International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume3, Issue 1, August 2017, ISSN: 2399-4509
Cloud Management System based Air Quality
Jabar H. Yousif, Nebras N. Alattar
Abstract There is no doubt that the keeping the air quality
clean and protect it from various sources of emissions represents
a major global issues and concern for any government . Today, the
people are suffering from overpopulation and urban extension and
industrial problems on resources and environmental circles
account. This paper aims to design and implement a framework
based cloud management system for air quality in Arabic region.
The proposed framework model is integrating and managing
different types of modules and services, which is a customized
version of the ISO 14001 EMS standard. This system can used
effectively to monitor and predict the level of air quality and issue
suitable alert messages depending on the levels of dangerous. This
system help to collect and examine the data cleaning through the
environmental stations that are capable of recording the relevant
environment information such the level of gases such as O3, CO,
HCT, CH4, NCH4, SO2, H2S, NO, NOx and NO2 . Besides,
determine the dust level, wind direction and speed, humidity and
temperature. Data mining and soft computing based neural and
genetic optimization systems could use for analyzing and
visualizing the air quality level.
Index Terms Cloud Computing, Air Quality, Pollution,
Management Systems.
I. INTRODUCTION
C LEAN air is a necessary to maintain human health and
well-being of basic conditions. Where air pollution is a big
dangerous or threatening human health all over the world. Air
pollution is a main environmental hazard to health, which
causes many disease like heart disease, stroke, asthma, lung
cancer, and chronic diseases. According to the World Health
Organization estimates, that air pollution causes the death of
more than two million deaths per year. Outdoor pollution has
risen a high rate in the last 5 years to reach 8% with fast-
growing cities in the developing world. WHO report shows that
the 72% of outdoor air pollution-related premature death in
2012 [1].
There is no doubt that the keeping the air quality clean and
protect it from various sources of emissions represents a major
global issues and concern for any government . Today, the
people are suffering from overpopulation and urban extension
and industrial problems on resources and environmental circles
account. In addition to the massive escalation in columns of
vehicles on the roads and in major cities.
Corresponding Author: Dr. Jabar H. Yousif, Assistant Professor Faculty of
Computing and Information Technology, Sohar University, Sultanate of
Oman. E-mail: jyousif@soharuni.edu.om
145
Therefore, the protection of the air environment surrounding is
considering as a main tasks and duties of the central units of
environmental protection in any country. Then the most
important things of these central units are discovering for
general system of environment and executive regulations to
develop and monitor the implementation of international
standards for air quality.
The general framework policy in the Sultanate of Oman is
emphasize on saving the human health and protection of
environment from any problems. The Precise information about
air pollutants in the atmosphere, such as ozone, particles, and
precursors is necessary to evaluate the strategies and policies
for the management of air quality efficiently because it is of
interest to the human health, environmental protection, climate
change, and agriculture [2].
Typically, an Environmental management system (EMS) is a
framework that assist the association for accomplishing its
environmental objectives and improvement of its
environmental performance. A certain step is implemented to
achieve EMS goals such as reliable reviewing and feedback
process, analyzing the impacts and legal requirements and
recurrent evaluation. Typically, EMS consist of a set of
procedures and practices that aid the association to decrease the
environmental emissions and increase the efficient solutions. In
1996, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
is issued the most common used framework for an EMS which
is titled (ISO14001). It has the main stages, procedure and
standard for defining an efficient EMS [3]. The ISO 14001
EMS standard comprises of five subdivisions, define the
environmental policy, describe the planning, system
implementation and operations, the checking and correction
action, and lastly the management review, as depicted in Figure
1. The Modeling of the emissions and processes that affect the
air quality is improving rapidly. There is an increasing need to
document the climate changes in the world because of growing
pollutants in the atmosphere and its potential harmful effects on
life of humans, animals and plants. This will increase the needs
for enhancing the atmosphere of the risks of sedimentation
impacts on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems [4].
Nebras N. Alattar, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology,
Sohar University, Sultanate of Oman. E-mail: nebras@soharuni.edu.om
International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume3, Issue 1, August 2017, ISSN: 2399-4509
Continual Improvement
1. 3. 4.
2.
Environmental
Policy
Planning
Implementation
and Opreration
Checking and
correction Action
Management
Review
Fig. 1. The ISO 14001 EMS Model.
Air quality management models are positively able to
monitor and observe the change in the weather effectively. The
climate in Sultanate of Oman is hot and dry, with temperatures
reaching 50C in the summer season. The Sultanate of Oman is
located besides the United Arab Emirates on the northwest and
Saudi Arabia on the west. Therefore, the government of Oman
is focus on improving the quality of environment. The three
problems that affect human, agriculture and fishing in Oman are
air pollution, marine pollution, and sand storms [5].
Therefore, prioritizing the removal of the pollution in the
form of gases by the power plants and petrochemical industries
alone would be a positive step in helping the environment and
the people that live in it. Vehicles also have been counted as one
of the mean reasons of pollution.
The new development in area of services and computing can
help to offer a delivering hosted services over the Internet using
public or private cloud services. The concept of cloud
computing can be deployed in different level of implementation
depending on the type of problem, for example, can provide
online data storage at a remote server outside the scope of the
organization and access the data via the Internet from anywhere
and anytime. It also provides the using and implementation of
applications across the cloud, which is what is known as
software as a service (SAAS). Besides, it can provides the use
with full platform as services deployment (PAAS).The use of
the cloud computing technique helps overcome the problems of
installation and management of equipment required by the
companies. As well as, it provides licensed and reliable
softwares which shorten the implementation time [6].
Currently, there are many international companies such as
Google and Amazon as Microsoft computerized supports the
cloud computing and provides free and paid services to users.
This paper is proposed a framework based cloud management
system for air quality in Sohar region. This system can monitor
and predict the level of air quality and issue a suitable alert
messages. This system will collect and examine the data
through the environmental stations that are capable of recording
the relevant environment information such as the level of gases
O3, CO, HCT, CH4, NCH4, SO2, H2S, NO, NOx and NO2
Besides, determine the dust level, wind direction and speed,
humidity and temperature. Further development will receive
the same data and remove any incomplete data and then use
them for air pollution prediction. The data mining or any soft
computing such as neural, fuzzy and genetic systems can be
used for data analysis and visualization. There are two main
parts for any environmental management system, the
implementation and the monitoring of air pollution [7,8].
II. WHAT ARE THE HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED
WITH AIR POLLUTION?
5.
Air pollution is associated with many health problems, as
well as their effects on personal comfort and well-being of the
individual. Some of the gases caused a harmful effect directly
on human health, for example, the ozone (O3), the nitrogen
dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) to irritate the human
respiratory tract lining and help in the emergence of respiratory
problems such as asthma and bronchitis. Unhealthy air quality
conditions affect the elderly and young children more than other
age groups, which requires a steady increase in visiting
hospitals on a regular basis. Air pollutants such as particulate
matter PM10 contribute significantly to increase high-risk
diseases. Some volatile organic compounds such as benzene
and butadiene 1 and 3 contribute to the dissemination of
carcinogenic disease. Most people focus on the first dangers of
carbon monoxide (CO) when levels are high because it causes
suffocation and death where he was colorless and tasteless gas
and is called the silent killer. And they misses its disadvantages
when they are a lower levels where it is caused reducing in
ability to concentrate, shortness of breath and headaches
cursing and over-all tiredness. The carbon dioxide (CO2), is the
leading cause of global warming. The main symptoms of gas
poisoning is headaches, inability to concentrate and sick
building syndrome. Frequently the gas concentration of poor
ventilation and high temperature and humidity climates [9,10].
Therefore, the follow-up to the air quality it will be
considered as the most important tasks of the next generation.
Which will require to study the effects of air pollution on
human, plant and animal.
A. Air pollution in the World
The air quality index (AQI) is a guide for reporting level of
daily air quality. AQI indicates how the air is clean or
contaminated. This index is emphases on effects of air pollution
on the human being health and determine the time required for
the emergence of symptoms of pollution on humans after
breathing polluted air. In spite of all the great progress in the
development of air quality management systems over the past
years, The European countries are still trying hard to achieve
success in the air cleansing to be within acceptable standard
levels that do not pose a threat to human life and the
environment. Studies have shown that air pollution in Europe is
the biggest risk factor to the overall health of human beings and
that causes premature death because it is causing a wide range
of diseases. In addition, this harm can include the plants, natural
systems and agriculture. It should be noted that the harmful
effects of pollution of air quality include two main areas. First,
the emergence of major health problems. Population in urban
areas. Second, weak growth in ecosystems and agriculture. And
also it became a reason for the loss of biodiversity in
ecosystems pastures. Todays, the particles (PM) and ground-
level Ozone (O3) are considers as the most problematic
pollutants which are harm to human health in Europe [11].
While, the Pyrene (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and
nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is affected on the ecosystems. Also, O3,
ammonia (NH3) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) are extensively
146
International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume3, Issue 1, August 2017, ISSN: 2399-4509

harmful the level of the air quality. According to current from 2010 to 2012. The report results of World Health
European legislation, the maximum daily ozone level should Organization indicates that only 12% of the proportion of the
not exceed 120 micrograms (g) per m3 of air for more than 25 world's population lives in safe levels consistent with the
days a year. Each year, the Atmospheric Environment and standard levels of pollutants in the air [13]. However,
Research Division of WMOs distributes the latest annual approximately half the urban population living in the
greenhouse gas contamination report. The report covered the contaminated areas by more than two times from the standard
most influences long-lived greenhouse gases on the levels that globally accepted by the World Health Organization.
environment as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and This will affects their health and the emergence of serious
nitrous oxide (N2O). These gages participate about 88% of the health problems in the long term. Figure 2 shows PM10 levels
increase in radiative forcing of the atmosphere [12]. The Table by region, for the last available year in the period 20082012.
1 determines the global annual mean level of CO2, CH4 and
N2O mole Fraction based WMO/GAW global greenhouse gas
monitoring network in the period from 1984 to 2014.
TABLE 1: Global annual Mean level of CO2, CH4 and N2O mole Fraction
based WMO/GAW global greenhouse gas monitoring network period (1984-
2014)
Year CO2 CH4 N2O Year CO2 CH4 N2O
1984 344.3 1653 303.5 2000 369.4 1782 315.7
1985 345.7 1665 304 2001 370.9 1781 316.4
1986 347.2 1678 304.9 2002 372.9 1782 317
1987 349 1690 305.6 2003 375.3 1786 317.7
1988 351.3 1702 306.5 2004 377.1 1786 318.4
1989 353 1713 307.6 2005 379.2 1785 319.1
1990 354.1 1723 308.6 2006 381.3 1785 320
Fig. 2. PM10 levels by region, for the last available year in the period 2008
1991 355.4 1734 309.4 2007 383.1 1791 320.7
2012. LMI: Low and middleincome; HI: highincome.
1992 356.1 1743 309.9 2008 385.1 1798 321.6
1993 356.9 1745 310.2 2009 386.7 1803 322.4 B. Air Pollution in the Arab Region
1994 358.5 1751 310.8 2010 388.9 1808 323.2 Air pollution is becoming a serious and ongoing issue
1995 360.3 1758 311.2 2011 390.9 1813 324.2
worldwide. Many regions of the world have shown
extraordinarily high levels of particulates that significantly
1996 362 1761 312 2012 393.1 1818 325.1
affect air quality including the Arab countries. Arab countries
1997 363.2 1764 312.9 2013 395.8 1824 326 have many types of pollution sources like greenhouse gas
1998 365.9 1773 313.7 2014 397.7 1833 327.1 emissions, dust storms and sandstorms and other gases. The
more industrialization leads to a greater emission of Sulphur
1999 367.9 1781 314.7
dioxides that degrade our air quality. Additionally, many areas
have experienced an increase in nitrogen oxides. Preliminary
According to the World Health Organization databases, the information suggests changing our pattern of development for
most important conclusions in the field of air pollutants is the decreeing the dangerous in harmful emissions over the next
low percentage of particulate matter (PM) during the period twenty to fifty years [14].
2003-2012, which reflects the low emissions of these particles This section will examine the dangerous situation in the Arab
in the air directly. Also, the results reflected the basic stability countries. We need to look into the policies and regulations
of the concentrations of PM2.5 in rural and urban areas rates at already in place to find new avenues that will help us combat
the same level during the period from 2006 to 2012 while a this growing crisis in the Middle East and North Africa. Natural
small decrease was observed in the proportions of these and anthropogenic components of air pollution have been noted
particles at the traffic centers. Likewise, the results of year 2012 and studied for decades globally. In addition to economic
identified that accounted for 21% of the urban population (EU- consequences, studies have shown that air pollution is a direct
28) living in the contaminated areas exceeded acceptable levels cause of many human health issues, which leads to extreme
by the daily limit measure of the European Union to focus inefficiency and a decrease in environmental productivity. The
PM10. While the estimated PM10 levels in some residents historical data about the Arab countries recorded that near 90%
involving countries under (EEA-33) increased by 38%. It of total emissions of Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Hydrocarbons
should be noted that some of the urban population of the EU (HC) are due to transportation activities. The Arab nations emit
countries exposed to levels of PM10 and PM2.5 particles which about1.1 million tons/year* of Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and
exceeded the standard level mentioned by the World Health approximately 3 million tons/year* of Hydrocarbons (HC).
Organization. They were reached 64% and 92% in the period NOx and Sulfur oxides (SOx) affect the acid rain/deposition
147
International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume3, Issue 1, August 2017, ISSN: 2399-4509

[word bank]. Besides, Reports have shown that historically m3cubic meters).
Arab countries have demonstrated an insufficient recognition of
the importance of identifying and combating air pollution TABLE II
The Omani AAQ standards (g microgram/ m3cubic meter)
problems. The Arab nations that have emerged as the most Parameters Average Period Standard Level(g/m3)
polluted country with PM10 levels for the period 20102012 as NO2 24-hour average 112
depicted in Figure 3 are Bahrain, with 254 %, Qatar with 165 SO2 24-hour average 125
%, United Arab Emirates (UAE) with 161% and, Egypt with CO 8-hour average 6
H2S 24-hour average 40
136%. While, the countries with the highest air pollution levels
O3 8-hour average 120
in 2015 with the rate of PM2.5 are UAE with an annual HCNM6 3-hour average 160
exposure of 80 micrograms per cubic meter, Qatar with 69 PM10 24-hour average 125
micrograms per cubic meter. Also, Saudi Arabia with 62
micrograms per cubic meter, Kuwait with 50 micrograms per
cubic meter, and Bahrain with 49 micrograms per cubic meter. III. DATA CLEANING
Recently some countries introduced complicated satellite Collected data from sensors can have many errors, which is
systems capable of monitoring Earths air pollution levels. make the process of cleaning data is much needed. The data
Unfortunately, these new methods for monitoring and cleaning and preprocessing is essential procedure before further
quantifying trans-boundary air pollution not used in Arab analysis and visualization of data can be performed. Data
countries [15]. cleaning aims to detect and correct corrupt data records from
database or data table. Besides, it must ensure about the
consistency of different sets of data that have been merged from
different resources. The first part of the process will be used to
identify and organize the missing data.
When referring to the identification and correction of errors
in data sets, its best to name the process as information
purging. Considering that data comes from different sources,
the process will optimize data sets and bring consistency to the
entire database, regardless of sources. Although this is a very
foolproof method for cleaning up data, the best way will always
be prevention [18].
Keep in mind that data entry costs can be controlled more
effectively when using the manual method as a priority with the
Information Purging method serving more for backend
purposes. If the correct methods are put in place with the small
sacrifice of time and resources, then Information Purging will
Fig. 3. PM10 levels by Countries, for selected Arab Countries in the period
be the most correct solution for finalizing data errors,
20102012.
developing solutions, and overall documentation of the process.
There will be minor costs associated with the data entry costs,
C. Air Pollution in Oman but it is a small price to pay for the larger cost of maintaining
The problem of air pollution is a serious problem facing the incorrect or corrupted data.
government in Oman, especially in densely populated areas and
industrial zones. It is worth mentioning that the province of
Sohar and the surrounding urban areas are characterized by high
air pollution, especially in Sohar industrial area. The
government has enacted special regulations to help regulate and
manage the environmental system in Oman, which aims to
preserve the environment and prevent pollution. These laws
include severe penalties for companies and individuals who
pollute the environment, either with gases or environmental
pollutants solid or liquid in air, land and sea. Including laws RD
10/82 / RD 114/2001 and RD 115/2001, which included the
important Omani regulations relating to the protection and
control of the environment. And subsequently amended by the
Law number MD 118/2004 as an amendment to the standards
of environmental standards for fixed and stationary emission
sources. One year later, a law MD 159/2005 on marine
environmental pollutants was approved [16, 17]. Table 2 shows
Fig. 4. The data cleaning procedures and phases.
AQM standards for major air pollution (g micrograms /

148
International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume3, Issue 1, August 2017, ISSN: 2399-4509
Several types of data problems can be faced during data
cleaning and immigration such as incorrect data entry, missing
data and duplicate data. The data cleaning can include several
tasks as depicted in Figure 4. Therefore, the data cleaning
phases may be consist of procedures to merge some data set
together, or rebuild some data set by filling the missing
information based on the relation with other data sets. Hence,
The Data standardization is needed for analyzing data set in
order to integrated capturing input data of the same type. This
will give evidence of consistency and comparability of data set.
The data normalization is the process of organizing the data
set into some suitable forms in order to ensure removing any
duplicated data set. Then export the data in appropriate records,
which easily managed and controlled [19].
IV. CLOUD COMPUTING
With the technological advancement of information
technology today, a wide range of profitable and informative
Clouds are applied to deliver diverse interfaces, which enable
to provide efficient assistance. However, it lacks the application
and development of an approved criterion. Thus, it is a must to
plan and enforce key supports to carry out our services or affix
our data to whichever cloud that can assist us. Cloud computing
services fall under the category of Service Oriented
Architecture applications, which means that it can enable
ubiquitous, convenient and on-demand access to a shared pool
of configurable computing resources that can be promptly
catered and carried out with less managing effort. Typically, it
manages each command as an autonomous process, without a
link or association to a previous order. As for cloud computing
limitations, these can be assessed based on the ideas and
purposes that suit your needs [20].
However, cloud computing services classified into three
categories, namely: the public cloud, the private cloud, and the
hybrid cloud as illustrated in Figure 5. Generally, public clouds
eliminate customer and price risks by offering an amenable,
temporary extension to industrial setups while being held away
from the client's whereabouts. While private clouds are created
for single-client use only, which gives maximum authority over
the data, security, and quality of service. Hybrid clouds, on the
other hand, is a fusion of both public and private cloud classes.
As the name suggests, these cloud computing services enable
the delivery of on-demand, clearly outlined measures, which
aids in managing scheduled assignment boosts. Moreover, with
the help of the cloud computing, program length and reaction
time as well as infrastructure hazard are lessened.
Cloud service companies usually provide services that are
classified into these categories:
Software as a Service (SaaS): This cloud service category
implements a bundled or analogous industrial software system
application, which will terminate web users with usage-based
rating model and subscription, set against a conventional period
license covering a specific version. Microsoft Office Live and
Microsoft Dynamics CRM Online are examples of SaaS. While
Microsoft SharePoint Online, Salesforce.com and Microsoft
Exchange Online also exemplify this facility. As the first SaaS
supporter that had SOAP-based network services, Microsoft
149
has progressively shifted to bolster Software plus Services, or
S+S. And Amazon Web Service's EC2 running on a Windows
Server 2003 plus a SQL Server [Express] 2005 with an Elastic
Block Store memory and S3 storage by means of Amazon
Machine Images (AMIs), and also EBS snapshot backups, are
currently the most remarkable example of S+S utility.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Also known as utility
computing, this cloud service category could be a means of
carrying operational systems as well as Cloud Computing
infrastructure servers, internal storage facility and Web services
as an on-demand facility. Instead of procuring data center field
or network instrumentation, servers or software, clients choose
to obtain those resources as a totally subcontracted service on
demand. This utility also gives standard information center
resources like extremely accessible virtualized computing
command, internal and data storage facility, over a totally
secure network. Amazon Web Services, GoGrid, and Flexiscale
are perfect examples of this Internet-delivered cloud. While
PaaS or IaaS get carried through an intranet that is known as a
secluded, or private cloud.
Platform as a Service (PaaS): This cloud service category
conveys the advantages that SaaS procured for applications,
through the software advancement domain. Outlined as a
computing platform, PaaS enables the immediate and simple
formation of Internet applications quickly, sans the intricacy of
purchasing and preserving the software system and
infrastructure under it. Despite being similar to SaaS, PaaS is a
platform used for forming a software system carried over the
Internet instead of being a software sent online. In laymans
terms, this cloud service utility offers a length of time setting
for cloud applications, with reference to the virtually
insignificant compulsion to acquire software, hardware and all
associated facilities as these services are readily available on
the web in a more non-private cloud mode. In a non-public
cloud manner, on the other hand, there would still be a need to
obtain hardware and software systems to create the
infrastructure. However, PaaS will facilitate the handling and
operation in a way acceptable to the approved cloud criterion.
As aforementioned, the primary goal of PaaS is to boost the
productivity of the cloud and make the most of its advantages.
Considering this purpose, this utility should embody these
qualities, including great scalability, accessibility, and
dependability as well as on-demand provisioning, in order for
it to become the ultimate PaaS platform.
Communication as a Service (CaaS): Generally considered
as an element of SaaS, S+S, or Iaas, this cloud service category
offers utility-directed, configurable, flexible, responsible, and
reliable communication skills. It also delivers communication
capability based on net security, progressive outlining of virtual
overlaps for a stream of dedicated, or traffic isolation bitrate
computing, secured message delay, encoded communication,
and web observation. However, CaaS is deemed crucial in
ascertaining Service Level Agreements.
Monitoring as a Service (MaaS): This very useful cloud
service category alerts the operator of any cloud connection or
web computations of any outages, slowdowns, or errors. MaaS
also has auditing components for web susceptibility evaluation
International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume3, Issue 1, August 2017, ISSN: 2399-4509
or for the authentication of SLA conformity and monthly usage
charges accuracy. For instance, a modest iPhone app called
Cloud Status can monitor the quality of Google App Engine,
Twitter, and Amazon Web Services, and then can report
whether or not the services are acting normally, having some
issues, or are down entirely. Meanwhile, some MaaS service
providers like RightScale also offer instance deployment
automation for accumulative running some AMI instances
throughout the maximum demand spikes and amount reduction
when demand declines [21, 22,].
Fig. 5. Cloud computing types.
V. CURRENT ENVIRONMENT MONITORING SYSTEM
The Ministry of Environment and Climate Affairs (MECA)
has issued a number of regulations and regulations to monitor
and monitor the behavior of the environment, especially in the
industrial zones. The Ministry has established and installed two
mobile monitoring stations manufactured by the company "SA"
for air quality control. The stations were erected in the crowded
and industrial areas. The stations were installed in the Sohar
Industrial Port and the second in the commercial area of Ruwi
- Muscat.
As well as setting up permanent environmental stations in the
industrial zones to measure and control the amount of pollution
resulting from the factories as in the environmental plant in the
industrial area in the state of Rusail, the environmental station
in the industrial area of Sohar, and the environmental station in
the industrial area in al-Fahal port. Over time, these stations
were damaged and out of service due to the lack of spare parts
and the difficulty of availability and maintenance [23]. Most of
these stations are only for measuring the amount of pollution
and remains the real challenge for such systems is to analyze
the data to take advantage of research results to detect the
cumulative effects of pollutants and take the necessary
precautions. Therefore, the current research suggests the
establishment of an analytical system based on the design of a
mathematical system to simulate the work of environmental
stations and the sharing of information and results with
researchers and decision-makers. This framework can help, for
example, to locate the controlling industrial air pollution
sources, to estimate the contributions from each pollution
source to pollutant concentrations at specific locations, to
characterize, understand and predict quantitatively the
150
pathways of industrial air pollutant transport and the resulting
exposure, to establish quantitative links between sources,
exposure and risk of effects and to avoid both unacceptable
contamination from excessive pollution sources, and
uneconomic and unnecessary regulations based on data
collection via the selected monitoring system.
Nebras N. et al. [24] proposed a geo-informatics augmented
framework of environmental modeling and information sharing
for controlling and managing air pollution. The framework is
described the main components and processes of integrated and
adaptive network of sensors for environmental monitoring
station. Besides, a set of intelligent models and robust
algorithms for data analysis and modeling.
The researcher Adel Ali et al. [25] utilizes a study aimed to
assess the health effects of air quality on the population in the
residential area around the industrial port. The data used in this
study is for the period from 1 January 2006 to 31 December
2011 by the Ministry of Health of Oman. The study adopted
several factors, including the amount of exposure to air
pollution based on proximity to sources of pollution, dispersion
models and wind speed. The study concluded that pollution was
distributed to four high and medium-sized areas, Sohar area and
control areas to compare the results with them. A model was
then used to calculate rates of respiratory disease, heart disease
and allergies for each region to compare results. The results
were as follows: Percentage of respiratory diseases in areas
exposed to high and medium areas and Sohar area compared to
control area 1.91 (95% CI: 1.87-1.95), 1.18 (95% CI: 1.15-1.21)
and 0.18 (95% CI: 0.18 -0.19), respectively. These rates were
2.16 (C 95%: 1.91-2.45), 1.05 (C 95%: 0.91-1.23) and 0.20 (C
95%: 0.1-0.23). The study also showed that the rate of infection
of all diseases in the high exposure area for the period from
2007 to 2009. The results also found negative health effects on
humans in high and medium exposure areas.
Dinesh K. S. and Jabar H Y [26] launched the using of Soft
Computing (SC) methodologies to design and implement an
environmental management monitoring system. The used the
artificial neural network in decision making for more accurate
and reliability. They presented a Self-Organizing Feature Map
(SOFM) unsupervised neural model for collecting static
datasets produced through environmental stations and real time
sensors. The neural model is used for analyzing the
environment data and then predicate a future rate and behavior
of this data. This model is used the produced information for
controlling and monitoring the alarming systems.
VI. PROPOSED FRAMEWORK MODEL
Usually, the traditional management strategies include certified
on the basis of the target of individual pollutants monitoring
methods. Whereas, the modern management air quality requires
extra comprehensive solutions as well as tubeless integrated
assessment framework. The proposed framework model is
integrating and managing different types of modules and
services as shown in Figure 6, which is a customized version of
the ISO 14001 EMS standard. The proposed framework is a
systematic approach for incorporating to achieve the goals and
International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume3, Issue 1, August 2017, ISSN: 2399-4509

priorities of the organization [27]. The major sections of EMS VII. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSIONS
describes as follows: The key approaches which are proposed in this framework
1) Develop Environment Management Program in order to achieve the research objectives include the
The model should have the ability to manage the integration of following:
a variety of services in a seamless and smooth way. This system Proposed the using of combination of cloud computing
can be inherited to any organization through a third party technologies and services to access, process and integrate
certification. databases;
2) Establishes Environmental Policy Identification the key stakeholder user requirements and the
The environmental policy interacts directly with continual communication between them for continuous updating of the
improvements module which is responsible about maintaining data collection queries and datasets;
and managing records of the EMS performance. And this stage Suggest a common data models and ontologies to integrate
need to implement a continual improvement which include the both static and real-time data collection, managing, verification
reviewing, auditing, and verifying the functionality of EMS. In and emigration to new database;
addition, the data integration from different types of sources, Design and implement of a continuous palming process
data cleaning, data standardization, and data management is inside and outside the organization based on modern data
covered. Data cleaning is the process of identifying and control and documentation.
removing the errors from recorded data for the purpose of Standardized authentication and access protocols will
improving the quality of these data. The data standardization is enforce controlled access to resources and software;
used to increase data compatibility and improve the consistency Implement a model registry and scientific workflow tools to
and reduce data redundancy. help users for uploading, sharing and executing the web
3) The Planning services through a common model registry over grid computing
Identifies the statement of organizational commitment and infrastructure.
requirements, which initiatives the attributes, activities,
services and resources needed to achieve the environmental
policy and economic goals. The size and the scope of the
organization must be clearly defined.
4) Implementation & Operations
In this stage, the main procedures will be described and
identified the operational controls. Then identify the structure,
laws, regulations and responsibilities to achieve the
organization goals. Besides, it must determine the emergency
plan and actions. Lastly, a monitoring procedures and
awareness alarm system is must covered.
5) Checking and Correction Action
The proposed model will provide checking, implementation,
and planning processes which includes different types of
services such as inside/outside training and competence.
Besides, effectively monitor and assess the environmental
management activities.
6) Management Review
At this stage, a high-level evaluation of all parts of the
management system is evaluated and checked. A senior
management is monitor the overall activities and functions of
the different parts to achieve the goals of the organization and
ensure the continual improvement. The proposed conceptual
framework is considered as a platform for implementing,
deploying, integrating, discovering and invoking different types
of environmental resources from services and infrastructures.
Fig. 6. Air Pollution Framework Model.
Likewise, the proposed framework is provided an additional
services to process and analysis the managed data, in order to
support all decision-making regarding the pollutant thresholds,
i.e. to raise alarms and notify relevant departments where REFERENCES
necessary, to generate different type of reports, and to visualize
[1] World Health Organization 2017 . http://www.who.int/phe/en/
the data in suitable form. [2] Guan, Gaoyang, Yuan Chen, Kai Guo, Yi Gao, and Wei Dong. "Low-cost
urban air quality monitoring with Mosaic." In Computer Communications
Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS), 2016 IEEE Conference on, pp. 642-
643. IEEE, 2016.
[3] ISO Technical Committee ISO/TC 207 https://www.iso.org/iso-14001-
environmental-management.html

151
International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume3, Issue 1, August 2017, ISSN: 2399-4509

[4] Rita, T. Tse, and Yubin Xiao. "A portable Wireless Sensor Network
system for real-time environmental monitoring." In World of Wireless,
Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM), 2016 IEEE 17th
International Symposium on A, pp. 1-6. IEEE, 2016.
[5] El Raey, Mohamed. "Air quality and atmospheric pollution in the Arab
region." United National Environment Programme, Regional Office for
West Asia [http://www. un. org/esa/sustdev/csd/csd14/escwaRIM_bp1.
pdf] (2006).
[6] S L Saini, Dinesh Kumar Saini, and Jabar H. Yousif. Cloud Computing
and Enterprise Resource Planning Systems. Journal of Lecture Notes in
Engineering and Computer Science, Vol: 2190, Issue 1 pp: 681-684,
2011.
[7] Jabar H Yousif. Forecasting Hydrogen Sulfide Level Based Neural
Computation. International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences
(IJOCAAS). Pp21-26, August 2016.
[8] Sabah A. AbdulWahab , Monitoring of Air Pollution in the Atmosphere
Around Oman Liquid Natural Gas (OLNG) Plant, Journal of
Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances
and Environmental , Volume 40, Issue 3, pp 559-570. 2005. DOI:
10.1081/ESE-200046575 .
[9] Jin, H., Su, L., Chen, D., Nahrstedt, K., & Xu, J. Quality of information
aware incentive mechanisms for mobile crowd sensing systems. In
Proceedings of the 16th ACM, International Symposium on Mobile Ad
Hoc Networking and Computing (pp. 167-176). June 2015.
[10] Report State Of Global Air 2017.
https://www.stateofglobalair.org/sites/default/files/SOGA2017_report.p
df .
[11] Sashikanth Gurram, Amy Lynette Stuart, Abdul Rawoof Pinjari, Impacts
of travel activity and urbanicity on exposures to ambient oxides of
nitrogen and on exposure disparities. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health
vol8, pages 97-114, 2015
[12] Hasenfratz, David, Tabita Arn, Ivo de Concini, Olga Saukh, and Lothar
Thiele. "Health-optimal routing in urban areas." In Proceedings of the
14th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor
Networks, pp. 398-399. ACM, 2015.
[13] Global Health Observatory (GHO) data.
http://www.who.int/gho/publications/en/
[14] Farahat, Ashraf. "Air pollution in the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia,
the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and Oman): causes,
effects, and aerosol categorization." Arabian Journal of Geosciences 9.3
(2016): 196.
[15] World Development Indicators-World Bank Data (2016).
http://wdi.worldbank.org/tables
[16] Sabah A. AbdulWahab, Two case studies of air pollution from Oman
and Kuwait, International Journal of Environmental Studies, V66 (2),
pp(179-191, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207230903069403.
[17] Sabah A. Abdul-Wahab, Sulaiman O. Fadlallah, (2014) A study of the
effects of vehicle emissions on the atmosphere of Sultan Qaboos
University in Oman. Atmospheric Environment, vol98, pages 158-167.
[18] Rahm, Erhard, and Hong Hai Do. "Data cleaning: Problems and current
approaches." IEEE Data Eng. Bull. 23.4 (2000): 3-13.
[19] Nitin B Raut, Jabar H. Yousif,, Sanad Al Maskari, and Dinesh Kumar
Saini . Cloud for Pollution Control and Global Warming. Journal of
Lecture Notes in Engineering and Computer Science, Vol. 2190, Issue:1
pp:681-684 , 2011.
[20] Rimal, Bhaskar Prasad, Eunmi Choi, and Ian Lumb. "A Taxonomy and
Survey of Cloud Computing Systems." NCM 9 (2009): 44-51
[21] Ibtisam A. AL-Balushi, Jabar H. Yousif, Majid O. Al-Shezawi, Car
Accident Notification based on Mobile Cloud Computing ,Computation.
International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences (IJOCAAS).
2(2), Pp46-50, April 2017, ISSN 2399-4509.
[22] Majid O. Al-Shezawi, Jabar H. Yousif, Ibtisam A. AL-Balushi Automatic
Attendance Registration System based Mobile Cloud Computing.
International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences (IJOCAAS).
2(3), Pp116-122, August 2017, ISSN 2399-4509.
[23] Jabar H. Yousif, Nebras N. Alattar and Mabruk A. Fekihal , "Forecasting
Models Based CO2 Emission for Sultanate of Oman" , journal
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research (IJAER), Volume
12, Number 1 ,pp95-100 , 2017.
[24] Nebras et al., Generic framework for monitoring air pollutions in Sohar
industrial region, Proceedings of the IADIS International Conference
ICT, Society and Human Beings 2011 , Rome, Italy 20-26 July 2011,
ISBN (Book): 978-972-8939-36-6.
[25] Al-Wahaibi, A., and A. Zeka. "Air pollution and health indicators in a
rapidly developing industrial port in the Sultanate of Oman." (2013).
[26] Dinesh Kumar Saini and Jabar H Yousif. Environmental Scrutinizing
System based on Soft Computing Technique. International Journal of
Computer Applications 62(13):45-50, January 2013.
DOI:10.5120/10143-4952.
[27] Kuklinska, Karolina, Lidia Wolska, and Jacek Namiesnik. "Air quality
policy in the US and the EUa review." Atmospheric Pollution
Research 6.1 (2015): 129-137.
Dr. Jabar Yousif working as assistant Prof. at
Faculty of Computing and Information
Technology, Sohar University, Oman. Ph.D.
Information Science & Technology, M.Sc. &
B.Sc. in Computer Science. A postdoctoral
fellowship to design a Holistic Future Virtual
Reality Laboratory (Visi Lab). I have more than
20 years teaching experience. I published more
than 40 papers & books in the fields of Artificial
Intelligent, Renewable Energy, Cloud Computing, Soft Computing,
Artificial Neural Networks, Natural Language Processing, Arabic Text
Processing, Virtual Reality. Editorial board & reviewer for many
scientific journals and conferences.
Nebras Alattar received the B.S. degree in
Computer Science from Nasser University,
Libya, in 1999 and the M.S. degree in Computer
Science from University Putra Malaysia,
Malaysia, in 2002. He is currently pursuing the
Ph.D. degree in Computer Science at University
Perlis Malaysia, Malaysia.
From 2007 till now, he is a Lecture in Sohar
University, Faculty of Computing and IT,
Sohar, Oman. His research interest includes E-
environment, E-health Systems, Information Retrieval, and Image
Processing.

152