مشروع 2

DEDICATION
thanks and gratitude to my beloved parents, for without their love,

kindness and support nothing was possible to reach along the way.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Every great dream begins with a dreamer. Always remember, you have within you the
strength, the patience, and the passion to reach for the stars to change the world.
Keep your dreams alive. Understand to achieve anything requires faith and belief in
yourself, vision, hard work, determination, and dedication. Remember all things are
possible for those who believe.
We would like to dedicate this project to our families, teachers, our department, and
our college who have given us Patience, encouragement, love, inspiration and support
during the last years of our life as we progressed on the paths that we have chosen.
We love you all and thank you for being here for us.
TABLE OF CONTENT
DEDICATION.................................................................................................................... I
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................... I
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUTION ........................................................................................ 37
1.1 : BACKGROOND ................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
1.2 : PROJECT OBJECTIVE........................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
1.3 : REASARCH QUESTION .................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
1.4 : SCOPE AND LIMITATION ................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
1.6 :AREAS AND HEIGHTS....................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
1.7 : MATERIAL PROPERTIES: ................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
CHAPTERE TWO : LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................... 42
2.1 THE SLAB SYSTEM ......................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
2.2 ECONOMIC ASPECT OF THE WAFFLE SLAB .......................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
CHAPTERE THREE : METHODOLOGY ........................................................................... 54
3.1 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS:................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.2 STRUCTURAL DESIGN: ...................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.3 WORK STEPS ..................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
2.4 BUILDING CODES AND PROGRAM USED : ....... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
CHABTERE FOUR : RESULT AND DISSCUTION............................................................. 63
4.1: RESULT .................................................................................................................. 72
II
4.1.1: DESIGN OF SLABS ................................................................................................. 72
4.1.2 BEAMS DISIGEN .............................................................................................. 72
4.1.3 DESIGN OF SHORT COLUMNS .................................................................................. 73
4.1.4 FOOTING DESIGN .................................................................................................. 73
4.1.5 DESIGN OF STAIRS ................................................................................................. 73
4.1.6 WALL DESIGN ...................................................................................................... 73
4.2 DISSCUTION .......................................................................................................... 74
4.2.1 ONE WAY SLABS .............................................................................................. 74
4.2.2 TWO WAY SLABS ............................................................................................. 75
4.2.3 BEAMS ............................................................................................................ 75
4.2.4 SHORT COLUMNS ..................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
4.2.5 FOUNDATION .......................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
4.2.6 STAIRS ................................................................................................................ 75
4.2.7 SHEAR WALL ........................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
CHAPTER FIVE : CONCLUSION ..................................................................................... 75
REFERENCE................................................................................................................... 76
III
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUTION
This report including our project which is represents a design procedure

for a reinforced concrete building. This building consists from (5) levels:
basement floor , ground floor, first floor , second floor and 3rd floors ,
with total area of 4802 m2. Including a design of one way and two way
ribbed slab, beams , column , foundation , stair , ,basement wall
1.1 Considerations & limits:

It must be taken into consideration during the design for each structural
element the serviceability, strength, and safety, economy, and durability
requirements. In addition, the material properties should be suitable to
each design element, & the method which used to design the structure
Ultimate Strength Design Method [USD].
1.2 The Used Code:
The code which is intended to cover all building of the commonly types
both large & small is BULDING CODE REQUIRMENT FOR
REINFORCED CONCRETE " (ACI 318-08).
1.3 Data for Analysis & Design:

fy = 420 MPa for tension & compression steel bars
fc = 28 Mpa for all structural elements.
fyv= 280 MPa for stirrups.
Analysis & Design done by using " ULTIMATE

STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD" [ USD]
37
1.4 Loads:
Load that act on the structures can be divided into two categories: Dead
loads & Live loads.
1.4.1 Dead Loads:
Are constant in magnitude & fixed in locations through out the lifetime of the
structure. Usually the major part of the dead load is the weight of the structure
itself. This can be calculated with good accuracy from the design
configuration, dimension of structure, & the density of the materials for
buildings, floor fill, and finish floor. & plastered ceiling are usually including
as dead loads.
1.4.2 Live Loads:
Are consisting chiefly of occupancy loads in building. They may be either

fully or partially in place or not presence at all & may also change in
location. There magnitude & distribution at any given time are uncertain
& even their maximum intensities through the lifetime of the structure are
not known with precision. The minimum live loads for which the floor &
roof of a building should be designed are usually specified in the building
code that governs at the site of the construction.
38
1.5 Minimum thickness of one way ribbed slab:
Using the table 9-5.a in the ACI code that gives the minimum thickness of
beam or one way slabs:
Table (2.1): Minimum thickness, h
Simply One end Both end Cantilever

supported continuous continuous s
Solid one-
L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10
Way Slab
Beams or
Ribbed
L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8
One-way
Slab
1. Both end continuous L/21=6400/21=304.7 mm

2.Cantilivar L/8 = 1140 / 8 = 142.5 mm
Assume the thickness of the slab =310mm
39
1.6 Load Calculation for the one way ribbed slab:
For The [31] cm thickness
Dead Load: (using 24 cm H.B)
Service dead load :

Imosaic tile = 0.52*0.03*2500 = 39 Kg
Mortar = 0.52*0.03*2300 = 35.88 Kg
Sand = 0.52*0.1*1800 = 93.6 Kg
Top matt = 0.52*0.07*2500 = 91 Kg
Web = 0.24*0.12*2500 = 72 Kg
Hollow block = 5*18 = 90Kg
Plaster = 0.52*0.02*2100 = 21.84 Kg
Total =443.32 Kg
40
D.L for slab = 443.32 Kg *{10 1000}(m/sec2)
= 4.44 KN/m'
Portion load =250kg/m2*10m/sec2*0.52/1000

= 1.3 KN m'
Total rib D.L = 4.44 + 1.3 = 5.74 KN/m'

Ultimate D.L = 1.2*5.74 = 6.84 KN/m'
Live Load:
For (private apartments) .
Live load =200kg/m 2
LL = 200*0.52*9.81/1000 = 1.02 KN/m'
Service L.L = 1.02kN/m.r
Ultimate L.L=1.6X1.02=1.63KN/m.r
41
CHAPTERE Two : LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 The Code of Practice
2.1.1 ACI Code
ACI code was developed by The American Concrete Institute (ACI) one
of the world's leading authorities on concrete technology. ACI is a forum
for the discussion of all matters related to concrete and the development
of solutions to problems.
The ACI Code covers the materials, design, and construction of

structural concrete used in buildings and where applicable in
non_building Structures. The Code also covers the strength evaluation of
existing concrete structures.
2.1.2 Jordanian code

The code was developed by the Jordanian construction council and in
cooperating with the royal scientific society to organize the construction
works and establishes a clear vision for design the preparation of the
code was supervised by a group of Jordanian engineers, taking British
code as the main reference.
42
2.2 ACI-code Requirements for Ribbed Slab
2.2.1 Ribbed slab casting:
The ACI code specifies the following limitations about ribbed slab
construction:
Joist construction consists of a monolithic Combination of regularly
spaced ribs and a top slab arranged to span in one direction or two
orthogonal Directions.
According to this we conclude that the ribbed slab should be casted
monolithically.
2.2.2 Rib dimension

The ACI code mention the following about rib dimensions
Ribs shall be not less than 100 mm in width, and shall have a depth of
not more than 3.5 times the minimum width of rib.
Clear spacing between ribs shall not exceed 750 mm.
According to these limitations we use a rib of following dimensions the
web width 120mm, and flange width 520mm, with thickness of 70mm.
2.2.3 Rib analysis

43
The rib must be analysis to find maximum flexure moment that affect on
the section and the ACI code specify the following about the analysis
All members of frames or continuous construction shall be designed for
the maximum effects of factored loads as determined by the theory of
elastic analysis.
The following approximate moments and shears shall be permitted for

design of continuous beams and one-way slabs (slabs reinforced to resist
flexural stresses in only one direction), provided (a) through (d) are
satisfied:
(a) There are two or more spans.
(b) Loads are uniformly distributed.
(c) Unfactored live load, L, does not exceed three times unfactored dead
load, D; and
(d) Members are prismatic.
For calculating negative and positive moments, the following are used:
Positive moment:
End spans
Discontinuous end unrestrained
wu ln2/11
Discontinuous end integral with support
wu ln2/14
Interior spans
wu ln2/16
Negative moment:
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At interior face of exterior support
wu ln2/24
Shear force
At face of first and end interior support
1.15wu ln /2
Shear at face of all other support
wu ln /2
We just only use the (1/24) coefficient for exterior support, the other
moment and shear values are obtained by analysis and design programs.
2.2.4 Shear design for rib
Shear force effect must be taken in consideration avoid shear failure the
ACI code limit the following
Shear reinforcement consisting of the following shall be permitted:
(a) Stirrups perpendicular to axis of member.
(b) Welded wire reinforcement with wires located perpendicular to axis
of member.
(c) Spirals, circular ties, or hoops.
For nonprestressed members, shear reinforcement shall be permitted to
also consist of:
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(a) Stirrups making an angle of 45 degrees or more with longitudinal
tension reinforcement.
(b) Longitudinal reinforcement with bent portion making an angle of 30
degrees or more with the longitudinal tension reinforcement
(c) Combinations of stirrups and bent longitudinal reinforcement.
The values of fy and fyt used in design of shear reinforcement shall not
exceed 420 MPa, except the value shall not exceed 550 MPa for welded
deformed wire reinforcement.
Minimum shear reinforcement
A minimum area of shear Reinforcement, Av, min, shall be provided in
all reinforced concrete flexural members (prestressed and
nonprestressed)
Where Vu exceeds 0.5Vc, except:
(a) Slabs and footings;
(b) Concrete joist construction;
(c) Beams with h not greater than the largest of 250 mm, 2.5 times
thickness of flange, or 0.5 the Width of web.
Spacing limits for shear reinforcement
Spacing of shear reinforcement placed perpendicular to axis of member
shall not exceed d/2 in nonprestressed members nor 600 mm.
We conclude that we have to add shear reinforcement to have some of
ductility to the flexural concrete member, to avoid shear failure or at
least to have warning about failure; the shear reinforcement we used is
perpendicular to the axis of members with (fyt= 280Mpa).
In slabs the shear reinforcement we used at maximum spacing when
ultimate shear force exceeds the half of section shear capacity, the area
46
of shear reinforcement is constant but the spacing is variable, and
maximum spacing should not exceed (d/2) nor (600).
2.2.5 Reduction factors

Design strength provided by a member, its connections to other
members, and its cross sections, in terms of flexure, axial load, shear,
and torsion, shall be taken as the nominal strength calculated in
accordance with requirements and assumptions of this Code, multiplied
by the strength reduction factors :
Strength reduction factor shall be as given as following:
Tension-controlled sections
0.90
Compression-controlled sections;
(a) Members with spiral reinforcement
0.75
(b) Other reinforced members
0.65
Shear reduction factor
0.75
When applying the equations of design for flexural moment or shear

reinforcement, the nominal strength must multiplied by a reduction
factor for safety, also we assume that we have a tension controlled
section to have warnings about failure and does not occur suddenly as
compression controlled members.
47
2.2.6 Concrete protection for reinforcement (concrete
cover) for slabs
To protect reinforcement steel a minimum cover should provided.
(a) Concrete cast against and
Permanently exposed to earth
75mm
(b) Concrete exposed to earth or weather:
Wall panels, slabs, joists
25mm
Other members
40mm
(c) Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground:
Slabs, walls, joists
20mm
Beams, columns
40mm
Ties, stirrups, spirals
25mm
2.3 ACI-code Requirements for beams

2.3.1 Beam reinforcement spacing
48
Spacing limits for reinforcement
The minimum clear spacing between parallel Bars in a layer shall be db,
but not less than 25 mm.
Where parallel reinforcement is placed in two or more layers, bars in the
upper layers shall be placed directly above bars in the bottom layer with
clear distance between layers not less than 25 mm.
2.3.2 ACI-code Requirements for shear reinforcement

Minimum shear reinforcement
A minimum area of shear Reinforcement, Av, min, shall be provided in
all reinforced concrete flexural members (prestressed and
nonprestressed)
Where Vu exceeds 0.5Vc, except:
(a) Slabs and footings;
(b) Concrete joist construction;
(c) Beams with h not greater than the largest of 250 mm, 2.5 times
thickness of flange, or 0.5 the Width of web.
Spacing limits for shear reinforcement
Spacing of shear reinforcement placed perpendicular to axis of member
shall not exceed d/2 in nonprestressed members nor 600 mm.
49
Where shear reinforcement is required shall be computed by
Av, min= (0.062 *fc* b*S) / Fyv
2.3.3 Reduction factors

Design strength provided by a member, its connections to other
members, and its cross sections, in terms of flexure, axial load, shear,
and torsion, shall be taken as the nominal strength calculated in
accordance with requirements and assumptions of this Code, multiplied
by the strength reduction factors :
Strength reduction factor shall be as given as following:
Tension-controlled sections
0.90
Compression-controlled sections;
(a) Members with spiral reinforcement
0.75
50
(b) Other reinforced members
0.65
(c)Shear reduction factor
0.75
When applying the equations of design for flexural moment or shear
reinforcement, the nominal strength must multiplied by a reduction
factor for safety, also we assume that we have a tension controlled
section to have warnings about failure and does not occur suddenly as
compression controlled members.
2.3.4 Deflection of ribbed slab

To check serviceability of designed slabs; we should take into
consideration its deflection, the following specifications limits the
amount of permissible deflection
Maximum permissible computed deflections:
Flat roofs not supporting or attached to nonstructural elements likely to
be damaged by large deflections Immediate deflection due to live load L(
l /180).
Floors not supporting or attached to nonstructural elements likely to be
damaged by large deflections Immediate deflection due to live load L( l
/360).
Roof or floor construction supporting or attached to nonstructural
elements likely to be damaged by large deflections That part of the total
deflection occurring after attachment of nonstructural elements (sum of
the long-term deflection due to all sustained loads and the immediate
deflection due to any additional live load)(l /480).
51
Roof or floor construction supporting or attached to nonstructural
elements not likely to be damaged by large deflections (l /240).
The type of partition we used is not likely to be damaged by large
deflection so we use the factor (1/240) multiplied by the span length, and
compare it with the obtained deflection result by analysis and design
programs.
2.4 ACI-code Requirements for Columns

2.4.1 Reinforced for types of columns
In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced
Compression members, clear distance between longitudinal
Bars shall be not less than 1.5db nor less than40 mm.
Area of longitudinal reinforcement, Ast, for noncomposite compression
members shall be not less than 0.01Ag or more than 0.08Ag.
Minimum number of longitudinal bars in compression members shall be
4 for bars within rectangular or circular ties, 3 for bars within triangular
ties, and 6 for bars enclosed by spirals
For nonprestressed members with spiral Reinforcement:
Pnmax = 0.85 [0.85fc (Ag Ast) + fyAst ]; =0.75
For nonprestressed members with tie reinforcement:
Pnmax = 0.80 [0.85fc (Ag Ast) + fyAst ]; =0.65
2.4.2 Slender columns

Slenderness effects in Compression members
Slenderness effects shall be permitted to
Be neglected in the following cases:
52
(a) For compression members not braced against sidesway when:
K Lc/r 22
(b) for compression members braced against sidesway when:
K Lc/r 34 12(M1/M2) 40
Where M1/M2 is positive if the column is bent in single Curvature, and
negative if the member is bent in double curvature.
It shall be permitted to consider compression members braced against
sidesway when bracing elements have a total stiffness, resisting lateral
movement of that story, of at least 12 times the gross stiffness of the
columns within the story.
2.5 Programs Used

We use analysis and design programs and drawing program to obtain the
analysis results like moments, shear forces, and deflection, and to draw
the sections and plans.
2.5.1 PROKON
This is computer suits of analysis and design programs we used
PORKON to obtain the values of moment and shear force.
2.5.2 AUTOCAD
It is the well- known drawing program we used it to draw all of plans
and sections in this project.
53
CHAPTERE THREE : METHODOLOGY
3.1 Materials:
Reinforced concrete comprises concrete containing metal

reinforcement and designed on the assumption that the two materials act
together to support the imposed loading
3.1.1 HISTORY OF REINFORCED CONCRETE:
The Assyrians and Babylonians used clay as the bonding

substance or cement. The Egyptians used lime and gypsum cement. In
1756, British engineer, John Smeaton made the first modern concrete
(Hydraulic Cement) by adding pebbles as a coarse aggregate and mixing
powered brick into the cement. In 1824, English inventor, Joseph Aspdin
invented Portland Cement, which has remained the dominant cement
used in concrete production. Joseph Aspdin created the first true artificial
cement by burning ground limestone and clay together. The burning
process changed the chemical properties of the materials and Joseph
Aspdin created stronger cement than what using plain crushed limestone
would produce.
The use of reinforced concrete is a relatively recent invention,

usually dated to 1848 when Jean-Louis Lambot became the first to use it.
Joseph Monier, a French gardener, patented a design for reinforced
54
garden tubs in 1868, and later patented reinforced concrete beams and
posts for railway and road guardrails. Most reinforcement is made of
steel, but fiber-reinforced plastic materials are available.
The major developments of reinforced concrete have taken place

since the year 1900; and from the late 20th Century, engineers have
developed sufficient confidence in a new method of reinforcing concrete,
called post-tensioned concrete, to make routine use of it.
3.1.2 Concrete:
The concrete in reinforced concrete is a composite material which

consists essentially of a binding medium within which are embedded
particles or fragments of relatively inert filler. In general concrete
construction we are primarily concerned with Portland cement concrete,
and unless otherwise qualified, the singular term concrete implies
Portland cement concrete. ACI Code deals only with Portland cement
concrete.
In Portland cement concrete, the binder is a mixture of Portland

cement and water; the filler may be any of a wide variety of natural or
artificial aggregates which are classified by size into two groups, fine
and coarse. Hence, the four primary ingredients of concrete are: (1)
Portland cement, (2) fine aggregate, (3) coarse aggregate and (4) water.
In addition to the four primary ingredients, supplementary ingredients-
called admixtures- are often added to the batch for the purpose of
modifying the concrete properties.
55
The bulk of the material consists of aggregates which usually
occupy from about 65 to 80 percent of the concrete volume. The binding
medium, commonly referred to as paste, constitutes the remaining 20 to
35 percent of the volume of concrete. In properly made concrete, each
particle of aggregate, regardless of size, is completely coated with paste.
As the paste hardens, due to chemical reactions between the cement and
water, it binds the aggregate particles to form a rock-like mass. The
properties of the hardened concrete depend to a large extent on the
quality of the paste, as well as on the characteristics of the aggregates,
conditions of exposure, and, most obviously of all, upon the care and
workmanship that went into producing the concrete structure.
Concrete is a material used in building construction, consisting of

a hard, chemically inert particulate substance, known as an aggregate
(usually made from different types of sand and gravel), that is bonded
together by cement and water. It is mainly used in constructions
(Foundation, Columns, Beams, Slabs and all the other elements).
Concrete that includes imbedded metal (usually steel) is called

reinforced concrete or ferroconcrete. Reinforced concrete was invented
(1849) by Joseph Monier, who received a patent in 1867. Joseph Monier
was a Parisian gardener who made garden pots and tubs of concrete
reinforced with an iron mesh.
Reinforced concrete combines the tensile or bendable strength of

metal and the compressional strength of concrete to withstand heavy
loads. Joseph Monier exhibited his invention at the Paris Exposition of
1867. Besides his pots and tubs, Joseph Monier promoted reinforced
concrete for use in railway ties, pipes, floors, arches, and bridges.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED

CONCRETE:
Table (1-1)
Advantages Disadvantages
56
Ability to be cast Volume instability
Economical Low ductility
Durable Low strength to weight ratio
Fire resistant Low tensile strength
Energy efficient ----
On-site fabrication ----
Aesthetic properties ----
3.1.3 Portland Cement:
Portland cements are hydraulic cements, that is, they harden by

reacting with water. The chemical process of hardening is called
hydration. Materials used in the manufacture of Portland cement must
contain appropriate proportions of lime, silica, alumina, and iron
components.
Portland cement is defined as the product obtained by pulverizing clinker

consisting essentially of hydraulic calcium silicates, to which no
additions have been made subsequent to calcinations, other than water or
untreated calcium sulfate, or both, except that additions not to exceed
one percent of other materials may be inter ground with the clinker at the
option of
the manufacturer, provided such materials in the amounts
indicated have been shown to be not harmful.
The ACI Code required that Portland cement conform to
"Specifications for Portland Cement" or "Specifications for Air-
Entraining Portland Cement". It also permits Portland type cements
which conform to "Specifications for Portland Blast-Furnace Slag
Cement" and "Specifications for Portland-Pozzolan Cement" if adequate
provisions are made for damp curing of the concrete in the structure to
avoid the risk of low strength and poor durability which might occur if
concrete made with these cements were allowed to dry too soon after
placing.
57
ASTM C150 covers five types of Portland cement, each having
certain physical and chemical requirements for specific purposes:
Type 1: For overall use in general concrete construction when

the special properties of other types are not required.
Type 1 cement is generally carried in stock. This standard cement is
normally furnished whenever the type is not specified.
Type 2: For use in general concrete construction exposed to

moderate sulfate action, or where moderate heat of hydration is
required.
Type 3: For use discretionally where high-early strength is

required, as in emergency construction and repairs, or when more
heat must be developed to offset low temperatures. Rapid hardening,
early strength concrete is important when it is desired to remove
forms with the least possible delay, or when it becomes necessary to
put the concrete into service at early periods, usually a week or less.
Another application is in cold weather construction, where its use
reduces the low temperature protection period. It should be noted;
however, that satisfactory high-early-strength concrete can often be
produced more economically by using richer mixes (higher cement
content) of type 1 cement. Because of the excessive amount of heat
generated during hydration, type 3 cement should not be used in hot
weather, and in massive structures, where the heat of hydration may
cause cracks.
Type 4: For use when a low heat of hydration is required.

Attention is called to the fact that type 4 cement is not usually carried
in stock. Strength development with type 4 is slower than with the
other cements.
Type 5: For use when high sulfate resistance is required. It is used

mainly for foundations and underground structure in some parts of the
West having highly alkaline soils or ground waters. It has a slower rate
of
hardening than normal type 1 cement. Type 5 cement is not
readily available.
58
Approximate relative strengths of concretes made with different
cements are shown in table (1-2); the given values are based on
concretes that are moist-cured until tested.
Table (1-2)
Type of Compressive strength,
Portland Percent of strength of type 1
Cement Portland cement concrete
1 day 7 days 28 days 3 month
1 100 100 100 100
2 75 85 90 100
3 190 120 110 100
4 55 55 75 100
5 65 85 95 100
Portland cement must be kept dry, until used, in a suitable weather-tight

enclosure that would exclude dampness and minimize warehouse set.
Portland cement that is stored in contact with moisture sets slower and
has lower strength than dry cement. When used, the cement should be
free-flowing and completely free of lumps. The presence of lumps that
cannot be readily pulverized in the hand is an indication that moisture
has been absorbed. Whenever the quality of the cement is in doubt it
should not be used without prior testing.
3.1.4 Mixing Water:
The water used in mixing concrete should be reasonably clean, and free
from injurious amounts of oils, acids, alkalis, salts, organic materials, or
other substances that may be deleterious to concrete or steel. Since
almost any natural water that is fit for drinking is usually also suitable
for mixing concrete, the procurement of satisfactory water does not
generally present much of a problem, with the possible exception of
some arid areas where the drinking water often contains large amounts of
dissolved mineral salts, chlorides, and sulfates.
Water from doubtful sources should not be used in mixing

concrete without prior chemical analysis.
59
The weight of water is usually assumed at 62.3 lb per cubic ft.
The amount of mixing water per unit volume of concrete should

be carefully selected on the basis of the desired strength, workability
requirements, and the probable exposure conditions. In general, it is
preferred to use the minimum amount of mixing water which is
consistent with proper handling. This will tend to improve the strength,
durability and the other desirable properties of the concrete.
The weight of water that is required for complete hydration of a

given amount of cement equals approximately 25 percent of the weight
of that cement.
3.1.5 Concrete Aggregates:
Concrete aggregates are essentially inert materials which when

bond together into a conglomerated mass by the cement paste form
concrete. Since the aggregates comprise the bulk of the concrete from
about 65 to 80 percent of the volume, their influence on both the quality
and the cost of the final product is extremely important.
Concrete aggregates are classified by size into two groups, the

basis of separation being the in. or No. 4 sieve. All particles retained
on the No. 4 (4.76 mm) sieve are referred to as coarse aggregate; those
passing the 3/8 in. sieve and almost entirely passing the No. 4 (4.76 mm)
sieve and predominantly retained on the No. 200 (74 micron) sieve are
classified as fine aggregate. Natural sand and finely crushed rocks are
the most common type of fine aggregates; gravel and crushed rock are
the most common coarse aggregates.
Suitable aggregates for concrete are required to be clean, hard,

strong, and durable. They should be free of chemicals, algae, coatings of
clay, and other fine materials that may effect the cement hydration or
weaken the bond between the cement paste and aggregate particles. The
aggregates should preferably conform to "Specifications for Concrete
Aggregates" or to "Specifications for Lightweight Aggregates for
Structural Concrete". These specifications limit the permissible amounts
60
of deleterious substances and cover requirements for gradation, abrasion
resistance, and soundness.
The maximum size of coarse aggregate is generally designated by
the commercial sieve size next coarser than the largest sizes on which 15
percent or more is retained.
The maximum size of coarse aggregate should not be larger than

one-fifth of the narrowest dimension between sides of the forms within
the which the concrete is to be placed, not larger than 3/4 of the
minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or bundles
of bars.
3.1.6 Admixtures:
Materials other than Portland cement, aggregate, or water added to

concrete to modify its properties are called admixtures. Concrete
admixtures include accelerators, finely divided powders, plasticizing
agents, damp proofing compounds, and color pigments.
Among the purposes for which admixtures are used are: to

improve durability by air-entrainment, to improve workability of fresh
concrete, to reduce the amount of water required to produce concrete of a
given consistency, to cause dispersion of the cement particles when
mixed with water, to retard the setting time of concrete, to accelerate the
setting and strength development of concrete, to promote a pozzolanic
reaction with liberated lime during hydration of cement, to reduce the
capillary flow of moisture through concrete that is in contact with water
or damp earth, to help control internal temperatures and reduce evolution
of heat, to aid in curing, to reduce bleeding, to impart color, and to offset
or reduce some adverse chemical reaction.
Some of the special properties can only be obtained through the use of
admixtures. On the other hand, there are many instances when the
desired properties can be attained at the same cost, or even more
economically, through proper mix design and suitable selection of the
concrete ingredients without resort to admixtures. In making a
decision as to whether or not to use an admixture, comparison should
61
be made between the cost of changing the basic mix and the additional
cost of using an admixture.
Concrete admixtures come in powder, paste, and liquid form, and

are usually patented and sold under trademark names. Their
effectiveness depends upon many factors, such as the type and the
amount of cement, water contents, aggregate shape, gradation and
proportions, mixing time, slump, and the temperature of the concrete and
air.
3.1.7 Proportions of Ingredients:
Proportions of ingredients for concrete should be selected to make

the most economical use of available materials to produce, with proper
curing, concrete of the required quality. The process is commonly
referred to as "mix design".
The requirements for quality of concrete may be stated in terms of

durability and minimum strength or, frequently, minimum cement factor.
Selection of proportions of concrete should be based on whichever of the
limitations specified-durability, strength, or cement factor-require the
lowest water-cement factor. Sometimes the proportions of a concrete
mix are denoted by the ratio, by volume or weight, of Portland cement to
fine aggregate to coarse aggregate.
3.1.8 Air-Entrainment:
Air-entrainment is defined as the occlusion of air in the form of

minute bubbles during the mixing of concrete or mortar. The
effectiveness of entrained air for preventing serious surface scaling on
concrete pavements when de-icing chemicals are used for snow and ice
removal has been recognized for 30 years.
62
Air-entrained concrete discharges from the mixer more readily,
spreads and finishes more easily, is more cohesive, more workable, more
uniform, and more durable throughout. Less water is required for a given
slump, thereby reducing the formation of capillaries or water channels
and minimizing the internal movement of water to the surface known as
bleeding. Segregation of the coarse aggregates from the mortar also is
reduced. Many of the common defects in hardened concrete can be
traced to excessive segregation and bleeding. Air-entrainment also
increases the durability of sulfate-resistant cements and therefore is
especially important in concrete structures subject to attack of sulfate-
laden waters or soils. It improves workability with less water and sand in
the mix. The reduction in sand alone will often more than compensate
for the cost of air-entrainment. The principal reason for air- entraining,
however is still to improve the concrete's resistance against freeze-thaw
exposure and salt scaling due to direct or indirect contact with de-icing
chemicals. It must be used in structures whenever exposure to
weathering is expected to severe.
Air-entrained concrete is produced by adding an air-entraining

admixture at the mixer, using an air-entraining cement, or a
combination of both. Where added at the mixer, a dependable
mechanical dispenser must be used to reduce the possibility of human
error.
3.1.9 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE STRENGTH OF

CONCRETE:
Water-Cement Ratio:
* Strength.
* Optimum is generally 0.45 < w/c < 0.55.
* Need sufficient water in mix for hydration to occur.
* Excess water must be drained off after hydration, leaving
capillary voids that reduce
* Strength increases with decreasing water content.
* Approximate 28 days, strength = 24000/18w/c (psi).
Compaction:
63
It's important for the purpose of ensuring the requirements
of strength, impermeability, and durability of the hardened
concrete in the actual structure.
Curing Conditions:
* Concrete hardens by HYDRATION which is chemical surface
reaction between the cement and water.
* Hydration releases heat which can drive off moisture, hence
concrete must be kept moist until hydration is complete.
* The reaction takes time.
* Increased temperature increases the reaction rate.
* Allowing the mix to freeze during hydration will destroy the
strength and durability of the concrete.
Age:
* Concrete strength continues to increase with time.
* Design values are generally based on the strength at 28 days.
90%+ strength can be achieved in 28 days.
Loading Conditions:
In Loading Condition, when materials or structures are
subjected to a load, a part of the deformation energy can be
released as elastic waves. These acoustic emissions were first
observed in metals (Crying of Tin), but it was soon discovered
to be a general phenomenon. This led to a new non-destructive
testing method, the so-called acoustic emission analysis. Although
its results were often called into question, the method has
developed with respect to instrumentation and evaluation, as well
as with respect to its application to different research and test
topics and different materials.
Mix Design:
* Correct mixing depends on batch volume.
64
* Over-Mixing increases the strength.
* Under-Mixing leads to Non-Homogenous Mixture.
Other Factors:
* Character of Cement:
Since hydration is a surface reaction, the finer the
particles, the more surface area and the more complete the
reaction, resulting in increased strength.
* Moisture content at the time of testing:

A moist specimen develops large pore pressures which
cause premature failure of compression specimens.
* Cement Content and Aggregate Condition:

Angular aggregates require more paste to be workable more cement
content requires more water.
Degree of Compaction.
3.1.10 Metal Reinforcement:
The reinforcement for concrete consists of metal bars, wire, or

structural shapes which are embedded in concrete in such a manner that
the metal and the concrete act together in resisting forces. The quality of
reinforcement is governed by specifications of the American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM).
The most common type of reinforcement is in the form of round bars

with projections-called deformations-rolled on the bar surface for the
purpose of increasing the bond between steel and concrete. Deformed
bar sizes are designated by numbers. The bar size numbers. The bar size
number is the nearest number of eighths of an inch included in the
nominal diameter. The nominal diameter of a deformed reinforcing bar is
equal to the diameter of a round bar without surface deformations having
the same weight per unit length as the deformed bar. Since the area is
65
calculated from the weight, including that of the deformations, it is the
nominal and not the minimum dimensions that usually are listed.
3.1.11 common failure modes of steel reinforced concrete:
Corrosion and frost may damage poorly designed or constructed

reinforced concrete. When rebar corrodes, the rust expands, cracking the
concrete and un-bonding the rebar from the concrete.
Carbonation:
The water in the pores of the cement is normally alkaline, this
alkaline environment is one in which the steel is passive and does not
corrode. According to the pourbaix diagram for iron when it is alkaline
the metal is passive.[1] The carbon dioxide from the air reacts with the
alkali in the cement and makes the pore water more acidic. Carbon
dioxide will start to carbonate the cement in the concrete from the
moment the object is made; this process will start at the surface and
slowly move deeper and deeper into the object, If the object is cracked
through vandalism or some other damage the carbon dioxide of the air
will be more able to penetrate deep into the object. As a result it is
normal in the design of a concrete object to state the depth within the
object that the rebar will be. If the rebar is too close to the surface then
an early failure due to corrosion may occur.
One method of testing a structure for carbonation is to drill a fresh

hole in the surface and then treat the surface with Phenolphthalein, this
will turn pink when in contact with alkaline cement. It is then possible to
see the depth of carbonation. An existing hole is no good as the surface
will already be carbonated.
Chlorides:
66
Chlorides such as salt which is used for deicing roads is able to
promote the corrosion of steel rebar.
Concrete cancer:
This is a rather ill defined term which means different things to
different experts.[2]
Alkali silica reaction:

This is found when the cement is too alkaline, it is due to a
reaction of the silica with the alkali. This is nothing to do with the
disease cancer in humans or animals; you will not catch cancer from
living in a house with concrete cancer.
The silica (SiO2) reacts with the alkali to form a silicate in the
Alkali silica reaction (ASR), this causes localized swelling which causes
cracking.
High alumina cement:

This cement is banned in the UK in 1976 it was greatly used after
world war two for making pre-cast concrete objects.
Sulfates attack:
Sulfates can attack cement which can lead to an early failure.
Fiber-reinforced concrete:
Fiber-reinforcement is mainly used in shot Crete, but can also be
used in normal concrete. Fiber-reinforced normal concrete are mostly
used for on-ground floors and pavements, but can be considered for a
wide range of construction parts (beams, pillars, foundations etc) either
alone or with hand-tied rebar.
Fiber (steel or "plastic" fibers) reinforced concrete is less

expensive than hand-tied rebar, while still increasing the tensile strength
many times. Shape, dimension and length of fiber is important. A thin
and short fiber, for example short hair-shaped glass fiber, will only be
effective the first hours after pouring the concrete (reduces cracking
67
while the concrete is stiffening) but will not increase the concrete tensile
strength. A normal size fiber for European shot Crete (1 mm diameter,
45 mm lengthsteel or "plastic") will increase the concrete tensile
strength.
Steel is the strongest commonly-available fiber, and come in

different lengths (30 to 80 mm in Europe) and shapes (end-hooks). Steel
fibers can only be used on surfaces that can tolerate or avoid corrosion
and rust stains. In some cases, a steel-fiber surface is faced with other
materials.
Glass fiber is inexpensive and corrosion-proof, but not as strong as

steel. Recently, spun basalt fiber, long available in Eastern Europe, has
become available in the U.S. and Western Europe. Basalt fiber is
stronger and less expensive than glass, but historically, has not resisted
the alkaline environment of Portland cement well enough to be used as
direct reinforcement. New materials use plastic binders to isolate the
basalt fiber from the cement.
The premium fibers are graphite reinforced plastic fibers, which

are nearly as strong as steel, lighter-weight and corrosion-proof. Some
experimenters have had promising early results with carbon Nan tubes,
but the material is still far too expensive for any building.
Non steel reinforcement

Some construction cannot tolerate the use of steel. For example,
MRI machines have huge magnets, and require nonmetallic buildings.
Another example is toll-booths that read radio tags, and need reinforced
concrete that is transparent to radio.
In some instances, the lifetime of the concrete structure is more

important than its strength. Since corrosion is the main cause of failure
of reinforced concrete, a corrosion proof reinforcement can extend the
life substantially.
For these purposes some structures have been constructed using

fiber-reinforced plastic rebar, grids or fibers. The "plastic" reinforcement
can be as strong as steel. Because it resists corrosion, it does not need a
68
protective concrete cover of 30 to 50 mm or more as steel reinforcement
does. This means that FRP-reinforced structures can be lighter, have
longer lifetime and for some applications be price-competitive to steel-
reinforced concrete.
3.1.12 Grades of Reinforcing Bars:
Reinforcing bars in the United States are produced from three

kinds of steel-new billet, axle, or rail- in five strength grades. These
consist of three ordinary strength grades- structural, intermediate, and
hard- having yield point strengths of at least 33,000 psi, 40000 psi and
50,000 psi, respectively, and two high-strength grades with minimum
specified yield strengths of 60,000 psi and 75,000 psi.
Reinforced concrete was designed on the principle that steel and

concrete act together in resisting force. Concrete is strong in
compression but weak in tension. The tensile strength is generally rated
about 10 percent of the compression strength. For this reason, concrete
works well for columns and posts that are compression members in a
structure. But, when it is used for tension members, such as beams,
girders, foundation walls, or floors, concrete must be reinforced to attain
the necessary tension strength.
Steel is the best material for reinforcing concrete because the

properties of expansion for both steel and concrete are considered being
approximately the same; that is, under normal conditions, they will
expand and contract at an almost equal rate.
Another reason, steel works well as reinforcement for concrete is

because it bonds well with concrete. This bond strength is proportional
to the contact surface of the steel to the concrete. In other words, the
greater the surface of steel exposed to the adherence of concrete, the
stronger the bond. A deformed reinforcing bar adheres better than a
plain, round, or square one because it has a greater bearing surface. In
fact, when plain bars of the same diameter are used instead of deformed
bars, approximately 40 percent more bars must be used.
69
NOTE: Reinforcing steel must be strong in tension, and at the same
time, be ductile enough to be shaped or bent cold.
STRESS STRAIN CURVE:

A tensile test is used to determine a variety of mechanical
characteristics of a material. A test specimen composed of a rod made of
a material for which the properties are to be determined is mounted in a
test machine and gradually loaded in tension in increasing increments.
The total elongation over the original length is measured at each

increment of load. The loads (stress) are observed and the changes in
length (strain) are recorded and then plotted in a stress-strain diagram in
Fig. (1.1).
Fig. (1.1) Stress-strain diagram.
70
Point (P) is called (The Proportional Limit), where stress is
proportional to strain. The slope of the line (0P) is the (modulus of
elasticity). Point (E) is (The Elastic Limit); that is, if a part is loaded to a
stress level below point (E), no permanent deformation will be sustained.
During the tension test, many materials reach a point where the
strain begins to increase rapidly without an appreciable increase in stress.
This point is called (The Yield Point). The Ultimate or Tensile Strength
is represented by point (U). This is the maximum stress that can be
withstood by a part. Point (F) is where the part ruptures.
TYPES OF STEEL BARS:

Reinforcing steel can be used in the form of bars or rods that are
either plain or deformed or in the form of expanded metal, wire, wire
fabric, or sheet metal. Each type is useful for different purposes, and
engineers design structures with those purposes in mind.
3.2 ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF RIBS:

3.2.1 Introduction:
Ribs are one of the major and an important structural member in the slab, this
importance due to its function in carrying loads, which is the first member in the
71
structure, will carry loads and convert it to the beams which transfer it to columns,
then columns dispose these loads by loading it on the foundation.
Ribs can be one-way or two-way according to slab dimension, for large and
discontinuous slab spans it is recommended to use the two-way rib system which
depend on transfer loads in two directions, this means that the load value will be
reduced causing the deflection to be small.
In the other side the one-way rib most popular system, is used when the slab spans
are relatively small and there is continuity between them, the load will transfer in the
direction of the ribs only (in one direction) so the deflection will be controlled by the
continuity of the spans.
72
3.2.2 Design of rib
max = 0.85**(f`c/ fy) *(0.003/0.003+0.005) = 0.019
min1 fy) =;min 2 fc0.5fy) =
usemin 1 = 0.00333
Design of rib(9)
Bending Moment Diagram

Span (1)

@ M +ve = 7.38 KN. m R u = =0.8715 MPa ,
2
p = 0.85 fc/fy*(1- (1-2.61 R/fc)) = 0.00232<min ,use min

As=bw d = 111mm2 , (Use 2 10= 157 mm2)
Actual S center to center = b -2*(side cover+ds) - (Bar diameter) ,
S=120-2(30+8)-20=24<25 ok
Span (2)

M +ve =2.03KN. m R u = =0.2397 MPa ,
2
p = 0.85 fc/fy*(1- (1-2.61 R/fc))=0.00063<min ,use min

As= bw d=111 mm2, (use 2 10= 157 mm2) , S=24<25mm ok
Span (3)

M +ve =6.14KN. m R u = =0.7251 MPa ,
2

Span (4)

M +ve =6.13KN. m R u = =0.7239MPa ,
2

Span (5)

M +ve =5.49KN. m R u = =0.6483 MPa ,
2

Span (6)

M +ve =0KN. m R u = =0 MPa ,
2
p = 0.85 fc/fy*(1- (1-2.61 R/fc))=0<min ,use min

As= bw d=111mm2, (use 2 10= 157 mm2) , S=24<25mm ok
AS
used #bars10 as r Ru M
r1 s1 157 2 39.00956 0.001160999 0.440523432 3.73
r1s2 157 2 8.30281168 0.000247107 0.094482237 0.8
r1s3 157 2 64.4147982 0.001917107 0.722789116 6.12
r2 157 2 118.553716 0.003528384 1.312122071 11.11
r3 157 2 88.4212078 0.002631584 0.986158352 8.35
r4s1 157 2 106.706099 0.003175777 1.184571051 10.03
r4s2 157 2 0 0 0 0
r5s1 157 2 76.9730275 0.002290864 0.860969388 7.29
r5s2 157 2 30.3680099 0.00090381 0.343679138 2.91
r5s3 157 2 52.1494965 0.001552068 0.586970899 4.97
r5s4 157 2 67.7343097 0.002015902 0.759400983 6.43
r5s5 157 2 52.5748295 0.001564727 0.591695011 5.01
r5s6 157 2 0 0 0 0
r6s1 314 3 312.207055 0.009291877 3.284438776 27.81
r6s2 157 2 0 0 0 0
r7s1 157 2 79.3434997 0.002361414 0.886952003 7.51
r7s2 157 2 25.8514628 0.000769389 0.292894936 2.48
r7s3 157 2 74.8205647 0.002226803 0.837348828 7.09
r8s1 157 2 75.3584566 0.002242811 0.843253968 7.14
r8s2 157 2 23.0207226 0.000685141 0.261007181 2.21
r8s3 157 2 119.214087 0.003548038 1.319208239 11.17
r8s4 226 212 210.927148 0.006277594 2.279383976 19.3
2
r8s5 157 2 0 0 0 0
r9s1 157 2 77.9424157 0.002319715 0.871598639 7.38
r9s2 157 2 21.1357941 0.000629041 0.239748677 2.03
r9s3 157 2 64.6287898 0.001923476 0.725151172 6.14
r9s4 157 2 64.5217911 0.001920291 0.723970144 6.13
r9s5 157 2 57.6860313 0.001716846 0.648384354 5.49
r9s6 157 2 0 0 0 0
r10s1 157 2 106.706099 0.003175777 1.184571051 10.03
r10s2 157 2 0 0 0 0
r11 157 2 125.830484 0.003744955 1.390069917 11.77
r12 157 2 88.4212078 0.002631584 0.986158352 8.35
r13s1 157 2 66.1273888 0.001968077 0.741685563 6.28
r13s2 157 2 8.82287777 0.000262586 0.100387377 0.85
r13s3 157 2 39.9603243 0.001189295 0.451152683 3.82
Joint (1)
Mu
M -ve = 8.31 KN. m , R u = =0.9814MPa ,
bd2
fc 2.61R
= 0.85 fy (1 1 ) =0.002618<min ,use min
f c

Joint (2)

M -ve = 7.83KN. m , R u = =0.9247MPa
2
fc 2.61R
= 0.85 fy (1 1 ) = 0.00246<min ,use min
f c
As= bw d=111 mm2 (use 2 10= 157 mm2 ), S=24<25mm ok

Joint (3)

M -ve = 11 KN. m , R u = =1.299 MPa
2
fc 2.61R
= 0.85 fy (1 1 ) =0.00349
f c
As= bw d=117.34 mm2 (use 2 10= 157 mm2 ),S=24<25mm ok
Joint (4)

@ M -ve = 10.48 KN. m , R u = =0.1.237MPa
2
3
fc 2.61R
= 0.85 fy (1 1 )=0.00332<min ,use min
f c
As= bw d=111mm2, (use 2 10= 157 mm2) ,S=24<25mm ok
Joint (5)

@ M -ve = 7.2KN. m , R u = =0.95MPa
2
fc 2.61R
= 0.85 fy (1 1 )=0.00231<min ,use min
f c

AS
r1 s1 157 2 40.8058323 0.001214459 0.460600907 3.9
r1s2 157 2 71.1668452 0.002118061 0.797193878 6.75
0 0
r2 157 2 0 0 0 0
r3 157 2 0 0 0 0
r4s1 157 2 77.1884052 0.002297274 0.863331444 7.31
0 0
r5s1 157 2 93.9535906 0.002796238 1.046390779 8.86
r5s2 157 2 76.1117558 0.002265231 0.851521164 7.21
r5s3 157 2 109.223033 0.003250686 1.211734694 10.26
r5s4 157 2 110.866304 0.003299592 1.229450113 10.41
r5s5 157 2 76.0041237 0.002262027 0.850340136 7.2
0 0
r6s1 157 2 77.1884052 0.002297274 0.863331444 7.31
0 0
r7s1 157 2 94.3881766 0.002809172 1.05111489 8.9
r7s2 157 2 88.9628961 0.002647705 0.992063492 8.4
0 0
r8s1 157 2 80.3140751 0.0023903 0.897581255 7.6
r8s2 157 2 152.867154 0.004549618 1.677059713 14.2
r8s3 339 312 306.33477 0.009117106 3.227749433 27.33
r8s4 157 2 75.2508663 0.002239609 0.84207294 7.13
0 0
r9s1 157 2 87.9879668 0.002618689 0.98143424 8.31
r9s2 157 2 82.796648 0.002464186 0.924744898 7.83
r9s3 157 2 117.343633 0.00349237 1.299130763 11
r9s4 157 2 111.633649 0.00332243 1.237717309 10.48
r9s5 157 2 76.0041237 0.002262027 0.850340136 7.2
0 0 0
r10s1 157 2 76.0041237 0.002262027 0.850340136 7.2
4
0 0 0
r11 157 2 0 0 0 0
r12 157 2 0 0 0 0
r13s1 157 2 72.0259261 0.002143629 0.806642101 6.83
r13s2 157 2 42.1805554 0.001255374 0.475954271 4.03
Design of shear for rib(9)

1.10.170.7530120210
Vu@d=28.17 kn , = = 26.32
1000
Vu@d<vc
So use S max =
1. d/2=140mm
3157280
2. = 1099
120
16157280
3. = 1070
12030
4. 600
Use 8 and spacing 140 mm
Rib (8) building 2
5
Span (1)

@ M +ve = 0 KN. m R u = =0MPa ,
2
p = 0.85 fc/fy*(1- (1-2.61 R/fc)) = 0<min ,use min

As=bw d = 111 mm2 , (Use 2 10= 157 mm2)
Actual S center to center = b -2*(side cover+ds) - (Bar diameter) ,
S=120-2(30+8)-20=24<25mm ok
Span (2)

M +ve =7.28 KN. m R u = =0.7738 MPa ,
2

Span (3)

M +ve =2.75KN. m R u = =0.2923MPa ,
2

Span (4)

M +ve =10.32KN. m R u = =1.096MPa ,
2

Span (5)
6

M +ve =5.19KN. m R u = =0.5516 MPa ,
2

AS
r1s1 157 2 0 0 0 0
r1s2 339 312 305.382427 0.009088763 3.218537415 30.28
r2s1 339 312 289.853494 0.008626592 3.067602041 28.86
r2s2 157 2 0 0 0 0
r3s1 157 2 0 0 0 0
r3s2 226 212 204.54167 0.00608755 2.214073129 20.83
r3s3 157 2 0 0 0 0
r3s4 226 212 195.435472 0.005816532 2.120535714 19.95
r3s5 157 2 0 0 0 0
r4s1 157 2 0 0 0 0
r4s2 226 212 198.741537 0.005914927 2.15454932 20.27
r4s3 157 2 0 0 0 0
r4s4 157 2 126.150863 0.00375449 1.393494898 13.11
r4s5 157 2 0 0 0 0
r5s1 157 2 0 0 0 0
r5s2 226 212 200.914415 0.005979596 2.176870748 20.48
r5s3 157 2 0 0 0 0
r5s4 157 2 145.942931 0.00434354 1.603954082 15.09
r5s5 157 2 35.9280013 0.001069286 0.406037415 3.82
r6s1 226 212 165.946725 0.004938891 1.814413265 17.07
r6s2 157 2 0 0 0 0
r6s3 226 212 210.880879 0.006276217 2.278911565 21.44
r7s1 157 2 0 0 0 0
r7s2 226 212 200.914415 0.005979596 2.176870748 20.48
r7s3 157 2 0 0 0 0
r7s4 157 2 145.942931 0.00434354 1.603954082 15.09
r7s5 157 2 35.9280013 0.001069286 0.406037415 3.82
r8s1 157 2 0 0 0 0
r8s2 157 2 69.0422501 0.002054829 0.773809524 7.28
r8s3 157 2 25.7990051 0.000767828 0.292304422 2.75
r8s4 157 2 98.6087723 0.002934785 1.096938776 10.32
r8s5 157 2 48.9730454 0.001457531 0.551658163 5.19
Joint (1)
Mu
M -ve = 6.11 KN. m , R u = =0.7216MPa ,
bd2
7
fc 2.61R
= 0.85 fy (1 1 ) =0.00191<min ,use min
f c
Joint (2)

M -ve = 9.18KN. m , R u = =1.08MPa
2
fc 2.61R
= 0.85 fy (1 1 ) = 0.0029<min ,use min
f c
As= bw d=111 mm2 (use 2 10= 157 mm2 ), S=24<25mm ok
Joint (3)

M -ve = 13.12 KN. m , R u = =1.549 MPa
2
fc 2.61R
= 0.85 fy (1 1 ) =0.00419, As= bw d=141 mm2
f c
use 2 10= 157 mm2 ,S=24<25mm ok
Joint (4)

@ M -ve = 14.3 KN. m , R u = =1.688MPa
2
fc 2.61R
= 0.85 fy (1 1 )=0.00458
f c

AS
r1s1 157 2 0 0 0 0
r1s2 157 2 0 0 0 0
r2s1 157 2 59.2860199 0.001764465 0.666099773 5.64
r2s2 157 2 0 0 0 0
r3s1 157 2 48.8562838 0.001454056 0.550359033 4.66
r3s1 157 2 48.8562838 0.001454056 0.550359033 4.66
r3s2 157 2 0 0 0 0
r3s3 157 2 80.5298246 0.002396721 0.899943311 7.62
r3s4 226 212 221.833453 0.006602186 2.390400605 20.24
r3s5 226 212 221.833453 0.006602186 2.390400605 20.24
r4s1 157 2 75.5736551 0.002249216 0.845616024 7.16
r4s2 157 2 75.3584566 0.002242811 0.843253968 7.14
r4s3 157 2 75.3584566 0.002242811 0.843253968 7.14
r4s5 157 2 75.1432819 0.002236407 0.840891912 7.12
r5s1 157 2 105.722114 0.003146492 1.173941799 9.94
8
r5s2 157 2 105.722114 0.003146492 1.173941799 9.94
r5s3 157 2 51.1928339 0.001523596 0.576341648 4.88
r5s4 157 2 51.1928339 0.001523596 0.576341648 4.88
r5s5 157 2 0 0 0 0
r6s1 157 2 0 0 0 0
r6s2 157 2 67.8414849 0.002019092 0.760582011 6.44
r6s3 157 2 100.046765 0.002977582 1.112528345 9.42
r7s1 157 2 100.046765 0.002977582 1.112528345 9.42
r7s2 157 2 6.74342106 0.000200697 0.076766818 0.65
r7s3 226 212 209.655182 0.006239738 2.266392668 19.19
r7s4 226 212 209.655182 0.006239738 2.266392668 19.19
r7s5 157 2 62.5968158 0.001863 0.70271164 5.95
r8s1 157 2 64.3078112 0.001913923 0.721608088 6.11
r8s2 157 2 97.4330348 0.002899793 1.084183673 9.18
r8s3 157 2 140.914082 0.004193871 1.55068972 13.13
r8s4 157 2 153.988185 0.004582982 1.688869992 14.3
Design of shear for rib(8)

1.10.170.7530120210
Vu@d=27 kn , = = 26.32
1000
Vu@d>vc
So use S max =
5. d/2=140mm
3157280
6. = 1099
120
16157280
7. = 1070
12030
8. 600
Use 8 and spacing 140 mm
*DESIGN of SECONDARY BEAM BUILDING (1)

BEAM (3)
Design of BS1
9
b=300mm, d=270mm
Design for flexural positive moment:

Mu
M +ve = 4.2 KN. m; Ru= = 0.198 MPa
bd^2
fc 2.61fc
=0.85 (fy)[1 1 ( )] = 0.0005< min; use min;
fy
As = b d = 44.76mm2; Use4 10= 314 mm2

Actual S center to center = b 2(cover + ds) (bar diameter)
S = 300-2(40+10)-10; S = 210 mm < 300 mm Ok
-Design of BS2
b=300mm, d=270mm
Mu
M +ve = 1.6 KN. m; Ru= = 0.057 MPa
bd^2
fc 2.61fc
=0.85 (fy)[1 1 ( )] = 0.0002< min; use min;
fy
As = b d = 17.01mm2; Use4 10= 314 mm2

S = 300-2(40+10)-10; S = 210 mm < 300 mm Ok
-Design of BS3
b=300mm, d=270mm
Mu
M +ve = 5.7 KN. m; Ru= = 0.269 MPa
bd^2
fc 2.61fc
=0.85 (fy)[1 1 ( )] = 0.0007< min; use min;
fy
As = b d = 60.83mm2; Use4 10= 314 mm2

S = 300-2(40+10)-10; S = 210 mm < 300 mm OK
10
Joint 1
Mu
M-ve = wu l2 /24 =4.3 KN. m; Ru= bd^2 =0.203 MPa
fc 2.61fc
= 0.85 (fy)[1 1 ( ) =0.00054< min, use min
fy
As = b d = 45.83 mm2; Use 4 10=314 mm2

S = 300-2(40+10)-10; S = 210< 300mm OK
Joint 2
Mu
fc 2.61fc
= 0.85 (fy)[1 1 ( ) =0.007< min, use min
fy
As = b d = 65.12 mm2; Use 4 10=314 mm2

S = 300-2(40+10)-10; S = 210< 300mm OK
AS
ch1s1 314 4 71.2469225 0.000848178 0.315098262 6.67
ch2s1 314 4 51.6195063 0.000614518 0.228647014 4.84
ch2s2 314 4 0 0 0 0
ch3s1 314 4 44.7696365 0.000532972 0.198412698 4.2
ch3s2 314 4 17.0179279 0.000202594 0.07558579 1.6
ch3s3 314 4 60.8357205 0.000724235 0.269274376 5.7
ch4s1 314 4 40.4922293 0.00048205 0.179516251 3.8
ch4s2 314 4 34.0815286 0.000405732 0.15117158 3.2
ch4s3 314 4 20.2138629 0.000240641 0.089758125 1.9
ch4s4 314 4 148.308851 0.001765582 0.651927438 13.8
ch5s1 314 4 100.641283 0.001198111 0.444066515 9.4
ch6s1 314 4 58.6912149 0.000698705 0.259826153 5.5
ch7s1 314 4 25.5439961 0.000304095 0.113378685 2.4
ch7s2 314 4 62.9809547 0.000749773 0.2787226 5.9
ch7s3 314 4 13.8235985 0.000164567 0.061413454 1.3
ch7s4 314 4 26.6105598 0.000316792 0.118102797 2.5
ch7s5 314 4 10.6308723 0.000126558 0.047241119 1
ch7s6 314 4 30.8786075 0.000367602 0.136999244 2.9
ch7s7 314 4 21.2795319 0.000253328 0.094482237 2
ch7s8 314 4 41.5613102 0.000494778 0.184240363 3.9
AS
ch1j1 314 4 0 0 0 0
11
ch2j1 314 4 58.6912149 0.000698705 0.259826153 5.5
ch3j1 314 4 45.8394399 0.000545708 0.20313681 4.3
ch3j2 314 4 65.1269183 0.00077532 0.288170824 6.1
ch4j1 314 4 57.619235 0.000685943 0.255102041 5.4
ch4j2 314 4 23.5180186 0.000279976 0.104402872 2.21
ch4j3 314 4 162.462444 0.001934077 0.713340892 15.1
ch5j1 314 4 0 0 0 0
ch6j1 314 4 0 0 0 0
ch7j1 314 4 80.1691475 0.000954395 0.35430839 7.5
ch7j2 314 4 70.495023 0.000839226 0.311791383 6.6
ch7j3 314 4 24.4776116 0.0002914 0.108654573 2.3
ch7j4 314 4 27.6773027 0.000329492 0.122826909 2.6
ch7j5 314 4 25.5439961 0.000304095 0.113378685 2.4
ch7j6 314 4 39.4233287 0.000469325 0.174792139 3.7
ch7j7 314 4 49.0499359 0.000583928 0.217309146 4.6
3.2.3 DESIGN of SECONDARY BEAM BUILDING :

Beam (2)
BEAM (1)
Design of BS1
b=300mm, d=270mm

Mu
M +ve = 4.9 KN. m; Ru= = 0.231 MPa
bd^2
fc 2.61fc
=0.85 (fy)[1 1 ( fy
)] = 0.0006< min; use min;
12
As = b d = 52.26mm2; Use4 10= 314 mm2
S = 300-2(40+10)-10; S = 210 mm < 300 mm Ok
-Design of BS2
b=300mm, d=270mm
Mu
M +ve = 2.3 KN. m; Ru= = 0.108 MPa
bd^2
fc 2.61fc
=0.85 (fy)[1 1 ( )] = 0.0002< min; use min;
fy
As = b d = 24.47mm2; Use4 10= 314 mm2

S = 300-2(40+10)-10; S = 210 mm < 300 mm Ok
-Design of BS3
b=300mm, d=270mm
Mu
M +ve = 3.8 KN. m; Ru= = 0.179 MPa
bd^2
fc 2.61fc
=0.85 (fy)[1 1 ( )] = 0.0004< min; use min;
fy
As = b d = 40.49mm2; Use4 10= 314 mm2

S = 300-2(40+10)-10; S = 210 mm < 300 mm OK
Joint 1
Mu
fc 2.61fc
= 0.85 (fy)[1 1 ( ) =0.0007< min, use min
fy
As = b d = 61.91 mm2; Use 4 10=314 mm2

S = 300-2(40+10)-10; S = 210< 300mm OK
Joint 2
Mu
fc 2.61fc
= 0.85 (fy)[1 1 ( ) =0.0005< min, use min
fy
13
As = b d = 49.04 mm2; Use 4 10=314 mm2
S = 300-2(40+10)-10; S = 210< 300mm OK
ch2s3 314 4 28.7442249 0.000342193 0.12755102 2.7
ch2s4 314 4 24.4776116 0.0002914 0.108654573 2.3
ch2s5 314 4 39.4233287 0.000469325 0.174792139 3.7
ch2s6 314 4 0 0 0 0
ch3s1 314 4 23.4114061 0.000278707 0.103930461 2.2
ch3s2 314 4 134.187357 0.001597469 0.590513983 12.5
ch3s3 314 4 0 0 0 0
ch4s1 314 4 43.7000137 0.000520238 0.193688587 4.1
ch4s2 314 4 75.8677024 0.000903187 0.335411943 7.1
ch4s3 314 4 26.6105598 0.000316792 0.118102797 2.5
ch4s4 314 4 44.7696365 0.000532972 0.198412698 4.2
ch4s5 314 4 0 0 0 0
ch5s1 314 4 79.0935107 0.000941589 0.349584278 7.4
ch6s1 314 4 46.9094243 0.000558446 0.207860922 4.4
ch6s2 314 4 57.619235 0.000685943 0.255102041 5.4
ch6s3 314 4 0 0 0 0
ch6s4 314 4 76.9427882 0.000915986 0.340136054 7.2
ch6s5 314 4 0 0 0 0
ch7s1 314 4 0 0 0 0
ch7s2 314 4 133.102411 0.001584553 0.585789872 12.4
ch8s1 314 4 147.221445 0.001752636 0.647203326 13.7
ch8s2 314 4 0 0 0 0
ch9s1 314 4 41.5613102 0.000494778 0.184240363 3.9
AS
ch1j1 314 4 61.9082465 0.000737003 0.273998488 5.8
ch1j2 314 4 49.0499359 0.000583928 0.217309146 4.6
ch2j1 314 4 43.7000137 0.000520238 0.193688587 4.1
ch2j2 314 4 38.3546084 0.000456602 0.170068027 3.6
ch2j3 314 4 38.3546084 0.000456602 0.170068027 3.6
ch2j4 314 4 52.262062 0.000622167 0.231481481 4.9
ch2j5 314 4 45.8394399 0.000545708 0.20313681 4.3
ch3j1 314 4 169.005758 0.002011973 0.741685563 15.7
ch3j2 314 4 181.019788 0.002154997 0.793650794 16.8
ch4j1 314 4 100.641283 0.001198111 0.444066515 9.4
ch4j2 314 4 90.9356418 0.001082567 0.401549509 8.5
ch4j3 314 4 51.191172 0.000609419 0.22675737 4.8
ch4j4 314 4 53.3331335 0.000634918 0.236205593 5
ch5j1 314 4 0 0 0 0
ch6j1 314 4 85.5500908 0.001018453 0.377928949 8
ch6j2 314 4 44.7696365 0.000532972 0.198412698 4.2
14
ch6j3 314 4 88.7808677 0.001056915 0.392101285 8.3
ch6j4 314 4 110.36196 0.001313833 0.486583522 10.3
ch7j1 314 4 164.642783 0.001960033 0.722789116 15.3
ch8j1 314 4 199.632898 0.002376582 0.873960695 18.5
ch9j1 314 4 0 0 0 0
3.2.4 columns design:
3.2.4.1 INTRODUCTION
This section will include the design of columns, which is referred to as compression
members, because the compression forces dominate their behavior. As known, a
column are subjected mainly to axial loads, but because there are no pure axial loads
in practical, so an unexpected eccentricity may happen in field, for this minimum
eccentricity the ACI code gives an equation to determine the maximum allowable
compression load for a given section. ACI code divide the columns into two types;
Short column & slender column, in this project it can be use the first one which the
strength is governed by the strength of the materials and the geometry of the cross
section.
Columns can be classified on the basis of:
1- Form (rectangular, circular, and, non uniform shape).
2- Arrangement of reinforcement (tied, spiral---etc).
3-The position of the load on the cross section (eccentric and concentric).
4- The length of column (short or slender).
3.2.4.2 Design of one eccentricity columns
For building 1
column : (c20,c21,c32,c14,c33,c34,c35,c40):
B=600mmH=300mm , Own weight=1.2*0.3*0.6*24*3=15.55 ,
emin=0.1h=0.1*300=30mm
We convert these columns to Resultant force for one floor and one eccentricity as
shown in appendix:
#column pu(KN) e(mm) B h E min
C20 518.26 34.7 300 600 60
C21 1041.26 26.4 300 600 60
C32 648.26 26.9 600 300 30
C14 531.26 40.4 300 600 60
C33 938.76 18.1 600 300 30
C34 505.76 41.5 300 600 60
C35 978.76 27 300 600 60
C40 557.76 36.7 300 600 60
pu max=938.7Kn so, e max = 26.9< 30mm design as axial column
pu max=1041.26 Kn so, e max = 26.4< 60 mm design as axial column
15
its will be < min so use min=0.01 , Ast=0.01*300*600=1800mm2
Use 1214(1847mm2)
S1= (600-120-14)/5 =98.8 mm>25mm ok
S2= (300-120-14) = 166mm> 25mm ok
Design of stirrup
Use 8 at:
Least column dimension = 300mm.
48ds= 48*8= 384mm. , 16db =16*14= 224mm. , Use 8 at 200mm.
Group 1 ( Ptotal 50 500 KN):

#column Ptotal(KN)
C2 398.26
C3 372.86
C5 457.26
C6 499.76
C7 304.26
C8 457.26
C23 418.76
C28 404.26
C43 316.26
C44 359.76
C50 401.26
C51 456.26
C53 329.76
Pu = rAg [0.85 * fc + (FY 0.85* fc]
Where:
= 0.65 for tied columns
r = 0.8 for tied columns
Ag = Pu / r [0.85 * fc + (fy - 0.85 * fc)]
Ag = 499.76*103 / 0.8 * 0.65 [0.85 * 30 + 0.03 (420 0.85 * 30)]

= 25741.9 mm2
Supposed Gross Area (Ag) = 300* 300 = 90000mm2

Ag suppose =90000 mm2 > Ag = 25741.9mm2
Then = 0.03 is ok .
Ast = 0.03 * Ag = 0.03*90000 = 2700 mm2

(Use 10 20 = 3140 mm2)
Spacing between longitudinal bars S1 = 300 -2 (60 +8) (20)

S1=144 mm. < 150 mm..
Spacing between longitudinal bars 4S2 = (300 -2(60+8) (20)
S2= 36mm < 150 mm. OK (NO need of additional stirrup).
16
Design of ties:
Use 8 mm stirrup.
Use minimum spacing from following:
S = minimum dimension 300mm
S = 16 db = 16 * 20 = 320 mm
S = 48 ds = 48 *8 = 384 mm
use s = 300 mm.
Group 2 ( Ptotal 500 1000 KN):

#column Ptotal(KN)
C11 832.76
C18 628.26
C22 956.26
C24 887.76
C26 730.76
C27 884.76
C29 878.76
C31 766.26
C47 831.06
Pu = rAg [0.85 * fc + (FY 0.85* fc]
Where:
Ag = Pu / r [0.85 * fc + (fy - 0.85 * fc)]
Ag = 956.26*103 / 0.8 * 0.65 [0.85 * 30 + 0.03 (420 0.85 * 30)]

= 66361 mm2
Ag suppose =90000 mm2 > Ag = 66361mm2
Then = 0.03 is ok .
Ast = 0.03 * Ag = 0.03*90000 = 2700 mm2
(Use 10 20 = 3140 mm2)

S1=144 mm. < 150 mm..
Design of ties:
Use 8 mm stirrup.
17
S = 16 db = 16 * 20 = 320 mm
S = 48 ds = 48 *8 = 384 mm
use s = 300 mm.
Group 3 ( Ptotal > 1000 KN):

#column Ptotal(KN) e(mm) B (mm) H (mm) emin(mm)
C12 1276.26 80.7 600 300 0.3
C19 1194.76 96.67 600 300 0.3
C25 1446.26 116.5 600 300 0.3
C30 1288.76 115.6 600 300 0.3
C38 1368.76 148.67 300 600 0.6
C39 1573.76 75.3 600 300 0.3
C45 1650.76 125.1 600 300 0.3
C48 1294.26 84.6 600 300 0.3
Pu = rAg [0.85 * fc + (FY 0.85* fc]
Where:
Ag = Pu / r [0.85 * fc + (fy - 0.85 * fc)]
Ag = 1650.76*103 / 0.8 * 0.65 [0.85 * 30 + 0.03 (420 0.85 * 30)]

= 85028 mm2
Ag suppose =90000 mm2 > Ag = 85028mm2
Then = 0.03 is ok .
Ast = 0.03 * Ag = 0.03*90000 = 2700 mm2
(Use 10 20 = 3140 mm2)

S1=144 mm. < 150 mm..
Design of ties:
Use 8 mm stirrup.
S = 16 db = 16 * 20 = 320 mm
S = 48 ds = 48 *8 = 384 mm
use s = 300 mm.
18
Design biaxial column
Group 1 ( 0 40 Kn.m):
(C1,C4,C17,C37,C49,C52):
DIMENSION: 300*600
Pu=941.6 KN , Max ex=32.87mm , Max ey=24.48mm , Mux=7160KN.mm
Muy=23060KN.mm , Assume AS=1014=(1539 mm2)
1539
=0.008 , use = 300600
Po=0.85*fc(Ag-Ast)+Ast*fy
Po=0.85*30*((300*600)-1539)+1539(420)
Po=5197.1 Kn
Assume bending about x-axis :
B=300mm , H=600mm
600 (2 60)
= = 0.8
600
Mu 1000 7160 1000
Rn = = = 0.0034
0.65(f c)(Ag)(h) 0.65 30 300 600 600
From graph A-7

Kn=0.8
Puxo
Kn =
0.65 f c Ag
Puxo
0.8 =
0.65 30 300 600
Pux0=2808Kn
Assume bending about y-axis;

B=600mm , H=300mm
300 (2 60)
= = 0.6
300
Mu 1000 23060 1000
Rn = = = 0.02
0.65(f c)(Ag)(h) 0.65 30 300 600 300
From graph A-5:
Kn=0.8
Puyo
Kn =
0.65 f c Ag
Puyo
0.8 =
0.65 30 300 600
Puy0=2808Kn
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + = +
Pn Puxo Puyo po 2808 2808 5197.1
So Pn=1923.6Kn>941.6Kn..ok use 1014

Spacing S a) 16*14=224mm b)300mm c)48(8)=384
Use 1014 and stirrups 8 S=200mm
19
Group 2 ( M>40 Kn.m):
(C10,C13,C16,C15,C36,C41,C42,C46):
DIMENSION: 300*600
Pu=974.71 KN , Max ex=76mm , Max ey=52mm , Mux=74120KN.mm
Muy=23000KN.mm , Assume AS=1014=(1539 mm2)
1539
=0.008 , use = 300600
Po=0.85*fc(Ag-Ast)+Ast*fy
Po=0.85*30*((300*600)-1539)+1539(420)
Po=5197.1 Kn
Assume bending about x-axis :
B=300mm , H=600mm
600 (2 60)
= = 0.8
600
Mu 1000 74120 1000
Rn =
= = 0.0035
0.65(f c)(Ag)(h) 0.65 30 300 600 600
From graph A-7

Kn=0.8
Puxo
Kn =
0.65 f c Ag
Puxo
0.8 =
0.65 30 300 600
Pux0=2808Kn
Assume bending about y-axis;

B=600mm , H=300mm
300 (2 60)
= = 0.6
300
Mu 1000 23000 1000
Rn =
= = 0.02
0.65(f c)(Ag)(h) 0.65 30 300 600 300
From graph A-5:
Kn=0.8
Puyo
Kn =
0.65 f c Ag
Puyo
0.8 =
0.65 30 300 600
Puy0=2808Kn
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + = +
Pn Puxo Puyo po 2808 2808 5197.1
20
So Pn=1923.6Kn>974.7Kn..ok use 1014
S1= (600-120-14)/4 =116.5 mm>25mm ok
S2= (300-120-14) = 166mm> 25mm ok
Spacing S a) 16*14=224mm b)300mm c)48(8)=384

Use 1014 and stirrups 8 S=200mm
For building 2
Group(1) ( 50-500KN)
#column P total
C10 242.26
C20 433.76
C21 234.26
C25 409.76
C26 358.76
C33 213.76
Pu = rAg [0.85 * fc + (FY 0.85* fc]
Where:
Ag = Pu / r [0.85 * fc + (fy - 0.85 * fc)]
Ag = 433.76*103 / 0.8 * 0.65 [0.85 * 30 + 0.03 (420 0.85 * 30)]

= 22347.2 mm2
Then = 0.03 is ok .
Ast = 0.03 * Ag = 0.03*90000 = 2700 mm2
(Use 10 20 = 3140 mm2)

S1=144 mm. < 150 mm..
Design of ties:
21
Use 8 mm stirrup.
S = 16 db = 16 * 20 = 320 mm
S = 48 ds = 48 *8 = 384 mm
use s = 300 mm.
Group2 (500-1000)
#column P total(KN)
C28 515.76
C30 701.26
C31 674.76
C35 654.26
C36 627.76
C37 553.26
C38 973.26
C27 934.26
Pu = rAg [0.85 * fc + (FY 0.85* fc]
Where:
Ag = Pu / r [0.85 * fc + (fy - 0.85 * fc)]
Ag = 973.26*103 / 0.8 * 0.65 [0.85 * 30 + 0.03 (420 0.85 * 30)]

= 50142.2 mm2
Then = 0.03 is ok .
Ast = 0.03 * Ag = 0.03*90000 = 2700 mm2
(Use 10 20 = 3140 mm2)

S1=144 mm. < 150 mm..
Design of ties:
Use 8 mm stirrup.
S = 16 db = 16 * 20 = 320 mm
S = 48 ds = 48 *8 = 384 mm
22
use s = 300 mm.
Group3 (1000-2000Kn)
#column P total(KN)
C1 1673.61
C2 1519.76
C4 1599.26
C5 1146.76
C7 1754.76
C8 1726.26
C12 1332.76
C16 1162.76
C17 1674.26
C18 1344.26
C23 1442.26
Pu = rAg [0.85 * fc + (FY 0.85* fc]
Where:
Ag = Pu / r [0.85 * fc + (fy - 0.85 * fc)]
Ag = 1754.76*103 / 0.8 * 0.65 [0.85 * 30 + 0.03 (420 0.85 * 30)]

= 90404.9 mm2
Then = 0.03 is ok .
Ast = 0.03 * Ag = 0.03*120000 = 3600 mm2
(Use 12 20 = 3768 mm2)

S1=144 mm. < 150 mm..
Spacing between longitudinal bars 5S2 = 400 -2(60+8) (20)
S2= 49 mm < 150 mm. OK (NO need of additional stirrup).
Design of ties:
Use 8 mm stirrup.
S = 16 db = 16 * 20 = 320 mm
S = 48 ds = 48 *8 = 384 mm
use s = 300 mm.
Group4 (2000-3000Kn)
23
#column P total(KN)
C13 2060.26
C22 2632.76
C24 2179.26
C29 2346.76
C6 2172.76
Pu = rAg [0.85 * fc + (FY 0.85* fc]
Where:
Ag = Pu / r [0.85 * fc + (fy - 0.85 * fc)]
Ag = 2632.76*103 / 0.8 * 0.65 [0.85 * 30 + 0.03 (420 0.85 * 30)]

= 135639.36 mm2
Then = 0.03 is ok .
Ast = 0.03 * Ag = 0.03*150000 = 4500 mm2
(Use 16 20 = 5024 mm2)

S1=144 mm. < 150 mm..
Design of ties:
Use 8 mm stirrup.
S = 16 db = 16 * 20 = 320 mm
S = 48 ds = 48 *8 = 384 mm
use s = 300 mm.
3.2.5 Foundation Design:

24
Footings are structural members used to:-
Support columns and walls

Transmit and distribute loads to the soil in such a way that the load bearing capacity
of the soil is not exceeded, excessive settlement, differential settlement, or rotation are
prevented and adequate safety against overturning or sliding is maintained.
Foundations- Their Importance and Purpose:
All engineered construction resting on the earth must be carried by a foundation. The
foundation is the part of an engineered system which transmits to, and into, the
underlying soil or rock the loads supported by the foundation and its self weight. The
resulting soil stresses- except at the ground surface- are in addition to those presently
existing in the earth mass from the material self weight and geological history.
Types of Footings:
The more common types of footings may be categorized as follows:
1) Individual column footings:

Are often termed isolated spread footings and are generally square. However, if space
limitations exist, the footing may be rectangular in shape.
2) Wall footing
Support walls, which may be either bearing or nonbearing walls.
3) Combined footings:
Support two or more columns and may be either rectangular or trapezoidal in shape. If
two isolated footings are joined by a strap beam, the footing is sometimes called a
cantilever footing.
4) Mat foundations:
Large continuous footings that support all columns and walls of a structure. They are
commonly used where undesirable soil conditions prevail.
5) Pile caps or pile footings:
Serve to transmit column loads or a group of piles, which will, in turn, transmit the
loads to the supporting soil though friction or to underlying rock in bearing.
Foundations may be also classified based on where the load is carried by the ground,
producing:
6) Shallow foundations:
Termed bases, footings, spread footings, or mats, the depth is generally D/B <= 1 but
may be somewhat more.
7) Deep foundations:
Piles, drilled piers, or drilled caissons. Lp/B >= 4+ with
25
Footings Classifications and Purpose:
A footing carrying a single column is called a spread footing, since its function is
to "spread" the column load laterally to the soil so that the stress intensity is
reduced to a value that the soil can safety carry. These members are sometimes
called single or isolated footings.
Wall footings serve a similar purpose of spreading the wall load to the soil.
Often, however, wall footing widths are controlled by factors other than the
allowable soil pressure since wall loads (including wall weight) are usually rather
low.
When a footing supports a line of two or more columns, it is called a combined

footing. A combined footing may have either rectangular or trapezoidal shape or
be a series of pads connected by narrow rigid beams called a strap footing.
Cantilever or strap footings consist of two single footings connected with a beam
or a strap and support two single columns. This type replaces a combined footing
and is more economical.
Raft or Mat foundations consist of one footing usually placed under the entire
building area. They are used when soil bearing capacity is low, columns loads are
heavy, single column cannot be used and differential settlement must be reduced.
Pile Caps are thick slabs used to tie a group of piles together to support and
transmit column loads to the pile.
Allowable soil pressures:
The allowable soil pressure for footing design is obtained as the worst case of
bearing capacity and settlement. The allowable bearing capacity furnished to the
structural designer by the geotechnical engineer will have a suitable factor
already applied. The safety factor ranges from 2 to 5 for cohesion less materials
depending on density, effects of failure, and consultant caution. The value may
range from 3 to 6 for cohesive materials, with the higher values used where
consolidation settlements might occur over a long period of time.
When the column load P is applied on the centroid of the footing, a uniform
pressure is assumed to develop on the soil surface below the footing area.
However the actual distribution of the soil is not uniform, but depends on many
factors especially the composition of the soil and degree of the flexibility of the
footing.
Design Considerations:
26
Footing must be designed to carry the column loads and transmit them to the soil
safely while satisfying code limitations.

The footing area based on the allowable soil pressure.
Two-way shear or punch out shear.
One- way bearing.
Bending moment and steel reinforcement required.
Bearing capacity of columns at their base.
Dowel requirements.
Development length of bars.
Design procedure
3.2.5.1 Single footings

Determine the area of footing:
This is the first step on designing the foundation; this is done by dividing the
ultimate un-factored load carried by the column supported by the footing on the soil
bearing capacity, and as the following equation
Determine service load:
P service = LL+DL
Pu = Ultimate loads come from the column
Determine the area of the footing:
The area of footing can be determined from the actual external loads such that the
allowable soil pressure is not exceeded.
Area of footing = Total Load / Allowable soil pressure

= P service / Allowable soil pressure
The area calculated from the above equation will be used to determine the footing
dimensions (B L), and the new area then modified as A actual.
Strength design requirements (qu)

qu = Pu / Area of footing
Determine the effective depth of footing:
The depth of the foundation will be determined according to the shear loads carried by
the foundation. Since foundations are subjected to two types of shear, we will design
according to larger shear; which means larger depth.
27
Types of shear are:
Two-Way Shear (Punching shear)
The maximum punching shear occurs at distance d/2 from the face of the support
(most critical section); it may be in any direction, at long side or at short side of the
footing. The depth of the footing at this section will be generated along the footing,
which must resist this force safely without failure.
For two-way shear Vc is given by:-
Vc = (1 + 2/c) (c b d) /6 (ACI 11-33)
Where:
c = Long side /short side of column concentrated

Load or reaction area < 2
b = Length of critical perimeter around the column
When > 2 the allowable Vc is reduced
Design of two-way shear:
Assume d
Determine b
b = 2(C1 + d) + 2(C2 + d)
For rectangular columns of side C1 and C2
The shear force Vu acts at a section that has a length

b = 2(C1 + d) + 2(C2 + d) & a depth d; the section is subjected to a vertical
downward load Pu and vertical upward pressure qu.
Vu = Pu qu (C1 + d) (C2 + d)
Allowable Vc = 1/3 b d
Let Vu = Vc
d = Vu / (1/3b)
If d is not close to the assumed d, revise your assumptions
28
Wide beam shear (One-way shear):
The maximum wide beam shear occurs at distance d from the face of the support
(most critical section), it will occur in the long side of the footing, the rest length of
the long side footing will generated to resist this shear force at this section, which
must resist this force safely without failure.
This force should be less than or equal to the shear strength of the wide beam shear,
which is calculated by the following equation:-
f c
Vc,wide bd
6
= 0.75 (according to ACI 318 M -08 code sec. 9.3.2.3)
The ultimate shearing force at this critical section is calculated from the following
equation:-
L c1
Vu qb d
2
If no shear reinforcement is to be used, then d can be checked, assuming Vu = Vc
d = Vu / (1/6 b)
From the punching shear and wide beam shear choose the largest d calculated from
the both critical sections.
29
The total depth of foundation is then equal to (d + Cover)
Flexural strength and footing reinforcement
This is considered the last step in designing of the footing; this step is done by taking
a unit strip from the face of the column to the border of footing and determines the
moment generated by it.
This strip should be taken from the other direction.
The bending moment in each direction of the footing must be checked and the
appropriate reinforcement must be provided.
As = Mu / ( y (d a/2)
q L w 1 2 2
M
2
should be tested to be smaller than

max and larger than
min .
The minimum steel percentage required in flexural members is 1.4/ y with minimum
area and maximum spacing of steel bars in the direction of bending shall be as
required for shrinkage temperature reinforcement.
Finally find the steel area by using the following equation:-
As bd
The reinforcement in one-way footings and two-way footings must be distributed
across the entire width of the footing
Reinforcement in band width = 2/ + 1
Total reinforcement in short direction
Where = Long side footing / short side footing
Bearing Capacity of Column at Base
The loads from the column act on the footing at the base of the column, on an area
equal to area of the column cross section.
Compressive forces are transferred to the footing directly by bearing on the concrete.
Tensile forces must be resisted by reinforcement, neglecting any contribution by
concrete.
30
Force acting on the concrete at the base of the column must not exceed the bearing
strength of the concrete.
N1 = (0.85 cA1)
Where = 0.65 and A1 = bearing area of column
The value of the bearing strength may be multiplied by a factor

(A1 / A2) 2.0 for bearing on footing when the supporting surface is wider on all
sided than the loaded area.
The modified bearing strength:
N2 (0.85 c A1) A2 / A1
N2 2 (0.85 c A1)
Dowels in footings
A minimum steel ratio p = 0.005 of the column section as compared to p = 0.01 as

minimum reinforcement for the column it self. The number of dowel bars needed is
four; these bars may be placed at the four corners of the column. The dowel bars are
usually extended into the footing, bent at the ends, and tied to the main footing
reinforcement. The dowel diameter shall not exceed the diameter of the longitudinal
bars in the column by more than 3.75 mm.
Development length of the reinforcement bars.
The development length for compression bars was given

0.6 f y
ld db
f c'
But not less than 0.04y db 200 mm
ld(final = ld *(As,required / As,provided)

Dowel bars must be checked for proper development length
Design isolated footing building 1
Load (700 -1500)
Pu = 1041.26KN, Df = 1.5m assume d=300mm, qall = 250KN/m2
qnet = 250-(1.5-.3)*16.4-(.3*24) =223.12 KN/m2
Pservice 1041.26
Area of footing = = =4.6m2
qnet 223.12
L =B = 2.1m , Arae of footing = 2.1*2.1 = 4.41 m2

1041.26
qu = = 226.4 KN/m2 , assume we will use 18 so d = 300-75-(1.5*18) =
4.6
198mm
Check for one way shear :
At short direction will be control
31
q = 226.4* 2.1 = 228.5 KN/m2
2.1 0.3
Critical section = 2 - 0.198, x = 0. 702, Vu1= 0.702*228.5 = 160.4 KN
2
d = 0.17*0.75*30 *2100*d = 160.4*1000, required d = 133.12mm<198 so OK

Check punching shear:
Critical section:
= 2*(300+198) + 2*(600+198) = 2592mm, Vu2 = Pu (qu *area) ,
= 1041.26 (226.4* )= KN
1000
Req d = Vu/Vc = <198 OK
0.750.33302592
Reinforcement
For short side of column
Critical section
2.1 0.6
x= = .75
2 2
0.75 M 64.26106
Mu = 228.5*.75 * = 64.26kN. m, Ru = bdu2 = 0.78MPa
2 21001982
= 0.002< min, use min, ( As min =1372.14mm2, Use As min

Use (618), As =1527 mm2
Reinforcement for long side
2.1 0.3 0.9
x= =0.9m, Mu = 228.5*.9 * =92.54 KN. m
2 2 2
M 92.54106
Ru = bdu2 = =1.12 MPa = 0.003
21001982
use min, ( As min =1372.14mm2, Use As min Use (618), As =1527 mm2
Design of footing F1:
Using :
C =300*600 mm
TL= 499.76 KN
M = 55.6 KN.m
Fc = 30 Mpa
Fy = 420 Mpa
COVER = 75 mm
The base of footing is 1.5 m below final grade
The allowable soil pressure is 250 KN/m
Assume h=300 mm
e= 54/433.76 = 0.111 m
Wc=24*0.3=7.2 KN/ m2, Ws=16.4*(1.5-0.3)= 19.68 KN/ m2
32
The soil effective pressure is:
q eff = qs - Wc - Ws = 250-7.2-19.68 =223.12 kN/m2
The size of footing required:
Area=(499.76)/ 223.12=2.23 m2
Assume side length=1.5 m
A(footing)= 1.5*1.5= 2.25 m2
qu=Pu/Af=499.76 /2.25 = 222.11 KN/m2
deff=h-cover-1.5db
deff=300-75-1.5*18=198 mm
Check for punching shear:
calculate perimeter for two way shear and punch out shear
bo=2(c1+d)+2(c2+d) =2(600+198)+2(300+198)= 2592 mm
Vu= Pu - qu (c1+d)(c2+d) =411.5 KN
bd f c'
Vc
3
Vc=0.85*0.33* 30 *2592*d
calculate d by equaling Vu= Vc

d=(411.5*1000) / (0.85*0.33* 30 *2592) = 102.3<198mm good
d=(411.5*1000)/(0.85*3*.1667* 30 *2592)=68.2<198mm good
Check for wide beam shear
for long side:

l c 1.5 0.6
wide shear d e 0.198 0.111 0363.m
2 2
l c
Vu qu b d e
2
Vu=222.1*1.5*0.363=120.93 KN
0.75bd f c'
Vc
6
d=(120.93*1000) /(0.85*0.17*1500*5.47)=103.6mm <198 mm good
for short side:
33
l c 1.5 0.3
wide shear d 0.198 0.402 m
2 2
l c
Vu qu b d
2
Vu=222.11*1.5*0.402= 133.93 KN
0.75bd f c'
Vc
6
d=(133.93*1000) /(0.85*0.17*1500*5.47)= 115mm <198mm good
The reinforcement of the footing:
for long side:
l c
e 0.561m
2
l c
2

qu b e
Mu 2
2
Mu=52.24 KN.m
W(1-0.59w)= Mu/(0.9*fc*b*d2) = 0.033
W=0.034
. = w *fc/fy = 0.0024
As (req)= bd =0.0024*1500*198 =721.28mm2
As (shr)= 0.0018*1500*300 = 810 mm2
As (min) = 1.4*1400*198/420 = 990 mm2
use (418)(As=1018 mm2 )
The development length of the steel of the footing
0.6 f y
ld db
f c' = 828.5 mm
ld(final = ld *(As,required / As,provided) = 805.7 mm
ld(actual)=L/2-cover-c/2=375 mm
without hooks
34
for short side:
l c
0.6m
2
l c
2
qu b
Mu 2
2
Mu=59.96 KN.m
W(1-0.59w)= Mu/(0.9*fc*b*d2) = 0.037
W=0.038
. = w *fc/fy = 0.0027
As (req)= bd =0.0027*1500*198 =806.14mm2
As (shr)= 0.0018*1500*300 =810 mm2
As (min) = 1.5*1500*198/420 = 990 mm2
use (418)(As=1018 mm2 )
0.6 f y
ld db
f c' = 828.5 mm
without hooks
Using :
C =300*600 mm
TL= 956.26KN
M = 53.5 KN.m
Fc = 30 Mpa
Fy = 420 Mpa
COVER = 75 mm
Assume h=400 mm
e= 53.5/956.26 = 0.056 m
35
Wc=24*0.4=9.6 KN/ m2, Ws=16.4*(1.5-0.4)= 18.04 KN/ m2

q eff = qs - Wc - Ws = 250-9.6-18.04 =222.36 kN/m2
Area=(956.26)/ 222.36=4.3 m2
A(footing)= 2.1*2.1= 4.41 m2
qu=Pu/Af=956.26 /4.41= 216.8 KN/m2
deff=h-cover-1.5db
deff=400-75-1.5*18=298 mm
bo=2(c1+d)+2(c2+d) =2(600+198)+2(300+198)= 2992 mm
Vu= Pu - qu (c1+d)(c2+d) =839.83 KN
bd f c'
Vc
3
Vc=0.85*0.33* 30 *2992*d

d=(839.83*1000) / (0.85*0.33* 30 *2992) = 120.58<298mm good
d=(839.83*1000)/(0.85*3*.1667* 30 *2992)=180.87<298mm good
for long side:

l c 2.1 0.6
wide shear d e 0.298 0.056 0.508 m
2 2
l c
Vu qu b d e
2
Vu=216.8*2.1*0.508=231.28 KN
0.75bd f c'
Vc
6
d=(231.28*1000) /(0.85*0.17*2100*5.29)=141.93mm <298 mm good
for short side:
36
l c 2.1 0.3
2 2
l c
Vu qu b d
2
Vu=216.8*2.1*0.602= 274.07 KN
0.75bd f c'
Vc
6
d=(274.07*1000) /(0.85*0.17*2100*5.29)= 168.19mm <298mm good
for long side:
l c
e 0.81m
2
l c
2

qu b e
Mu 2
2
Mu=149.4 KN.m
W(1-0.59w)= Mu/(0.9*fc*b*d2) = 0.029
W=0.03
. = w *fc/fy = 0.002
As (req)= bd =0.002*2100*298 =1339mm2
As (shr)= 0.0018*2100*400 = 1512 mm2
As (min) = 1.4*2100*298/420 = 2086 mm2
use (918)(As=2290 mm2 )
0.6 f y
ld db
f c' = 828.5 mm
without hook
for short side:
l c
0.9m
2
37
l c
2
qu b
Mu 2
2
Mu=184.38 KN.m
W(1-0.59w)= Mu/(0.9*fc*b*d2) = 0.036
W=0.037
. = w *fc/fy = 0.0026
As (req)= bd =0.0026*2100*298 =1627mm2
As (shr)= 0.0018*2100*400 = 1512 mm2
As (min) = 1.4*2100*298/420 = 2086 mm2
use (918)(As=2290 mm2 )
0.6 f y
ld db
f c' = 828.5 mm
without hooks
Using :
C =300*600 mm
TL= 1650.76 KN
M = 206.51 KN.m
Fc = 30 Mpa
Fy = 420 Mpa
COVER = 75 mm
Assume h=300 mm
e= 206.51/1650.76 = 0.13 m
Wc=24*0.5=12KN/ m2, Ws=16.4*(1.5-0.5)= 16.4 KN/ m2

q eff = qs - Wc - Ws = 250-12-16.4 =221.6kN/m2
38
Area=(1650.76)/ 221.6=7.45 m2
A(footing)= 1.4*1.4= 7.84m2
qu=Pu/Af=1650.76 /7.84= 210.5 KN/m2
deff=h-cover-1.5db
deff=500-75-1.5*18=398 mm
bo=2(c1+d)+2(c2+d) =2(600+398)+2(300+398)= 3392 mm
Vu= Pu - qu (c1+d)(c2+d) =1504.12 KN
bd f c'
Vc
3
Vc=0.85*0.33* 30 *3392*d

d=(1504.12*1000) / (0.85*0.33* 30 *3392) = 285.7<398mm good
d=(1504.12*1000)/(0.85*3*.1667* 30 *3392)=190.5<398mm good
for long side:

l c 2.8 0.6
wide shear d e 0.398 0.13 0.832 m
2 2
l c
Vu qu b d e
2
Vu=221.3*2.8*0.832=490.4 KN
0.75bd f c'
Vc
6
d=(221.3*1000) /(0.85*0.17*2800*5.29)=255.7mm <398 mm good
for short side:

l c 2.8 0.3
2 2
l c
Vu qu b d
2
Vu=221.3*2.8*0.852= 502.16 KN
39
0.75bd f c'
Vc
6
d=(502.16 *1000) /(0.85*0.17*2800*5.29)= 231.12mm <398mm good
for long side:
l c
e 01.23m
2
l c
2

qu b e
Mu 2
2
Mu=445.85 KN.m
W(1-0.59w)= Mu/(0.9*fc*b*d2) = 0.037
W=0.038
. = w *fc/fy = 0.002 7
As (req)= bd =0.0027*2800*398 =3008.8mm2
As (shr)= 0.0018*2800*500 = 2520 mm2
As (min) = 1.4*2800*398/420 = 3714.6 mm2
use (1518)(As=3825 mm2 )
0.6 f y
ld db
f c' = 828.5 mm
without hooks
for short side:
l c
1.25m
2
l c
2
qu b
Mu 2
2
Mu=460.46 KN.m
W(1-0.59w)= Mu/(0.9*fc*b*d2) = 0.038
40
W=0.039
. = w *fc/fy = 0.0027
As (req)= bd =0.0027*2800*398 =3008.8mm2
As (shr)= 0.0018*2800*500 = 2520 mm2
As (min) = 1.4*2800*398/420 = 3714.6 mm2
use (1518)(As=3825 mm2 )
0.6 f y
ld db
f c' = 828.5 mm
without hooks
Using :
C =300*600 mm
TL= 2632.7KN
M = 652.6 KN.m
Fc = 30 Mpa
Fy = 420 Mpa
COVER = 75 mm
Assume h=300 mm
e= 652.6 /2632.76 = 0.25 m

Wc=24*0.6=14.4 KN/ m2, Ws=16.4*(1.5-0.6)= 14.76 KN/ m2

q eff = qs - Wc - Ws = 250-14.4-14.76 =220.84 kN/m2
Area=(2632.7)/ 220.84=11.92 m2
Assume side length=3.5m
A(footing)= 1.4*1.4= 12.25 m2
41
qu=Pu/Af=2632.7 /12.25= 214.9 KN/m2
deff=h-cover-1.5db
deff=600-75-1.5*18=498 mm
bo=2(c1+d)+2(c2+d) =2(600+498)+2(300+498)= 3792 mm
Vu= Pu - qu (c1+d)(c2+d) =2444.41 KN
bd f c'
Vc
3
Vc=0.85*0.33* 30 *3792*d

d=(2444.41*1000) / (0.85*0.33* 30 *37792) = 415.38<498mm good
d=(2444.41*1000)/(0.85*3*.1667* 30 *37792)=276.92<498mm good
for long side:

l c 3.5 0.6
wide shear d e 0.498 0.25 1.202 m
2 2
l c
Vu qu b d e
2
Vu=214.9*3.5*1.202=904.08 KN
0.75bd f c'
Vc
6
d=(904.08 *1000) /(0.85*0.17*3500*5.29)=305.2mm <498 mm good
for short side:

l c 3.5 0.3
wide shear d 0.498 1.1m
2 2
l c
Vu qu b d
2
Vu=214.9*3.5*1.1= 828.86 KN
0.75bd f c'
Vc
6
d=(828.86 *1000) /(0.85*0.17*3500*5.29)= 305.3mm <498mm good
42
for long side:
l c
e 1.7m
2
l c
2

qu b e
Mu 2
2
Mu=1086.85 KN.m
W(1-0.59w)= Mu/(0.9*fc*b*d2) = 0.046
W=0.048
. = w *fc/fy = 0.003
As (req)= bd =0.003*3500*498 =5773mm2
As (shr)= 0.0018*3500*600 = 3780 mm2
As (min) = 1.4*3500*498/420 = 5810 mm2
use (2318)(As=5865 mm2 )
0.6 f y
ld db
f c' = 828.5 mm
without hooks
for short side:
l c
1.6m
2
l c
2
qu b
Mu 2
2
Mu=962.75 KN.m
W(1-0.59w)= Mu/(0.9*fc*b*d2) = 0.041
W=0.043
. = w *fc/fy = 0.003
As (req)= bd =0.003*3500*498 =5229mm2
As (shr)= 0.0018*3500*600 = 3780 mm2
As (min) = 1.4*3500*498/420 = 5810 mm2
use (2318)(As=5865 mm2 )
43
0.6 f y
ld db
f c' = 828.5 mm
ld(final = ld *(As,required / As,provided) = 820 mm
without hooks
Design of footing F1(for biaxial ):
Using :
C =300*600 mm
TL= 941.61+217.81=1159.42 KN
My = 23 KN.m Mx = 71.6 KN.m
Fc = 30 Mpa
Fy = 420 Mpa
COVER = 75 mm
Assume h=300 mm
ex= 32.87 m ey= 24.48 m
Wc=24*0.4=9.6KN/ m2, Ws=16.4*(1.5-0.4)= 18.04 KN/ m2

q eff = qs - Wc - Ws = 250-9.6-18.04 =222.36kN/m2
Area=(1159.42)/ 222.36=5.21 m2
A(footing)= 2.3*2.3= 5.29m2
44
qu=Pu/Af=1159.42/5.29= 219.17 KN/m2
deff=h-cover-1.5db
deff=400-75-1.5*18=298 mm
bo=2(c1+d)+2(c2+d) =2(600+298)+2(300+298)= 2992 mm
Vu= Pu - qu (c1+d)(c2+d) =1041.72 KN
bd f c'
Vc
3
Vc=0.85*0.33* 30 *2992*d

d=(1041.72 *1000) / (0.85*0.33* 30 *2992) = 224.4<298mm good
d=(1041.72 *1000)/(0.85*3*.1667* 30 *2992)=149.6<298mm good
for long side:

l c 2.3 0.6
wide shear d e 0.298 0.032 0.584 m
2 2
l c
Vu qu b d e
2
Vu=219.17*2.3*0.584=443.95 KN
0.75bd f c'
Vc
6
d=(443.95 *1000) /(0.85*0.17*2300*5.29)=248.76mm <298 mm good
for short side:

l c 2.3 0.3
wide shear d 0.298 0.024 0.726m
2 2
l c
Vu qu b d
2
Vu=219.17*2.3*0.726= 365.97KN
0.75bd f c'
Vc
6
d=(365.97*1000) /(0.85*0.17*2300*5.29)= 205.1mm <298mm good
45
for long side:
l c
e 0.882m
2
l c
2

qu b e
Mu 2
2
Mu=195.18 KN.m
W(1-0.59w)= Mu/(0.9*fc*b*d2) = 0.035
W=0.036
. = w *fc/fy = 0.0025 7
As (req)= bd =0.00257*2300*298 =1716.5mm2
As (shr)= 0.0018*2300*400 = 1656 mm2
As (min) = 1.4*2300*398/420 = 2284.67 mm2
use (918)(As=2290 mm2 )
0.6 f y
ld db
f c' = 828.5 mm
without hooks
for short side:
l c
0.024 1.024m
2
l c
2
qu b
Mu 2
2
Mu=265.44 KN.m
W(1-0.59w)= Mu/(0.9*fc*b*d2) = 0.048
W=0.05
. = w *fc/fy = 0.0034
As (req)= bd =0.00257*2300*298 =1716.5mm2
As (shr)= 0.0018*2300*400 = 1656 mm2
As (min) = 1.4*2300*398/420 = 2284.67 mm2
use (918)(As=2290 mm2 )
46
0.6 f y
ld db
f c' = 828.5 mm
without hooks
Design of footing F2(for biaxial ):
Using :
C =300*600 mm
TL= 974.71+442.76=1417.47 KN
My = 23 KN.m Mx = 74.12 KN.m
Fc = 30 Mpa
Fy = 420 Mpa
COVER = 75 mm
Assume h=500 mm
ex= 76 m ey= 52 m
Wc=24*0.5=12KN/ m2, Ws=16.4*(1.5-0.5)= 16.4 KN/ m2

q eff = qs - Wc - Ws = 250-12-16.4 =221.6kN/m2
Area=(1417.47)/ 221.6=6.3 m2
A(footing)= 2.6*2.6= 6.76m2
qu=Pu/Af=1417.47/6.76= 209.68 KN/m2
deff=h-cover-1.5db
deff=500-75-1.5*18=398 mm
47
bo=2(c1+d)+2(c2+d) =2(600+398)+2(300+398)= 3392 mm
Vu= Pu - qu (c1+d)(c2+d) =1271.4 KN
bd f c'
Vc
3
Vc=0.85*0.33* 30 *3392*d

d=(1271.4 *1000) / (0.85*0.33* 30 *3392) = 241.5<398mm good
d=(1271.4 *1000)/(0.85*3*.1667* 30 *3392)=161<398mm good
for long side:

l c 2.6 0.6
wide shear d e 0.398 0.076 0.678 m
2 2
l c
Vu qu b d e
2
Vu=209.68*2.6*0.526 =369.63KN
0.75bd f c'
Vc
6
d=(369.63*1000) /(0.85*0.17*2600*5.29)=183.21mm <398 mm good
for short side:

l c 2.6 0.3
wide shear d 0.398 0.052 0.804m
2 2
l c
Vu qu b d
2
Vu=209.68*2.6*0.804= 438.31KN
0.75bd f c'
Vc
6
d=(438.31*1000) /(0.85*0.17*2600*5.29)= 217.25mm <398mm good
for long side:
48
l c
e 1.076m
2
l c
2

qu b e
Mu 2
2
Mu=333.53 KN.m
W(1-0.59w)= Mu/(0.9*fc*b*d2) = 0.029
W=0.03
. = w *fc/fy = 0.0021
As (req)= bd =0.002*2600*398 =2217.4mm2
As (shr)= 0.0018*2600*500 = 2340 mm2
As (min) = 1.4*2600*398/420 = 3449.3 mm2
use (1418)(As=3570 mm2 )
0.6 f y
ld db
f c' = 828.5 mm
ld(final = ld *(As,required / As,provided) = 800.4mm
without hooks
For short direction
l c
e 1.202m
2
l c
2

qu b e
Mu 2
2
Mu=416.22 KN.m
W(1-0.59w)= Mu/(0.9*fc*b*d2) = 0.037
W=0.038
. = w *fc/fy = 0.0027
As (req)= bd =0.0027*2600*398 =2808.7mm2
As (shr)= 0.0018*2600*500 = 2340 mm2
As (min) = 1.4*2600*398/420 = 3449.3 mm2
use (1418)(As=3570 mm2 )

49
0.6 f y
ld db
f c' = 828.5 mm
ld(final = ld *(As,required / As,provided) = 800.4mm
without hooks
Design isolated footing building 2
Using :
C =300*600 mm
TL= 433.76 KN
M = 54 KN.m
Fc = 30 Mpa
Fy = 420 Mpa
COVER = 75 mm
Assume h=300 mm
e= 54/433.76 = 0.124 m
Wc=24*0.3=7.2 KN/ m2, Ws=16.4*(1.5-0.3)= 19.68 KN/ m2

q eff = qs - Wc - Ws = 250-7.2-19.68 =223.12 kN/m2
Area=(433.76)/ 223.12=1.94 m2
A(footing)= 1.4*1.4= 1.96 m2
qu=Pu/Af=433.76 /1.96 = 221.3 KN/m2
deff=h-cover-1.5db
deff=300-75-1.5*18=198 mm
bo=2(c1+d)+2(c2+d) =2(600+198)+2(300+198)= 2592 mm
50
Vu= Pu - qu (c1+d)(c2+d) =345.81 KN
bd f c'
Vc
3
Vc=0.85*0.33* 30 *2592*d

d=(345.81*1000) / (0.85*0.33* 30 *2592) = 85.96<198mm good
d=(345.81*1000)/(0.85*3*.1667* 30 *2592)=57.31<198mm good
for long side:

l c 1.4 0.6
wide shear d e 0.198 0.124 0.326 m
2 2
l c
Vu qu b d e
2
Vu=221.3*1.4*0.326=101 KN
0.75bd f c'
Vc
6
d=(101*1000) /(0.85*0.17*1400*5.29)=92.97mm <198 mm good
for short side:

l c 1.4 0.3
2 2
l c
Vu qu b d
2
Vu=221.3*1.4*0.352= 109.05 KN
0.75bd f c'
Vc
6
d=(109.05*1000) /(0.85*0.17*1400*5.29)= 100.38mm <198mm good
for long side:
l c
e 0.524m
2
51
l c
2

qu b e
Mu 2
2
Mu=42.53 KN.m
W(1-0.59w)= Mu/(0.9*fc*b*d2) = 0.028
W=0.029
. = w *fc/fy = 0.002
As (req)= bd =0.002*1400*198 =554.4mm2
As (shr)= 0.0018*1400*300 = 756 mm2
As (min) = 1.4*1400*198/420 = 924 mm2
use (418)(As=1018 mm2 )
0.6 f y
ld db
f c' = 828.5 mm
without hooks
for short side:
l c
0.55m
2
l c
2
qu b
Mu 2
2
Mu=46.86 KN.m
W(1-0.59w)= Mu/(0.9*fc*b*d2) = 0.031
W=0.032
. = w *fc/fy = 0.0022
As (req)= bd =0.0022*1400*198 =609.84mm2
As (shr)= 0.0018*1400*300 = 756 mm2
As (min) = 1.4*1400*198/420 = 924 mm2
use (418)(As=1018 mm2 )
0.6 f y
ld db
f c' = 828.5 mm
52
without hooks
Using :
C =300*600 mm
TL= 973.26 KN
M = 265.5KN.m
Fc = 30 Mpa
Fy = 420 Mpa
COVER = 75 mm
Assume h=400 mm
e= 265.5/973.26 = 0.27 m
Wc=24*0.4=9.6KN/ m2, Ws=16.4*(1.5-0.4)= 18.04 KN/ m2

q eff = qs - Wc - Ws = 250-9.6-18.04 =222.36 kN/m2
Area=(973.26)/ 222.36=4.37 m2
A(footing)= 2.1*2.1= 4.4 m2
qu=Pu/Af=973.26 /4.4 = 220.7 KN/m2
deff=h-cover-1.5db
deff=400-75-1.5*18=298 mm
bo=2(c1+d)+2(c2+d) =2(600+298)+2(300+298)= 2992 mm
Vu= Pu - qu (c1+d)(c2+d) =855.14 KN
bd f c'
Vc
3
53
Vc=0.85*0.33* 30 *2992*d

d=(855.14*1000) / (0.85*0.33* 30 *2992) = 184.2<298mm good
d=(855.14*1000)/(0.85*3*0.1667* 30 *2992)=122.8<298mm good
for long side:

l c 2.1 0.6
wide shear d e 0.298 0.27 0.72 m
2 2
l c
Vu qu b d e
2
Vu=220.7*2.1*0.72=334.63 KN
0.75bd f c'
Vc
6
d=(334.63*1000) /(0.85*0.17*2100*5.29)=205mm <298 mm good
for short side:

l c 2.1 0.3
2 2
l c
Vu qu b d
2
Vu=220.7*2.1*0.602= 279 KN
0.75bd f c'
Vc
6
d=(279*1000) /(0.85*0.17*2100*5.29)= 171.22mm <298mm good
for long side:
l c
e 1.02m
2
l c
2

qu b e
Mu 2
2
Mu=241.1 KN.m
W(1-0.59w)= Mu/(0.9*fc*b*d2) = 0.047
W=0.049
. = w *fc/fy = 0.0035
As (req)= bd =0.0035*2100*298 =2190.3mm2
As (shr)= 0.0018*2100*400 = 1512 mm2
As (min) = 1.4*2100*298/420 = 2086 mm2
54
use (918)(As=2290 mm2 )
0.6 f y
ld db
f c' = 828.5 mm
without hook
for short side:
l c
0.9m
2
l c
2
qu b
Mu 2
2
Mu=187.7 KN.m
W(1-0.59w)= Mu/(0.9*fc*b*d2) = 0.037
W=0.038
. = w *fc/fy = 0.0027
As (req)= bd =0.0027*2100*298 =1689.6mm2
As (shr)= 0.0018*2100*400 = 1512mm2
As (min) = 1.4*2100*298/420 = 2086 mm2
use (918)(As=2290 mm2 )
0.6 f y
ld db
f c' = 828.5 mm
without hooks
Using :
C =300*600 mm
55
TL= 1754.76 KN
M = 396.81 KN.m
Fc = 30 Mpa
Fy = 420 Mpa
COVER = 75 mm
Assume h=500 mm
e= 396.81/1754.71 = 0.22 m
Wc=24*0.5=12 KN/ m2, Ws=16.4*(1.5-0.5)= 16.4 KN/ m2

q eff = qs - Wc - Ws = 250-12-16.4 =221.6 kN/m2
Area=(1754.76)/ 221.6=7.9 m2
A(footing)= 2.8*2.8= 7.84 m2
qu=Pu/Af=1754.76 /7.84 = 221.6 KN/m2
deff=h-cover-1.5db
deff=500-75-1.5*18=398 mm
bo=2(c1+d)+2(c2+d) =2(600+398)+2(300+398)= 3392 mm
Vu= Pu - qu (c1+d)(c2+d) =1600.4 KN
bd f c'
Vc
3
Vc=0.85*0.33* 30 *3392*d

d=(1600.4*1000) / (0.85*0.33* 30 *3392) = 307.1<398mm good
d=(1600.4*1000)/(0.85*3*0.1667* 30 *3392)=202.64<398mm good
56
for long side:
l c 2.8 0.6
wide shear d e 0.398 0.22 0.922 m
2 2
l c
Vu qu b d e
2
Vu=221.6*2.8*0.922=572 KN
0.75bd f c'
Vc
6
d=(572*1000) /(0.85*0.17*2800*5.29)=263.3mm <398 mm good
for short side:

l c 2.8 0.3
2 2
l c
Vu qu b d
2
Vu=221.6*2.8*0.852= 528.6 KN
0.75bd f c'
Vc
6
d=(528.6*1000) /(0.85*0.17*2800*5.29)= 243.3mm <398mm good
for long side:
l c
e 1.32m
2
l c
2

qu b e
Mu 2
2
Mu=540.5 KN.m
W(1-0.59w)= Mu/(0.9*fc*b*d2) = 0.045
W=0.047
. = w *fc/fy = 0.0033
As (req)= bd =0.0033*2800*398 =3677mm2
As (shr)= 0.0018*2800*500 = 2520 mm2
As (min) = 1.4*2800*398/420 = 3714.6 mm2
use (1518)(As=3825 mm2 )
0.6 f y
ld db
f c' = 828.5 mm
57
without hooks
for short side:
l c
1.25m
2
l c
2
qu b
Mu 2
2
Mu=484.75 KN.m
W(1-0.59w)= Mu/(0.9*fc*b*d2) = 0.04
W=0.042
. = w *fc/fy = 0.003
As (req)= bd =0.003*2800*398 =3343mm2
As (shr)= 0.0018*2800*500 = 2520mm2
As (min) = 1.4*2800*398/420 = 3714.6 mm2
use (1518)(As=3825 mm2 )
0.6 f y
ld db
f c' = 828.5 mm
without hooks
3.2.5.2 Design of combined footing :
for columns (c10, c11)
58
Pu for c10=1319.26 kN, Pu for c11=832.76 kn
M about center of c10=M=(1.05*832.76)/(832.76+1319.26)= 0.4 centroid of
footing from center of c10
L= 1.5+0.4=1.9m
Total length = (1.9)(2)=3.8m , use 25, assume h=700mm ,
So d=700-75-(1.5*25) = 587.5mm
q eff=250-(1.5-0.7)*16.4-(0.7*24)=220.08kN/m2
Area of footing=2152.02/220.08=9.77 m2
B=area/total length=9.77/3.8= 2.6 m
Area of footing=B*L=2.6*3.8=9.88 m2 , qn=(2152.02)/9.88=217.8 KN/m2
Distributed load about along side: qL=(217.8)(2.6)=566.28 kn
Check one way shear:

Vu=412.7kn , Required d=412.7*1000/((0.85)(0.17)(5.477)(2600))=204.5mm
204.5<587.5mm, ok
bo =2(c1+d)+2(c2+d) =2(1187.5)+2(887.5)=4150mm
VU2=832.7-217.8(1.18)(0.88)=604.7kn
Required (d) =604.7*1000/(0.85*0.333*5.477*4150)=93.9mm , 93.9 ok
Reinforcement:
Zero shear at 2.36m, Mu=528 kn.m
W(1-0.59w)= Mu/(0.9*fc*b*d2) = 0.022
W=0.022
. = w *fc/fy = 0.0015
As (req)= bd =0.0015*2600*587.5 =2291.7mm2
As (shr)= 0.0018*2600*700 = 3276 mm2
As (min) = 1.4*2600*587.5/420 = 5091 mm2
use (1125)(As=5401 mm2 )
Band width=300+(1500-150)+587.5=2200mm
.q = (1319.26)/2.2 = 589.6 Kn/m
L = (2.6/2)-0.15 = 1.15 m
M = q* L2/2 = 389.8 Kn.m
W(1-0.59w)= Mu/(0.9*fc*b*d2) = 0.019
W=0.02
59
. = w *fc/fy = 0.0014
As (req)= bd =0.0014*2200*587.5 =1809.5mm2
As (shr)= 0.0018*2200*700 = 2772 mm2
As (min) = 1.4*2200*587.5/420 = 4308.3 mm2
use (925)(As=4413 mm2 )
Band width=300+(2*587.5)=1400mm
.q = (832.76)/1.4 = 594.8 Kn/m
L = (2.6/2)-0.15 = 1.15 m
M = q* L2/2 = 393.3 Kn.m
W(1-0.59w)= Mu/(0.9*fc*b*d2) = 0.03
W=0.03
. = w *fc/fy = 0.0021
As (req)= bd =0.0021*1400*587.5 =1727mm2
As (shr)= 0.0018*1400*700 = 1764 mm2
As (min) = 1.4*1400*587.5/420 = 2741 mm2
use (625)(As=2945 mm2 )

M about center of c46=M=(1.05*831.06)/(831.06+1339.26)= 0.4 centroid of
footing from center of c46
L= 1.45+0.4=1.85m
So d=500-75-(1.5*25) = 387.5mm
q eff=250-(1.5-0.5)*16.4-(0.5*24)=221.6kN/m2
Area of footing=2170.32/221.6=9.7 m2
Area of footing=B*L=2.6*3.7=9.62 m2 , qn=(2170.32)/9.62=225.6 KN/m2
Distributed load about along side: qL=(225.6)(2.6)=556.56 kn

Vu=462kn , Required d=462*1000/((0.85)(0.17)(5.477)(2600))=86.19mm
86.19<387.5mm, ok
bo =2(c1+d)+2(c2+d) =2(987.5)+2(687.5)=3350mm
VU2=831.06-225.6(0.987)(0.687)=678kn
60
Required (d) =678*1000/(0.85*0.333*5.477*3350)=130.4mm ok
Reinforcement:
W(1-0.59w)= Mu/(0.9*fc*b*d2) = 0.041
W=0.042
. = w *fc/fy = 0.003
As (req)= bd =0.003*2600*387.5 =3022.5mm2
As (shr)= 0.0018*2600*500 = 2340 mm2
As (min) = 1.4*2600*387.5/420 = 3358 mm2
use (725)(As=3436 mm2 )
Band width=300+(1400-150)+387.5=1900mm
.q = (1339.26)/1.9 = 704.8 Kn/m
L = (2.6/2)-0.15 = 1.15 m
M = q* L2/2 = 466 Kn.m
W(1-0.59w)= Mu/(0.9*fc*b*d2) = 0.06
W=0.063
. = w *fc/fy = 0.0045
As (req)= bd =0.0045*1900*387.5 =3092.25mm2
As (shr)= 0.0018*1900*500 = 1710 mm2
As (min) = 1.4*1900*387.5/420 = 2454.1 mm2
use (725)(As=3436 mm2 )
Band width=300+(2*387.5)=1000mm
.q = (831.06)/1 = 831.06 Kn/m
L = (2.6/2)-0.15 = 1.15 m
M = q* L2/2 = 549.5 Kn.m
W(1-0.59w)= Mu/(0.9*fc*b*d2) = 0.135
W=0.15
. = w *fc/fy = 0.001
As (req)= bd =0.001*1000*387.5 =3875mm2
As (shr)= 0.0018*1000*500 = 900 mm2
As (min) = 1.4*1000*387.5/420 = 1014.8 mm2
use (825)(As=3927 mm2 )

61
M about center of c4=M=(1.35*457.26)/(700.72)= 0.88 centroid of footing from
center of c4
L= 1+0.88=1.88m
So d=400-75-(1.5*25) = 287.5mm
q eff=250-(1.5-0.4)*16.4-(0.4*24)=222.36kN/m2
Area of footing=700.72/222.36=3.15 m2
Area of footing=B*L=0.9*3.76=3.38 m2 , qn=(700.72)/3.38=207 KN/m2
Distributed load about along side: qL=(207)(0.9)=186.3 kn

Vu=177.6kn , Required d=177.6*1000/((0.85)(0.17)(5.477)(900))=254.3mm
254.3<287.5mm, ok
bo =2(c1+d)+2(c2+d) =2(887.5)+2(587.5)=2950mm
VU2=457.26-207(0.887)(0.587)=349.5kn
Required (d) =349.5*1000/(0.85*0.333*5.477*2950)=76.34mm ok
Reinforcement:
W(1-0.59w)= Mu/(0.9*fc*b*d2) = 0.027
W=0.028
. = w *fc/fy = 0.002
As (req)= bd =0.002*900*287.5 =517.5mm2
As (shr)= 0.0018*900*400 = 648 mm2
As (min) = 1.4*900*287.5/420 = 862.5 mm2
use (225)(As=982 mm2 )
Band width=600+(420-300)+287.5=1000mm
.q = (243.46)/1 = 243.46 Kn/m
L = (0.9/2)-0.3 = 0.15 m
M = q* L2/2 = 2.74 Kn.m
W(1-0.59w)= Mu/(0.9*fc*b*d2) = 0.001
W=0.001
62
. = w *fc/fy = 0.00007
As (req)= bd =0.00007*1000*287.5 =20.125mm2
As (shr)= 0.0018*1000*400 = 720 mm2
As (min) = 1.4*1000*287.5/420 = 958.3 mm2
use (225)(As=982 mm2 )
Band width=600+(2*287.5)=1100mm
.q = (457.26)/1.1 = 389.15 Kn/m
L = (0.9/2)-0.3 = 0.15 m
M = q* L2/2 = 4.3 Kn.m
W(1-0.59w)= Mu/(0.9*fc*b*d2) = 0.0017
W=0.0017
. = w *fc/fy = 0.0001
As (req)= bd =0.0001*1100*287.5 =31.625mm2
As (shr)= 0.0018*1100*400 = 792 mm2
As (min) = 1.4*1100*287.5/420 = 1054.16 mm2
use (325)(As=1473 mm2 )
3.2.6 STAIRS DESIGN

3.2.6.1 Introduction
63
This section will include the design of stairs, which is referred to be
longitudinally supported from each end as flexural members; and it is required to
joint two floors with a total floor height equal to 3.48m
Stairs are means of moving up and down in buildings. A well-planned and designed
stair should provide an easy, quick and safe mode of communication between the
various floors.
This section will include the design of stairs; the stair which will be designed in this
section is" Inclined slab stair with bearing wall support it ".
Figure (4.1): particulars of stairs
Figure (4.2): Common supporting systems of longitudinally supported stairs
3.2.6.2 Types of stairs:

There are several types of stairs, which depend mainly on the function of the building;
the most common types are as follows:
64
1- Single flight stairs: the structural behavior of a flight of stairs is similar to that
of a one-way slab supported at both end.
2- Double flight stairs: it is more convenient in most buildings build the staircase in
double flight between floors. The types commonly used are quarter-turn, and closed
or open-well stairs.
3- Three or more flight of stairs: in some cases, where the overall dimension of the
staircase is limited, three of four flights may be adopted. Each flight will be treated
separately, as in the case of double-flight staircase.
4- Cantilever stairs: it used mostly in fire-escape stairs, and they are supported by
concrete walls or beam.
The stair steps may be of the full-flight type, projecting from one side of the wall, the
half-flight type projecting from both sides of supporting walls, or of the semi-spiral
type. In this type of stairs, each step acts as cantilever, and the main reinforcement is
placed in the tension side of the run and the bars are anchored within the concrete
wall. Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement is provided in the transverse direction.
For the structural analysis of the stairs each flight is treated as a single flight and is
considered supported on two or more beams, the landing extends in transverse
direction between two supports and is design as one way slab.
In the case of open-well stairs, the middle part of the landing carries a full load,
whereas the two ends parts carry half-loading only. The other half-loading is carried
in longitudinal direction by the stairs flight.
Stairs dead and live load:

W concrete= 0.16 *0.5*24*1= KN/m , W finishing=0.6 KN/m ,
plastering=0.03*21*1=0.75 KN/m
Tan = 30/16;
=61.920 , =180-90-61.92 =28.080 , L = 20/cos (28.080) = 21.29cm
W waist slab = 25*0.2*(cos (*3.14)/180)=5.662 kn/m
Marble= 0.03*24*1=0.72KN/m
***Total Load = 9.732KN/m
L . L from load and force code = 4KN/m2 , For 1m-strip L .L = 4*1=3KN/m
65
Design of stair flight (10 steps)
h = 200mm , c = 35mm , d = 200-35= 165mm , length of flight =(10*0.3) = 3m
Wu = (1.2*DL) + (1.6*LL) , Wu = (1.2*9.012) + (1.6*4) =18. 07 KN/m ,
H.P.F=9*0.3= 2.7 m (**we have 9 go& 10 rises)
H.F = 0.16*10 = 1.6 m
Length of flight = [H + V] =
3.138 m
TOTAL LENGTH = Length of flight +Landing

= 3.138+1.3 = 4.438 m
Vu= wL/2 = 40.115 KN
Vc= 0.75*0.17[fc]*1000*d
= 0.75*0.17*[30]*1000*0.165
=165 KN
Vc>Vu is ok
165>40.115 ok
Mu positive =( Wu *L2)/8 = (18.07* 4.4382)/8 = 44.5KN.m
Mu negative = ( Wu *L2)/8 = 22.25 KN.m

19.00.003333, max =0, min =
Mpa81, Ru positive =Mu/bd2 = 44.5*106 /(1000*1652) = 1.
Ru negative =Mu/bd2 = 0.81 Mpa
f 2.61Ru 30 2.611.81
= . 85 fc *([1 1 ] = . 85 420 [1 1 ]
y fc 30
<pmin ; so use pmin , AS = .00333*165*1000 , = 815mm2 ; use 5160.0049=

mm 1005 As=
For other direction use shrinkage and temperature steel:
Assh=.0018*b*h =.0018*1000*200 = 360mm2; use 510 As =393mm2
**LANDING:
1- O.W = h*25 = 0.2*25 = 5
2- Plastering = 0.03*21*1 = 0.63
3- Marble = 0.03*24*1 = 0.72
66
TOATAL = 6.35
Wv = 1.2*(6.35) + 1.6(4) = 14.02

= 28.36
Wu (land+flight) = 28.36 + 14.02
= 42.38
Mu(short direction) =( Wu (total) * (land width)) /8
= 14.02*1.1/8
=6.4 kn.m
Mu(short direction) = (Wu(total)*(lane width)) /8
= 14.02*1.18/8
= 7.38 kn.m
*check for shear*
Wu = Wu( landing +flight)
= 42.38 kn.m
L1= 2.2 m L2= 2.36 m
Vu= (Wu*L1)/2 Vu= (Wu*L2)/2
= 42.38(2.2) /2 = 42.38(2.36)/2
= 46.62 kn = 50 kn
Vc= 115.2 kn for both

Vc > Vu OK
Shrinkage = 0.0018* 1000* 165
= 297 mm = 410 = 314 mm
Design of stair slab
h= L/20
= 2.7/20
= 0.135 m
Use h= 15cm
Cover = 2cm
d= 13 cm
w= 0.15*1*24= 3.6 kn
67
W(plastering) = 0.02*1*22 = 4.04 kn
LL = 2*1 = 2 m
Wu = w*L/8
= 7.33 kn.m
Ru = M/(b*d)
=( 7.33* 10^6)/ (1000*130)
= 0.433 kn.m
= 0.0011 (min)= 0.00033
As= *b*d = 433.33 use 412(453)
As= 0.0018*1000*150 = 270 use 410 (As= 314)
Vu = 8.05*2.7/2 = 10.36 kn
Vc= 90.8 kn
Vc/2 = 45.4>10.36 no shear
Check for shear:

Wu L 14.943
Vu = = = 22.41 KN,
2 2
Vc =(0.75* 0.17 fc b d )/1000 = (0.75 0.17 30 1000 180 )/1000

= 125.7KN
Vc
= 62.85 > 22.85; So no shear reinforcement needed. 2

h = 200mm , c = 20mm , d = 200-20= 180mm , length of flight =(12*.3) = 3.6m
Wu = (1.2*DL) + (1.6*LL) , Wu = (1.2*8.45) + (1.6*3) =14.94 KN/m
Mu =( Wu *L2)/8 = (14.94* 3.62)/8 = 24.2KN/m
min = .003333 , max =.01931 , Ru =Mu/bd2 , = 24.2*106 /(1000*1802) = .7460Mpa
f 2.61Ru 30 2.61.7460
= . 85 fc *([1 1 ] = . 85 420 [1 1 ]
y fc 30
68
= .002009 <min ; so use min , AS = .00333*180*1000 = 600mm2 ; use 414
As= 616mm2
Assh=.0018*b*h =. 0018*1000*200 = 360mm2 ; use 510 As =393mm2
Check for shear:

Wu L 14.943.6
Vu = = = 26.9KN, Vc = (.17 fc b d )/1000
2 2
Vc
= (0.75 0.17 30 1000 180 )/1000 = 125.7KN = 62.85 > 26.9; so no
2
shear reinforcement needed

h = 200mm, c = 20mm, d = 200-20= 180mm, length of flight =(6*.3) = 1.8m
Wu = (1.2*DL) + (1.6*LL), Wu = (1.2*8.45) + (1.6*3) =14.94 KN/m
Mu =( Wu *L2)/8 , = (14.94* 1.8)/8 = 6.05KN/m
min = .003333 , max =.01931 , Ru =Mu/bd2 , = 6.05*106 /(1000*1802) =0.1867Mpa
f 2.61Ru 30 2.61.1867
= 0.85 fc *([1 1 ] = 0.85 420 [1 1 ]
y fc 30
= .000496 <min ; so use min , AS = .00333*180*1000 , = 600mm2 ; use 414 As=

616mm2
Assh=.0018*b*h =.0018*1000*200= 360mm2; use 510 As =393mm2
Check for shear:

Wu L 14.941.8
Vu = = = 13.44 KN
2 2
VC = (0.75 0.17 fc b d )/1000 = (0.75 0.17 30 1000 180)/

1000 = 125.7KN
Vc
= 62.85 > 13.44; so no shear reinforcement needed 2
Landing design
Length of landing = 3.8m
Dead load
W of concrete = 24*.02*1 = 2.8 KN/m , W of tiles = 24*.025* 1= .6 KN/m
W of morter = 22*.02*1 = .44 KN/m , Total dead load = 5.84 KN/m
69
Live load = 3*1 =3 KN/m , Wu = (1.2*DL) + (1.6*LL) ,
Wu = (1.2* 5.84) + (1.6*3) + 26.9=38.71 KN/m
Mu =( Wu *L2)/8 = (38.71* 3.82)/8 = 69.87KN/m
Ru =Mu/bd2 = 69.87*106 /(1000*1802) = 2.1565Mpa
f 2.61Ru 30 2.612.1565
= . 85 fc *([1 1 ] = . 85 420 [1 1 ]
y fc 30
=0.006, As =.006 *180*1000 = 1080.3mm2; use 616 As = 1206mm2

For other direction use shrinkage steel:
As = .0018*1000*200 = 360mm2, Use 510; As = 393mm2
Check for shear
Wu L 38.713.8
Vu = = = 73.55KN
2 2
VC = (0.75*0 . 17 fc b d ) /1000 = (0.17 30 1000 180)/1000 =

Vc
125.7KN = 83.8 > 73.55; so no shear reinforcement needed
2
Solid slab for stair roof

It will be design as one way solid slab
For region A
L 2.8
h= ; h= =0.14 m, use h = 15cm with cover 2cm then d =13cm
20 20
dead load calculation

won weight of slab =0.15 * 1*24 = 3.6 KN/m
w of plaster =0.02*1*22 =0.44 KN/m , total dead load = 4.04 KN/m ,
live load = 2*1 = 2 KN/m
Wu = (1.2*DL) + (1.6*LL) , Wu = (1.2* 4.04) + (1.6*2) =8.05 KN/m
Mu =( Wu *L2)/8 = (8.05* 2.82)/8 = 7.88KN/m
Ru =Mu/bd2 =7.88*106 /(1000*1302) = 0.47633Mpa
fc 2.61Ru 30 2.610.47633
= . 85 *([1 1 ] = . 85 [1 1 ]
fy fc 420 30
= .00127< min =0.00333, As =.00333 *130*1000 = 433.33 mm2 ; use 412

As = 453mm2
As = .0018*1000*150 = 270mm2, Use 410; As = 314mm2
Check for shear:
Vu = (8.05* 2.8)/2= 11.27 KN
70
Vc = (0.75 0.17 fc b d )/1000 = (0.75 0.17 30 1000 130)/
1000 = 90.8KN
Vc
= 45.4 > 11.27 KN; so no shear reinforcement needed. 2
For region B
Mu =8.344 KN/m (from PROKON)
Ru =Mu/bd2 =5.34*106 / (1000*1302) = 0.4937Mpa
f 2.61Ru 30 2.610.31597
= . 85 fc *([1 1 ] = . 85 420 [1 1 ]
y fc 30
= 0.00132< min =0.00333; so use min

As =0.00333*1000*130 = 433mm2, Use 412 as =453mm2
As =0.0018*1000*150 = 270mm2, Use 410; As = 314mm2
Vu = (8.05* 2.88)/2= 11.6 KN
Vc = (0.75 0.17 fc b d )/1000 = (0.75 0.17 30 1000 130)/
1000 = 90.8KN
Vc
= 45.4 > 11.6 KN; so no shear reinforcement needed. 2
Elevator motors:
h = L/20 (simply support) = 2.3/20.115 mm, Use 150 mm, Cover = 20mm
Dead load:
Concrete weight = .15*1*24= 3.6KN/m , Plaster = 0.02*1*22
Total dead load = 3.6 +.44 = 4.04KN/m , LL = 2KN/m , LL = 2*1= 2KN/m
8.052.3^2
Wu = (1.2*4.04)+(1.6*2) = 8.05KN/m , Mu = = 5.32KN.m
8
Ru =Mu/bd2 =5.32*106 /(1000*1302) = 0.31479 MPa

f 2.61Ru 30 2.61.31479
= . 85 fc *([1 1 ] =
. 85 420 [1 1 ] =8.37* 10-4<
y fc 30
min
Use min, As = .00333*1000*130 = 433mm2, Use 412; As =453mm2

As = .0018*1000*150 = 270mm2, Use 410; As = 314mm2
Check for shear:
Wu L 8.052.3
Vu = = = 9.26 KN
2 2
71
VC = ( 0.75 0.17 fc b d )/1000 = (0.75*0 . 17 30 1000 130 ) /1000
= 90.8 KN
Vc
= 45.4 > 9.26; so no shear reinforcement needed 2
CHABTERE FOUR : RESULT AND DISSCUTION
4.1: RESULT
4.1.1: Design of slabs
4.1.1.1 Load calculations
4.1.1.2 ONE WAY SLABS
4.1.1.3 TWO WAY SLABS
4.1.2 BEAMS DISIGEN
72
4.1.3 Design of short columns
4.1.4 Footing design
4.1.5 Design of stairs
4.1.5.1 Load calculations for flight
4.1.5.2 Load calculations for landing
4.1.5.3 REINFORCEMENT
4.1.5.4 TEMPERATURE AND SHRINKAGE STEEL
4.1.6 Wall Design
4.1.6.1 Design of Shear wall for Elevator
73
4.1.6.2 Design of Shear Wall for Stairs
4.2 DISSCUTION
4.2.1 ONE WAY SLABS
74
4.2.2 TWO WAY SLABS
4.2.3 BEAMS
4.2.6 stairs
CHAPTER FIVE : CONCLUSION
After results has been carried and analyzed manually and via structural software's the
following conclusions has been withdrawn:
Office complex building can be built safely and reliably according to the ACI code.
Using two way slabs has proved to be the best choice technically and economically
using simulation software's and applying economical principles.
The bearing capacity of the site proposed has shown to be safe and capable of
carrying loads above it.
Due to the low number of columns, the footing size was relatively high to be capable
of carrying the loads subjected on the structure.
After analysis of the topography around the site, no retaining walls were required.
75
The designing process has shown to be long and iterative when conducted manually .
The design process when applied in conjunction with simulation structural
software's.
Reference
1. Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary, (ACI

318RM-08).
2.Design of Concrete Structures, 14th A. H., Nilson, and G., Winter, 14th
Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1997.
3.Design of Concrete Structures M, Nadem Hassoun, and A.,

Al_Manaseer, , 4th Edition, John wiley & Soncs,Canada, 2008.
4.Concrete technology (text book), A. M. Neville and J. J. Brooks.
5.)93/5(.. (
76
Appendix
77

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DEDICATION

thanks and gratitude to my beloved parents, for without their love,

This report including our project which is represents a design procedure

1.1 Considerations & limits:

1.3 Data for Analysis & Design:

Analysis & Design done by using " ULTIMATE

1.4.1 Dead Loads:

1.4.2 Live Loads:

Are consisting chiefly of occupancy loads in building. They may be either

Table (2.1): Minimum thickness, h

Simply One end Both end Cantilever

1. Both end continuous L/21=6400/21=304.7 mm

Dead Load: (using 24 cm H.B)

Service dead load :

Portion load =250kg/m2*10m/sec2*0.52/1000

Total rib D.L = 4.44 + 1.3 = 5.74 KN/m'

Service L.L = 1.02kN/m.r

2.1 The Code of Practice

2.1.1 ACI Code

The ACI Code covers the materials, design, and construction of

2.1.2 Jordanian code

2.2.2 Rib dimension

2.2.3 Rib analysis

The following approximate moments and shears shall be permitted for

2.2.4 Shear design for rib

2.2.5 Reduction factors

When applying the equations of design for flexural moment or shear

2.3 ACI-code Requirements for beams

2.3.2 ACI-code Requirements for shear reinforcement

2.3.3 Reduction factors

2.3.4 Deflection of ribbed slab

2.4 ACI-code Requirements for Columns

2.4.2 Slender columns

2.5 Programs Used

Reinforced concrete comprises concrete containing metal

3.1.1 HISTORY OF REINFORCED CONCRETE:

The Assyrians and Babylonians used clay as the bonding

The use of reinforced concrete is a relatively recent invention,

The major developments of reinforced concrete have taken place

The concrete in reinforced concrete is a composite material which

In Portland cement concrete, the binder is a mixture of Portland

Concrete is a material used in building construction, consisting of

Concrete that includes imbedded metal (usually steel) is called

Reinforced concrete combines the tensile or bendable strength of

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED

3.1.3 Portland Cement:

Portland cements are hydraulic cements, that is, they harden by

Portland cement is defined as the product obtained by pulverizing clinker

Type 1: For overall use in general concrete construction when

Type 2: For use in general concrete construction exposed to

Type 3: For use discretionally where high-early strength is

Type 4: For use when a low heat of hydration is required.

Type 5: For use when high sulfate resistance is required. It is used

Portland cement must be kept dry, until used, in a suitable weather-tight

3.1.4 Mixing Water:

Water from doubtful sources should not be used in mixing

The amount of mixing water per unit volume of concrete should

The weight of water that is required for complete hydration of a

3.1.5 Concrete Aggregates:

Concrete aggregates are essentially inert materials which when

Concrete aggregates are classified by size into two groups, the

Suitable aggregates for concrete are required to be clean, hard,

The maximum size of coarse aggregate should not be larger than

Materials other than Portland cement, aggregate, or water added to

Portion load =250kg/m210m/sec20.52/1000