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# 2004 Institution of Chemical Engineers
www.ingentaselect.com=titles=09603085.htm Trans IChemE, Part C, March 2004
Food and Bioproducts Processing, 82(C1): 5459

RICE BRAN OIL EXTRACTION IN SRI LANKA

Data for Process Equipment Design
B. M. W. P. K. AMARASINGHE* and N. C. GANGODAVILAGE
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka

R
ice bran oil is widely used in pharmaceutical, food and chemical industries due to its
unique properties and high medicinal value. In this study, extraction of rice bran oil
from various brands of rice bran available in Sri Lanka has been studied and data
necessary for extraction, equipment design and process predictions have been determined.
Experiments were conducted using a Soxhlet apparatus and a pilot-scale leaching unit, to
extract rice bran oil using hexane as the solvent. The key factors controlling the extraction and
optimal operating conditions were identified. Analysis of free fatty acid content in the extracted
oil showed that steaming is the most effective method of bran pre-treatment. Bran obtained
from parboiled paddy has a higher yield of rice bran oil compared with the raw rice bran,
despite the oils darker colour. Linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids are the major fatty acid
constituents in rice bran oil. Equilibrium data show no preferential adsorption of oil or solvent
to the inert bran and approximately constant solid=solution ratios in the underflow raffinate
streams. Batch extraction tests showed the rate of extraction decreases with time and the
solution approaches saturation at an exponential rate. Mass transfer coefficient was obtained for
the system.

Keywords: rice bran oil; extraction; free fatty acid content; pretreatments; equilibrium data;
mass transfer coefficient.

INTRODUCTION Cassedy, 1952; Panduranga Rao et al., 1967) and hence

Rice bran is the cuticle between the paddy husk and the rice
grain and is obtained as a byproduct of rice processing. The
bran is highly nutritious due to the presence of lipids,
protein, minerals and vitamins. The composition of rice
bran varies with the rice type, climatic conditions and rice
processing methods (Grist, 1985). The oil content in rice
bran varies from 12 to 25 wt% and approximately 9598%
of the oil is extractable (Pillaiyar, 1980b). Rice bran oil has
high medicinal value and hence is used in many pharma-
ceutical manufacturing processes (Adhikari and Adhikari,
1986). Non-edible rice bran oil is used in products such as
cosmetics, paints, soaps and detergents (Soares, 1987;
Thirumala Rao, 1961). Edible rice bran oil is also a good
substitute for vegetable oils (Sayre et al., 1985; Goenka,
1987). Wax is a by-product of the rice bran oil industry and
is used for number of industries, e.g. fruit coating and wax
for fruit processing machines (Soares, 1987).
The major disadvantage of rice bran oil is the rapid liquid
oxidation of bran, which results in rapid increase of the free
fatty acid (FFA) content (Yokochi, 1974; Burns and
*Correspondence to: Dr B.M.W.P.K. Amarasinghe, Department of
Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka.
E-mail: padma@cheng.mrt.ac.lk
use of the proper technique for controlling lipase activity is
extremely important. Drying and steaming of bran are the
widely used methods for stabilization of bran (Prabhakar,
1987). However other techniques such as refrigeration and
chemical stabilization can also be used (Prabhakar and
Venkatesh, 1986).
Pressing and extraction (Proctor and Bowen, 1996; Proc-
tor et al., 1994) are the two commonly used methods for the
separation of rice bran oil from rice bran. Organic solvents,
water or supercritical carbon dioxide are used as solvents for
the extraction (Hanmoungjai et al., 2000; Kuk and Doud,
1988; Johnson and Lusas, 1983; Amarasinghe and Gang-
odavilage, 2001).
Rice bran is essentially powder and pelletization or
granulation is essential to facilitate extraction (Abhay
et al., 1983a; Agrawal, 1977; Sarada 1977; Pillaiyar, 1980a).
Three main steps in the solvent extraction process are
mixing of the solvent with the rice bran pellets, separation
of the extract and raffinate phases and distillation of the
extract phase (Coulson and Richardson, 1991). In perfect
operating conditions the underflow raffinate phase (used
solids) and the overflow extract phase are in equilibrium.
Solubility data for the system consisting composition of the
raffinate phase and that of the extract phase in equilibrium is
useful in design of extraction equipment (Coulson and
Richardson, 1991; Treybal, 1980).

54
 RICE BRAN OIL EXTRACTION IN SRI LANKA 55

Extracted crude oil is refined for degumming and dewax-

ing. Refining increases the stability of the oil (Yoon and Kim
1994; Minsh et al., 1990; Bhattacharyya and Bhattacharyya,
1987; Krishna, 1992; Abhay et al., 1983b; Bhattacharyya
et al., 1983).
The rate of extraction of solute from solid particle is
governed by the following stages. The solute first dissolves
in solvent, the solute in solution diffuses to the surface of
the solid and finally the solute moves from the surface of the
solid, where it is assumed to be in the form of saturated
solution, into the bulk of the solution. With the presence of
the correct solvent, solution of the solute takes place rapidly
and does not greatly influence the overall rate of extraction.
Because of the complex structure, the rate of movement
within the solid particle is difficult to quantify.
For a batch extraction, the rate of mass transfer from the
saturated layer at the solid surface to the bulk of the solution
dC=dt is related by (Bernnan et al., 1990):
dC=dt KA=V (C
C  )
Figure 1. Pilot plant scale leaching unit. 1, Solvent vessel; 2, extraction
Therefore, concentration of oil, C, and time of extraction, t, column; 3, boiler; 4, condenser.
is related by the following equation:
ln C  =(C 
C) KAt=V
of 100  2 C was passed through a 5 cm deep bed of bran
where A area of the solid liquid interface, C* for 30 min. Steaming was used as the pretreatment method
concentration of saturated solution in contact with the for stabilization for all the tests except for the experiments to
solid, C concentration of the solute in bulk of the solution, determine the effect of method of stabilization on extraction.
K mass transfer coefficient which is the ratio of diffusivity Treated bran was kept in sealed polythene bags.
per unit effective liquid film thickness surrounding the Stabilized bran was pelletized manually by pushing the
particles, t time of extraction and V volume of the material through a small pipe and cutting into small pieces
solution. If the mass transfer data for a given system is before extraction. Cylindrical pellets of 5 mm height, 8 mm
available, the time requirement for given extraction process diameter were used for all the experiments except for tests
can be predicted from the above equation. on effect of pellet size. Pelletized bran was dried for 45 min
Sri Lanka at present produces about 2.5 million metric at 75 C and the moisture content was reduced to 5 wt%.
tons of rice per year and hence has a rice bran oil potential Extraction experiments were conducted at 65 C. The
of approximately 30,000 Mt per year (Gangodavilage, 2002). three main steps involved were mixing pellets with hexane,
The objectives of this work were to extract oil from separation of over flow extract phase and the underflow
variety of rice bran types available in Sri Lanka to determine raffinate phases and separation of the solvent and the oil by
optimal operating conditions for extraction and to obtain distillation. The oil samples were analysed and=or refined
solubility and mass transfer data necessary for process when necessary as described below.
equipment design. Each experiment was repeated two or three times and the
reproducibility of the results was tested. The difference
between the results obtained was within 5% and the average
MATERIALS AND METHODS
values are presented in the paper. Further experiments as
Six types of raw rice bran and parboiled rice bran described below were repeated in both Soxhlet apparatus
available in Sri Lanka were used for oil extraction. Bw and the pilot-scale unit in Figure 1 and results obtained were
355-type bran was used for most of the experiments, which similar.
is a commonly available rice type in Sri Lanka. Industrial-
grade hexane was used as the solvent for all the tests.
Extraction experiments were conducted using pilot plant Effect of Bran Stabilization
scale leaching unit and soxhelt apparatus as described
Extraction experiments to determine the effect of method
below. Tests to determine extraction as a function with
of stabilization on the free fatty acid content in the oil were
time were conducted in a round-bottom flask with a reflux
conducted using Bw 355 raw bran. The methods of stabi-
condenser as the other units do not provide the facility to
lization used for experiments are given in Table 1.
withdraw samples with time. The schematic diagram of the
The free fatty acid content of the extracted oil samples
pilot plant scale unit is shown in Figure 1.
was determined as a function of time as explained in below.
The general procedure used for experiments was as
follows. Rice bran collected from rubber-rol sheller type
mills was sieved through a 710 mm aperture size sieve to
Effect of Pellet Size
remove broken grains, sand and other foreign materials.
Bran was stabilized to control the free fatty acid content. It The effect of pellet size on the percentage of oil extracted
was filled into a perforated bottom chamber of 25 cm was determined by extraction experiments for Bw 355-type
diameter and 30 cm height. Steam with effective temperature bran in a range of size of pellets (5  8 d, 10  8 d, 18  8 d,

Trans IChemE, Part C, Food and Bioproducts Processing, 2004, 82(C1): 5459
56 AMARASINGHE AND GANGODAVILAGE
Table 1. Rice bran stabilization techniques.
was stirred for 1 h, maintaining a constant temperature
Stabilization technique Temperature and duration at 60 C.
Hot air drying 100 C for 1 h
Steaming 100 C for 30 min Oil Analysis
Refrigeration 2 C
Sun drying 47 C (maximum) 7 h per day for 2 days The iodine value (k 0070 2.4 method), saponification
Fluidized bed drying 84 C 1 h number (k 0070 2.2 method) and free fatty acid (FFA)
Chemical stabilization Spraying 1000 ppm HCl solution content (k 0070 2.1 method) of crude and refined rice bran
oil were determined (Gangodavilage, 2002; Japanese Indus-
trial Standards, 1978). Samples of soy oil and sunflower oil
obtained from the market were also analysed for compar-
10  12 d, 15  10 d, 15  12 d all sizes in mm, ison. The boiling range of rice bran oil was determined from
d diameter). the vapor pressure apparatus (Horace et al., 1975).
The crude rice bran oil from Bw 355 type was analysed
Effect of Rice Type on Zorbax ODS (250  4.5 mm) by high performance liquid
chromatography using mobile phase acetoneacetonitrile
Six varieties of raw and parboiled rice bran (Bw 355, 63.6:36.4 with flow rate 1 ml min
1 (Moreau and
1=400, Mahasen, H4, Bw 450 and Bw 303) were used in Powell, 1999).
extraction to study the effect of type of rice on the The total oil content of the bran was determined by the
percentage of oil extracted. AOCS method (Gangodavilage, 2002; AOCS, 1995).

Percentage of Oil Extracted as a Function of Time RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Percentages of oil extracted as a function of time were Preliminary experiments showed that the presence of
determined using round bottom flask with a reflux conden- moisture greatly affects the FFA content of the oil extracted,
ser. Fifty-gram samples of Bw 355 raw bran pellets were as the lipase activity is higher in the presence of moisture
added to 500 ml of hexane in a container while stirring (Gangodavilage, 2002). Results obtained for bran pretreated
gently. Series of experiments were conducted and each trial by various techniques are compared in Table 2. Compared
was terminated at different times (10, 20 min etc.). The with the oil extracted from untreated bran, all the pretreat-
amount of oil extracted was determined by vaporizing the ment methods show a reduction in FFA content of the
solvent. This set of experiments were conducted to compare oil. Although hot air drying is an effective method of
hot air drying and steaming, to calculate the rate of extrac- treatment, the non-uniform heating of material in the tray
tion as a function of time and to determine the mass transfer driers limits its application. Fluidization provides uniform
coefficient. heating of bran; however, high air velocities are required for
the process and it is therefore not economical. Refrigeration
is also an expensive technique and not suitable for rural
Solubility Data areas. Chemical stabilization can also be used to control the
Extraction tests were conducted at 65 C to determine lipase activity but addition of chemicals to the bran results in
solubility datacompositions of raffinate and extract phases the contamination of oil. Hence steaming is the most
in equilibriumfor raw and parboiled BW 355 bran. A suitable method of bran pretreatment since the method
series of experiments was conducted mixing 50 g pellet controls the FFA content and is also practicable for use in
samples with varying amounts of hexane (weight ratio of small-scale industries.
bran to hexane was varied from 1:1 to 1:4). Extract and Figure 2 shows the weight of oil extracted per 100 g of
raffinate phases were separated after 60 min and the bran as a function of pellet size. The equivalent surface
oil, hexane and inert solid quantity in each phase were diameter is the diameter of the sphere having same surface
determined. area as the pellet (Allen, 1981). The surface diameter was
selected as the surface area available for mass transfer
affects the extraction rate. The results show a decrease in
Refining of the Oil percentage of oil extracted when the pellet size is increased.
Crude rice bran oil obtained from Bw 355 type bran was
refined by dewaxing, degumming and alkali neutralization Table 2. Effect of stabilization methods of rice bran.
followed by bleaching as described below.
FFA in rice bran oil (%)
The oil was cooled to 18 C and centrifuged to separate
wax. The separated wax was washed with cooled isopropyl Days 1 2 3 4 5 6
alcohol to remove the oil in the wax. The dewaxed oil was
subjected to degumming at 60 C. The oil and distilled water 0 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.12 3.12 3.12
7 3.92 2.91 2.81 5.76 4.16 36.16
were mixed at a ratio of 100:5 and thoroughly agitated for 14 4.76 2.98 2.83 11.42 6.23 57.59
15 mins. The oil was then separated from water by centri- 21 6.35 3.47 2.84 18.76 8.16 64.14
fugation at 3000 rpm. The oil thus treated was mixed with 42 8.35 5.23 2.89 34.31 11.82 76.14
0.1 N sodium hydroxide solution and centrifuged at 63 10.14 7.96 2.96 46.42 14.53 79.46
70 10.98 9.01 3.05 53.21 16.72 81.21
3000 rpm. Then oil was washed with warm water to
remove traces of soap stock. The neutralized oil was 1, Hot air drying 100 C; 2, steaming 100 C; 3, low temperature 2 C; 4, sun
mixed with 10% by weight activated carbon. The mixture drying; 5, fluidization; 6, untreated.

Trans IChemE, Part C, Food and Bioproducts Processing, 2004, 82(C1): 5459
 RICE BRAN OIL EXTRACTION IN SRI LANKA
Figure 2. Effect of pellet size on extraction for steam treated Bw 355 raw
rice bran at 65 C.
This is due to the fact that large pellets have a smaller
surface area per unit mass.
Therefore, for all the results given in this paper, steaming
was used as the pretreatment method and pellets of size
5 mm height  8 mm diameter were used.
Figure 3 compares weight of oil extracted (as a percentage
of the total oil extracted) as a function of time for hot air-
dried and steamed rice bran. The rate of extraction was
higher for steamed bran and the results show that steaming
enhances the oil extractability.
Table 3, shows percentages of oil extracted from selected
varieties of bran available in Sri Lanka. Parboiling bran
results a higher percentage of oil compared with raw bran
for all the varieties. This is due to the fact that parboiling
releases the oil in the grain and results in outward migration
of the oil. Oil percentage determined by the total oil
extractions (AOCS method) and the oil extracted by
normal extraction shows that approximately 98% of oil is
extractable from the bran.
Figure 4 shows weight of oil extracted (as a percentage of
the total oil extracted) as a function of time. Several points
were selected on the curve in Figure 4 and tangents to the
curve were drawn at each selected point. The slope of the
tangent represents the rate of extraction. The rate of extrac-
tion vs time is shown in Figure 5. Results show that the rate
of extraction remains constant over a period of time initially
and then declines with time and the rate reaches zero
approximately after 1 h.
Figure 3. Extraction results at 65 C for Bw 355 raw bran. 1, Steamed bran
at 100 C for 30 min; 2, hot air dried at 100 C for 30 min.
Trans IChemE, Part C, Food and Bioproducts Processing, 2004, 82(C1): 5459
57
Table 3. Extractable oil percentages of different
varieties.
Average weight of oil extracted
in g per 100 g of bran
Bran type Raw bran Parboiled bran
BW 355 16.79 20.73
1=400 19.50 29.79
Mahasen 14.84 19.27
H4 15.78 18.26
Bw 450 19.39 25.54
Bw 303 11.28 15.28
The driving force for extraction is the concentration
gradient of solute in the solid surface and that in the bulk
of the solution. For an initial period of time the solid is rich
in solute and the solid surface is saturated with the solute.
The rate of extraction remains constant, but when the con-
centration of solute in the solid decreases with time the
diffusion of solute to the solid surface from the interior of
the solid becomes the rate determining step. Therefore, the
rate of extraction decreases with time and reaches zero.
Figures 6 and 7 show experimentally determined equili-
brium characteristics for raw and parboiled rice bran respec-
tively. The three components in the system are the oil,
solvent and the inert solid. Oil dissolves in the solvent
and the mixture formed is termed as solution. x and y are
the oil weight fraction in the over flow extract and underflow
raffinate respectively. N, the inert solid=solution ratio, is zero
for the extract phase as no solids enters the extract phase.
Solid to solution ratio in the raffinate underflow is approxi-
mately constant and valued at 1.2 for raw bran and 0.85 for
parboiled bran. Tie lines in the diagram join the raffinate and
extract phases in equilibrium. Tie lines are nearly vertical,
showing similar solution composition in the underflow and
overflow extract, which shows no preferential adsorption of
the solute or solvent to the inert solid. The equilibrium data
thus determined can be used for calculations in single stage
and multistage extraction processes.
Figure 8 shows the plot of ln C*=(C*
C) vs time for a
batch extraction. The data fits a straight line, which shows
that the solution reaches saturation at an exponential rate
(Bernnan et al., 1990). The mass transfer coefficient K, for
rice bran oil in hexane determined from the gradient (KA=V)
of the graph is 4.36  10
4 m s
1. The mass transfer coeffi-
cient thus calculated is comparable with the mass transfer
coefficients for other liquidliquid systems (Treybal 1980).
Figure 4. Effect of time on extraction of oil at 65 C for steamed Bw 355
raw bran.
58 AMARASINGHE AND GANGODAVILAGE

Figure 5. Rate of extraction (percentage per minute) at 65 C as a function

of time for steamed Bw 355 raw bran.
Figure 8. ln C*=(C*
C) vs time for determination of the mass transfer
coefficient for ice bran oil extraction at 65 C.

The value can be used to predict the time required for a

specific extraction operation. saponification number due to refining. Further values are
HPLC analysis shows that the major lipid species in fresh comparable with the other commonly used vegetable oils.
rice bran are neutral lipids (20 g 100 g
1), of which At atmospheric conditions boiling range of rice bran is
triacylglycerols comprise 8090% of the amount. Nine approximately 340360 C. This is a much higher value
molecular species of triacylglycerols were detected by compared with the boiling point of hexane which is 69 C
means of high performance liquid chromatography as in and therefore distillation can be used for the separation of
Figure 9. The major fatty acid constituents of these are oil from the solvent.
linoleic (18:2), oleic (18:1) and palmitic (16:0) acids.
Characteristic analyses of rice bran oil and commonly
used vegetable oils are shown in Table 4. The refined oil
contains low FFA percentage compared with crude rice bran
oil. The results also show an increase in iodine value and

Figure 6. Equilibrium characteristics of oilhexaneinert solid, for Bw 355

raw bran at 65 C.

Figure 9. HPLC analysis of rice bran triacylglycerols by reverse phase

Zorbax column. 19, LLL, LLO, LLP, LOO, PLO, PLP, OOO, OOP, POP; P,
palmitic; L, linoleic; O, oleic.

Table 4. Characteristic analysis of rice bran oil in comparison with

seed oils.

Iodine Saponification
Oil type value number FFA (%)
Crude rice bran oil 91.5 172.4 4.17
Refined rice bran oil 96.2 181.3 0.07
Soy oil 112.6 182.7 0.08
Figure 7. Equilibrium characteristics of oilhexaneinert solid, for Bw 355 Sunflower oil 114.7 180.1 0.03
parboiled bran at 65 C.

Trans IChemE, Part C, Food and Bioproducts Processing, 2004, 82(C1): 5459
 RICE BRAN OIL EXTRACTION IN SRI LANKA
CONCLUSION
Rice bran contains approximately 20 wt% oil. Solvent
extraction using hexane as the solvent is an effective method
for rice bran oil extraction. However, rapid growth of FFA
content reduces the oil quality and hence stabilization of the
bran is extremely important. Steaming is the most effective
method of bran pretreatment with respect to FFA increase
and the oil extractability. Pellatization of bran avoids diffi-
culties in separation of extract and raffinate, contamination
of the oil with fines and solvent channeling. The extraction
process is more efficient with small size pellets due to the
increase in surface area available. Higher percentage of oil is
extractable from parboiled bran compared with raw bran.
Equilibrium characteristics for rice bran oilhexaneinert
solid system show no preferential adsorption of solvent
or solute to the used bran and approximately a constant
inert solid to solution ratio in the underflow. Mass transfer
coefficient for rice bran oil movement in hexane is
4.36  10
4 m s
1. Data determined can be used for batch
and continuous leaching equipment design calculations and
for rice bran oil extraction process predictions.
For future work, aqueous extraction and other solvents
such as iso propyl alcohol can be tested and the results can
be compared.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Financial assistance by the Ministry of Science and Technology, under
the ADB, STPDP project Sri Lanka is acknowledged.
The manuscript was received 3 June 2003 and accepted for publication
after revision 6 February 2004.