TAXONOMIC CHARACTER INTRODUCTION FOR VERTEBRATE

IDENTIFICATION

By :
Name : Dion Satrio Pambudi
Student ID : B1B015018
Entourage : VII
Group :3
Assitant :

ANIMAL SYSTEMATICS I LABORATORY REPORT

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2017
 CHAPTER I. INTRODCTION

A. Background

Identifying and recognizing groups of animals is a very important part in the

taxonomy. One of the key tools is the identification (ID) that is used to determine the
position of the animal in biological systematics. There is a key to determining the
phylum (Phylum), class (Class), nations (the Order), tribal (Family), genus (Genus),
and type (species) of animals. (Lilies, 1991).
The classification of animals or animalia in nature consists of two major groups
of invertebrates and vertebrates. Invertebrates are animals that does not have a
backbone. Morphological and anatomical structure of invertebrate animals is simpler
than the vertebrate groups. Digestive system, respiratory and circulatory simpler
invertebrates than vertebrates (Bullough, 1960).
Higher animals or vertebrates are animals with backbones. has a body structure
that is much more perfect than the invertebrates. Vertebrate animals have any cords
which is an arrangement where the accumulation of nerve cells and have an extension
of set nerves of the brain. This cord is not in possession by the invertebrates. In
fulfilling their needs, vertebrate animals have a perfectly working system circulatory
organ centered heart with vessels into the channel. Vertebrates are a subphylum of
chordates, includes all animals that have a backbone. The bones that make up spinal
cord are called vertebrae. Vertebrates are the biggest subfium of chordates. In
vertebrates can be inserted into all types of fish, frogs, reptiles, birds, and mammals
(Jasin, 1989).
B. Objectives

The objective of this laboratory activity are:

1. Students learn the definition and some examples of taxonomic characters in
vertebrate.
2. Students learn morphological characters of several vertebrates.
 CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Taxonomy is the mechanism used to categorize certain according to the

relation with another. In the scope of science, for example, taxonomy is the means
used to classify plants and animals in a systematic and logical sequence (Bastable,
2002). Systematics is defined as the scientific study of the types and diversity of living
organisms and another or all of the relationships between them (Simpson, 1961).
According to Wahid (2012), that the taxonomy and systematic differences, the
taxonomy has only discussed about a species into classification of taxa, while
systematics discussed until the character in species such as habitat, morphology,
physiology, and so forth, but in fact the taxonomy and systematics in learning can not
be separated. The classification of a species require the existence of taxonomic
characters.
Vertebrates have several taxonomic characters. Vertebrates have an internal
skeleton which is composed of cartilage or true bone that strengthens the notochord.
Notochord in higher vertebrates exist only in the early development of the vertebrae
will replace it completely. Vertebrate brain skull composed of cartilage or true bone
that is called as cranium that encloses and protects the brain, the delicate nerve fibers
at the tip of the dorsal anterior enlarged. Vertebrates have evolved as a pair of eyes
bulge out laterally from the brain. Vertebrates have a pair of hearing organ which
became the main organ of balance in vertebrates low level is called the cochlea and
contains cells that are sensitive to sound vibrations. The circulatory system of
vertebrates is a closed circulation system (Campbell et al., 2004).
Chondrichthyes or cartilaginous fishes are jawed fish, have paired fins, paired
nostrils, scales, the heart has two rooms, and a frame composed of cartilage instead of
bone true. They are divided into two subclasses: Elasmobranchii (sharks, stingrays and
skates) and Holocephali (Kimera, sometimes called ghost sharks, and sometimes
separated into a class of its own). One group that is chondrichthyes craniates which
are a class of Pisces. Chondrichthyes include fish cartilaginous, for example, was a
stingray (Jasin, 1991).
The scales of sarcopterygians are true scaloids, consisting of lamellar bone
surrounded by layers of vascular bone, dentine-like cosmine, and external keratin.
Pectoral and pelvic fins have articulations resembling those of tetrapod limbs. These
fins evolved into the legs of the first tetrapod land vertebrates, amphibians. They also
possess two dorsal fins with separate bases, as opposed to the single dorsal fin of
actinopterygians (ray-finned fish). The braincase of sarcopterygians primitively has a
hinge line, but this is lost in tetrapods and lungfish. Many early sarcopterygians have
a symmetrical tail. All sarcopterygians possess teeth covered with true enamel (Coates,
2009).
A typical actinopterygian has a streamlined body shape (seahorses being but
one of numerous exceptions), relatively large eyes (although certain cave-dwelling
forms are entirely eye-less) and is covered in flexible scales (although certain forms
such as sturgeons have a reduced number of thick bony plates running down their
bodies instead). Actinopterygians also possess an air sac (if not two). The air sac
functioned first as an air-breathing organ, as in the modern bichir. Most though use
this organ as a flotation device, regulating the animal's overall buoyancy. The 'air sac'
became entirely separated from the gut, losing its lung function and effectively
becoming the "swimbladder" into which gas is secreted by specialised cells, or
removed through the blood flow. Certain advanced actinopterygians have even
extended the use of the swimbladder to act as a resonating chamber to amplify sounds
(Coates, 2009). According to Jawad (2014), Vertebrates show variation in the degree
of regionalization of the vertebral column. The vertebral column of actinopterygian
fishes has two basic regions: the abdominal region that include anterior and posterior
incorporated into the skull through ontogeny and caudal with remarked diversity in
vertebral form within these region.
Amphibians are known as vertebrates have their body temperature depends on
the environment, they have smooth sk.in and glandular and no scales. Most have limbs
with fingers (Liswanto, 1998). According of Radiopoetro (1991), amphibia have
special features that not found in other classes as follows the skin is always wet and
glandular, has two pairs of legs and on each leg there is swimming membrane located
between the toes and feet function to jump and swim, have two nostrils related to the
oral cavity in particular nostril there is a valve that prevents the entry of water when
the animal is in the water, lidded eyes and eyelids can be driven, toothed mouth and
tongue (tongue can be extended at the time of capture prey), skeleton is mostly
composed of hard bone, amphibians heart of three rooms (two atria and one ventricle),
and the body temprerature depends on the environment (poikilothermis).
Reptiles (in latin, reptiles, melata) has a scaly skin made of horn substance
(ceratin). Scales prevents dryness. Other characteristics was possessed by most reptiles
are five-fingered limbs, breathe with lungs, heart bears three or four, using energy
environment to regulate their body temperature so that the animals belong exothermic,
fertilization internally, and produce eggs so classified ovipar with amniotic egg shelled
(Richard & Gordon, 1989).
Aves (birds) are vertebrate that can fly, because it has a wing is a modification
of the anterior limb. Walking on Aves (birds) are used for walking, sitting, or
swimming (with interdigital membranes). In the general of Aves consists of the head,
neck, body, and tail. A typical feather made of keratin. Based on its location there are
five kinds of feathers which is remiges (on the wing), rektrises (the tail), tetrises (body
covering), alula (the radius of the wing), and paraterum (around the shoulder). Based
to three in form of feathers , which pluma, plumula (soft), and filopluma. The neck iss
covered with feathers type of plumula and has oil glands (Richard, 1989). According
to Mosto (2016), The Barn owl, Tyto alba, has a worldwide distribution and being one
of the most widely distributed species of owls in the world. Barn owls feed on
mammals, especially rodents, and at the lower level they feed a birds, insects, reptiles
and amphibians. They uses its feet to catch, hold and carry other animals. Its claws are
curved and the zygodactyl disposition of the toes maximizes the area of the foot,
reducing the chance of prey escape.
According of Radiopoetro (1991), the main characteristic groups of mammals
are:
1. All of which produce milk as food to their child. Milk resulted by gland (breast)
contained in the abdominal area or chest. Mammalia also called for breast-feeding
mammals.
2. Mammal hair is made up of a protein called ceratin. Hair mammals spesific
function, namely as insulation slows heat exchange with the environment, segabai
sense of touch among others, the whiskers as a protection from friction and sunlight
as mimetic or defense to protect it from prey and as an identifier of sex. On the
whales and dolphins, there hair at a certain stage of embryonic development.
3. Having the ear with three bones of the middle ear which is ownes mammals
consists of Malleus, incus, and stirrup. The third central role in bone loss, which
transmit vibrations from the sound of the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to the
inner ear.
 CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY

A. Materials

The instruments used in this laboratory activity are specimen tray, forceps,
magnifying glass, microscope, stereo microscope, camera, gloves, surgical mask, and
stationary.
The material used in this laboratory activity are vertebrate specimens, and 70%
ethanol.

B. Methods

The method used in this laboratory activity are:

1. The characters on several vertebrate specimens observed by each group
2. Some vertebrate specimens identified based on the morphological characters.
Description made based on the identification observation.
3. The table of characters observation and identification completed by the
students
4. The interim reports completed by the students
 CHAPTER IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result

Table 4.1 Observation Result from Taxonomic Character Introduction for

Vertebrate Identification
Caption:
1. Eye

3 2. Mouth
1 6 3. Caudal fin
4. Pectoral fin
5. Abdominal fin
6. Linea lateralis

Scientific name : Carassius

auratus auratus
Local name : Goldfish

Classification:
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Chordata
Class : Actinopterygii
4 Ordo : Cypriniformes
2
5
Family : Cyprinidae
Genus : Carassius
Species : Carassius
Auratus aratus
 Caption:

1. Caput
2. Truncus
3. Eye
4. Anterior extremities
5 5. Posterior extremities

1 9 6. Tympanium membrane
7. Nares externa/ Nostril
8. Mouth
9. Paratoid gland

Scientific Name : Duttaphrynus

melanostictus
Local Name : Toad
Classification:
Regio : Eukaryote
2 6 3
4 Regnum: Animalia
7
8 Phylum : Chordata
Classis : Amphibia
Ordo : Anura
Familia : Bufonidae
Genus : Duttaphrynus
Species : Duttaphrynus
melanostictus
 Caption :
1. Head
2. Truncus
3. Cauda
8
4. Anterior extrimity
9
5. Posterior extremity
6. Mouth
3
7. Eye
8. digity
9. scencor
Scientific Name : Hemidactylus sp.

2 Local Name : House gecko

Classification :

Kingdom : Animalia
1 Phylum : Chordata
7
4
Class : Reptilia

5 Order : Squamata
6
Family : Gekkonidae

Genus : Hemidactylus

Species : Hemidactylus sp.

 Caption:
7 1. Caput
8
7
2. Truncus
3. Caudal
4. Wings (anterior
1 extrimities)
Z
5. Feet (posterior
1
6 extrimities)
6. Beak
4
7. Eye
2 8. Hearing organ
3
Scientific name: Tyto alba
Local name : Owl

Classification :

5 Regio : Animalia
Phylum : Chordata
Classis : Aves
Ordo : Stringiformes
Familia : Tytonidae
Genus : Tyto
Species : Tyto alba
 Caption:
1. Caput
2. Truncus
2 8
3. Cauda
4. Eyes
1
5. Mouth
6. Anterior extrimities
7. Posterior extrimities
8. Pinna auricula

Scientific name: Phodopus Sp.

3 5 Local name : Hamster
6 4
7 5
Classification :
Regio : Animalia
Phylum : Chordata
Classis : Mammalia
Ordo : Rodentsa
Familia : Cricetidae
Genus : Phodopus
Species : Phodopus sp.
 B. Discussion

Himantura sp. have epidermic modification scale, and their scale from subclass
elasmobranchii. Heart chamber of this fish 2 chamber and they use gills as respiratory
organ, extremities using fin, for fertilization internal, for male Himantura sp. have
organ called clasper to heody and tlp for fertilization occur. Carassius auratus have
epidermic modification scale, and their scale from subclass actinoptygii. Heart
chamber of this fish 2 chamber the respiratory organ, amnion, and extremities have
similarity with Himantura sp. except for fertilization Carassius auratus external. Bone
structure also different, Himantura sp. cartilage bone and Carassius auratus a true
bone Oreochromis auratus have epidermic modification scal and share similarity with
Carassius auratus from class actinoptygii. Heart chamber, amnion, respiratory organ,
extremities, fertilization and bone structure of this fish same with Carassius auratus.
Duttaptirynus melanostictus or in local name called toad have epidermic
modification skins and glands. They also have 3 heart chamber for amphibian animals
does not have amnion using lung for respiratory organ. Extremities they use legs for
walk. The difference between toad and frog posterior legs long cause to help them
jumping. Fertilization internal and have true bone.
Hemidactylus sp. have scale covering their body and have not perfect 4 chamber.
They use lung for respiratory organ, fertilization internal, bone structure true bone, and
they have special organ called scansor for climbing. Dendrelaphis pictus have scale
cover their have 2 heart chamber. They use lung for respiratory organ and do
fertilization internal have true bone.
Tyto alba have feathers covering their body and also have 4 perfect heart
chamber. Tyto alba is nocturnal animal which mean they active in the night, have
extremities and wings for fly. Phodopus sp. have epidermic modification fur. The
difference between fur and hair is, fur covering all the body but, hair in specific spot
or zone. They use legs for move anterior and posterior. Fertilization occur internal
because they are mammals.
 CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION

A. Conclusion

Higher animals or vertebrates are animals with backbone. They have body
structure much more complex than invertebrate. Vertebrate animal have any cord
which is an arrangement where the accumulation of nerve cells and have an extension
of set nerves of the brain.
Vertebrate have a pair of eyes laterally from their brain. Vertebrate have a pair
of hearing organ which become the main organ of balance. The circulatory system of
vertebrate is a closed circulation system.
.
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