LTE System Overview Training M - N

HUAWEI
LTE System Overview

Training
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2017 Huawei Technologies Co. ,Ltd.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
1. LTE System Overview
a. Network Architecture
b. Air Interface Principles
c. eNodeB Product Overview
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LTE System Overview
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AMPS (Advanced Mobile Telephone System)

TACS (Total Access Communications System)
ETACS (Extended Total Access Communications System)

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Technical advantages to 3G: High data throughput, PS transmission, lower latency, wider
coverage and downward compatibility

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The LTE network has a flat architecture, which has the following characteristics:
The RNC is removed from the radio access network. The only NE in the radio
access network is the NodeB.
The MSC server and MGW are removed from the core network. Voice services are
provided based on IP.
The PS domain of the core network adopted an architecture similar to softswitch.
It separates the control plane from user plane.
The mobility management entity (MME) stores UE contexts on the control
plane, including the ID, status, and tracking area of the UE. It manages and
allocates an ID to an UE. The MME also performs functions such as mobility
management, authentication, key management, encryption, and integrity
protection.
A serving gateway (SGW) provides functions such as paging, information
management for a UE in idle state, mobility management, encryption on
the user plane, PDCP, SAE bearer control, and encryption and integrity
protection for NAS signaling.
It is an all-IP network.
The reasons for this design are as follows:
Too many network layers make it impossible to meet the requirement for low
delay, which is less than 10 ms on the radio network side.
The all-IP network has the lowest costs because the VoIP technology is already
mature.

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GUTI =GUMMEI + M-TMSI

=(MCC + MNC + MMEI) + M-TMSI
=(MCC + MNC + (MMEGI + MMEC)) + M-TMSI
=(MCC + MNC + MMEGI) + S-TMSI
GUMMEIGlobally Unique MME Identifier
MMEIMME Identifier
MMEGI: MME Group Identifier
TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
MMEI=MMEGI + MMEC
S-TMSI=MMEC + M-TMSI

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The eNB hosts the following functions:

Functions for Radio Resource Management: Radio Bearer Control, Radio Admission
Control, Connection Mobility Control, Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in
both uplink and downlink (scheduling);
IP header compression and encryption of user data stream;
Selection of an MME at UE attachment when no routing to an MME can be
determined from the information provided by the UE;
Routing of User Plane data towards Serving Gateway;
Scheduling and transmission of paging messages (originated from the MME);
Scheduling and transmission of broadcast information (originated from the MME
or O&M);
Measurement and measurement reporting configuration for mobility and
scheduling;
Scheduling and transmission of Public Warning System (PWS) (which includes
ETWS and CMAS) messages (originated from the MME).
Commercial Mobile Alert Service (CMAS) is to allow wireless service providers who
choose to participate, to send emergency alerts as text messages to their users
who have CMAS capable handsets
ETWS is a kind of public warning system (PWS) to notify all the UEs in a specific area
of emergency situation like Earthquake or Tsunami. The concept is very similar to
Cell Broadcasting in WCDMA and GSM network. (SIB10 and 11 are used to send
this message in LTE while CTCH is used in WCDMA)

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Mobility Management Entity (MME): The MME manages mobility, UE identities and
security parameters. MME functions includes:
NAS signalling;
NAS signalling security;
AS Security control;
Inter CN node signalling for mobility between 3GPP access networks;
Idle mode UE Reachability (including control and execution of paging
retransmission);
Tracking Area list management (for UE in idle and active mode);
PDN GW and Serving GW selection;
MME selection for handovers with MME change;
SGSN selection for handovers to 2G or 3G 3GPP access networks;
Roaming;
Authentication;
Bearer management functions including dedicated bearer establishment;
Support for PWS (which includes ETWS and CMAS) message transmission;
Optionally performing paging optimisation.

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OFDM has a history of 40 years in application, and it is initially used in radio

communications in military.
In 1950s, American military established the first multi-carrier modulation system.
In 1970s, the OFDM system with massive subcarriers appeared. However, mass
commercial application did not appear due to the system complexity and high costs.
In 1990s, with the development of digital communication technologies, IFFT on the OFDM
transmitter side and FFT on the OFDM receiver side reduces system complexity, enabling
OFDM to be widely used.

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LTE Principle Fundamental
With standard OFDM, very narrow UE-specific transmissions can suffer from narrowband
fading and interference. That is why for the downlink 3GPP chose OFDMA, which
incorporates elements of time division multiple access (TDMA). OFDMA allows subsets of
the subcarriers to be allocated dynamically among the different users on the channel. The
result is a more robust system with increased capacity. This is due to the trunking
efficiency of multiplexing low rate users and the ability to schedule users by frequency,
which provides resistance to multi-path fading.

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The multiple-access technology is used to distinguish users in a system, including FDMA,

TDMA, and CDMA.
FDMA: The first-generation mobile telecommunications uses FDMA, which divides a
frequency into multiple channels and is easy to deploy. However, the system capacity is
limited due to limited frequency resources.
TDMA: Based on FDMA, TDMA divides each frequency in both the frequency domain and
time domain, increasing the system capacity and improving the spectral efficiency.
CDMA: CDMA distinguishes users based on the frequency, time, and code. In this way, the
system capacity is further improved. However, CDMA has a high requirement in
interference resistance technology.
In terms of capacity, the capacity of a TDMA system is four to six times as large as that of
an FDMA system while the capacity of a CDMA system is ten to twenty times as large as
that of an FDMA system.
The system capacity is closely related to the carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR), which refers
to a ratio of the strength of a carrier signal to the strength of an interfering signal in a
radio channel. If a large CIR is required, the interference resistance of the system is weak,
and the system capacity is small.
In terms of deployment, FDMA is the easiest one while CDMA is the most complicated
one.
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is a multi-user version of the
orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) digital modulation scheme. The
previous figure illustrates OFDMA. As shown in the figure, a bandwidth is divided into
smaller units, that is, subcarrier. These subcarriers are grouped and allocated to
equipment. The equipment can be allocated with different resources in both the time
domain and frequency domain.

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Compared with OFDMA, SC_FDMA has the following advantages:

Lower PAPR, facilitating the design of UE PAs
Achieving orthogonal frequency multiplexing between users with an ensured
spectral efficiency
Achieving multiplexing by using DFT and orthogonal subcarrier mapping
Supporting frequency link adaptation and multi-user scheduling

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The LTE Radio interface, namely the E-UTRA (Evolved - Universal Terrestrial Radio Access),
is able to operate in many different radio bands. The table illustrates the Release 10
frequency bands as well as other parameters which are used to identify centre frequencies.
FDD requires two centre frequencies, one for the downlink and one for the uplink. These
carrier frequencies are each given an EARFCN (E-UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel
Number) which ranges from 0 to 65535. In contrast, TDD only has one EARFCN.

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Each 10 ms radio frame consists of two half-frames of 5 ms each. Each half-frame consists
of eight slots of length 0.5 ms and three special fields: DwPTS, GP and UpPTS
(DwPTS+GP+UpPTS=1ms).
GP is reserved for downlink to uplink transition. Other Subframes are assigned for either
downlink or uplink transmission.
Uplink and downlink transmissions are separated in the time domain.

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DL/UL Subframe Allocation Item

Subframe 1 in all configurations and subframe 6 in configuration with 5ms switch-
point periodicity consists of DwPTS, GP and UpPTS. Subframe 6 in configuration
with 10ms switch-point periodicity consists of DwPTS only. All other subframes
consist of two equally sized slots.
Subframes 0 and 5 and DwPTS are always reserved for DL transmission

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PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel)

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel)
PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel)
PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel)
PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel)
PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel)
PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel)
PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel)

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As an example, the applications of the channels in a complete network access procedure

are as follows:
The UE obtains the PCI and gets synchronized with the eNodeB in the downlink on
the P-SCH and S-SCH. The downlink synchronization includes frame
synchronization and symbol synchronization.
The UE gets system information (SIB1) on the PDSCH. MIB and SIB1 are always
scheduled on the PBCH and other SIBs are dynamically scheduled on PDSCHs.
Periods and listening windows of other SIBs are broadcast in SIB1. After
the UE receives SIB1, it knows the other SIBs to be received later.
The UE initiates the random access on the PRACH and gets synchronized with the
eNodeB in the uplink.
After random access, the UE requests uplink scheduling on the PUCCH.
If there is uplink or downlink data to be transmitted, the UE needs to listen to the
PDCCH to get information about the PUSCH and PDSCH. Then, the UE sends data
on the PUSCH and receives data on the PDSCH.

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Parameter Description
Qrxlevmeas Measured RSRP value
Qrxlevmin Minimal Required Rx level (dBm) in SIB1
Qrxlevmino Offset to Srxlev, relative with PLMN priority ,.QrxlevminOffset is only
ffset applied when a cell is evaluated for cell selection as a result of a
periodic search for a higher priority PLMN while camped normally in
a VPLMN in SIB1
Pcompensa max (PMaximum allowed power PUE MAX Output Power, 0), where PMaximum allowed
tion power is sent in SIB1
Qqualmeas measured RX signal quality (RSRQ value) of the cell, expressed in

units of dB.
Qqualmin Minimal required signal quality
QQualMinOff Offset to Qqualmin, relative with PLMN priority ,.QrxlevminOffset is
set only applied when a cell is evaluated for cell selection as a result of a
periodic search for a higher priority PLMN while camped normally in
a VPLMN in SIB1

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According to achieve different purposes, you can use different multi-antenna techniques:
Diversity mode. Multiple antennas can be used to provide diversity to resist fading of
radio channels. In this case, fading on different antennas should have a low
correlation.
Transmitted on different antennas in the same data
Diversity mode can indirectly increase the capacity
Number of receive antennas may be less than the number of transmit antennas
Spatial multiplexing. Transmitter and receiver using two or more antennas, spatial
multiplexing can be performed. It did not reduce the power efficiency of the premise
of improving bandwidth utilization, or without reducing the premise covered by the
limited bandwidth available in a higher output transmission rate. Sometimes Spatial
multiplexing also call MIMO.
Transmitted on different antennas in the different data
Diversity mode can directly increase the capacity
Number of receive antennas is not less than the number of transmit antennas
Beamforming. Multi-antenna can perform beamforming, such as the maximizing
objective of the antenna gain in the specified direction or suppress specific main
interference signal. According to the correlation between different antennas, system
can adopt different beamforming methods.
The data are weighted and sent by transmitter, forming narrow transmit
beamforming energy and aim at the target user, thereby improving
demodulation SINR of the target user and reducing the interference of non-
target users.

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MIMO can better use space resource and improves spectrum efficiency, so the signal
obtain array gain, diversity gain, multiplexing gain and interference cancellation gain,
which can improves system capacity, coverage and user throughput.

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SISOSingle input single output

SISO is the basic radio channel access mode, it is the default method in radio
communication system at the beginning.
MISO(Diversity transmitting mode)
MISO, multiple input single output, in other words, it means two or multi-
transmitter but one receiver. Because the same information transmitted by
different antenna, which can enhance the robustness against fading and improve
the transmission performance in low SNR scenarios. It can be used at the same rate
with lower transmission power but cannot improves the transmission rate.
SIMO(Diversity receiving mode)
SIMO is opposition with MISO. SIMO means single input multiple output, namely
two or more receivers but one transmitters, usually refers to the receive diversity.
SIMO is similar to transmit diversity which is particularly suitable for low SNR
scenarios. In this scenario, if you use dual receiver, in theory, the gain will be 3dB.
Compared with transmit diversity, the cell edge coverage has improved because
the SNR has improved when using receive diversity.
MIMOMultiple input multiple output
MIMO, two or more receivers and two or more transmitters. This model not only
the simple sum of SIMO and MISO, because multiple data streams are
simultaneously transmitted in frequency domain and time domain to fully utilize
the radio channel in different paths. For MIMO system, it must have at least equal
to the number of multiple receivers transmit data stream. (Notes: Number of
transmit data stream is unequal to number of transmit antenna).

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The transmitter and receiver do not specify a base station or UE in previous slide, so we have
different scenarios in this page.
The purpose of the pre-coding is based on the optimal transmission characteristics of the channel,
so that when the signal is received, it can more easily be separated and then restored to the original
data stream.
The intention of SU-MIMO is increasing the rate of a single user, which would also enhance the
capacity of the cell. The figure shows that two different data streams are assigned to the same UE.
SU-MIMO can be used for uplink or downlink.
The second scenario is 2*2 multi-user MIMO(MU-MIMO), just use in uplink. MU-MIMO cant
increase the rate of a single user, but can enhance cell capacity gain, it is similar to SU-MIMO or
better. The figure shows that two data streams come from different UEs, the distance of two
transmitters is further than the distance of single user in SU-MIMO. And there is not physical
connection between two transmitters, which means no chance of through mixing two data flow to
optimize channel coding. However, because of the spatial separation method, improve the
opportunity of eNodeB collect irrelevance channel of UE. Thus, compared to the pre-encoded SU-
MIMO, it maximizes the possible capacity gain. The another advantage of MU-MIMO is the UE
doesnt consume the spending and power of the transmitter, but the cell capacity stills can improve.
The thirdly scenarios is Co-MIMO, the essence is the end point of two transmitters have been
associated. The figure shows that in DL scenario, two eNodeBs through sharing data stream and
pre-coding spatial separate antenna cooperation method to better communication with at least one
UE. This is the best methods in the cell edge, then, the SINR will suffer but the radio channel is non-
related, so it will potential enhance the system performance. Co-MIMO is also possible to use in the
uplink, but it is difficult to be applied because there is no physical connection between UE. MU-
MIMO uplink Co-MIMO pre-coding is not used because there are not connect UEs. Uplink Co-
MIMO also names virtual MIMO. There is not Co-MIMO in 3GPP R8 protocol, it will be studied and
achieve in 3GPP R9/R10, which will satisfies the requirement of IMT-Advance 4G.

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Closed-loop: Need the UE feedback encoder selection information, suitable for low speed
scenarios.
Open-loop: No need UE feedback encoder selection information, determine by eNodeB,
suitable for high speed scenarios.

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Array gain: MIMO system uses the signal correlation and noise non-correlation on each
antenna, improves the average SINR of the combined signal, and obtains the performance
gain.
Diversity gain: MIMO system against the channel fading of the effect of performance,
reduce the fading range of combined signal and obtain performance gain base on the
signal deep fading non-correlation on each antenna.
Multiplexing gain: On the premise of same bandwidth and same total transmission power,
increase the number of spatial channel(Increase the number of antennas) and obtain
throughput gain.
Interference cancellation gain: Make use of IRC(Interference Rejection Combining) and the
other multiple antenna interference rejection algorithms, obtain the gain on interference
scenarios.

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Abbreviation
UE: User Equipment
E-UTRAN: Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
MME: Mobility Management Entity
SGW: Serving Gateway
PDN-GW: Packet Data Network Gateway
HSS: Home Subscriber Server
PCRF: Policy Control and charging Rule Function
IFFT: Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
FFT: Fast Fourier Transform

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1 IMSI/IMEI/IP Address
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1. LTE System Overview

b. Air Interface Principles

c. eNodeB Product Overview

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

AMPS (Advanced Mobile Telephone System)

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GUTI =GUMMEI + M-TMSI

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The eNB hosts the following functions:

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OFDM has a history of 40 years in application, and it is initially used in radio

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The multiple-access technology is used to distinguish users in a system, including FDMA,

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Compared with OFDMA, SC_FDMA has the following advantages:

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DL/UL Subframe Allocation Item

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PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel)

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As an example, the applications of the channels in a complete network access procedure

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