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H H R1 O
Cracking (variety of products) R2 O2, Ag cat., 250-300C, 10-20 atm (ethene only); other alkenes: RCO3H in CH2Cl2
R1 C C R2 ALKANE C C ALKENE R1 C C R2 EPOXIDE
R3 R4 R3 R4
H2, Ni cat., 150C, 5 atm
H H
Polymerisation
ADDITION POLYMER
H OSO3H
H2O, warm
R X HALOALKANE
O
1 only: Cr2O72-, H+, distil Cr2O72-, H+, reflux
H2O, reflux
P2O5, distil
NaOH (aq), reflux
R OH ALCOHOL C ALDEHYDE
KCN, ethanolic solution, reflux
NaBH4 (aq, heat) or LiAlH4 (ether)
R H
O
Conc. NH3, heat in sealed tube 2 only: Cr2O72-, H+, reflux
C KETONE
R1 R2
OXIDATION
Reflux, H+ or OH -
H2O & acid/base catalyst
REDUCTION
P2O5, distil
O
ELIMINATION
R NH2
H 2O
AMINE
C ACYL CHLORIDE
HYDROLYSIS R Cl SOCl2, PCl3 or PCl5, reflux
ACYLATION O
O
Conc. NH3, room temp. (gives 1 amide) ROH, room temp. C ESTER
ESTERIFICATION LiAlH4 (ether) C AMIDE R1 OR2
RNH2, reflux (gives 2 amide)
R NH2
OTHER
NH3, reflux (gives 1 amide); RNH2, reflux (gives 2 amide)