Chapter 2

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Related Literature

The Internets development gives a lot of chances to numerous people throughout

In this chapter, the researcher distinguish the math related literature to further elaborate the

understanding about mathematics. The different aspect of math related will be tackled ,also

to overviewed the main concept of math for further effective learning of students and for

the teachers teaching methods. Math is one of the fundamental tool of coping in the course

which is related mostly to the students who are taking the engineering,accountancy,and etc.

Algebra is an important part of school mathematics but is challenging for students to learn

(Blume & Heckman, 1997; NCTM, 2000; NMAP, 2008). Algebra is the foundation in math

related courses in which it is a useful step to perform a high proficiency in mathematics.

Effective teaching style is the one who can influence the students learning since it gives an

appetite to the students to seek knowledge.Grossman, Leinhard and Smith (1985) used

teachers experience as a contrasting point to identify dimensions of mathematics

knowledge for teaching. For further analysis teaching method has a different identified

presentation of how they handle a students.

Hyde, Janet S.; Fennema, Elizabeth; Lamon, Susan J. (1990) had investigated The

gender differences in mathematics performance, and found that there were no gender

differences in problem solving in elementary or middle school; differences favoring men

emerged in high school and college. Gender differences were smallest and actually favored

females in samples of the general population, grew larger with increasingly selective
samples, and were largest for highly selected samples and samples of highly precocious

persons. The magnitude of the gender difference has declined over the years. Gender

differences in mathematics performance are small. Nonetheless, the lower performance of

women in problem solving that is evident in high school requires attention. This article

shows that in solving in elementary or middle school there is no gender differences. This

article also shows that gender differences has a small impact on academic performances of

the student. It says that the magnitude of the gender differences has reduced over the years.

Bodner M, Muftuler LT (2001) had conducted The effect of music on spatial

insight and mathematical performances. Behavioral studies, motivated by columnar

cortical model prediction, have given evidence for music causally enhancing spatial

temporal reasoning. A wide range of behavioral experiments showed that listening to a

Mozart Sonata (K. 488) gave subsequent enhancements. An EEG coherence study gave

evidence for a carry-over from that Mozart Sonata listening condition to the subsequent

spatial-temporal task in specific cortical regions. The article presents MRI studies

comparing cortical blood flow activation by the Mozart Sonata vs. other music. In addition

to expected temporal cortex activation, it reports dramatic statistically significant

differences in activation by the Mozart Sonata (in comparison to Beethovens Fur Elise

and 1930s piano music) in dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex, occipital cortex and cerebellum,

all expected to be important for spatial-temporal reasoning. This article talks about spatial

insight and mathematical performances on how the music can affect it. It is focus on the

given evidence for music causally enhancing spatial temporal reasoning motivated by

columnar cortical model prediction on the studies in behavior.

Related Studies

The study of K. Singh (2010) shows that mathematics is affected by motivation,

interest and academic engagement by the person who practices it. Given that cognitive

abilities and their background is a great predictor of their performance, the affective

variables that are said is also have a big influence to their success and high academic

performance. This factors are gathered as the students are greatly affected by those who

surrounds them. They use different factors to test how students perform given that they

possess the required factor and the academic time spent on homework and activities yield

the most achievement.