Separation Science and Technology

ISSN: 0149-6395 (Print) 1520-5754 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/lsst20

Optimization and modeling for heat reflux

extraction of total yield, stevioside and
rebaudiosideA from Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni)
leaves

Kashif Ameer, Seong-Woo Bae, Yunhee Jo, Namhyeok Chung, Yaping Gao &
Joong-Ho Kwon

To cite this article: Kashif Ameer, Seong-Woo Bae, Yunhee Jo, Namhyeok Chung, Yaping Gao
& Joong-Ho Kwon (2017): Optimization and modeling for heat reflux extraction of total yield,
stevioside and rebaudiosideA from Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) leaves, Separation Science and
Technology, DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2017.1285313

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2017.1285313

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 Research Article

Optimization and modeling for heat reflux extraction

of total yield, stevioside and rebaudiosideA from
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) leaves

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Kashif Ameera, Seong-Woo Baea,b, Yunhee Joa, Namhyeok Chunga, Yaping Gaoa and
Joong-Ho Kwona

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a
School of Food Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566,
Republic of Korea

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b
Daepyung, Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37112, Republic of Korea
*
Corresponding author: Phone: +82 53 950 5775; Fax: +82 53 950 6772.

E-mail address: jhkwon@knu.ac.kr

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Running title: HPLC-based extraction optimization of steviol glycosides
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ABSTRACT
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Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) leaves consist of stevioside and rebaudioside-A (Reb-A). This
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research sought to improve extraction of target steviol glycosides from stevia leaf powder using
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response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networking (ANN) under these

independent variables: ethanol concentration, X1 (0100%), extraction temperature, X2 (55

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75C), and extraction time, X3 (4575 min). ANN outperformed as potential alternative to RSM
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in predicting optimum conditions. Maximum responses were obtained at 100 % X1, 55 C X2,

and 60 min X3. Heat reflux extraction proved superior to maceration extraction in terms of higher

extraction yields with reduced energy consumption and CO2 emission.

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 Keywords: Stevia rebaudiana; RSM; steviol glycosides; ANN; optimization

Introduction

Plants of the genus Stevia are native to tropical and sub-tropical regions of South America and

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Central America. For more than 1500 years, S. rebaudiana (Bertoni) leaves have been used for

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sweetening different local medicines and teas by indigenous inhabitants of South America

(Paraguay and Brazil), also known as Guarani people in that region.[1, 2] Moreover, as a natural

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sweetener, S. rebaudiana (Bertoni) has been identified to have several important biological

properties, such as antioxidant,[4] anticarcinogenic,[5] anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive,[6] and

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antihyperglycemic activities.[2] The demand for stevioside and Reb-A in the beverage industry
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continues to increase due to growing concerns about potential adverse effects of artificial

sweeteners: obesity, cancer, type 2 diabetes, dental caries, and brain lesions.[7]
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The sweetening property of S. rebaudiana (Bertoni) is attributed to group of compounds,

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collectively called steviol glycosides (SGs). S. rebaudiana (Bertoni) has been identified to have
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wide range of phytochemicals (more than 100 compounds), SGs are the best known among all,

and other important compounds comprise of triterpenes,[2] stigmasterol,[8] hydroxycinnamate

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derivatives,[9] labdane,[7] phenolic acids,[10] tannins,[11] volatile oils,[7] chlorogenic acid and its
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derivatives,[12] saponins and sterols.[7] Among SGs, ten were regarded as traditional glycosides

(stevioside, rebaudioside A: Reb-A, B, C, D, E, F, rubusoside, steviolbioside and dulcoside A),

and two were newly identified minor SGs (Reb-G and dulcoside B).[13]

2
 The aforementioned pharmacological advantages of SGs have led to explore optimization

studies of S. rebaudiana (Bertoni) extraction methods. Water and ethanol extractions of SGs

were reported in published literature.[14] However, some authors have regarded ethanol usage as

preferable choice because of its generally recognized as safe status, high extraction yields using

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polar organic solvent consisting of hydroxyl group, and its application as green solvent to

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antioxidants, pigments, and other high quality foods.[15] Solid-liquid extraction (HRE and

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Soxhlet extraction) of stevioside and Reb-A has been reported as well-established approach by

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various published researches using ethanol as solvent.[16-23] The conventional extraction method

(cold extraction) is time consuminginvolving 12 h of extraction time and results in poor

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extraction yield with low efficiency.[1] Recoveries of stevioside and Reb-A into the extract using

HRE are influenced by different process parameters such as solvent concentration, extraction
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temperature, and extraction time, and thus different optimization and modeling strategies can be

employed in order to optimize these parameters.[3]

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Response surface methodology (RSM) is a collection of sophisticated statistical and

mathematical techniques for process optimization and modeling that establishes empirical
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models. An artificial neural network (ANN) modeling is a computational and mathematical

technique that has been developed based upon inspiration from the biological brain. ANN has
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proven to be a more powerful modeling tool than RSM due to its ability to generalize from the
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behavior of complex non-linear processes.[29] Researchers are keenly focusing on the

development of economical and optimized extraction procedures of stevioside and Reb-A that

do not compromise recovery rates or sacrifice taste.[30] To the best of our knowledge, there is no

3
 systematic study available in the open literature regarding a comparison of ANN and RSM

techniques for optimized HRE of stevioside and Reb-A from stevia leaf powder.

Therefore, in current study, both a 5-level-3-factor central composite design (CCD) of

RSM and an ANN-based model were developed and compared for optimization of HRE process

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to interpret that how the recovery of target sweetening compounds (total extract, stevioside and

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Reb-A yields) from stevia leaf powder could be optimized. The CCD based-independent

practical variables, such as ethanol concentration (X1), extraction temperature (X2) and

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extraction time (X3) were used to determine their effects on the target response variables.

Extraction efficiencies of HRE and conventional maceration extraction (CME) methods were
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also compared in terms of obtained total extract, stevioside and Reb-A yields, and of energy

consumption and CO2 emission.

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Materials and methods
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Plant materials and stevia leaf powder preparation

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Dried S. rebaudiana (Bertoni) leaves were supplied by Daepyung Co., Pvt., Ltd., South Korea.
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Prior to the extraction process, the leaves were ground into fine powder using a laboratory-scale
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dry grinder followed by sifting to obtain powder having particle sizes below 500 m. The finely

ground stevia leaf powder was tightly packed in polyethylene bags and stored at -10C until

further extraction experiments.

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 Chemicals and reagents

HPLC standards for stevioside (> 96% assay) and Reb-A (> 98% assay) were provided by

Daepyung Co., Pvt., Ltd., South Korea. HPLC grade ethanol, methanol, and acetonitrile,

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phosphoric acid were purchased from Duksan Pure Chemicals Co., Ltd., South Korea. All the

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reagents were of analytical grade purity. De-ionized (DI) water (18.2 M.cm at 25 oC) from

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Merck Millipore DirectQ 3 water purification system (Millipore Corp., Billerica, MA, USA,

Model: UltrapureType 1) was used to prepare solutions and reagents.

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HRE procedure
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Extraction experiments were carried out under different extraction conditions using a heat reflux
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extractor (Changshin Lab. Seoul, South Korea, Model: CWB) equipped with time and

temperature control knobs. Extraction conditions were set by CCD (Table 1). For each
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experiment, 5 g of powdered stevia sample was accurately weighed and transferred to a 250-mL
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Erlenmeyer flask, followed by addition of 100 mL extraction solvent, ethanol (0100%). Then,
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extract was allowed to cool down at ambient temperature (27+2C) in about 20 min. The

solution was then subjected to vacuum filtration (-0.098 MPa) using Whatman No. 41 filter
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paper (GE Healthcare, UK) and poured in 50 mL falcon tubes. Tubes were tightly closed and
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stored at 41 C until further analysis.

5
 CME procedure

CME was carried out as control for comparison with HRE. It was performed in accordance with

the method described in literature.[31] About 10 g of stevia leaf powder was mixed with 300 mL

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of distilled water in closed Erlenmeyer flask. The mixture was allowed to stand at room

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temperature (28 C) for 24 h. Then liquid extracts were subjected to vacuum filtration using

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Whatman filter paper (Grade: 41 and dia. 150 mm) (GE Healthcare UK Ltd., Buckinghamshire,

UK) under reduced pressure. Then clear liquid extracts were transferred to 50 mL Falcone tubes

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and were stored at 4 1 C until further analyses.

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Screening study and experimental design for RSM modeling
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Based on a review of relevant literature, preliminary screening experiments were conducted to

determine the appropriate ranges of three independent variables: X1, X2, and X3.. These
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experiments began by varying X1 from 0 to 100%, while X2 and X3 were kept fixed at 60C and
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1 h, respectively. Then, evaluation of X2 was carried out at various levels from 30C to 80C
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with fixed parameters of X1 of 100% and X3 of 1 h. Similarly, X2 was evaluated at different time

intervals ranging from 15 to 90 min. Preliminary trials demonstrated increasing trends in target
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responses with increases in X1, X2, and X3. Therefore, they were chosen as the most influential
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independent variables. All extraction experiments were performed in accordance with CCD with

3 factors and 5 levels. These variables were coded to five levels such as, 1.68, 1, 0, +1, and

+1.68 based on the following equation.

In this equation, xi denotes a dimensionless value. The real value is represented by Xi and Xcp

designates the real value of independent variable at the central point; while Xi describes the rate

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of change in the value of variable i with respect to the corresponding unit change in the

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dimensionless variable i value. Descriptions of selected process variables with their experimental

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ranges are provided in Table S1 (supporting information) along with units and coded notation.

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Table 1 shows the entire set of runs, consisting of 8 factorial points and 6 axial points with 2

replications at center points. Data obtained from CCD was subjected to multiple linear regression

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(MLR) analysis in order to fit the second order polynomial model of Eq. (2):
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Where Y refers to predicted responses of total extract yield (%) and yields of SGs (stevioside and
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Reb-A). 0 is a constant, while i, ii, and ij are the coefficients for linear, quadratic and
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interaction effects. Xi and Xj denote independent variables and represents error.

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A total of 16 experimental runs were carried out in triplicate in accordance with CCD-
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matrix of RSM as shown in Table 1. Average values were used for data analysis using the

MATLAB software (described in section 2.8) based upon selected ranges of independent process

variables.

7
 Artificial neural network (ANN) modeling

ANN was used for the prediction of non-linear relationships between input parameters (X1, X2,

X3) and response variables (Y1, Y2, Y3). Non-linear systems can be analyzed with greater

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flexibility by ANN and allow for more complexity in approximation.[27] The desired level of

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accuracy can be achieved by modifying the number of layers and neurons in different layers of

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ANN architecture. It is comprised of an input layer of three neurons showing three independent

variables (X1, X2, X3), a hidden layer of ten neurons, and an output layer represented by three

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response variables (Y1, Y2, Y3). The same experimental data utilized for RSM was used for the

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estimation of response variables by ANN modeling. The hit and trial method was used for

determination of the required number of neurons in each hidden layer, varying from 1 to 15 for
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the purpose of minimizing deviations between predicted and experimental results. A multilayer

perceptron (MLP) architecture of feed-forward ANN was developed by using MATLAB

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software (described in section 2.8). Of 16 experimental outcomes of dataset used for RSM
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modeling, 70% (10 points) were used for network training, 15% (3 points) for validation, and the

remaining 15% (3 points) were employed for the purpose of testing the network. The lowest
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RMSE with the highest R2 was achieved as indicator of the best training performance of the
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neural network. Predicted response values from the RSM and ANN models were statistically
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compared using absolute average deviation (AAD)[32] as depicted in equation (3) given below:

(| | )
[ ] (3)

8
 In this equation, Yi,exp and Yi,cal represent experimental and calculated response values, while P is

the experimental run number. In the present study, AAD is used as a measure of the deviation of

the predicted responses obtained from RSM and ANN models from the actual experimental

values.

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Determination of total extract yield

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Total extract yield was determined according to the method described by Kwon et al.[33] with

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some modifications. At each step, 50 mL of the obtained extract was shifted to a tarred round

bottom flask and evaporated by means of a rotary evaporator under vacuum. Upon completion of
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evaporation, the flask was dried at 105C by heating it in a hot air oven until complete dryness

(constant weight) followed by cooling in a desiccator. The difference in weights after

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drying/cooling corresponded to the total extract yield of the sample according to following

equation.
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(4)
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A = constant flask weight with sample after oven drying

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B = weight of empty dry flask

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W = total weight of sample

9
 HPLC analysis of extracts

Sample preparation

Extracts obtained from HRE were dissolved in HPLC grade methanol to make the total volume

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up to 50 mL for SGs determination. All the samples and solvents were passed through 0.45 m

syringe filters prior to HPLC analysis for removal of non-dissolving particles.[14]

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HPLC-UV conditions

SGs were quantified by HPLC as specified by the international standard methodology presented
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at the 69th JECFA meeting and published in the FAO/JECFA monograph.[34] Modifications of

this standard method have also been reported in the published literature.[35] Stevioside and Reb-
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A concentrations were determined using an Agilent-1260 HPLC system (Agilent Technol., Santa
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Clara, USA) equipped with a UV detector (214 nm). The separation of target SGs was carried
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out by using a TSKgel Amide80 column (4.6 mm ID, 250 mm length and 5-m particle size)

manufactured by Tosoh Bioscience Corp., Tokyo, Japan. Column temperature was maintained at
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25C and injection volume of 20 L was used throughout HPLC analysis. A mobile phase

comprised of acetonitrile and water at an 80:20 (v/v) ratio was used with flow rate of 1 mL/min
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and the UV detector set at a wavelength of 210 nm. Phosphoric acid (5.9 N) was used for

maintaining the pH of the mobile phase at 3. Standard solutions were prepared by mixing 5 mg

of both stevioside and Reb-A with 25 mL of distilled water and subsequently diluting with

mobile phase (acetonitrile: water, 80:20, v/v) at concentrations of 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 75 ppm, 100

ppm, 125 ppm, 150 ppm, and 200 ppm. All the analyses were performed in triplicate and

10
 component glycosides were identified by comparison of retention time to authentic standard

curves. Percentages of SGs were calculated by using the following formula for all SGs

(including stevioside), except Reb-A.

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[ ] [ ]

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In this equation, X represents the percentage of each steviol glycoside (in this case stevioside);

Ws is the stevioside amount in mg in standard solution calculated on a dried basis; W is the

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amount (mg) of sample (stevia leaf powder) in the sample solution calculated on a dried basis;

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Ax is the peak area of steviol glycoside for the sample solution; As represents the peak for steviol

glycoside from the standard solution, and fx is the ratio of formula weight of steviol glycoside (X)
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to the formula weight of stevioside (804.872 g/mol) and Reb-A (967.013 g/mol).

The following formula is used for calculation of the Reb-A content of a sample as
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specified by the FAO/JECFA protocol.

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[ ] [ ]
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WR = Amount of Reb-A in the standard solution (mg) calculated on the basis of dried weight.
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AR = is the peak area calculated for the standard solution of Reb-A.

AX = is the peak area of steviol glycoside (Reb-A) for a sample solution.

11
 Statistical analysis

Optimization Toolbox, Neural Network Toolbox of MATLAB R2012a software (The

Mathworks, Inc., Ver. 7.14.0.347, MA, USA), and Microsoft Excel 2013 (15.0.44) were used for

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statistical analysis.

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Results and discussion

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RSM modeling

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Table 1 shows the results obtained from HRE experiments performed in accordance with the

CCD-matrix. The three target responses were total extract yield (Y1), stevioside yield (Y2) and
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Reb-A yield (Y3). Second order quadratic model equations of target responses related to

independent variables in coded form were fitted by MLR analysis in order to obtain good fit, and
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are shown by equation 5, 6, and 7.

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The statistical significance of the fitted second order quadratic model equations was
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tested by using analysis of variance (ANOVA), as shown in Table 2. Coefficient values for each

response variable were employed to formulate final predictive equations. Insignificant terms
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were neglected. Very low p-values (p < 0.0001) suggest high significance. Fairly high R2 values
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also imply statistical significance for the regression models. Non-significant lack of fit values

(>0.05) suggest that the quadratic model is valid with better reliability and precision. R 2 and p-

values of aforementioned equations (7), (8), and (9) were 0.9438 and 0.0512; 0.8919 and 0.1487;

0.9867 and 0.0973, respectively. After fitting the model, it became evident that all process

12
 variables significantly affected the response variables. Regression analysis also indicated higher

significance (p < 0.0001) for model equation terms; main, squared and interaction effects of

independent variables. Based upon MLR equations, interaction effects of independent process

variables were studied by drawing three dimensional (3D) surface plots. These 3D plots could

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provide useful insight into the main and cross-product effects of independent process parameters

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upon target responses.[36]

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Effect of process variables on total extract yield

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The total extract yield data presented in Table 1 was analyzed by MLR analysis and the
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calculated coefficients of the model were evaluated to assess the model significance. The R 2 of

the model was 0.9438 (Table 2). In addition, the R2 value (0.8387) predicted by the model was
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shown to be in fair agreement with the adjusted R2 value (0.8929). Coefficients depicted in Table

2 were utilized to formulate a predictive model equation (Eq. 7) for Y1:

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Y1 (total extract yield) (%) = 11.8351 + 0.131550 X1 0.251316X2 +0.283285 X3 0.069072X12

0.002859 X22 0.045697 X32 + 0.002812 X1X2 0.087341 X1X3 0.006697 X2X3
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Y1 response was significantly affected (p < 0.05) by the process variables. Y1 as function
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of X1 and X2 showed marked increase while X3 was kept constant at 60 min (Fig. 2A). Varying
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the X1 from 10 to 30% (v/v) did not cause any significant increase in Y1 response, but Y1

increased in a gradual manner as X1 was raised to 100% at fixed temperature. Computer-aided

modeling was not really needed to see that extraction was most efficient with the highest

concentration of ethanol. Similarly, increase in X3 led to an increasing trend of Y1 response (Fig.

13
 2B). Well-defined high convexity of obtained response has suggested optimal process parameter

conditions. Unlike the simple trends seen with X1 and X2, the X3 parameter demonstrated a

quadratic effect (Fig. 2C). Y1 response was significantly affected (p < 0.001) by X1 and this was

in agreement with the finding reported by Jaitak et al.[1] who recovered 6.42% of total extract

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yield by using a binary solution of ethanol (80:20 v/v) with water and 12 h of extraction time.

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They also reported an increase in total extract recovery with gradual rise in ethanol concentration.

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Y1 values predicted by RSM model were plotted in Fig. 3A against experimental values to get R2

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= 0.8837. A high R2 value indicates that the RSM model for Y1 response is reliable. The data

showed that Y1was influenced by all independent variables. The validity of the second order

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quadratic model was further supported by the high pvalue (0.0791) for lack of fit and it was

implied as non-significant.
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Effect of process variables on stevioside yield
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The highest stevioside yield (Y2) (15.53 mg/g) was observed in experimental run No. 12 at these
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extraction conditions: X1: 100%, X2: 55C and X3: 60 min (Table 1) as evident by HPLC
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chromatograms showing peaks of component glycosides in standards (Fig. 4A) and HRE extract

(Fig. 4B) at optimum extraction conditions. The CCD-based corresponding predicted value was
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14.62 mg/g, which is in good agreement with the experimental yield. Y2 response showed an
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increasing trend with increases in extraction time (X3). This rise may be attributed to increased

contact time with solvent, resulting in improved diffusion of stevioside from the powdered stevia

sample. R2 for Y2 response was 0.8919. Furthermore, the R2 value (0.8064) predicted by the

model was in fair agreement with the adjusted R2 (0.8493). Mean experimental data of stevioside

14
 extraction from S. rebaudiana (Bertoni) at different HRE conditions was shown in Table 1 in

accordance with the CCD matrix. MLR analysis demonstrated that the linear and quadratic terms

of X1, X2 and X3 significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the stevioside yield. A predictive model

equation (Eq. 8) of Y2 response was formulated by using the coefficients displayed in Table 2:

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Y2 (stevioside yield) (mg/g) = 32.6541 0.273603X1 0.352013X2 0.459830X3 0.021911X12

0.002575 X22 0.014192X32 + 0.007142X1X2 0.006028X1X3 0.002143X2X3

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As depicted by 3D plots, Y2 response is affected in the same way as Y1. The evidence

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showed that stevioside yield was closely associated with total extract yield. Y2 showed marked

increase with increases in X1 at a fixed X2 and increases in extraction temperature also led to
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significant (p < 0.05) rises in Y2 response at a constant X1 (Fig. 2D). Y2 demonstrated a similar

trend with corresponding rise of X1 at a fixed time and a significant rise was also observed with
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increases in X3 when the level of X1 was fixed (Fig. 2E). Likewise, Fig. 2F showed a linear
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increase in Y2 with a gradual rise in X2, when X3 was held constant. Moreover, predicted values

of Y2 by the RSM model were plotted in Fig. 3B against experimental values to provide R2 of
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0.9029. A higher R2 value corresponds to a high degree of reliability of the RSM model
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developed for Y2 response. A relatively higher p-value (0.1487) implied non-significant lack of

fit and suggested that the quadratic model was valid in the optimization of stevioside yield
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obtained by HRE from stevia leaf powder.

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15
 Effect of process variables on Reb-A yield

Reb-A yield (Y3) from stevia leaf powder under various HRE conditions was presented in Table

1. The R2 value for Y3 response is 0.9867 in the model. Furthermore, the R2 value (0.8624)

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predicted by the model was found to be in reasonable agreement with the adjusted R 2 (0.9367)

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(Table 2). The estimated coefficients shown in Table 2 were obtained after subjecting the

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experimental data to MLR analysis and were used to calculate a model equation (Eq. 9) as given

below:

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Y3 (Reb-A yield) (mg/g) = 19.3218 0.426316X1 0.381698X2 + 0.549083X3 0.018532X12
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0.001494 X22 0.002185X32 + 0.000512X1X2 0.005063X1X3 0.001459X2X3
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Based on Eq. 9, 3D surface plots were constructed in order to elucidate the effects of

HRE process variables on Y3 response under different extraction conditions. Increases in X1

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(ethanol concentration) caused a linear rise in Y3 response (Fig. 2G). Similar trends of process
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variable interaction effects were observed for X1 (ethanol concentration) with X3(extraction time)

(Fig. 2H) and X2 (extraction temperature) with X3 (extraction time) (Fig. 2I). Maximum Reb-A
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yield (13.26 mg/g) was obtained under extraction conditions as follows: X1:100% at X3: 60 min

and X2: 55 C. The sharp and convex nature of the response surface suggested that Y3 response
c
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was significantly affected over a wide range of extraction conditions. Das et al.[37] also reported

similar findings and observed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) impact of extraction process

variables, specifically extraction temperature (5080C) and extraction time (1575 min)

optimized the Reb-A yield from leaves of S. rebaudiana (Bertoni) using a leaves to water ratio of

2.36%. Furthermore, our results were also in accordance with Jaitak et al.[1] who performed

16
 extraction of stevioside and Reb-A from dried stevia leaves by employing various solvents:

methanol, ethanol, and their binary solutions with water. They demonstrated that methanol-water

binary solution (80:20, v/v) and ethanol yielded higher recovery rates of stevioside (7.2%) and

Reb-A (1.7%), respectively. Moreover, Y3 response results predicted by the RSM model plotted

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in Fig. 3C against experimental values produced a R2 of 0.9289; a high R2 value indicates

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reliability. The lack of fit calculation for Y3 was non-significant (0.0973) and hence, the second

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order quadratic model was suggested to be valid for obtaining optimized Reb-A yield.

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Glycoside extraction phenomenon and physiochemical features

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Spherical silica particles (5 m), packed inside the column, were covalently bonded with

carbamoyl groups. Stationary phase consisting of amide provided distinctive selectivity in the
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hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) mode of chromatographic separation.

Due to this phenomenon, enhanced resolutions of stevioside and Reb-A were achieved.
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Moreover, 5 m column offered improved degree of selectivity in comparison with 10 m.

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Amide-80 columns (5 m) were reported to provide higher stability and unique selectivity with
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improved peak sensitivity and capacity as compared to traditional amino phases for efficient

separation of SGs, and stationary phase (silica matrix) prevented peak splitting of glycosides at
c

[13, 38]
lower temperature range. Several published reports have been reported on use of amino-
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bonded column for efficient separation of stevioside and Reb-A, and regarded amino-bonded

column (TSKgel NH280) as more efficient under HILIC separation mode using isocratic elution
[13, 38, 39]
as compared to traditional reverse-phase (RP) columns as RP columns have been

reported to exhibit poor selectivity regarding separation of stevioside and Reb-A.[13] Maximum

17
 degree of separation was achieved along the enriched layer in silica matrix as the recommended

flow rate (1 mL/min) allowed enough contact time between cabamoyl groups and SGs molecules

to get extract of high purity.

Ethanol as polar solvent brought about changes in structural conformation of cellular

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matrix of leaf owing to phenomena of osmotic and intra-crystalline swelling. This resulted in

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disruption of binding between matrix and analyte and facilitated mass transfer of target

components (stevioside and Reb-A) into the solution. Moreover, after dissolution, the solutes to

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be extracted reach the interfacial regions existing between sample matrix (finely ground stevia

particles) and fluid (in this case ethanol) which leads to complete dissolution of target

components in bulk solution. [17, 40]

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ANN modeling
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A review of recent literature suggests that ANN is more efficient than RSM.[36] Recent examples
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of ANN applications from the published literature include dynamic modeling and prediction of

physicochemical quality attributes of processed pork sausages,[41] and ANN modeling for
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prediction of antioxidant activity of different Pegaga varieties for quality assessment.[42]

Therefore, an ANN-modeling based approach was used to describe non-linear relationships

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between three inputs (independent variables) and target outputs (response variables) using a

topology optimization process and feed-forward back propagation (BP) algorithm. Fig. 1A

shows three layered architectural topology, also known as (MLP) topology, consisting of an

input layer (X1, X2, X3), one hidden layer, and one output layer (Y1, Y2, Y3), generated by using

data obtained from CCD (Table 1). Successful implementation of ANN model fitting relies

18
 critically upon the careful selection of optimal architecture and topology.[43] In this study, the

ANN model was restricted to the selection of an appropriate number of neurons in the hidden

layer because the experimental design had already defined the number of neurons in the input

and output layers. The entire data set, which consisted of 16 runs was divided into three sets: 10

t
for training, 3 for validation and 3 for testing purposes. The optimized ANN model was

ip
developed with the aim of minimization of training and testing errors as a measure of network

cr
performance. However, while establishing the optimal topology, the number of epochs were kept

us
to a minimum in order to avoid over-fitting as increased number of epochs may result in over-

fitting issue.[44] The best validation performances were achieved for Y1, Y2, and Y3 at epochs 5, 6,

an
and 7, respectively after training using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (Figs. 1B, C and D).

Different feed-forward neural networks of various topologies were trained and tested to select
M
the optimized ANN network topology with the lowest RMSE and highest R2 as measures of

better reliability and precision. Based on these criteria, the most suitable selected feed-forward
d

network topologies for the three response variables were noted as follows: Y1: (3:10:1), Y2 (3:7:1)
te

and Y3: (3:9:1) representing the number of neurons in input, hidden, and output layers,
ep

respectively. Moreover, ANN predicted values were plotted against experimental values of all

three response variables and ANN demonstrated higher R2 values than the RSM model. In
c

addition, all points were located closer to the straight line which demonstrated that the ANN
Ac

model effectively predicted the experimental data for all three response variables (Y1,Y2,Y3) with

highly reliable precision and validity (Figs. 3D, E and F).

19
 Performance comparison of RSM and ANN models

The predictive capabilities of the RSM and ANN modeling approaches were compared. The

predicted output values of target responses of both RSM and ANN models are shown in Table 1.

t
This comparison was made on the basis of various parameters such as RMSE, R2 and AAD,[36]

ip
and results were tabulated in Table 3 for both RSM and ANN models. For valid comparison and

cr
the best evaluation of RSM and ANN results, a new validation data set consisting of 9 runs was

employed (not belonging to the training data set previously used for model creation, data not

us
shown). RSM and ANN predictive values for three response variables were also statistically

an
assessed by drawing comparative resemblance plots (Figs. 3G, H and I). The ANN modeling

approach proved to be more accurate for fitting the experimental data of all responses with better
M
estimation capability and precision as compared to the RSM model. The RSM model

demonstrated greater deviation between the predicted and actual values (residuals) than ANN,
d

and ANN also exhibited steady residuals with relatively small variation. Furthermore, statistical
te

analysis was carried out in order to compare the RSM and ANN models. The RMSE, R2 and

AAD[32] values are given in Table 3.

c ep

( ( ) )
Ac

( ( ) ( ))
( ) ( )

20
 Where n represents the number of sample points, Ypredict is the predicted response value, Yexp is

the experimental response value, and depicts the average of the concerned values.

Moreover, ANN showed an improved degree of generalization capacity with higher

significance. The improved predictive capacity of ANN can be related to the techniques

t
ip
universal ability for approximating non-linear systems, whereas RSM is only effective as long as

the nature of system is restricted to second order polynomial regression.[45] Thus, ANN

cr
architecture would be more reliable and accurate in terms of predictive capability and fitting to

us
the measured responses (Y1, Y2, Y3) for HRE process optimization in comparison to the RSM

model. A previous study by Pilkington et al.[27] compared ANN and RSM models for efficient
an
extraction of artemisinin from Artemisia annua and they also reported superiority of ANN

modeling to RSM. Similarly, Lin et al.[28] have also compared modeling efficiencies of both
M
ANN and RSM for enzyme (Pectinex)-assisted ultrasonic extraction of resveratrol from
d

Polygonum cuspidatum. Their results indicated that ANN performed better than RSM in terms of

estimation and predictive capabilities with higher R2 and lower AAD and RMSE values.
te
ep

Comparison of extraction efficiencies of HRE and CME

Extraction efficiencies of both HRE and CME methods were compared and results were depicted
c
Ac

in Fig. 5A, B. Results showed that HRE rendered higher total extract, stevioside and Reb-A

yields under optimum extraction conditions specified by CCD when compared with CME (24h)

procedure in terms of efficiency. The prominent advantages offered by HRE over CME consist

of reduction in extraction time, energy and solvent consumption with higher recovery of active

principles from plant matrices.[46] Therefore, HRE was found to be better for recovery of SGs

21
 from stevia leaf powder as compared to tedious and time-consuming conventional CME (24h).

Energy consumption and CO2 emissions were measured in accordance with revised IPCC (1996)

guidelines.[47] Power consumption (kWh) was calculated by multiplying power and time,

moreover, energy consumption (TOE, Tonne of Oil Equivalent) was calculated following

t
equation which used fuel calorific value, notified in Republic of Korea Energy Act; [48] total

ip
calorific value per 1 kWh electricity use is 2,300 kcal. Power consumption was converted into

cr
CO2 emissions (TCO2) using greenhouse gas emissions factor (0.4585 TCO2/MWh) reported in

us
Korea Power Exchange (KPX).[49]

Power consumption (kWh) = Power (W) time (h)

an
Energy consumption (TOE) = fuel calorific value kcal/107
M
CO2 emissions (TCO2) = power consumption greenhouse gas emissions factor 1,000
d

The results of energy consumption and CO2 emissions were indicated in Fig. 6. Relative
te

amounts of CO2 emissions were lower in HRE (0.000023 TCO2) than CME (0.0028 TCO2) as
ep

well as HRE showed reduced time (1/100), energy consumption (1/110), and CO2 emissions

(1/120). These results suggest the adequacy of HRE method for extraction of bioactive
c

components from stevia leaf powder with lower consumption of resources as alternative to CME.
Ac

The quantities of both stevioside and Reb-A were reported to be in the ranges of 5.8-15.5 %

and 1.2-3.8 %, respectively from different stevia samples of diverse origins.[3] Contrary results

were reported in published literature. Similar yields have been reported by Kovylyaeva et al.[3]

for stevioside (2.5g/ 100 g dry leaves) and Reb-A (1.4g/ 100 g dry leaves) extracted by refluxing.

22
 [22] [50]
Whereas, Normardhati has reported stevioside yield of 1.2 %, and Gaikwad and Bhosle

have reported stevioside yield of 2.6 g/ 100 g of wet leaves (7 g/ 100 g of dry leaves). Erkucuk et

al. [17] extracted SGs using ethanol as solvent and reported stevioside yield of 33 mg/g and Reb-

A yield of 14 mg/g. Similar yields of stevioside and Reb-A and total yield of 7 % have been

t
reported from conventional extraction using pure ethanol and binary mixture with water (80%

ip
v/v).[1] Likewise, Abou-Arab et al.[51] have reported stevioside yield of 7 mg/100 g of dry leaf

cr
weight and Afandi et al.[16] have reported Reb-A yield of 1.5 g/100 g dried leaves by SLE. One

us
possible reason for lower yields of SGs could be attributed to effect of high temperature on

extraction efficiency. Dual effects of temperature have been reported on extraction process. High

an
temperature may accelerate the mass transfer of solutes (target SGs) by increasing solvent flow

during solvation.[16] While on the other hand, elevated temperatures could result in reduction of
M
fluid densityaffecting the extraction efficiency, and may lead to presence of unwanted

compounds in recovered extracts.[52]

d
te

Conclusions
ep

In this study, the effects of heat reflux extraction (HRE) parameters on total extract, stevioside,

and Reb-A yields from stevia leaf powder were investigated by two modeling approaches, RSM
c

and ANN. ANN model demonstrated higher R2 and lower RMSE and AAD values than the RSM
Ac

model. Hence, the ANN model proved to be superior in terms of its estimation and prediction

capabilities, even with a limited number of experimental runs. Optimization of HRE process

parameters indicated that the maximum values of three response parameters; 6.68% total extract

yield, 16.35 mg/g stevioside, and 16.39 mg/g Reb-A were obtained at optimum extraction

23
 conditions of 100% ethanol concentration, 55C extraction temperature, and 60 min extraction

time. Comparison of HRE and CME methods showed that HRE was superior to CME in

obtaining total extract, stevioside and Reb-A yields with reduced energy consumption and CO2

emission. RSM could be used to interpret interaction effects of process parameters on target

t
responses, while ANN was superior for reliable modeling the extraction process with better

ip
predictive and estimation capabilities. The research findings for HRE optimization with two

cr
modeling approaches (RSM and ANN) showed potential to provide effective guidelines for

us
preparing SGs in the manufacturing of natural sweetener and its products.

Conflict of interest an
M
The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

Nomenclature
d

AAD absolute average deviation

te

ANN artificial neural network

ep

ANOVA analysis of variance

c
Ac

CCD central composite design

CME conventional maceration extraction

HILIC hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography

24
 HRE heat reflux extraction

MLP multilayer perceptron

MLR multiple linear regression

t
ip
R2 coefficient of regression

cr
Reb-A rebaudioside-A

us
RMSE root mean square error

RSM response surface methodology

SGs steviol glycosides

an
M
X independent variable
d

Y dependent variable
te

Funding
ep

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial,
c

or not-for-profit sectors.
Ac

25
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d
te
c ep
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33
 Figure 1. Optimal architecture of MLP topology of developed ANN model (A), network training
curves showing number of Epochs for trained subsets for total extract yield (%) (B), stevioside
yield (mg/g) (C) and Reb-A yield (mg/g) (D).

t
ip
cr
us
an
M
d
te
c ep
Ac

34
 Figure 2. 3D response surface curves and contour plots of total extract yield showing interaction
effect of ethanol concentration and extraction temperature at fixed extraction time (60 min) (A),
ethanol concentration and extraction time at fixed extraction temperature (55 oC) (B) and
extraction temperature and extraction time at fixed ethanol concentration (50 %) (C) stevioside
yield representing interaction effect of ethanol concentration and extraction temperature at fixed
extraction time (60 min) (D), ethanol concentration and extraction time at fixed extraction
temperature (55 oC) (E), and extraction temperature and extraction time at fixed ethanol
concentration (50 %) (F), Reb-A yield representing interaction effect of ethanol concentration

t
and extraction temperature at fixed extraction time (60 min) (G), ethanol concentration and

ip
extraction time at fixed extraction temperature (55 oC) (H) and extraction temperature and
extraction time at fixed ethanol concentration (50 %) (I).

cr
us
an
M
d
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c ep
Ac

35
 Figure 3. Comparison between experimental and predicted data given by RSM model for: total
extract yield (%) (A), stevioside yield (mg/g) (B) and Reb-A yield (mg/g) (C) ANN model for:
total extract yield (%) (D), stevioside yield (mg/g) (E) and Reb-A yield (mg/g) (F), Scatter plots
of predicted values versus experimental values obtained by ANN and RSM models for prediction
of: total extract yield (%) (G), stevioside yield (mg/g) (H) and Reb-A yield (mg/g) (I).

t
ip
cr
us
an
M
d
te
c ep
Ac

36
 Figure 4. HPLC chromatograms of standard glycoside compounds (stevioside & Reb-A) (A) and
HRE extract (B) at optimum extraction conditions of 100% ethanol concentration, 55C
extraction temperature, and 60 min extraction time.

t
ip
cr
us
an
M
d
te
c ep
Ac

37
 Figure 5. Comparison of HRE at optimized extraction conditions (100% ethanol concentration,
55C extraction temperature, and 60 min extraction time) and CME for target responses: Total
extract yield (%) (A) and stevioside & Reb-A yields (mg/g) (B).

t
ip
cr
us
an
M
d
te
c ep
Ac

38
 Figure 6. Comparison of efficiencies on energy consumption (A) and CO2 emissions (B) from
HRE and CME processes.

t
ip
cr
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an
M
d
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c ep
Ac

39
Supporting information

Table S1. Independent process variables with experimental ranges and levels.

t
Variable range and levels (coded)

ip
Input variable

cr
Unit Code -1.68 () -1 0 1 1.68 (+)

us
Ethanol concentration % X1 0 25 50 75 100

Extraction
C X2
an 35 45 55 65 75
temperature
M
Extraction time min X3 30 45 60 75 90
d
te
c ep
Ac

40
 Table 1. Experimental design with responses of independent variables.

Dependent variables

Independent Y1: Total extract Y2: Stevioside Y3: Reb-A yield

t
ip
variables 1) yield (%) yield (mg/g) (mg/g)

cr
Run
RS AN RS AN RS AN
2 Exper Exper Exper
No.

us
X2 X3 M N M N M N
) X1 iment iment iment
(oC (mi pred pred pred pred pred pred
(%)
) n)
al

data
icte

d d
an
icte
al

data
icte

d
icte

d
al

data
icte

d
icte

d
M
45 45
d

25 3.56 + 12.25 13.4 12.8 9.71 + 10.9 11.8

1 (- (- 3.68 3.62
te

(-1) 0.063) + 0.04 6 7 0.16 1 7

1) 1)
ep

25(- 45( 65( 3.86 + 12.47 12.9 13.6 10.65 11.2 13.6
2 3.94 3.91
c

1) -1) +1) 0.03 + 0.02 5 2 + 0.03 9 2

Ac

25(- 65 45( 3.86 + 12.47 13.7 13.7 10.65 11.3 13.7

3 4.15 3.94
1) (+1 -1) 0.05 + 0.02 1 8 + 0.03 3 8

41
 )

25 65( 65( 5.12 + 14.75 15.6 16.1 11.78 10.5 11.3

4 5.01 5.38
(-1) +1) +1) 0.03 + 0.04 5 3 + 0.03 6 9

t
ip
75
45( 45( 3.86 + 12.47 11.9 13.2 10.65 11.3 12.9

cr
5 (+1 4.38 3.98
-1) -1) 0.03 + 0.04 5 6 + 0.04 1 7
)

us
75

6 (+1
45(

-1)
65(

+1)
4.53 +

0.03
an
4.41 4.69
14.25

+ 0.03 6
15.9 14.9

3
11.15

+ 0.03 8
12.6 13.3

9
M
)
d

75 45
65( 5.13 + 14.65 16.1 15.6 11.67 10.2 12.2
te

7 (+1 (- 4.76 5.21

+1) 0.02 + 0.02 3 7 + 0.02 3 9
) 1)
ep

75 65
c

65( 5.42 + 14.75 15.9 15.5 11.78 11.3 13.6

8 (+1 (+1 5.63 5.39
Ac

+1) 0.03 + 0.04 3 6 + 0.03 2 8

) )

9 50 55 60 4.21 + 3.85 4.19 14.68 15.7 14.9 11.68 12.9 14.9

42
 (0) (0) (0) 0.04 + 0.04 5 7 + 0.02 3 7

50 55 60 4.21 + 14.69 15.3 15.1 11.69 12.3 15.1

10 3.92 4.23
(0) (0) (0) 0.03 + 0.03 9 3 + 0.04 5 3

t
ip
0 (- 55 60 3.61 + 12.38 13.4 12.9 10.29 11.3 12.8
11 4.26 3.53

cr
(0) (0) 0.03 + 0.03 7 3 + 0.03 9 3

us
100
55 60 6.62 + 15.53 16.2 16.3 14.26 15.8 16.3
12 + 6.71 6.68

)
(0) (0) 0.05 an + 0.03 5 5 + 0.04 3 9
M
35
50 60 3.86 + 12.49 13.7 12.9 10.65 11.2 12.8
d

13 (- 4.23 3.91
(0) (0) 0.04 + 0.04 3 5 + 0.03 8 5
te

ep

75
50 60 5.12 + 14.78 15.2 15.6 11.78 13.0 15.6
14 + 5.63 5.19
c

(0) (0) 0.03 + 0.04 8 9 + 0.03 9 9

)
Ac

50 55 3.34 + 12.29 13.4 12.9 9.75 11.9 12.9

30
15 3.49 3.29
(0) (0) 0.04 + 0.03 7 3 + 0.06 7 7
(-

43


90
50 55 4.83 + 14.85 15.6 15.3 11.83 13.6 12.6
16 + 4.91 4.71
(0) (0) 0.04 + 0.04 3 9 + 0.04 9 1

t
)

ip
cr
us
1) X1: Ethanol concentration, X2: Extraction temperature, X3: Extraction time.

2) Experimental conditions according to central composite design (CCD).

3) Experimental values: mean + S.D. (n=3).

an
M
d
te
c ep
Ac

44
 Table 2. ANOVA table showing linear, quadratic and interaction terms of each variable and
coefficients for model prediction.

Y1 : Total extract Y2: Stevioside yield Y3: Reb-A yield

yield (%) (mg/g) (mg/g)

t
ip
Source D Estimated Estimated Estimated

cr
F coefficient coefficient coefficient

us
Model 9 263.3574** 124.554* 38.3154**

Intercept
an
M
(0) 1 11.8351** 32.6541** 19.3218**
d
te

Linear terms
ep

X1 (1) 1 0.131550** 0.273603* 0.426316*

c

X2 (2) 1 0.251316** 0.352013** 0.381698**

Ac

X3 (3) 1 0.283285** 0.459830** 0.549083**

45
 Quadratic terms

X12 (11) 1 0.069072** 0.021911** 0.018532**

t
X22 (22) 0.002859** 0.002575** 0.001494**

ip
1

cr
X32 (33) 1 0.045697*** 0.014192*** 0.002185**

us
Interaction terms

X1X2 (12) 1 0.002812**

an 0.007142** 0.000512**
M
X1X3 (13) 1 0.087341* 0.006028** 0.005063***
d
te

X2X3 (23) 0.006697** 0.002143**
1 0.001459*
ep

Lack of fit
c

7 0.0512 0.1487 0.0973

Ac

(probability)

F-value
< 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001
probability

46
 R2 0.9438 0.8919 0.9867

Adj. R2 0.8929 0.8493 0.9367

t
Predicted. R2

ip
0.8387 0.8064 0.8624

cr
*
p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001.

us
an
M
d
te
c ep
Ac

47
 Table 3. Predictive capacity comparison of RSM and ANN models for three response variables.

Y1: Total extract yield Y3: Reb-A yield

Y2: Stevioside (mg/g)
(%) (mg/g)

t
ip
Parameters RSM ANN RSM ANN RSM ANN

cr
R2 (%) 94.38 95.59 89.19 92.97 98.67 98.97

us
RMSE 3.45 1.69 4.27 1.84 5.19 1.27

AAD (%) 1.512 0.421

an
1.668 0.567 1.177 0.3628
M
d
te
c ep
Ac

48