Professional Documents
Culture Documents
I. INTRODUCTION
(1)
T HE purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how the exact
models for three-phase transformer connections can be
developed for use in power-flow and short-circuit studies. Too
many times, approximations are made in the modeling that
result in erroneous results. The exact model of a three-phase
connection must satisfy Kirchhoffs voltage and current laws
and the ideal relationship between the voltages and currents on
the two sides of the transformer windings. When this approach (2)
is followed, the correct phase shift, if any, will come out
naturally.
Because of space limitations, this paper will be limited to the
development of the models for only the ungrounded wyedelta where
connection. A small sample system is used to demonstrate the
application of the models for both power-flow and short-circuit (3)
studies.
Solving (1) for the ideal delta transformer voltages,
II. POWER-FLOW MODEL DEVELOPMENT
(4)
The connection diagram for the standard 30 phase shift
ungrounded wyedelta transformer connection is shown in The line-to-line voltages on the delta as a function of the
Fig. 1. ideal transformer voltages and the delta currents are given by
Paper ICPSD 98B3, presented at the 1998 IEEE Rural Electric Power
Conference, St. Louis, MO, April 2628, and approved for publication in the (5)
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS by the Rural Electric Power
Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society. Manuscript released
for publication August 17, 1998.
W. H. Kersting is with the Klipsch School of Electrical and Computer (6)
Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA.
W. H. Phillips is with WH Power Consultants, Las Cruces, NM 88003
USA. Substituting (2) and (4) into (6),
W. Carr is with Milsoft Integrated Solutions, Inc., Abilene, TX 79608 USA.
Publisher Item Identifier S 0093-9994(99)00726-4. (7)
00939994/99$10.00 1999 IEEE
170 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 35, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1999
where where
(19)
(8)
where (20)
(12) (22)
(23)
(31)
(32)
IV. SHORT-CIRCUIT MODEL DEVELOPMENT
Short-circuit studies of a radial distribution feeder can be The line-to-line voltages on the load side of the transformer
performed in the phase frame by applying the method bank are determined by applying (7) and (18), which results in
described in [3]. This method requires that a Thevenin equiv-
alent circuit be developed that will include the transmission
system equivalent system as determined at the high side of the (33)
substation transformer, the substation transformer impedance,
and the impedances of all line segments from the substation Substituting (32) into (33) and simplifying,
down to the point of fault. When a feeder includes in- (34)
line transformers, the impedances of these transformers must
also be part of the Thevenin equivalent circuit. This is best where
understood by referring to Fig. 2.
In Fig. 2, the impedance matrix represents the (35)
Thevenin equivalent 3 3 impedance matrix from the wye side
of the in-line transformer back to the equivalent system source. (36)
The matrix represents the 3 3 equivalent impedance
matrix from the load side of the transformer bank down to the The equivalent LN voltages on the load side can be deter-
point of fault. mined by
The short-circuit analysis for faults on the delta side (load
side) of the transformer bank will need the Thevenin equiv- (37)
alent circuit as seen at the delta terminals of the transformer where
bank. Referring to Fig. 2, Kirchhoffs voltage law equation can
be written from the infinite bus to the wye-connected primary (38)
as
(25) (39)
However,
Substituting (34) into (37),
(26)
(40)
Substituting (26) into (25),
where
(27)
(41)
The line-to-ground (LG) voltages, as given by (27), will not be
the same as the LN voltages that are across the ungrounded
primary terminals of the transformers. To determine the LN (42)
voltages, the zero-sequence component of the LG voltages
must be removed. This is a two-step process where first the Equations (41) and (42) define the required Thevenin equiv-
LG voltages are transformed to sequence components and then alent circuit at the load-side terminals of the transformer bank.
the LN voltages are determined by setting the zero-sequence In (41), if the source voltages are balanced, then
component to zero and transforming to phase components the Thevenin voltages will be balanced and shifted
using the positive- and negative-sequence components. When by 30 from the source voltages.
this is done, the following equation results:
V. EXAMPLE SYSTEM
(28)
The system that will be used to demonstrate the transformer
where models is shown in Fig. 2.
The distribution feeder segments on the source side
(29)
and load side of the transformer bank use the pole
spacing as shown in Fig. 3.
(30) The length of the source side segment is 2000 ft and the
length of the load side segment is 2500 ft.
172 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 35, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1999
The voltage levels are as follows: The matrices have now been defined for the forward
sweep using the ladder iterative technique. The matrices for
source, V line to line the backward sweep are defined as follows.
load, V line to line Equation (8) with the example system values
The ungrounded wyedelta transformer bank consists of Equation (12) with the example system values
three single-phase transformers, each rated
kVA, V, %
where
The backward sweep uses the specified source voltages
and the high-side line currents as shown above to recompute
the bus voltages working from the source bus to the trans-
former, through the transformer and then down to the load
bus. Equations (7) and (11) are used to transform the voltages
The equivalent LN voltages at the transformer are
and currents across the transformer bank.
After the first backward sweep, the equivalent LN voltages
at the load bus are
where
per unit
The source LN voltages are specified as VII. EXAMPLE SYSTEM SHORT-CIRCUIT STUDIES
To perform short-circuit studies for faults either on the low-
voltage terminals of the transformers or at the load, (41) and
(42) are used to determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit as
it appears on the load-side terminals of the transformer bank.
174 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 35, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1999
The line currents on the load side of the transformer for the
line-to-line fault at Bus 4 are
A.
REFERENCES
[1] W. H. Kersting and D. Mendive, An application of ladder network
theory to the solution of three-phase radial power-flow problems,
presented at the 1976 IEEE-PES Winter Power Meeting, Paper A 70-
For faults at the load bus, the 3 3 impedance matrix of the 044-8.
[2] W. H. Kersting and W. H. Phillips, A radial three-phase power flow
load-side line segment must be added to the Thevenin program for the personal computer, in Proc. 1987 Frontiers of Power
impedance to give the total impedance between the source Conf., Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, Oct. 2626, 1987,
and the fault bus pp. II-1II-8.
[3] W. H. Kersting and W. H. Phillips, Distribution system short-circuit
analysis, presented at the 25th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engi-
neering Conf., Reno, NV, Aug. 1217, 1990.
[4] W. H. Kersting, Distribution feeder analysis, IEEE Tutorial on Power
Distribution Planning, IEEE Pub. #92 EHO 361-1-PWR, Jan. 1993.