Children's Exposure to Diesel Exhaust on School Buses. (n.d.).

Retrieved from

http://www.ehhi.org/reports/diesel/

In the United states, as of 2002, over 600,000 school busses provide transportation for

about 24 million students. Annually, these buses traveled a total of over 4.3 bilion miles with a

collective travel time of about 3 billion hours. Knowing that modern school buses are powered

by diesel fuel, students spend a large portion of time exposed to the noxious fumes that are

emitted by the diesel powered vehicles. It was reported that approximately 44,500 connecticut

students were diagnosed with some form of respiratory illness which is believed to have been

triggered by the carcinogens produced by the buses burning diesel. This study examined the

negative effect the diesel exhaust had on Connecticut studies by monitoring fine particulate and

carcinogenic concentrations exhibited in the bus exhaust in relation to the health of the

students on the bus.

Gharagozlou, F., Mazloumi, A., Saraji, G. N., Nahvi, A., Ashouri, M., & Mozaffari, H. (2015, August).

Correlation between Driver Subjective Fatigue and Bus Lateral Position in a Driving Simulator. Retrieved

from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4578540/

One of the most dangerous things that can happen while driving is falling asleep at the

wheel. The study aimed to find the correlation between bus driver fatigue at the wheel and the

bus lateral position in a driving simulator. They found that as the amount of time spent driving

increased, the fatigue levels increased as well. The best thing to do to prevent bus drivers from

feeling fatigued is to find a way to minimize the amount of bus routes that drivers have to take in

order so that they are not on the road for as long and dont become tired.
Monica Von Dobeneck | Special to PennLive. (2011, December 05). Children's lengthy bus ride is

concern for East Pennsboro Township mom. Retrieved from

http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2011/12/childrens_lengthy_bus_ride_is.html

Too many students have been affected by the increase in bus times over the years. For

some students, rides can last up to 90 minutes. Not only does this affect the students, but also

the budget. It costs the $953 per student per year as opposed to $313 per public-school

student. A 2007 study concluded that such students were less likely to participate in

extracurricular activities. That state suggests maximum bus rides of 30 minutes for elementary

students, 45 minutes for middle school students and an hour for high school. Shorter bus

routes can help students do more after school.

Kenny: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.49.6645&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Efficiency of a bus is very important. Many people rely on public transportation to get them to

school or work; to get them the best education possible, or to get them to their job. The best

ways to measure the efficiency of a bus are the costs to operate and the time it takes for a bus

to finish its route. Costs include payment for the bus driver and gas costs. Therefore, it is

preferred to have less, but longer routes, over shorter, but a larger amount of routes.

Ethan: http://www.lungchicago.org/diesel-pollution-school-buses/(2009) pollution

School busses output an enormous amount of pollution, and In recent years several

studies have indicated that the pollution emitted from diesel school buses can pose a grave

threat to school children, bus drivers and school staff. "In Illinois, at least 70 percent of the

18,500 school buses in service today are powered by diesel fuel" (Illinois Environmental

Protection Agency). The exhaust from diesel buses contains more than 40 toxic air
contaminants, carcinogens, ozone smog-forming compounds and fine particulate matter. These

policies help schools reduce diesel pollution by curbing unnecessary idling. Illinois has a state

law that bans excessive idling from diesel school buses and other diesel vehicles in the Chicago

metropolitan area and St. Louis Metro East area.

Angelo: Chen, X., Ko ng, Y., Dang, L., Hou, Y., & Ye, X. (2015). Exact and Metaheuristic Approaches for a Bi-

Objective School Bus Scheduling Problem. Plos ONE, 10(7), 1-20. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132600