angular points of
a triangle ABG, perpendicular to the opposite sides. Prove
that if their resultant passes through the ciroum-centre
P (6 COB 0 - c cos B)^Q(c cos A^ cos 0)
+ B(a COB 5-6 cos
74 INTEBMBDIATE STATICS
A
uniform rod of length 6 ft. and weight 2 lbs. rests
horizontally on two props at its extremities, each of which
will bear a maximum weight of 13 lbs. Find on what
part of the rod a weight of 16 lbs. can be placed without
breaking either support.
^ 22.V A non-uniform rod 16 inches long rests on two
pegs 9 inches apart, with its centre midway between them.
The greatest masses that can be suspended in succession
from the two ends without disturbing the equilibrium are
4 lbs. and 6 lbs. respectively. Find the weight of the rod
and the position of the point at which its weight acts.
-*^8. A uniform plank of length 2(i and weight is W
supported horizontally on two vertical props at a distance
h apart. The greatest weight that can be placed at the two
ends in succession without upsetting the plank are and
TTa respectively. Show that
y W+ Wi W + a
'
r-h
26. A man tries to uproot a tree with the help of^
a rope of length 80 feet,by fastening one extremity at some
74 JNTEBMSDIATB STATICS
/i.
rS* Fordds Zj5C, m.CA, n.AB act aloDg the sides of
a triangle ABG taken in order show that their resultant
;
P Q B
cos B - 008 0 cos 0 - COB 4 cos 4 - cos B
[ 0. U. 1939, '45 ]
^9. A
nniform beam 10 fti. long and weighikig 60 lbs*
rests on two props
at equal distances from the endi. Find
the maximum value of this distance so that a man weighing
10 stones may stand anywhere on the beam without upset-
ting it.
t-h
25. A man tries to uproot a tree with the help of
a rope ^ length 30 feet, by fastening one estremity at some
76 INTERMEDIATE STATICS
point of the vertical stem and pulling at the other end from
the ground. The least moment about the foot of the tree
necessary to uproot it is 1200 ft.-lbs. Find the least force
that the man has to apply.
OX
and OY
are two straight lines at right anglei
and a force acting in their plane at 0 has moments an: Q
G' about the two points whose co-ordinates are [x, y) and
(a?', y) respectively with respect to the lines and OY OX
as axes of co-ordinates. If {xy - xy) is not zero, t)rove that
the tnagnitude B of the force and the angle B between its
line of action and OX
are given by
{sry'-x'v)*
Answers
2. 63, 63 and 81 It-lbs. respectively.
21. Within a distance 1^ ft. from the middle point on either side.
89 . IT.
CHAPTEB VI
COUPLES
6*2. Theorem.
The algebraic sum of the momenU of the two forces
forming a couple about any point in their plane ts constant
and equal to the moment of the couple.
Note, The moment of a couple can never be zero, for then the
two forces cancel each other,
Case L When the forces forming the couples aife not all
parallel.
P.BO-0.00. (2)
PUS-BO)-QiOD-CO),
i,a., P.AO^Q.DO.
[Qins the resultant (P+Q) of the like parallel fore*
P at and Q at D
also acts at 0.
Let AB
be the arm of the couple (P, p) and let be CD
a straight line equal and parallel to AB, lying in a plane
parallel to the plane of the couple.
84 INTEEMlBimATE STATICS
by their resultant 2P
acting at 0, along OE
parallel to them.
COUPLES $5
of its arm, and its position ih any one of a set of parallel pfUmes in
I
a straight line drawn
I
moment
I
and (iii) in a definite sense, to indicate the sense of the moment.
\ p p I
2^ + Qg + Br+
the algebraic sum of the moments
of the different couples.
Hence
Cor. A foree and' a eoupU aeiing in the savns plans cannot produce
c^uilihrwm.
88 INTEBMEDIATE STATICS
equivalent to a couple of O
moment 2AAB0.
Similarly the forces repre-
sented by the sides of AACD
and AADE are respectively
equivalent to couples of mo-
ment 2AACD and 2AADE,
Now, these three couples are
equivalent to a single couple
whose moment is equal to fi{AABC-i- AACD + AADE)
B twice the area of the polygon ABODE.
90 INTEItMEDIATB STATICS
Iieti P, Q, B,
8,... be a system of ooplanar foroes, and 0
any arbitrary point in their plane.
As in the previous article, we can replace the force P
by an equal and parallel force at O, together with a couple
whose moment is equal to the moment of P about 0.
Dealing with each of the other foroes in the same manner,
we get the given system of forces equivalent to a set of
concurrent forces at 0, together with a number of couples,
which latter can be compounded into a single couple, whose
moment being equal to the algebraic sum of the moments
of the couples, is ultimately equal to the algebraic sum of
the moments of the given foroes about 0. The concurrent
forces at 0 must in this case be in equilibrium, for other-
wise they would combine into a single resultant force,
which along with the couple would give us a single force
as our resultant, and not a couple.
Thus, when the given system of forces reduces to a couple,
the algebraic sum of the moments of the forces about 0,
which is arbitrary, is always the same, namely, equal to
the moment of the resultant couple.
Thus the four forces are equivalent to two equal, parallel and unlike
foecet at B and P and hence they are equivalent to a oouple.
COUPLSB 91
Examples on Chapter VI
''
1. Eoroes equal to 8, 5, 3 aad S lbs. wt. respeotirely
aet along the sides of a square taken in order ; find their
resultant. [ 0. U. 1982 ]
''
2. Show that forces 3, 8, 7, 11 and 5 lbs. wt. acting
respectively along AB, BO, CD, and DA AO
of a rectangle
ABOD are equivalent to a couple, if AB
6 ft. and
BO = ft., and show that the moment of the couple is
79} ft.-lbs.
'
8. Forces of magnitudes 1, 3, 3, 4, 2 act respectively
6.
along the sides AB, SO, OD, DA and the diagonal AO of
the square ABOD. Show that their resultant is a couple,
and find its moment. [ 0. U. 1947 ]
If three forcM^i Q* B
acting at the angular points
of a triangle ABC along the tangents to the circum-cirole
are equivalent to a couple, show that
P Q: ; J3 sin 2A : sin 2B ; sin 20.
taMffemieare equal, ]
COUPLES
Fa
P+ Q
10. The constituent forces of a couple of moment act 0
at A and B ;
if their lines of action are turned through
a right -angle, they form a couple of moment H. When
they both act at right angles to AB, show that they form
a couple of moment
Answers
1. A couplo of moment Sa, where a is a side of the square.
6. lib. wt.
12 .
18. 7 lbs. wt. acting parallel to the given force 7 lbs. wt. and at
a distance 2 ft. from it.
CHAPTEB VII
two, they are equal and opposite acting alon^ the same
if
system.
Thus the given system of forces is ultimately reduced to
a system of concurrent forces acting at 0, equal and parallel
to the original forces, together with a number of couples
whose moments are respectively equal to the moments of
the individual forces of the given system about 0, The
concurrent forces at 0 can ultimately be combined into
a single resultant force acting at 0, and the couples can be
combined into one single couple.
Also the resolved part of the single resultant in any
direction, is equal to the algebraic sum of the resolved parts
in the same direction of the constituent forces at 0, i.e of
,
Let OX
and OY
be any two perpendicular lines which
are chosen as the axes of co-ordinates in the plane of
a given system of coplanar forces which consists of forces
Pi Psf Psf* etc., acting at the points Ai, Ab, Asi ... etc
whose co-ordinates are {xi, yi), (xbi ys)i (^a ys)!-* etc.
Let the direction of P^. make an angle ai with OX, and
let Xi, Ti be the resolved parts of Pi along OX and OY
respectively, so that Xi**Pi cos qx and Xi =Pi sin ci.
part in any direction, being always equal to the algebraic sum of the
resolved parts of the given forces, will not depend on the origin chosen.
The couple however, having its magnitude equal to the algebraic sum
of the moments of the given forces about the chosen origin, mil be
different for different oases.
BEDUOTION OF OOPLANAB F0BCE6 IN GENERAL 99
The resnltant of the two unlike parallel forces 5 lbs. wt. along DA
and 2 lbs. wt. along BC are equivalent to a foroe 5-*2e31bB. wt.
pandlel to DA along some line OE say, external to AB, but nearer AD,
along which the greater force acts. Bimilarlj the resultant of 4 lbs. wt.
along CD and 3 lbs. wt. along AB have a resultant 1 lb. wt. parallel
toCD along some line FO, Now the resultant of 8 lbs. wt. along OE
and 1 lb. wt. along FO which are mutually perpendicular will give
a resultant
D- tJW lbs. wt.
along some line TOX, meeting BA and AD, let us suppose, at X and
7 respectively. Let a be the side of the square ABCD, and let AX* x.
Then equating the algebraic sum of the moments of the given forces
about X to the moment of the resultant, we get
2{a+)+4d-6a!*0,
or, as2iE, i.e., AX^^^AB,
6Xjc*88i), OT,x*^-p,
Hence OM being perpendicular on EF, the resultant meets OM
produced at N^ where OB^ V-03f,
or^ ON : : 9.
their plane are Oj., Oa, Oa : prove that (with dne regard
to the sign)
Gi.B0 + Ga.CA + Ga.AB~0. LP.U.1989 ]
PiQ.B-aL:bMicN.
9. Asystem of forces acts in the plane of an equilateral
triangle of side 2 units. The algebraic sum of the moments
of the forces about the three angular points are Oi, Ga, Gg.
Prove that the magnitude of their resultant is
[i ((?i* + O'.* + <?.* - GaGa - GaG^ - GM]^.
lOe The algebraic BUtn of the momenta of a system of
ooplanar forces about three non collinear points B, C
in their plane are L, M, N
respectively. Prove that their
resultant 12 is given by
B* - Sa* (L - MKL - N)
where a, h, o are the sides of the triangle ABO, and A its area.
What happens if Z w * n ?
3P aot along BC, OA, AB and forces 4P, 5P, 6P act; along
FEt EDt DF. Find the line of action of the resultant.
Answers
12. 2PA/c22.
force 2.
Let P and Q
meet at 0* Then
by parallelogram of
forces they can be
combined into a.
single resultant at 0,
Since P, Q, B are
I'ig. (i)
in equilibrium, B
must balance the resultant of P and Q, and thus must be
equal and opposite to it,
acting along the same
line. Thus B must pass
through 0. Hence P,
Q, Sall meet at 0.
If P and Q be
parallel (like or unlike),
their resultant is a
parallel force, and B,
balancing their resultant,
must be acting in the
same line in opposite ^^8* ^ -
'See note 8.
EQUILIBRIUM OF COPLANAB FORCES IN GENERAL 109
Note 1. P and Q can never form a couple in this case, for then
Pt Of ^1 A couple and a
force) can never be in equilibrium.
tiouB, (i) when the three forces meet, they must also satisfy Lamis
theorem, or the converse of the trianglo of force (ii) when they are
all parallel, one being equal and opposite to the resultant of the other
two, their algebraic sum must be zero, and the moments of any two
about a point on the third must be equal and opposite.
Ex. 1. A heavy uniform rod of length a rests with one end against
a smooth vertical wall, the other end being tied
io a point of the wall by a string of length 1.
[C.V.1941]
Now 9 being the inolioation to the vertical at which the rod zeets^
AO^AQ sin j
ein 9, GO^AO cob - cos $
*. (|)-(co8)* + 8iny.
^2
or, coB*0-l-d* sin* 3a* coB*^+a*.
...
ABCD is the square lamina (of eide 2a) whose weight acts vertically
Now AO being along a diameter, and AOD a right angle, the point
D must be the extremity of the diameter. Henoe AED is also a right
an^le and so if 7 is horizontal.
Thas if a be the radius of the bowl, and I the length of the rod,
cos 2g
2a cos 2e"8iffifG cos ^coB e, or,
2 COB V
But part of the rod being out, I < AC,
or,
006 V
^ 2a cos or, 2 cos 20 < CO8*0.
B,
Bin*0>|. sin0>^;
in other words, $ > sin"' (J iJB).
gravity G, Those three forces then must meet at a common point C7.
The tonsions in the strlngSt supporting the equal weights P at the other
ends, are equal. The resultant of
C
the two equal tensions balancing
the weight CG must
along CG,
ABC, Thus
bisect the angle
^l^C(?Z.PCa=90*-a (say).
Then
Tr= 2P cos (90 o) 2P sin a,
or, a^sm-I ^
Again! 6 being the required inclination of the rod to the horizon,
A.CGB 90-^. Hence ALOAG (C0-^)-(90-o) o-d and
Z.CPG(90 + d)-(90"-a) = a + d.
TST
sin ACG^ Bin CBG
DG'^GC BG"' Bin CAG Bin BCG
.
sin (tt+(?) sin (g+g)
sin (a d) cos a sin (o-d)
and as AQ = a and QB=^h (given),
(a?)}-
8
116 INTEBUEDIATE BTATI08
^ ^
aH(2b - if
21. A uniform rod whose weight is TFis supported by
two fine one attached to each end, which, aJter
strings
passing over small fixed smooth pulleys, carry weights TTi
and Wu respectively at the other ends. Show that the
rod is inclined to the horizon at an angle
dlreotians in the plane of a ey^tem of ooplanac fotees, and 27, 27, the
algebcale earn of the leadved parte of the ^ven forces along 07 and
:
RP+Q*+8*+iPQStB.
Bs. % A gate 6 feet high dnd 8 feet wide weighs 118 lbs,, and is
wpporM hy two hinges, one foot from the bottom and top respectively.
EQUILIBRIUM OF OOPLANAB FORCES IN GENERAL 123
The lower hinge can only exert a horUontal reaction, Fvn^ the reacticme
at both hinges, if a hoy of w&ight 52 lbs, is sitting on the end of the gate,
[ C. U. m2 ]
Also, taking moment about the lower hinge, (since UL^^-2^i ft.,
lower end, and to the junction of the %oall and the floor. A boy of weight
7$ lbs. begins to ascend the ladder. If the string can bear a tension of
90 lbs. wt; how far along the ladder can the boy rise with safety 9
AC^x along the ladder. Let AB^a, and let h! and B be tho reactions
at A and B, which, since the floor and wall are both smooth, arc
vertical and horizontal respectively.
i.e. BmT,
72 86 6
Now maximum value of T that the string can bear is 80 lbs. wt.
Hence the greatest possible value of xia consistent with equilibrium is
or the greatest value of x possible is }a.
Thus the boy can rise a distance | of the ladder with safety.
SQUILJBBIUM OF COPLANAB FOBOEB IN OBNEBAL 126
the sphere.
Let Bit B^, be these reactions.
Tho section of the sphere by the plane B
of tho triangle is a circle which
touches tho sides of the triangle ABO
at L, Et Ft and is accordingly the
m-circle of the triangle. Its centre
1 is at tho foot of the perpendicular
from tho centre 0 of tho sphere on
the plane ; thus 01 is vortical, and along this line the weight of tho
sphere acts.
gents of the angles OJDI, OEIt OFI are also equal. Thus DO, EO, FO
are inclined at the same angle ($ say) to tho horizon.
The reaction, Bn B^ along DO, EOi and FO, together with
the weight of the sphere are in equilibrium. Hence resolving horizon-
tally, the horizontal components of B^ B^ Bg which are evidently
along DJ, Elt and FI are in equilibrium.
^
1. A uniform beam whose weight is 200 lbs. and which
is 12 ft. long is hinged to a vertical wall. A string attached
to the other end keeps the beam horizontal and is fixed to
the wall 9 feet above it. A weight of 300 lbs. is hung from
this end. Find the tension of the string and the thrust
on the beam,
2. A ladder of length 21 and weight rests against W
a smooth vertical wall. Its lower end is in contact with
the floor which is smooth and is prevented from slipping
by a string of length a, connecting it with the junction of
the wall and the floor. If a person of weight stands 2W
on the rung of the ladder distant from its lower end,
determine the reactions at the two ends of the ladder,
and the tension of the string. [ 0. U. 1941 ]
4. A
heavy rod of weight W
is hung from a point by
two equal strings, one attached to each extremity of the
rod. A weight w is suspended half-way between the mid-
point and one end of the rod. If Ti and T 2 be the tensions
in the strings, show that
r, 2W+W
5. A uniform beam of length 2a and weight rests W
with its ends on two smooth planes inclined at angles SO^
and 60^ respectively to the horizon. A ring of weight 2W
can slide along its length. Find the position of the ring
^hen the beam rests in a horinontal position.
EQUILIBRIUM OF OOBLANAR FORCES IN GENERAL 127
9 inches from the top and the bottom. If the weight of the
door be 36 lbs. wt., and its G. G. is at a distance 21; ft. from
the line of hinges, show that the total force on each hinge
is 22ir lbs. wt., it being assumed that the weight of the door
10.
line of the hinges. Find the force exerted by each hinge.
[ C. U. 1944 ]
Forces P, Q, B
act along the sides BO, OA, of AB
the triangle ABO P\ Q\ B' act along OA, OB,
and forces
00, where 0 is the oircum-centre, in the senses indicated by
the order of the letters. If the six forces are in equilibrium,
show that
P cos A cos B + B cos 0*0
and 0.
a b c
las INTERMEDIATE 8TATI0S
TF
Wx -^wl b
2a
8
W.
prove that the line joining the centres of the ball will be
horizontal if
-1
sin
o+6+ ?
Answers
1. 6664 lbs. wfc. ;
^8 lbs, Wt.
FRICTION
9*S. Definitions.
*
Llmltlsff Equllibriam and Iiimiting FHeiion.
Angle of friction*
tan A
s'" B
Thus we may give another definition for the angle of
friction as follows :
Thus 9
tan 6 *
< X.
^ ^ M.,< tan A*
FRICTION 187
Cone of friction.
P cos 8 + W sin a
P sia 8 + B TF cos a,
whence, eliminating B,
P (cos 0 sin 8) * TT (sin c - /s cos a).
140 INTEBMSDIATJE STATICS
Alternative method.
Cor. 8. In general, when a > X, the least force that will just
support the body on the plane is P*Tr sin (a-X), when applied in
a direction given by ~X, and the least force necessary to drag the
body up the plane is P^TT sin (a+X) applied in a direction given by
6>*X.
The last result can be put in the form, 'the best angle of traction
up a rough inclined plane is the angle of friction.'
tan $
C C. C. 2936; U. P. IW ; B. H. U. 2943 ]
USL INTEBMEDIATE STATICS
^eee points are fj.B and m>*S in directions shown in the figure.
along AD making an angle X with the vertical, and the total reaction
B' at C is along CD, making an angle X with the normal CE to the rod
at C. As the three forces B, li* and the weight W of the rod at O
are in equilibrium, they must meet at a common point 2), so that DO
is vertical, intersecting CE at E say.
Clearly, ^ADO\^ Z^ECD, Z.OBOa, and so /LEDC'^a-^X.
i js
h (coseo a -
sin 2X coseo sin 2a, or, sin 2X"> sin a sin 2a.
Ex. 3. Tvto egual uniform ladders are joined at one end and stand
with the other ends on a rough horieontal plane* A man whose weight
is equal to that of one of the ladders ascends one of them* Prove that
.
the other will slip first. Supposing that it slips when he has ascended
ajiistanee or, prove that the coefficient of friction is
a being the length of each ladder^ and a the angle which each makes
with the vertical.
Let i(f bo the position of the man on the ladder AB Ski any instant
when Bf B* the normal reactions of the ground, and F' the
frictions at the instant at D and C respectively.
Now considering the two ladders AD and AC as forming one
system, action and reaction at A on the two noturalise each other,
lienee, resolving horisontally and vertically and tidcing moment
about B for the equilibrium of the combined system, we get
F^F' - (i)
a+* _ ^ , F* a+as
ThuB C .
B'-2S+5'
*tau a.
F F*
Hence
^^ all values of sb.
F*
coefficient of friction /a, and as is the greater, this will attain the
value /A first. Thus the other ladder AO will slip first, and the co-
efficient of friction is connected to x by the relation
Note. Initially, when g0, i.e., the man is on the lowest rung of
F F^
the first ladder, tan a, and gt^i tan a, and n must be > } tan a
in order that the ladders may not slip. Provided this is satisfied,
F
and
F' *
F*
being always >
F
^ ^ both increase with x, but gn will attain
Ex. 4. A heanjy solid right ctrctdar cone is placed with its base on
a rough inclined plane^ the inclination of which is gradually increased ;
determine whether the initial modern of the cone will he one of hiding
or tumbling over,
^ AN AN .
where \ is the angle of frktien of the plane, assumed same with respect
to either weight,
tan tan X.
Examples on Chapter IX
y
! A body of weight W
rests on a rough horizontal
plane, A being the oorresponding angle of friction. It is
desin^ to move the body on the plane by pulling it with
the help of a string. Find the best angle of traction, and
the least force necessary.
Find also the least force along the plane, that will drag
it u^.
7. A
body of weight W
oan just be sustained on
a rough inclined plane by a force P, and just dragged up the
plane by a force Q, P and Q both acting up the line of the
greatest slope. Show that the coefficient of friction is
Q-P
V4Tr-{p+Qi*
8. The force P
acting along a rough inclined plane
just Buppwts a body on the idane, the angle of friction A being
less thaai' , the inclination of the plane to the horizon.
Show llihi the least force acting along the plane, which is
sufficient to drag the body up the plane is
J ain(a + A)
sin (a-- A)
tan 5 2iU
FSJCTION 151
[ 0. U. 1985 ]
a+o
where fix, !* are the coefficients of friction at the pegs.
[ Agra, 1940 ]
'^tajt^9"tan(a-f A)-ten(a-A).
[P. U. 1984, 19481
FBIOTIOIT les
oof
1 / Bina - 8in*f
Isin^a COB a + sinj8 cos pj
that the cylinder will topple over before it slides, if the ratio
of the diameter of the base of the cylinder to its height is
less than the coefficient of friction.
Answdn
1. X, IT dn X. S. a is/S IbB. wt.
25. If M > } tan B, the ladders cannot rest without being nega-
tive i.e., the top must be pulled upwards, in which case the ladders will
be in limiting equilibrium, the lower ends tending to slip outwards.
AxOx
Ziri Jbfi ^1 a?i Pfl
JfiL.-OiJ, IT, - Si Pi
whence we get Si
- (i)
x^i -r jTa
+ m2 + wis + jSm
A
(w)
As
It is evident from the mode of oonstruotion, that the
point O is identical with the centre of a set of parallel
forces proportional to mi, m,, ms, etc. acting at Ai, Aa, As,
etc., and hence, as proved in the previous article, the point
is unique.
Smx Smy
X ^
y
Sm Sm
Note. The centre of mean position is a more general
term which includes as special oases such things as the
centre of a set of parallel forces, and the centre of mass of
a system of partioles.
When the given multipliers are all unity (or equal), the
centre of mean
pesition is referred to as the centroid of
the given points. This also means that the centre of mass
of a body of uniform density is the same as the centroid
of the body.
Now for
bodies of ordinary size which we have to deal
with in general, the radios of the earth is so large in com-
parison, that Uftes drawn from different points of the body
to the centre (A the earth may be taken to be practically
parallelt Thns the weights of different elements of which
the IxMV la composed oan be taken as like parallel forces,
the ownmon direction being the vertical at that point on
tire earths sorbce, and the magnitudes of the forces are
'pMIktrtional to the masses of the elements. If the body be
held in a different manner, the magnitudes as w^as
the points dL application of these paralldl forces remain
nnohuiged in the body, only the common direction, which is
sliU vertiod (m., the same in space) changes relative to Che
CENTBE OF QBAVITT 161
A O' '
i P P' a
R/t
/ \V
Let {Mir tbin uniform rods AB, BO, OD, DA of the same
material and thidmess form a parallelogram ASOD, Let
CXNTBB or GBATITT 168
V'
lies on OZ.
i.e., As the whde body in this oase ean be
divided into pairs of snob equal elements symmetrioally
situated vritb respeot to OX, and for eaoh pair the O.G. is
on OX, the combined 0.0. of the whole body Ues on OX.
^
lamina
'Cor. The centre of gravity of
is identical
a unifosm triangular
with thoA of any three equal particles
I at its vortices.
[ C, U. 1936 ]
Hence the O.G. of the whole triangle AEC is exactly the same point
0 on CiCa where GiG GQ^^^^ :pi. :
D being the mid-point of the lower side BC, the O.G. of the triangle
lies on AD. Now as the lamina hangs in equilibrium under the weight
acting vertically downwards through G, and the reaction at the point
of support A^ those two forces must be equal and.ppposite, acting in
the same straight line. Thus AQD must be v^cal.
If d\be the lequhed inclination of BC to the horisoUf the
CENTRE OF OBAVITT 111
Bin B Bin 0
COB B cot B-flin B'^qob B cot C+ein B,
in nrTXBMxmjsm
p g r9 8
: : ; : 7.
14. A
thin uniform wire is bent into the form of a
triangle ABO
and heavy particles of weights P, Q, re S
placed at the angular points. Prove that if-the centre of
mass of the particles coincides with that of the wire, then
s..
omtVMB at GMnrr m
U. A kbin tmiform wixe it btnt into iriaa^ 4B0,
'Btoft that its 0>G. it tha tMta at that of tbtee wtightt
16.
*MOd at A, 0 ireq^ivoly, wbwo , h,
A win
bent into the fonn of a triangle
it
of Bidet (A lengths a, Store that the dietanoet of the
b, e.
17.of the whole triangle ficom the tides an at
O.G.
b+e .
e+a a+b^
[ P, U, 1940 ]
a '
b '
c
^ OE AF
do''ea''fb'
Prove that the O.G. of the triangle DBF is the same as
that of the triangle ABO.
26e cos jA
a+b+6
176 INTEBMEDIATX 8TATI0S
la
178 INTEBMEDIATE BTATI08
PO AO OL .
so that
OL^GiE 1
Let AGi. and BGg, which both lie in the plane AEB,
intersect at G. Then G is the required O.G. of the tetra-
hedron.
-BE:EGx3: 1.
Therefore the O.G. of the tetrahedron lies on the line
joining any angular point to the centroid of the opposite
triangular face, dividing it in the ratio 3:1.
circular base.
Thus 00 OOt 3
: : 1 in either case.
on the axis of the cone, the O.G. of the whole hollbw cone
lies on the axis 00\
Thus 00 :
00' = 2 : 1.
a eirele.
the cmtre.
From a semicircniar lamina thie
becomes
VM WsXfi + ^ JSwX
+ lUa + Wa +
If mi, ma, ma,... be the masses of the particles, as the
weights are proportional to the masses, we may also write
. Smx
Sm
-Sw
Similarly, considering moments about x^azis,
+ + _ swz,
f
+
w W2 tas + + Sw
If mi, m
2 ms, .. be the masses of the particles, the
,
le INTERMEDIATE STATICS
Assume W
acting at G and a negative weight Wt acting
at (?i, and use the analytical formula to find out [the
resultant O.G.
Note. The note given below the previous article applies here also.
^(a+b+c+d'^e),
A
[ 6 being the angle made by ilBC with the given line ZY. ]
(i)
a-e e-e
Now the weight of the triangle ABD can be replaced by weights
il^ii iWit iWi at A, B and D, and similarly that of the triangle
CBD by weights iTTa, iTT#, iTTa at C, B, B.
3 (o s) + (e c)
^ 1 c*) c (g c)+(6+dKo""c)
*8* g-c
*=1 (g+c s+b+d)"" J (g+6+c+d s).
Ex. 2. ABCD is a uniform rectangular lamina in which AB^^a,
BC^b, and a > b. A triangular portion OBE is removed, where E is
a point in AB such that BE'^b,
Show that the distance of the C.G.
of the remainder from AB is
b(Ba-b)
3(2g-b)
and find also its distance from AD,
The whole wdght W of the
rectangle is gbv, where cr is the
^
surface density of the lamina, and the 0G. is at G whose distances
from AB and AD are ib and id respectively*
Again the weight TTt of the removed portion OBE is and its
given by
- aha,ib~ biha'^j b) b (8a b)
(a-J6) *3 (2a -6)
"*
abff-ib^a
Also the distance of Gg from AD is given by
. _ alxr.ia-ibV.fa-iW ia*-46(a-i6)_3a* -8a6+6V
a6<r-J6*<r (S-tW " 8(to-l>)
Ex. 8. A square hole punched out of a circular lamina,
is the
diagonal of the square being a radius of the circle* Shew that the
a
and its weight is therefore -la^s*, the O.G. being at Gg where
2 s/2
1
GGg. ja.
G.G. be at Gg, we get, since the resultant O.G. of the two weights at
Ox and Gg is at G,
|a*<r (3ir*l).GGj |^*tf.GGj
.
Shr-l 4{a-n 8*-4
OJSNTBE OF QBAVITY 189
6 lbs. wt, at 0.
cally over the surface of the next lower rupee, and there is no chance
of overturning at any place.
polygon is
~^ , where r is the oircum-radius.
w 1
7. Find the C.M. of three equal rods each of length 2a
forming the consecutive sides of a square.
O.G. of A, B.
16. 27, Et F
are the mid-points of the sides BO, OA,
AB of a triangle ABO. If the triangle DEF
is removed,
show that the G.O. of the remainder will coincide with that
of the whole triangle.
O is the 0.0. of the triangle ABO. If the triangle
17
OBO be removed, find the distance of the 0.0. of the
remainder from A.
18. From a uniform triangular lamina ABO, a portion
PBO is removed. Find the position of P so that it may be
the centre of gravity of the remainder.
^0.U.1938}
27. A
square ABOD
is divided into two parts by joining
A to E, the mid-point of BO. Prove that the line joining
the O.G. of the triangle ABE
to that of the quadrilateral
ADCE is perpendioular to AE.
28. From a thin uniform triangular board ABO, the
portion constituting the inscribed circle is removed. Prove
that the distance of the O.G. of the remainder from the
side a is
A
3cks s-wA
A being the area , and 9 the semi-perimeter of the board.
or*
38* A
piece of oniform wire is bent into three sides of
a sqoare ABODof which the side AD
is wanting. Show
that if it be hong op by the two points A and B
soccessi-
vely, the angle between the two positions of BO is tan**^ 18.
h + 2B + 3r*
l? * -
'
4 E + Br+r*
42. A is laid on a table, and each card
pack of cards
projects inthe direction of the length of the pack beyond
he one below it
; if each projects as far as possible, show
:hat the distances between the extremities of successive
iards from the top will form a harmonioal progression.
Answers
1. -8 , 0.
2. The O.Q. divides the line joining the middle points of AB and
"Of in the ratio 19 : 11.
t. On OF, dividing it in the rato 6 ; 97, whets 0 is tiu centre of
he hexagon.
> 6. If d be the nnoconpied angnlar point, and 0 the oentce, the
eqnited 0.0. is in AO produoed at a distance \AO from 0.
196 INTHEMEDIATE STATICS
20. The O.G. divides the line joining the middle points of the parallel
29. At a distance ^ from the centre of the disc on the line joinintr
line from the vertex to the centre of the square, where a is the side oi
the triangle.
8L r-f*. 7. a ooB- :
60*.
If the displacement AB be in
a direction differebt from the direction
of the force, say making an angle 6
'With AX as in fig. (iii), the displace-
ment measured in the direction of
P is AN^AB cos 0, and in this case
we Fig. (iii)
get more generally
that of the acting force, work is said to be done against the force
their resultant.
Wl +to* + +
or, Wi*i + >*a;a + **' + tOnrn'I^.. (l)
+IP. +
+w
or, Wix'x + lo.x'* + + v>^ TT.S'. (2)
wi - Xi) + w. (x * - x.) +
(x'l + * (x - XlJ
* TFiy-x) Wh.
2
Note. It sbould be noted that in the above result tbe work done
is quite independent of the path by -v^hiob tbe particles are displaced
from one position to another.
If tbe 0 G. of tbe system is lowered, instead of being raised, h is
negative, and so tbe work done against tbe weight is negative, in other
words, positive work is done by tbe weight.
The
unit of power in Statics is a Foot-pound per second
in the F.P.S. system, and a Gramme-centimetre per second
in the O.G.S. system.
Hence initially the height of the O.G. of the water above the
bottom of the wells 20 ft., and finally it is 70+ 40, i.e., 110 ft.
*. the height through which the G.G. of the water has been
raised = llO - 20, i.e. , 90 ft.
Let X be the reqd. H.P. ; then the work done by the engine in
48 minutes a; x 48 x 60 x 550 f t.-lbs.
Examples on Chapter XI
1. Find how many foot-ponnds of work is done in
pushing a mass of 10 lbs. through 5 feet up a smooth ineline
of 1 in 10.
'
2. Show that the work done in drawing a body up
a smooth inolined plane is equal to the work doue in lifting
the body through the height of the plane.
Answers
L 6ft.4bB. 5. 351t-lbB. 4. 354000 ft.-lbs.
16 .
S34W+ti d
66000 i
CHAPTER XII
MACHINES
* Mechanical Advantage
Resistance W
Effort P
and Besistanoe * Effort x mechanical advantage.
(ii) When
a machine is worked, if u and v are the
velocities, and x and y are the displacements of the points
of application of the effort and the resistance during a given
time, then u:v is defined as the velocity ratio of the
machine.*
Obviously, uiv^xiy.
. j
Dista nce through which P moves
veociyra
through which W moves
From the Principle of work, we have
P X distance through which P moves
* TT" X distance through which W moves.
Dista nce through which P moves
P Distance through which W moves
Thus, in an ideal machine whose parts are weightless
'land in which there is no friction,
MAOEINEB 307
exceed that done against TF. The work done by the moving
forces inovercoming nsefnl resistance is called uieful work,
and the work done in overcoming wasteful resistance is
termed lost work.
Le., in general,
I, PULLEYS
12*4. A Pulley consists of a ciroular plate with
a groove cut along its circumference so as to receive
a string and to prevent it from slipping off. It can turn
round freely about an axle passing through its centre and
perpendicular to its plane, the ends of this axle being
held by a frame called the block. A pulley is said te be
fixed or movable according as the supporting block is fixed
or movable. When the weight of ^ a pulley is found yeir
small in comparison with the weight it supports, it is
neglected, and in such a case the pulley is often called
a weightless pulley. The weight of the string that passes
round the pulley, being very small, will always be neglected
and the pulley will be considered to be perfectly smooth,
so that the tension of the string passing round it is constant
throughout its length.
208 INTBBMEDIATE STATICS
Mechanical advantage
W
^ 1.
Case L
Let the weights of the pulleys be neglected.
Oonsider the equilibrium of the pulley Ax the forces \
14
0 INTEBMEDIATE STATICS
hence as before,
Similarly,
II
CD
II U
2 4 -p.
/. p-Aw.
Similarly, if there be n morable pulleys, we shall
have TT.
mechanical advantage
w 2"
.
^
which obviously increases with the number of pulleys.
2ri- TT+Wi,
aP*** Tx + v>a
2Ta^Ta+t0a
SPn * 2-i ^
and lastly, for the free end of the highest string
p-r*.
uAOEmm m
Mulidplying the equations snooessively by 1, 2, 2. 2,...
2^ and adding, we have ultimately
2**P* Tr+(wi + 2w;9 + 2*W8 + + 2**"'^f>w)
which gives the relation between P and W,
If the pulleys be all equal, each of weight w,
2"P- Tr+(l + 2 + 2* + + 2""^) w
Tr+ (2" -!)?.
Hence it follows that the mechanical advantage WiP
depends upon the weights of the pulleys.
Note 1. From the above equation, it is clear that the greater the
freights of the pulleys, the greater must be P to raise a given weight
PT, and so the mechanical advantage would be diminished. Hence
pulleys should be made as light as possible.
Note 2. This system is called separate-string system because each
pulley in this case has got a separate string passing round it.
Px^W.^x, P-^W.
If the weights of the pulleys are taken into oonsi*
deration,
i*.- + + '+Wn .
Let W
be the weight supported and w the weight of the
lower block with its pulleys.
system).
This system consists of
several pulleys of which the
uppermost is fixed to a beam
and all the others are movable*
The string passing over any
pulley has one end attached to
a bar from which the weight is
suspended, and the other end
attached to the next lower
pulley. The effort is applied at
the freeend of the string passing
over the lowest pulley.
Ti-P
and ra2ri2P
ra=2r,2*p
r4-2Z,-2*P.
TT* T+ Ta+ Ta + ** +
- P + 2P+ 2*P+ + 2*"*P
= (1 + 2 + 2* + + 2*"^)P
= (2*-l)P,
by summing the series which is a G.P.
w
mechanical advantage-^"Z'~l
Z'i =P
2,-2ri+t0i = 2P+t0i
T* 22* + to# * 2*P + 2tti +
Tt 22* + We 2*P + 2*Wi + 2>* + w*
TF'-2i + r* + r* + 2'*
-(l + 2 + 2* + 2*)P + (l + 2 + 2*)wx + (l + 2)wa + Wa
-(2*-l)P + (2*-l);i + (2*-l)wa+Wa.
+
W2i + 2', + - + !Z
'
(1 + 2 + 2* + + 2)P + (1 + 2 + 2* + 2"*) Wi
+ (1 + 2 + 2* + + 2*) vot +
+ (1 + 2) w.a+Wfi.i
(2** - 1) P + (2""*^ - 1) >i + (2* 1) Wg +
+ (2* - 1) -* + (2 - 1)
If the pulleys be all equal, each being of weight to
so that tOito* "'ton-x*,
-(2-l)P+i(2-n}io
by summing the series in G.F.
Note 1. From the above equation it is clear that the greater the
weights of pulleys, the smaller is the effort P required for a given
weight W.
Note 2. In this system, unless the point in the bar from which
the weight is suspended is properly chosen, the bar will not remain
horizontal. In any particular case, the point can be easily deter-
mined.
The man being suspended from the lowest pulley, and himself
pulling at the free end of the string, let P lbs. wt. be the pull exerted
at the free end, and W lbs. wt., the downward foroe exited by him at
MA0HINE8 217
the lowest pulley. The reactions at these two ends balance his total
weight, so that
Again, P and W clearly serve as the efiort and the weight balanced
by the system of pulleys in this case, and as the pulleys have equal
weights, we get as in Art. 12*6, Oase II,
2^P-^7+(2-l).8.
U., 16PT7+120. ... (ii)
the reqd. thrust* 154 lbs. wt. 42 lbs. wt.*112 lbs. wt.
and the radius of each pulley including the fixed one be a, find the
point in the bar from which the weight must he suspended in order that
the bar may rdinain horieonial*
*(2*-l)l>+(2*-l)wi+(2*-l)tt^+w,
= 16P+ (7+3+1) lbs. wt., since *1 lbs. wt.
2,-2r.+Wa-16lb8.wt.
XK^li=iia.
Hence the weight mast be attached to a point in the bar at a distance
j{a from the point of attachment of the longest string.
6. MACHINES 219
P=
J+|(2-2-)
where w is the weight of the lowest pulley,
Pw + 1*
25. Draw a system of pulleys with parallel strings by
means of which a force may balance a weight seven times
as great. [ 0. U, 1928 ]
P-P' _ 4
15
35, A man
weighing 126 lbs. supports a weight of
106 by means of four pulleys of which one is fixed, in
lbs.
the third system. Find bis thrust on the ground if the
masses of the movable pulleys beginning from the lowest
are 1, 2 and 3 lbs. respectively. [ C. U. 1940 ]
Answers
1. 2046 lbs. wt. 2. 10 lbs. wt. 8. 6. 4. 25 lbs. wt.
14. 68 lbs. wt. 15. 120 lbs, 16. Sfjs times his own weight.
28. 2636 lbs. wt ; 875 lbs. wt. 25. Second system, with 7 pulleys.
4 in the upper and 3 in the lower block, or third system with 3 pulleys.
26. Light in the first system, and heavy in the third system.
80. 10 lbs. wt ; the point required divides the distance between the
first two strings (passing over the two topmost pulleys) in the ratio
5; 3. 85. 120 lbs. wt
.
When the arms are in the same straight line, the lever is
called a straight lever ;
in other cases, it is called a b&nt lever
Straight levers are usually divided into three classes
according to the positions of the points of application of
the effort and the weight with respect to the fulcrum.
Class I. In levers of the first class the effort P and the
weight W
act on opposite sides of the fulcrum C.
the weight W
act on the same side of fulcurum 0^ the
weight being nearer the fulcrum.
MAcmms 235
W
An example of a third class lever is seen in the human forearm
raising an object placed in the palm of the hand, the efiort being in
this case the tension in the ligament near the joint . a pair of tongues
is a double lever of this type.
.
' . mechanical advantage
W ^ AO
P BO
Thus, the levers of Class I generally and those of
Class II always have got mechanical advantage, whereas
15
JNTEBUfJSDIATE STATICS
attached perpendicular to the beam at its middle point, and as the beam
OBcillatefi, the pointer moves against a graduated scale. Bince it is
w,+ s
the O.G, of the beam and the fnloram coincided in the line AB^ the
beam could rest in any position when equal weights were put in the
pans, and could rest only in a vertical position if the weights were
different.
tending to restore the beam to its horizontal position is, from the
figure,
8{a cos e+h sin B)+ W(h+k) sin d-N to cos d-h sin d)
-sin d {2h8+(h+k) W)
and for this to be large, h and h should be large ; in other words.
INTEBMEDIATE STATICS
IV. STEELYARDS
12*16. The steelyards are also levers of the first kind,
with graduation marks on them, used for weighing goods,
in which the necessity of keeping a number of weights is
obviated. There are two kinds in common use
Graduation.
Let W'
be the weight of the steelyard and the scale-pan,
and let O be the point
of the beam through which acts.
The steelyard is usually constructed in such a way that its
O.G. is on the shorter arm. When there is no weight in
the scale-pan, let 0 be the position of the movable weight
P for which the beam is horizontal. The mark of the
graduation at 0 is then zero. Taking moment about C for
this case,
P.OG^W'.OO. ... (i)
Graduation.
nP.AC^P.GC
P.(AO-AC).
AC^
n+1
Thus, the successive graduations for n**!, 2, 3,... etc.
are at points Oi, Ca, Ca,..., whose distances from A are
Mechanical Advantage.
Let a and h (h >
a) be the radii of the axle and the
wheel respectively. Since the only forces (except the
reaction on the axis) acting on the machine are P and W
which tend to rotate it round the axis OD in opposite
directions, for equilibrium, the sum of their moments round
the axis is zero.
Hence W'.a-P.6 = 0,
t.e., Tr.a = P.6.
.*. mechanical advantage
b ^ radius of the wheel
P a radius of the axle
which is obviously greater than unity.
Note. Meohanioal advantage can easily be increased by making
the radius of the wheel larger and that of the axle smaller*
MACHINES 285
Since the beam remains horizontal when the scale-pans are empty,
the C.G, of the beam with the pans must be vertically below the
fulcrum.
Let a and b be the lengths of the arms of the beam and let a body
whose true weight is W
appear to weigh Wi and Tf, successively.
Let a be the length of each arm and y the horizontal distance of the
O.G. of the machine from the fulcrum on the^sldo of the body at the first
weighing. Let 17 be the true weight of the body, T7i and 17, its appa-
rent weights and w be the weight of the machine.
17ia Wa+wx,
Similarly, at the 2nd weighing,
T7aa+waj= T7a.
half the quantity in one scale-pan and the other half in the other, find
how much does he gain or lose by the transaction.
Let 17i and 17, be the true weights of the quantity of tea which
appear to weigh 8lbs. at the time of first and second weighing.
MACEINES 287
the grooer really giyes the onstomer 6^7 lbs. of tea and reoeives
the price for 6 lbs.
From the fig. of Art. 12*16, we have, when the machine is correct,
W.CA+W\Ca:=P.CX
wherp W is the weight of the body placed in the scale-pan and P the
movable weight. If the shopkeeper increases P, the right side of the
above equation becomes increased. Hence the left side, and therefore,
W is increased. But W
was the quantity corresponding to the marked
graduation. Hence where P is increased, the shopkeeper cheats himself.
On <ln+ a flii+
10. V, 19m
HereOfl+i, On+a are distances of the fulcrum from the extremity
carrying the scale-pan, when masses of (n+1) lbs. and (n+2) lbs. are
placed in the pan. Then from the fig. ol Art. 12'17, if P be the weight
of the machine, taking moment about the position of the fulcrum in
the first case
n.anP.GCPUG-a).
.
1 1 P+n ... (1)
On" AQ' P
... (2)
+
0>n
(1)
1
4gL
(3),
r2P+2+21
p J4gL
2 r.P+(+l)
p
]._^faom(2).
. Ex. 7. In a wheel and axle, if the radius of the wheel be 6 times
that of the axle, means of an effort equal to 5 lbs. wt. a body be
and if by
lifted through 50 ft., find the amownt of the work expended.
[ P. JJ. 1932 ]
Let as the radius of the axle,
then 6a radius of the wheel.
Since the body is lifted through 50 ft., the circular measure of the
angle through which the wheel turns during the time, as they are
rigidly connected with each other.
Let X be the length of the string uncoiled from the wheel as the
body is raised.
12.
The arms of a false balance are a and b, and a
weight W
balances P at the end of the shorter arm b, and
Q at the end of the arm a show that ;
A
substance weighed from the two arms suces-
sively of a false balance has apparent weights 9 and 4 lbs.
Find the ratio of the lengths of the arms and the true
weight of the body. [ P. U, 1980 ]
240 INTEBMEDJATE STATICS
a+i
22. A dealer has a balance faulty in every respect, the
arras being 10 and 12 inches long. He weighs out to a
customer two bags of rice each of the same weight. If
Wx and 1^2 be their apparent weights when weighed from
the shorter and longer arms respectively, show that the
customer loses a quantity equal to TT(TFa-Tri).
16
242 INTERMEDIATE 8TATI0S
[ C. U. 1944 ]
a^o
In a Danish steelyard, show that the sensibility at
37.
any point varies as the square of the distance of the point
from the end at which the weight is suspended.
[ Fur a small change in the weight, the greater the shifting of the
fulcrum, i.e., the greater the distance between the graduations showing
the difference in weights, the more sensitive is the steelyard, ]
38. The radius of the wheel being three times that of the
axle, find how far the weight will be lifted when the power
is pulled down through the space of one foot. [ C. U, 1922]
39c A is raised from well by
bucket weighing 33 lbs.
means wheel and axle.
of The radius of the wheel is
21 inches and while it makes 5 revolutions, the bucket rises
10 ft. Find the force which will just raise the bucket.
holding the rope that passes over the wheel. Find the
tension he produces in the rope. [ Allahabad ]
44. A
particle of weight 40 lbs. placed on an inclined
plane supported by a force 24 lbs. wt. acting along the
is
plane. If the same weight were to be supported by a force
acting horizontally, show that the force must be increased
in the ratio of 6 : 4, while the pressure on the plane will be
increased in the ratio of 25 16. :
45. ^
Show that the smallest force which will keep a body
in equilibrium on a smooth inclined plane* must act along
the plane. [0. U.1912]
46. Find the inclination of a plane to the horizon on
which a power parallel to the plane will support double
its own weight.
48. A power P
acting parallel to an inclined plane can
Bup^rt and acting horizontally can support TF2 both
TTi, ,
Answers
2 : 1. 5. 24 lbs. wt. 6* 11^ lbs. wt.
7. P : Bin jS : a sin a ; reaction - hJp*'+Q^2PQ cos (a+i8)7
11. Loss. 12. 2 : 3 ; 6 lbs. wt. 14. 18 inches ; 14 ins.
15. Less. 17. Loses 1 anna. 18. 4 : 5 ; 2} chattack.
19. 18 lbs. 20. J + W,) ; i (TTx - TV,). 28. 18 inches.
29. 16 lbs. ; 8 lbs. 81. 12 lbs. i oz. 84. 1^^ inches.
85. 18 lbs. wt. 86. Distance of 0. G. from the scale-pan is
rtMO-P)/(tO-aP).
88. 4 inches. 89. 6 lbs. wt. 40. 4 ft. ; 4} ft.
We
shall first of all consider the case of two perpendi-
cular forces, and then extend the result to the case of any
two oblique forces.
Let P
and Q be any two perpendicular forces acting at
0 alongOA and OB, and let B be the magnitude of their
resultant acting in an unknown direction OC at angle d to
OA. Let XOY be drawn perpendicular to 00.
Then B along 00 is equivalent to a force P at an angle
B to it along OA), and a force Q perpendicular to P.
Hence a force along 00 is equivalent to force A.P at
an angle 9 to it, together with a force A.Q perpendicular
to the latter, for multiplying by the fabtor A is essentially
the same as an alteration in the scale of representation.
Thus the force P
along OA, which can be taken as
P P
^ B * along OA, can be replaced by a force
^ P
* at an
angle 0 to OA, {i.e., along 00), together with force
P
^ Q * in the direction OX perpendicular to 00, In the
OX and a force
^ along OY, and the two latter being
APPENDIX 347
F
Now taking F, F, Jn along OX, OY, OZ we extend
the above result to the case of two perpendicular forces
F s/2 and F
Jn. Then taking F, s/3, F F
Jn the result is
extended to Fs/3 and F
Jn. Proceeding thus, we prove
the result for the case of two perpendicular forces Fs/m
and Fhjn where m and ii are any two positive integers.
Writing and n^q*, where p and q are any two
positive integers, we finally prove the parallelogram law of
forces to hold good for two pependicular forces pF and
qF. We can replace pF and qF by P and Q, where P and
248 INTERMEDIATE STATICS
2. Duchaylas proof.
This proof is based on the assumption of the principle
of Transmissibility of a force.
The only forces acting upon the body are (l) the weight
of the body acting vertically downwards through its O.G.
and (2) the reaction of the plane, which is nothing but
the resultant of the total reactions of the several points of
262 INTEEMEDIATE STATICS
contact of the body with the plane, and hence acts through
a point inside the base.
Note 2. A bus for example will overturn if the vertical through its
3. Illustrative Example.
Ex. A solid right circular cone whose height is h and radius of
whose base is r, is placed on an inclined plane and prevented from
sliding. If the inclination of the plane he gradually increased^ find
when the cone will topple over.
toppling over, the y.ertioal through the O.G. of the cone must pass
through the extreme point of the base, i.e., would pass through the
end B of. the base. Let 6 be the inclination of the plane at that
Examples
Ex. 1. A solid right circular cylinder, of height h and radius of
of gravity of all the coins lie in one straight lino. Show that the
greatest inclination of the line to the vertical is
A body
is said to be in stable equilibrium if, after it is
slightlydisplaced from its position of equilibrium, it has
a tendency to return to its original position.
(ii) Unstable Equilibrinm.
ivAany position, for the weight of the body and the equal
and opposite reaction of the support always act at the same
point and hence they balance one another. Hence in this
case, if the body be displaced, it will not tend either to
return to, or to recede further away from its original position
of equilibrium.
In general, top heavy bodies are unstable and bottom heavy bodies
are stable in their equilibrium positions.
OA ^ AO ^ 00 _ B .
- OA 40 _ B
sin rO^Bin.^OJr sin XOF
Comparing this with (i), we get
P-04, g = 400B.
Hence, by the parallelogram of forces, the resultant of
P and Q, which, are now represented by 04 and OB, is 00,
and this by construction is equal and opposite to B.
Thus P, Q, B are in equilibrium.
17
UNIVERSITY PAPERS
Calcutta University
1954
, (a) State and prove the Polygon of forces. Is the converse true ?
Give reasons for your answer.
(b) Forces acting at a point are represented in magnitude and
direction by 2J.B, SBC, 2CD, DA, OA and where DB ABCD is
a quadrilateral. Prove that the forces are in equilibrium.
2. (a) Three like parallel forces P, Q, B
act at the angular points
of a triangle. If their resultant passes through the intersection of the
medians of the triangle, show that
(h) Two unlike parallel forces P and Q {P Q) act at A and B
>
respectively. IfP and Q are both increased by x, show that the result-
ant will move through a distance d where d -
(b) A uniform ladder rests with one end on the rough horizontal
ground and the other end against a rough vertical wall. The coefficients
of friction at the lower and upper ends are | and i respectively. Deter-
mine ^the angle which the ladder makes with the ground when it is
aboutlpslip.
Show that the centre of gravity of three equal particles placed
' at the vortices of a triangle is the same as the centre of gravity of
the triangle.
(b) If the centre of gravity of a triangle coincides with the centre
of the circumscribed circle, show that the triangle is equilateral.
(6) The arms of a balance are 7^ and 7| inches long, and the
scale-pans balance wnen empty. How much would a customer gain
or lose in what was weighed as a pound of tea ?
1965
_ state and prove Lamis theorem about the equilibrium of three
^1.
coplanar forces acting on a particle.
,
Forces P, 2P. 3P, 4P act along the sides AB, BC, CD, DA of a
square ABCD, Find the magnitude and the direction of the resultant
and the point where the line of action of the resultant intersects AB,
A
uniform ladder rests, in limiting equilibrium, with one
(b)
end on a rough horizontal ground, and the other end on a rough vertical
wall. If the inclination of the ladder to the horizontal be 43*,
find the coefficient of friction between the ladder and the ground be f
find the coefficient of friction between the ladder and the wall.
1956
1. If three forces, acting upon a rigid body, be represented in
magnitude, direction, and line of action by the sides of a triangle tahen
in order, prove that they are equivalent to a couple whose moment Is
represent^ by twice the area of the triangle.
260 INTEBMEDIATE STATICS
If a system of forces act in one plane upon a rigid body, and if the
algebraic sum of their moments about each of three points in the
plane (not lying in the same straight line) vanish separately, prove
that the system of forces is in equilibrium.
1967
State and prove the theorem of triangle of forces.
Twoforces SO lbs. wt. and 40 lbs. wt. respectively act on a particle
in directions at right angles to one another. Find the magnitude of
their resultant. A third force whose direction bisects the angle between
the directions of the given forces, acts on the particle. Gan the three
forces keep the particle in equilibrium ?
P
Two forces 2P, and lbs. wt. respectively act on a particle in
different directions. If the first be doubled and the second increased
by 10 lbs. wt., then the direction of the resultant remains unaltered.
Find the value of P.
8. Determine the resultant of two like parallel forces acting on
a rigid body.
CALCUTTA UNIVEB8ITY PAPEJR8 261
Two men one stronger than the other have to remote a blook of
stone weighing 270 lbs. by means of a light plank whose length is 6 ft.
The stronger man is able to carry 180 lbs. How must the blook be
placed so as to let him share that weight ?
INTEBMEDIATE STATICS
where Z.POB and A.QOB denote the angles between (P and B) and
(Q and B) respectively. Hence deduce Lamis theorem.
19B9
^1. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant of two copla-
nar forces, each equal to P and inclined at an angle a to each other.
Two forces of magnitudes P and Q act on a particle at such an
angle that the magnitude of their resultant is equal to P. If P be
doubled, prove that the new resultant will be at right angles to Q.
Pataa Univeraity
1941
() If three forces acting on a particle, keep it in equilibrium,
prove that each is proportional to the sine of the angle between the
other two.
() The 'side CD of a parallelogram AJBCD is bisected at E*
Find the resultant of the forces acting at A representedd by AB, AC
and 2AE.
2. la) Show that two couples, acting in one plane upon a rigid
body, wl^se moments are equal and opposite, balance each other.
264 INTERMEDIATE STATICS
(6) ABO is
a right-angled triangle having A as the right angle
and the side AC
4 ft. in length ; the moments of a force about tne
is
points A, B, C are respectively 8, 8 and 16 units in the same sense.
Find the magnitude and the line of action of the force.
* 8. (a) If three forces, acting in one plane upon a rigid body, keep
it in equilibrium, show that they must either meet in a point or be
parallel.
its
^ (a) A uniform wire
centre of gravity.
is bent into the form of a triangle. Find
1942
W {a) State the theorem of the triangle of forces, and prove its
converse.
(6) ABC
is a triangle ; D, E, F
are the middle points of the
sides BC, CA, AB
respectively. Show that the forces acting on
a particle and represented by the straight hues AD, BE, will main- CF
tain equilibrium,
8. (a) If a system of forces act in one plane upon a rigid body, and
ifthe algebraic sum of their moments about each of three points in
the plane (not lying in the same straight line) vanish separately, show
that the system of forces is in equilibrium.
1948
1. [a) Obtain the resultant of two forces P and Q acting at an
angle a.
tan 0 =
P+0+S+(.P+Q)co8a
2. Prove that the algebraic sum of the moments of two inter-
secting forces about any point in their plane is equal to the moment
of their resultant about the same point.
Three forces P, 2P, 8P act along the sides AB, BC, CA of a given
equilateral triangle ABC
; find the magnitude and direction of their
resultant and find also the point in whiem its lino of action meets the
side BC.
1944
5. (a) Describe the first system of pulleys, and obtain its mecha-
nical advantage.
(6) Provo that the least force which will move a weight W
along a rough horizontal plane is W
sin X, where X is the angle of
friction.
1945
1. (a) Prove that the algebraic sum of the moments of any two
intersecting forces about any point in their plane is equal to the
moment of their resultant about the same point.
(b) Forces P, Q, B
act along the sides BO, CA, of the AB
triangle ABC, and the line of action of their resultant passes through
the centroid of the triangle. Prove that
0.
sin A sin B sin 0
2. (a) Obtain the resultant of two like parallel forces,
weighed alternately in its two pans. Find the loss per cent, to the
seller.
B. H. University
1953
State and prove the theorem of triangle of forces.
Two forces P and Q act at such an angle that their resultant is
equal in magnitude to P. Show that if P is doubled, the new resultant
is at right angles to Q.
Prove that throe parallel forces, two of which are equal and oppo-
site,caimot be in equilibrium.
wf^B A
3 UO "V
5. State the laws of limiting friction.
A uniform ladder, of length 70 feet, rests against a vertical wall with
which it makes an angle of 45, the coeffieients of friction between the
ladder and the wall and ground respectively being i and If a man,
whose weight is one-half that of the ladder, ascend the ladder, how
high will he be when the ladder slips ?
1954
1. Two
forces of magnitudes tiiAB, nAC
act respectively along the
sides ABt AC
of a triangle ABC, Show that their resultant is
represent^ in magnitude and' direction by (m +n) AP, where is P
a point in BO
such that inBB*^nPC,
Forces P, Q, B
act along the sides of a triangle ABC, taken in order,
and their resultant passes through the centres of the inscribed and
circumscribed circles* Prove that
l 2 , B ,
A chessboard ABCD,
6 in. square, is divided into siztyfour squares
of side 1 in. The
eleven squares whose centres are nearest to the
corner C are out away. Find the distance from A of the centre of
gravity of the remainder.
Show that the least force which will move a weight TT along
a rough horizontal plane is sin W
where 0 is the angle of friction.
1965
1. Find the components of a given force Pin two directions
inclined at angles a and j9 respectively to the direction of P.
A uniform rod AB, 6 ft. long, weighing 10 lb., can turn freely about
a hinge at A. It carries a weight of 7 lb. at B, and is kept in equili-
brium by a horizontal string CB, which is attached to a point D of
the rod 6 ft. from A and to a point C 8 ft. vertically above A, Find
the tension of the string and the reaction at the hinge A,
8. (n) Prove that a single force and a couple acting in the same
plane cannot produce equilibrium. What are they equivalent to ?
(b) Forces proportional to AB, BO and 2CA act along the sides
of a triangle ABO taxen in order. Show that the resultant is re-
presented in magnitude and direction by OA and that its line of action
meets BO at a point X
where CX^BO*
(5) Describe the third system of pulleys and find the relation
between effortand weight in such a system of n weightless pulleys.
6. A ladder rests with one end on the ground and leans directly
against a rough vertical wall (the coefficients of friction being fi.
respectively). How far up the ladder may a man go before equilibrium
is broken, assuming that the mans weight is equal to that of the
ladder ? Show that he will not get to the top if the inclination of the
ladder to the vertical is greater than
tan-
1956
OL oil ON
2. (a) Prove that the algebraic sum of the moments of any two
forces about any point in their plane is equal to the moment of their
resultant about the same point.
(b) Prove that three parallel forces, two of which are equal and
opposite, cannot be in equilibrium.
wall and at a distance h from it. Show that the inclination of the
beam to the vertical is
(!)
4. [a) State the requisites of a good balance and discuss one
of them.
(6) The arms of a balance are in the ratio 10 9 and the pans are
1957
State and prove a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for a
1.
system of coplanar forces acting on a rigid body, to be in equilibrium.
A heavy uniform rod of length 2a, rests partly within and partly
without a fixed smooth hemispherical bowl, of radius r the rim of the ;
bowl is horizontal and one point of the rod is in contact with the rim ;
if $ be the inclination of the rod to the horizon, show that
2. {a) Prove that the algebraic sum of the moments of two inter-
section forces about a point in their plane is equal to the moment of
their resultant about that point.
(b) A, B and C are three fixed points and P is a point such that
-^1
Show that the least force which will move a weight W along a rough
horizontal plane is W sin 0, where ^ is the angle of friction.
1968
1. State find prove Lamis Theorem.
A body of 65 lbs. wt. is suspended by two strings of lengths 5 and
12 feet attached to two points in the same horizontal line at a distance
18 feet apart. Find the tensions of the strings.
2. (g) Find the resultant of a couple and a single force acting in the
same plane upon a rigid body.
(h) A heavy uniform rod, 4 feet long, rests horizontally on two
pegs which are one foot apart. A weight of 10 lbs. suspended from one
end, or a weight of 4 lbs. suspended from the other end, will just tilt
the rod up. Find the weight of the rod.
8. If three ooplanar forces be in equilibrium, prove that they are
either concurrent or parallel.
A smoothsphere is supported in contact with a smooth vertical wall
by a string fastened to a point on its surface, the other end being
attached to a TOint in the wall. If the length of the string be equal to
the radius of die sphere, find the tension of the string and the reaction
of the wall.
B. H. UNIVERSITY PAPERS 273
1969
Find the conditions under which a number
1. of coplanar forces
acting on a body keep it in equilibrium.
w
Two equal heavy rode, of weight and length 2n, are freely hinged
together and placed symmetrically over a smooth fixed sphere of radius
r. Show that the inclination of each rod to the horizontal is given by
r tan*d+r tan 6 a.
2. From
a uniform triangular board a portion consisting of the
area of the inscribed circle is removed. Show that the distance of the
centre of gravity of the remainder from any side a is
8 ^
28*^Bra8
*
3as
where S is the area and s the semi-perimeter of the board.
18
Allahabad (D. P.) Board Papers
1968
1. (a) A particle is acted of 10 and 6 lbs. weight which
on by forces
are at right angles and by a force of 8 lbs. weight bisecting the angle
between them, all these forces acting away from the particle ; and
the magnitude of the force that will keep it at rest.
{b) The horizontal roadway of a bridge is 41 ft. long, weighs
9 tons, and rests on similar supports at its ends. What is the thrust
borne by each support when a carriage, of weight 3 tons, is two-thirds
of the way across ?
8. (a) Prove that the algebraic sum of the moments of any two
ooplanar non-parallel forces about any point in their plane is equal to
the moment of their resultant about the same point.
(i) A heavy uniform rod rests partly within and partly outside a
smooth hemispherical bowl which is kept fixed with its rim horizontal.
The rod rests at an inclination of 80 to the horizontal. Compare the
length of the rod with the radius of the bowl.
1964
1. (a) ABCD is a
square ; forces of 11 lb. weight, 6 lb. weight and
9 1b. weight act in the directions ADt AC and AD respectively. Find
the magnitude of the resultant.
(6) ABCD is a square ; along AB^ CB^ AD and DC equal forces,
P, act. Find their resultant.
4. (n) Show that the least force which will move a weight W
along a rough horizontal plane is W
sin 0, where 0 is the angle of
friction.
1966
Forces 2, ,JS, 6, s/8 and 2 lbs. weight respectively act on an
1. la)
angular point of a regular hexagon towards each of the other angnlar
points ; find their resultant.
;
(b) Along the sides AB and CD of a square ABCD act forces each
equal to S lbs. weight, whilst along the sides AD and CB act forccb
each equal to 7^ lbs. weight ; if the side of the square bo 10 inches,
find the moment of the couple that will give equilibrium.
6. Two
equal rods, each of length, 2a, are fastened together so as
to form sides of a square, and one of them rests on a rough peg.
two
Show that the limiting distances of the points of contact from the
middle point of the rod are ia{lft), where m is the coefficient of
friction.
a/(8r-4)
the centre of the circle, where a is the diameter of the circle.
ALLAHABAD (V. P) BOARD PAPERS 277
1966
weight respectively, make angles of 80, 46, fiO, 90, 180 and 270
with a fixed line. Find the magnitude of the resullant.
(6) A uniform rod, 10 feet long and weighing 20 lbs., can turn
freely about a point in it, and the rod is in equilibrium when a weight
of 6 lbs. is hung at one end. How far from the end is the point about
which it can turn.
(6) A
weight of 100 lbs. is on the point of motion down a rough
inclined plane when supported by a force of 20 lbs. weight acting
parallel to the plane, and is on the point of motion up the plane when
under the Inclination of a force of 40 lbs. weight parallel to the plane.
If the inclination of the plane to the horizon is cos' ^ i, find the
coefficient of friction.
(6) ABC
is an equilateral triangle, of 18 inches side, of which
0 is the centre of gravity. If the triangle OBO
be removed, find the
centre of gravity of the remainder.
lively, show that the least horizontal force which will move the lower
extremity towards the wall is
1957
1. [a] The resultant of two forces P and Q is P. If Q be doubled,
B is doubled, whilst if Q bo reversed, B is again doubled. Show that
P 0 P ^/2
:
:
^2 : : ,
(b) An
isosceles right-angled triangle has squares described
extemaUy on all its sides. Show that the centre of gravity of the
figure so form^ is on the line, which bisects the hypotenuse and
passes throt^^h the right angle and divides it in the ratio 1 : 26*
a coB*dZ sin d.
P
jw(w+<ir)
1958
1. (a) State and prove the Triangle of Forces.
8.
the resultant P, of two forces P and Q, inclined to one
{b) If
another at any given angle, make an angle B with the direction of P,
show that the resultant of forces (P+ R) and Q, acting at the same
0
angle will make an angle with the direction of P+P.
^
coefficient of friction for the ground and the wall are and
respectively.
tan 0 ^ tan a.
b+a
7. Two equal heavy rods, of weight W
and length 2a, are freely
hinged together, and placed symmetrically over a smooth fixed sphere
of radius r. Show that the inclination of each rod to the horizontal is
given by
r tan*^+r tan 0^a,
1959
1. (a) State and prove Lami*s theorem.
26c cos *
^
a+6+c
(6) A heavy
carriage wheel of weight TV and radius r, is to bo
dragged over an obstacle of height h, by a horizontal force applied toF
the centre of the wheel. Show that F
must be slightly greater than
IP"
T'-h
6. A heavy uniform rod rests in limiting equilibrium within a fixed
rough hollow sphere. If X be the angle of friction and 2a the angle
subtended by the rod at the centre of the sphere, show that the incli-
nation 0 of the rod to the horizon is given by
7. Forces P, Q, R and 8 act along the sides AB, BC, CD, and DA
of the cyclic quadrilateral ABOD, taken in order, where and are A B
the extremities of a diameter of the circumscribing circle. If the
forces are in equilibrium, show that
Gauhati University Questions
1949
. 1. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant of a number
of coplauar forces Pn P,, P,, acting at a point O in directions
making angles a,, o,, respectively with a given straight lino
OX in the plane of the forces. Deduce that if
Px cos tti+Pj cos oa+P, cos o, + "O
and Px sin Ox+P# sin aa+P, sin o, + =0
the forces arc in equilibrium.
Forces P, Q, lit S acting on a particle have directions parallel
respectively on the sides ABt BC, CDt of a rectangle BA
taken ABCD
in order. Prove that the magnitude of their resultant is
(P + - 2PB - 2QS)^.
2. If 3 forces acting on a particle keep
it in equilibrium, prove that
each is proportional to the sine of the angle between the other two.
Forces P, Q, B acting along the straight lines OAt OB, OC arc in
equilibrium. If 0 is the circumcentre of the triangle ABC, show that
P _ 0 B
a* (6 + c* " 6* (c* + a* - 6' ) c* (a + 6* - c*l
whore BC-a, CA^h, AB^c,
8.Prove that the sum of the moments of two coplanar forces
acting at a point about any point in this plane is equal to the moment
of their resultant.
Forces P, Q, B act along the sides BC, CA, AB of the triangle ABC
taken in prder, and the lino of action of their resultant passes
through the centroid of the triangle. Prove that
bin
p.
A
+_p_
sin B
+_^
sin O
0 .
1960
1. State the Parallelogram of forces.
Prove that the algebraic sum of the resolved parts, along any
direction, of two forces acting at a point is equal to the resolved part
of their resultant in the same direction.
Forces P and Q, whose resultant
is B, act at a point 0. If any
transversal cuts the lines of action of the forces P, Q, at the points R
A, B, C respectively, show that
OA os 00
2. Find the resultant of two like parallel forces.
- (!)*
4, Define a couple. Prove that the algebraic sum of the moments
of the forces of a couple about any point in its plane is constant.
Forces of magnitudes 1, 2, 3, 4, 2 s/2 act respectively along the
sides AB, BC, CD, DA, and the diagonal AC, of the square ABCD.
Show that their resultant is a couple.
m *
V Zm
284 INTERMEDIATE STATICS
1949
State and prove the theorem of triangle of forces.
1. (c)
5. {a) Define angle of friction and prove that in order that a body
may rest on a rough inclined plane, the inclination must not exceed
the angle of friction.
(&) A Danish steelyard weighs 6 tolas and the distance from the
O.G. to the scalc-pan end is 10 inches. If it is graduated for half-
tolas, find the position of the graduation marks.
1949 ( Supplanentary
(b) From a triangle is cut off ^th of its area by a straight line
parallel to the base. Find the position of the centre of gravity of the
remainder.
6. (a) A body is placed on a rough inclined plane ^hose inclination
Is greater than the angle of friction and is supported by a force acting
up the plane. Find the limits vritbin which this force must lie.
(6) A body of weight 50 lb. is supported on a smooth inclined
plane by a horizontal force 25 lb. together with a force 25 lb. acting
up the plane. Calculate the inclination of the plane and the pressure
on the plane.
1952
1. Distinguisli between resolved parts and components of a force.
(i)
1968
1. (i) Defino foroo. How is a force generally represented ? State
the law by which two forces acting at a point may be combined
together, and hence find completely the resultant of two forces P, Q
acting at a point inclined at an angle 0 to each other.
(ii) Two forces P and Q have the resultant B\ if P is doubled
a string passing over a rail. If the string is attached to two fixed points
A and B at the same level in the picture, show that the shoxtw the
length of the string the greater will be the tension.
5. Define centre of gravity of a rigid body. Find tho centre of
gravity of a thin uniform lamina in the form of a parallelogram.
From a circular disc, a circular part having a radius of the disc as
diameter is removed. Find the centre of gravity of the remainder.
6. Define a machine, mechanical advantage and efficiency of
a machine. Describe with a neat diagram that particular system of
pulleys in which a sendrate string pasaas round each pulley and one end
of the string is attached to a fixd beaaa, above the system.
Prove that the work done in lilting the 4^ght and the pulleys is
equal to the work done by the force /that is applied.