Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Page No.
1. ACADEMIC CALENDAR 3
2. ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS 5
3. ANTENNA & WAVE PROPAGATION 45
4. INTEGRTED CIRCUIT APPLICATIONS 89
5. ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENS & INSTRUMENTATION 137
6. CONTROL SYSTEMS 184
7. COMPUTER ORGANIZATION 233
Analog communications
COURSE
FILE
Department of
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
VIGNANS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
VIGNAN HILLS, DESHMUKHI VILLAGE, POCHAMPALLY (MANDAL)
NALGONDA (DISTRICT) - 508284
Sponsored by
Lavu Educational Society
(Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to JNT University, Hyderabad)
COURSE
OBJECTIVES
Analog Communications Course Objectives
COURSE OBJECTIVES
This course will provide students with the theoretical underpinnings of Analog
Communications, allowing them to work out quantitative values and theoretical descriptions for case
examples in Analog Communications.
Students completing this course should be able to:
Describe analog modulation and demodulation techniques.
Develop and compare the functional blocks and performance parameters of amplitude and angle
modulation and demodulation for communication systems.
Performance evaluation of communication systems in the presence of noise.
Develop Modern trends in communication systems and transmitter/receiver circuits.
Page 4
SYLLABUS
Analog Communications Syllabus
SYLLABUS
UNIT I
INTRODUCTION : Introduction to communication system, Need for modulation, Amplitude Modulation, Definition, Time
domain and frequency domain description, power relations in AM waves, Generation of AM waves, square law Modulator,
Switching modulator, Detection of AM Waves; Square law detector, Envelope detector.
UNIT II
DSB MODULATION : Double side band suppressed carrier modulators, time domain and frequency domain description,
Generation of DSBSC Waves, Balanced Modulators, Ring Modulator, Coherent detection of DSB-SC Modulated waves,
COSTAS Loop. Radio Transmitters-Classification of Transmitters, AM transmitter block diagram and explanation of each
block.
UNIT III
SSB MODULATION: Frequency domain description, Frequency discrimination method for generation of AM SSB
Modulated Wave, Time domain description, Phase discrimination method for generating AM SSB Modulated waves.
Demodulation of SSB Waves, Vestigial side band modulation: Frequency description, Generation of VSB Modulated wave,
Time domain description, Envelope detection of a VSB Wave pulse Carrier, Comparison of AM Techniques, Applications
of different AM Systems.
UNIT IV
ANGLE MODULATION CONCEPTS: Basic concepts, Frequency Modulation: Single tone frequency modulation,
Spectrum Analysis of Sinusoidal FM Wave, Narrow band FM, Wide band FM, Constant Average Power, Transmission
bandwidth of FM Wave-Comparison of FM a & AM systems.
UNIT V
ANGLE MODULATION METHODS:
Generation of FM Waves: Direct Method: Parametric Variation Method: Varactor Diode, Reactance Modulator, Indirect
method: Armstrong Method, Detection of FM Waves: Balanced Frequency discriminator, Zero crossing detector, Phase
locked loop, Foster Seeley Discriminator, Ratio detector, FM transmitter block diagram and explanation of each block.
UNIT VI
NOISE : Noise in Analog communication System, Noise in DSB& SSB System, Noise in AM System, Noise in Angle
Modulation System, Threshold effect in Angle Modulation System, Pre-emphasis & de-emphasis
UNIT VII
RECEIVERS : Radio Receiver - Receiver Types - Tuned radio frequency receiver, Superhetrodyne receiver, RF section
and Characteristics - Frequency changing and tracking, Intermediate frequency, AGC, FM Receiver, Comparison with AM
Receiver, Amplitude limiting.
UNIT VIII
PULSE MODULATION :Types of Pulse modulation, PAM (Single polarity, double polarity) PWM: Generation &
demodulation of PWM, PPM, Generation and demodulation of PPM
TEXTBOOKS :
1. Principles of Communication Systems H Taub & D. Schilling, Gautam Sahe, TMH, 2007 3rd Edition.
2. Principles of Communication Systems - Simon Haykin, John Wiley, 2nd Ed.,.
REFERENCES :
1. Electronics & Communication System George Kennedy and Bernard Davis, TMH 2004.
2. Analog Communications-KN Hari Bhat & Ganesh Rao, Pearson Publications, 2nd Edition-2008.
3. Communication Systems Second Edition R.P. Singh, SP Sapre, TMH, 2007.
4. Communication Systems- B.P.Lathi, BS Publication, 2006
WEBSITES: 1) http://www.nptel.iitm.ac.in
2) http://www.rfdesign.com
JOURNALS
1) International Journal of Digital & Analog Communication Systems
Page 6
STUDENTS
SEMINAR
TOPICS
Analog Communications Students Seminar Topics
1. Amplitude modulation
2. Double side band suppressed carrier modulation
3. Single side band suppressed carrier
4. Vestigial side band modulation
5. AM Transmitters
6. FM Transmitters
7. AM Receivers
8. FM Receivers
9. Noise in all Modulation Systems
10. Pulse Amplitude Modulation
11. Pulse Width Modulation
12. Pulse Position Modulation
LECTURE PLAN
Analog Communications Lecture Plan
LECTURE PLAN
No of Method of
S.No NAME OF THE TOPIC Text books referred
Periods Teaching
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION
1 Introduction to communication system, 1 Black board Principles of CS-Taub and Schilling
2 Need for modulation 1 Black board Principles of CS-Taub and Schilling
3 Amplitude Modulation 1 Black board Principles of CS-Taub and Schilling
4 Definition, Time domain and frequency domain description 1 Black board Principles of CS-Taub and Schilling
5 power relations in AM waves, 1 Black board & OHP NTPEL
6 Generation of AM waves 1 Black board Principles of CS-Taub and Schilling
7 square law Modulator 1 Black board Principles of CS-Taub and Schilling
8 Switching modulator 1 Black board Principles of CS-Taub and Schilling
9 Detection of AM Waves; 1 Black board Principles of CS-Taub and Schilling
10 Square law detector 1 Black board Principles of CS-Taub and Schilling
11 Envelope detector 1 OHP NTPEL
12 Demo of AM Waves using MATLAB 1 OHP MATLAB
13 Solving previous Question papers 1 Black board Previous question papers
UNIT-2: DOUBLE SIDE BAND
14 Double side band suppressed carrier modulators 1 Black board Principles of CS-Taub and Schilling
15 time domain and frequency domain description 1 Black board Principles of CS-Taub and Schilling
16 Generation of DSBSC Waves 1 Black board Principles of CS-Taub and Schilling
17 Balanced Modulators, Ring Modulator 1 Black board Principle of CS-Simon Haykins
18 Coherent detection of DSB-SC Modulated waves 1 Black board Principles of CS-Taub and Schilling
19 COSTAS Loop 1 Black board Principles of CS-Taub and Schilling
20 Radio transmitters introduction 1 Black board Principles of CS-Taub and Schilling
21 Classification of transmitters 1 Black board Principle of CS-Simon Haykins
22 AM transmitters 1 Black board Principle of CS-Simon Haykins
23 Demo on DSB-SC using MATLAB 1 OHP MATLAB
24 Solving previous Question papers 1 Black board Previous question papers
Page 10
Analog Communications Lecture Plan
Page 11
Analog Communications Lecture Plan
Page 12
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
Analog Communications Learning Objectives
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
UNIT: I INTRODUCTION
After completing the lesson, the student will be able to:
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Analog Communications Learning Objectives
UNIT: VI NOISE
After completing the lesson, the student will be able to:
Define Noise
List types of Noise
Identify noise in Analog communication System
Calculate noise in various AM and FM systems
State Threshold effect in Angle Modulation System
Describe Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
OBJECTIVE
TYPE
QUESTIONS
Analog Communications Essay Questions
UNIT-1: INTRODUCTION
1. The process of varying the parameters of high frequency signal according to low-frequency
signal is ___
2. The Bandwidth of Amplitude Modulation is ___
a) m b) m/2 c) m/4 d)2 m
3. The total transmitted power of Amplitude Modulation is ___
4. The efficiency of AM is ___
5. The AM is useful for ___
6. The disadvantage of AM is ___
7. By suppressing carrier component from AM wave, we have ___
a) SSB b) VSB c) DSB-SC d) None
8. The most useful detection method for the Detection of Modulating signal from AM is ___
9. AM is compared with following FM technique
a) NBFM b) WBFM c) Both d) None
10. If the Modulation index m of AM is 0.4 then what is the % of Modulation is ___
a) 50% b) 80% c) 20% d) 40%
11. Two modulating signals are modulated simultaneously with modulation indices 0.4 and 0.6 then
the resultant Modulation index of AM is ___.
a) 0.72 b) 0.73 c) 0.5 d) 0.6
12. The condition for AM is ___
a) Modulation index is greater than one b) Modulation index is less than one
c) Modulation index is equal to one d) modulation index is less than or equal to one
13. The percentage of Modulation of AM is 60% what is the Modulation index
a) 0.3 b) 0.6 c) 0.4 d) 0.2
14. The modulation index AM with carrier voltage Vc and modulating Voltage Vm is ___
a) Ka Vm/Vc b) Ka Vc/Vm c) Ka Vm d) Ka Vc
15. The carrier and modulating signals are Ac cos ct and Am cos ct the AM signal is ___
a) Ac(1+m cos ct) b)Ac (1+M cosm t) cos ct
c) Am(1+ m cos ct)cos mt d)Am ( 1 + m cos mt) cos ct
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Analog Communications Essay Questions
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Analog Communications Essay Questions
ANSWERS
1)b 2) c 3)b 4) line 5) a 6) d 7) 83.3% 8) 9)b
communication
10)c 11)coherent 12)for 13) audio 14)c 15)b 16)a 17) filter and 18) Acm(t)
detection frequency signal phase method
multiplexing cosct -
Acms(t) sin
c t
19)b 20)c 21)a 22)c 23)b 24)a 25)c 26)a 27)b
10. The PM signal with carrier signal Ac cos ct and modulating signal m(t) is
a) Ac cos (ct + Kp m(t) ). b) Ac cos (ct + Kmm(t)dt ).
c) Ac cos (ct - Kp m(t) ). d) Ac cos (ct - Kmm(t)dt ).
11. As per standards the maximum frequency deviation is _____
a).50 KHz b) 75 KHz c). 100 KHz d) 125 KHz
12. The modulation index of FM less than one then the type of FM is ___
13. For = 2 the total no of side frequencies are ___
14. The modulating signal frequency is 5 KHz. The frequency deviation is 50 KHz.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Analog Communications Essay Questions
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Analog Communications Essay Questions
39. FM signal is 10 cos (2105t + 15 sin 2100t) with Modulating signal, m(t) = 5 cos 2100t. Then
the FM bandwidth is ___
a) 0.1 KHz b) 1 KHz c) 3.2 KHz d) 100 KHz
40. The maximum frequency deviation for NBFM is ___
a)l0K b)15K c)5K d)20K
ANSWERS
1) Angle 2) a 3) a 4) c 5) a 6) c 7) Phase 8) a 9) b 10)
modulation modulation NBFM
11) 8 12) b 13) a 14) d 15) 16 16) 17) Mobile 18) 19) 20) c
>> 1 Radio 2
communication,
broadca
police wireless, sting
ambulance, taxi
cabs, short range
VHF, ship to
shore
21) c 22) c 23) b 24) b 25) to 26) c 27) 5 KHz 28) a 29) 30) a
avoid the b
distortion
due to
interfacing
signal
31) 0 to 5 32) 3 33) b 34) b 35) c 36) c 37) c 38) d 39) c 40)c
K
UNIT-V:ANGLEMODULATONMETHODS
1. Direct method for generating frequency modulated signal is using
a) FET b) BJT c) Varactor diode d) All
2. 2. ln direct method of FM the electronic device is ___to tuned circuit
a) Series b) Parallel c) Both d) None 1
3. For generating WBFM from MBFM the multiplication factors are
a)2&.3 b)2&.5 c)2&.4 d)4&.3
4. WBFM is generated using NBFM modulator by using ____ method
5. The slope detector is used for converting ___
a) FM to AM b) A to FM c) FM to PM d) PM to FM
6. Balanced slope detector uses___
a) single tuned circuit b) two tuned circuits
c) four tuned circuits d) three tuned circuits
7. The advantage of balanced slope detector is____
8. Drawback of slope detector is ____
9. Ratio detector is widely used as FM detector because of
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Analog Communications Essay Questions
ANSWERS
1)d 2)b 3)a 4)Filter 5)a 6)b 7)avoidsthe 8)Amplitude
method amplitude
variations
variations
9)d 10)Long 11)b 12)a 13)Faster- 14)a 15)b 16)a
period Seley
variationin
signal
strength
17)b 18)b 19)b 20)a 21)b 22)c
UNIT-VI:NOISE
1. Base band communication system output signal to noise ratio is ____
a) PR/2WNO b) PR/WNO c) PR/4WNO d) PR/8WNO
2. The output SNR of DSB is ___
a)PR/2WNO b) PR/WNO c) PR/4WNO d) PR/8WNO
3. The output SNR of SSB is ___
a) PR/2WNO b) PR/WNO c) PR/4WNO d) PR/8WNO
4. The output SNR of DSB compared with output SNR of SSB is ___
a) greater b) smaller c) equal d) none
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Analog Communications Essay Questions
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Analog Communications Essay Questions
ANSWERS
1)b 2) c 3) d 4) c 5) a 6) ni(t) 7) 8) arc. 9) d
cosct- Tan( nQ(t)
nq(t)sinct /nI(t))
10) a 11) a 12) b 13) a 14) c 15) c 16) b 17) c 18) b
19) c 20) 21) b 22) a 23) b 24) a 25) the rapid fall on (S/N)b when the
boosted the
(S/N0o fall below at a particular level
high
frequency
signal
UNIT-VII: RECEIVERS
1. The image channel rejection in a super heterodyne receiver comes from
a) IF stage only b) RF stage only
c) detector and RF stage only d) detector, RF and IF stages only
2. The main advantage of super-heterodyne receiver is ___
(a) simple circuit (b) better tracking
3. improvement in selectivity and sensitivity (d) better alignment
4. The received signal frequency of a super-heterodyne receiver having IF = 456 KHz, is 1
MHz. The corresponding image signal is
a) within its medium band (b) outside the medium band
(c) depends on modulation index (d) depends on modulating frequency
5. The resonant frequency of an RF amplifier is 1 MHz and its bandwidth is 10 kHz. The Q-
factor will be ___
(a) 10 (b) 100 (c) 0.01 (d) 0.1
6. A ___ is an electronic circuit that picks up a desired modulated radio frequency signal, and
recovers the base band sgnal from it.
a) radio transmitter b) amplifier c) radio receiver d) attenuator
7. 6.The disadvantage of TRF receiver is ___
a) poor selectivity b) high gain c) no signal d) all of the above
8. The radio waves contain electrical energy in the form of ____
9. 8.The process of selecting the desired signal and rejecting the unwanted signal is called ____
a) sensitivity b) reproduction c) amplification d)detectin
10. ___ is the process of recovering a baseband signal from a modulated carrier
a) sensitivity b) reproduction c) amplification d)detectin
11. ___ is the process by which an electrical signal is converted into a desired physical message.
a) sensitivity b) reproduction c) amplification d)detectin
12. TRF receiver works satisfactorily at ___ wave frequencies
a) very high b) medium c) high d) all of the above
13. 12.The performance of a receiver is judged from its various features such as ___
a) selectivity b)sensitivity c) fidelity d) all of the above
14. ___ is the receivers ability to distinguish between two adjacent carrier frequencies
a) selectivity b)sensitivity c) fidelity d) all of the above
15. The ability of a receiver to detect the weakest possible signal is known as ___
a) selectivity b)sensitivity c) fidelity d) all of the above
16. The ability of a receiver to reproduce faithfully all frequency components present in the
baseband signal is called ___
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Analog Communications Essay Questions
17. The RF amplifier in a radio receiver is a class ___ tued voltage amplifier
a) class A b) class B c) class C d) class D
18. 17.Hetrodyning is a process of ___ translation.
19. The relation between quality factor, Q, resonant frequency, fo and band width, B is given by
__
20. 19.In super-heterodyne receiver al the incoming carrier frequencies are converted into fixed
IF frequency of ___ KHz
a) 124 b) 245 c) 356 d) 455
21. 20. The adventages of TRF receiver are ___
a) simpler b) cheaper c) both a and b d) none of the above
ANSWERS
1)a 2)c 3) a 4) b 5) a 6) a 7)electromagnetic 8)a 9)d 10) b
waves
11)b 12)d 13) a 14) b 15) c 16) c 17)frequency 18)q=fo/B 19)d 20) c
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Analog Communications Essay Questions
ANSWERS
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (d) l0. (b)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14) b 15) b 16) a 17) b 18) pulse 19) b 20) b
width
modulatin
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Analog Communications Essay Questions
ESSAY TYPE
QUESTIONS
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Analog Communications Essay Questions
UNIT-I: INTRDOUCTION
1. a) With necessary expressions, waveforms and spectrums, Explain AM for an arbitrary
baseband signal m(t).
b) The output power of an AM transmitter is 1KW when sinusoidally modulated to a
depth of 100%. Calculate the power in each side band when the modulation depth is
reduced to 50%.
2. a) What are the main objectives of a communication system design? What are the primary
resources of any communication system.
b) The RC load for a diode envelope detector consists of a 1000 pF capacitor in parallel
with a 10-K resistor. Calculate the maximum modulation depth that can be handled for
sinusoidal modulation at a frequency of 10 KHz if diagonal peak clipping is to be
avoided.
c) A broadcast AM transmitter radiates 50 KW of carrier power. What will be the radiated
power at 85 % of modulation and what is the side band power?
3. a) Draw the one cycle of AM wave and calculate the modulation index of it in terms of
Vmax and Vmin voltages.
b) A modulating signal consists of a symmetrical triangular wave having zero dc
component and peak to peak voltage of 12V. It is used to amplitude modulate a carrier
of peak voltage 10V. Calculate the modulation index and the ratio of the side lengths
L1/L2 of the corresponding trapezoidal pattern.
c) The rms antenna current of an AM transmitter is 10 A when un-modulated and 12 A
when sinusoidally modulated. Calculate the modulation index.
4. a) Draw the one cycle of AM wave and calculate the modulation index of it in terms of
Vmax and Vmin voltages
b) The rms antenna current of an AM transmitter is 10 A when un-modulated and 12 A
when sinusoidally modulated. Calculate the modulation index.
5. a) Explain the collector modulation method for generating AM wave with a neat circuit
diagram and waveforms.
b) An AM amplifier provides an output of 106 W at 100% modulation. The internal loss is
20 W
i. What is un-modulated carrier power?
ii. What is the side band power?
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Analog Communications Essay Questions
7. a) Explain operation of square law detector with circuit diagram and waveforms.
9. a) Define communication. Explain with block diagram the basic communication system.
Write about modern communication system.
b) A carrier wave of frequency 10 MHz and peak value of 10 V is amplitude modulated by
a 5 KHz sine wave of amplitude 6 V. Determine the modulation index and draw the one
sided spectrum of modulated wave.
10. a) An AM wave is given by s(t) = 25(1 + 0.7 cos 5000t - 0.3 cos 10000t)sin 5*106 t.
i. What are the amplitudes and frequencies of the carrier and the side bands?
ii. Draw the one sided amplitude spectrum.
iii. Determine the bandwidth.
b) A diode envelope detector with a load resistance R = 250 K in parallel with a capacitor
C = 100 pF is used to detect an AM carrier with 60 % modulation. Find the highest
modulation frequency that can be detected without distortion.
2. Considering the modulating and carrier waves as sinusoids, Explain the single tone
modulation and demodulation of DSB-SC wave with necessary expressions, waveforms
and spectrums and explain how only one side band is necessary for transmission of
information
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Analog Communications Essay Questions
7. a) Consider the wave obtained by adding a non coherent carrier Ac cos (2fc t + ) to
DSB-SC wave m(t) cos (2 fc t ) where X (t) is the message waveform. This waveform
is applied to an ideal envelope detector. Find the resulting detector out put. Evaluate the
output for.
i. = 0 and
ii. 6= 0 and |X (t)| << Ac/2.
b) Explain the DSB-SC generation by balanced modulator using FET amplifiers.
10. a) Classify radio transmitters according to the type of modulation and according to the
frequency range involved.
b) With the help of block diagram explain AM transmitter with modulation at low carrier
power level.
11. a) Discuss about the requirements of carrier frequency with respect to a radioTransmitter.
b) A carrier wave of 1MHz frequency and amplitude of 3volts is frequency modu-
lated by a sinusoidal modulating signal frequency of 500Hz and of peak ampli-
tude of 1volt.The frequency deviation is 1Khz.The peak level of the modulating
wave form is changed to 5volts and the modulating frequency is changed to
2KHz.Write the expression for the new modulated wave.
1. a) Describe the time domain band-pass representation of SSB with necessary sketches.
b) Find the percentage of power saved in SSB when compared with AM system.
3. a) Prove that the modulating signal can be completely recovered if the cut-off frequency of the
filter is fN < fo < 2fc.
b) Determine the recovered signal when the multiplying signal is cos[c t+ ].
c) Determine the recovered signal when the multiplying signal is cosct.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Analog Communications Essay Questions
5. Describe the single tone modulation of SSB. Assume both modulating and carrier signals are
sinusoids. Write SSB equation and plot all the waveforms and spectrums.
9. Explain with block diagram, the phase discrimination method of generating SSB modulated
waves.
10. a) Explain about Diagonal Clipping in a diode detector. How to avoid it?
b) A 45Volts(rms) sinusoidal carrier is amplitude modulated by a 30Volts(rms)
sinusoidal base band signal. Find the Modulation index of the resulting signal.
3. a) An FM wave with modulation index = 1 is transmitted through an ideal band pass filter with
mid band frequency fc and bandwidth is 5fm, where fc is the carrier frequency and fm is the
frequency of the sinusoidal modulating wave. Determine the amplitude spectrum of the filter
output.
b) An angle modulated signal has the form v(t) = 100 cos (2fct+4 sin 2000 t) when fc =10 MHz.
i. Determine average transmitted power.
ii. Determine peak phase deviation.
iii. Determine the peak frequency deviation.
iv. Is this an FM or a PM signal? Explain.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Analog Communications Essay Questions
4. a) Compute the bandwidth requirement for the transmission of FM signal having a frequency
deviation 75 KHz and an audio bandwidth of 10KHz.
b) An FM radio link has a frequency deviation of 30 kHz. The modulating frequency is 3 kHz.
Calculate the bandwidth needed for the link. What will be the bandwidth if the deviation is
reduced to 15 kHz?
c) Determine the Bandwidth occupied by a sinusiodally frequency modulated carrier for which the
modulation index is 2.4 and modulating signal frequency is 3 KHz.
1. a) Explain the operation of the balanced slope detector using a circuit diagram and draw
its response characteristics. Discuss in particular the method of combining the outputs
of the individual diodes. In what way is this circuit an improvement on the slope
detector and in turn what are the advantages?
b) Compute the bandwidth requirement for the transmission of FM signal having a
frequency deviation 75 KHz and an audio bandwidth of 10KHz.
3. a) Explain the operation of the balanced slope detector using a circuit diagram and draw
its response characteristics. Discuss in particular the method of combining the outputs
of the individual diodes. In what way is this circuit an improvement on the slope
detector and in turn what are the advantages?
b) Compute the bandwidth requirement for the transmission of FM signal having a
frequency deviation 75 KHz and an audio bandwidth of 10KHz.
8. Draw the black diagram of FM stereo broadcast transmitters and explain its operation.
UNIT-VI: NOISE
1. a) Find the output SNR in a PM system for tone modulation.
b) A phase modulation (PM) system, with the modulated wave defined by S (t) =
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Analog Communications Essay Questions
Ac Cos [2 fct + kpm(t)] where kp is a constant and m(t) is the message signal. The
additive noise n(t) at the phase detector input is n(t) = nI(t) cos (2fc t)nQ (t) sin 2fc t
Assuming that the carrier-to-noise ratio at the detector input is high compared with
unity, determine
i. the output signal-to-noise ratio and
ii. the figure of merit of the system
3. Derive the expression for figure of merit of AM system for large case.
4. Explain the noise performance of SSB - SC receiver and prove its S/N Ratio is unity.
6. a) Explain the equivalent model of a generalized communication system for noise calculation.
b) Explain the noise performance of DSB -SC scheme with the help of block diagram.
7. Explain the noise performance of SSB - SC receiver and prove its S/N Ratio is
unity.
8. a) Derive the expression for the S/N ratio of AM system.
9. a) Prove that the figure of merit of AM system for single stone modulation with 100% modulation
is 1/3.
b) An AM system with envelope detection is operating at threshold. Determine the power gain in
decibels needed at the transmitter to produce (S/N)o = 30dB for tone modulation with m = 1.
11. Prove that narrow band FM offers no improvement in SNR over AM.
UNIT-VII: RECEIVERS
1. a) With the aid of the block diagram explain TRF receiver. Also explain the basic superheterodyne
principle.
b) List out the advantages and disadvantages of TRF receiver.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Analog Communications Essay Questions
2. a) Describe the circuit of an FET amplitude limiter, and with the aid of the transfer characteristic
explain the operation of the circuit.
b) What can be done to improve the overall limiting performance of an FM?
receiver ? Explain the operation of the double limiter and also AGC in addition
to a limier.
3. a) Discuss how the of an ac gain amplifier can be controlled by a dc AGC level, Give the relevant
circuit details to support your answer.
b) When a super heterodyne receiver is tuned to 555 KHz, its local oscillator provides the mixer
with an input at 1010 KHz what is the image frequency ? The antenna at receiver is connected
to mixer via a tuned circuit whose loaded Q is 40. What will be rejection ratio for the calculated
image frequency ?
7. a) List and discuss the factors influencing the choice of the intermediate frequency for a radio
receiver.
b) What is simple automatic gain control? What are its functions?
1. a) Describe the synchronization procedure for PAM, PWM and PPM signals.
b) Discuss about the spectra of PWM and PDM signals.
2. a) Describe the generation and demodulation of PPM with the help of block diagram and hence
discuss its spectral characteristics.
b) Define and distinguish between PTM and PAM schemes. Sketch and explain their waveform
for a single tone sinusoidal input signal.
4. a) What is the fundamental difference between pulse modulation, on the one hand, and frequency
and amplitude modulation on the other?
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Analog Communications Essay Questions
b) What is pulse width modulation? What other names does it have? How is it demodulated?
5. Why is cross talk present in PTM system? Explain the generation and demodulation of PDM
signals with suitable diagrams.
7. a) Why is cross talk present in PTM system ? Explain the generation and demodulation of PDM
signals with suitable diagrams
b) How a PPM signal can be generated from a PWM signal.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
ASSIGNMENT
QUESTIONS
Analog Communications Assignment Questions
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
UNIT-1: INTRODUCTION
1. Distinguish between negative peak clipping and diagonal peak clipping in anenvelope detector.
The output of a diode envelope detector is fed through a DC blocking capacitor to an amplifying
stage, which has an input resistance of 10 kilo-ohms. If the diode load resister is 5k-ohm,
determine the maximum depth of sinusoidal modulation the detector can handle without
negative peak clipping.
2. Define amplitude modulation? And describe the basic operation of an AM modulator?
3. A broadcast AM transmitter radiates 50kW of carrier power. What will be the radiated power at
80percent modulation?
4. Describe the relationship between the carrier and sideband powers in an AM wave?
1. Consider a composite wave obtained by adding a non coherent carrier Ac cos(2fct +) to DSB-SC
wave X(t)=cos(2fmt) where X (t) is the message waveform. This composite waveform is applied to
ideal envelope detector. Find the resulting detector output. Evaluate this for .
i. = 0 and
ii. ii. = 0 and |X (t)| << Ac
2. Name the constituent stages of A.M. radio transmitter and briefly give the function of each stage.
3. What are the main requirements of a radio transmitter regarding the carrier frequency? Briefly
discuss these requirements.
4. Explain the modulation and demodulation of DSB-SC?
1. Explain with the help of sketches and mathematical expressions how VSB Modulation can be
obtained and mention its applications.
2. An AM broadcast station has a modulation index, which is 0.75 on the aver-age. What would be the
average power saving if it could go over to SSB-SC transmission, while having to maintain the
same signal strength in the reception area?
3. (a) Explain the operation of ISB transmitter with block diagram. Where it is used?
(b) What is the function of crystal filters in SSB transmitter?
(c) State and explain with respect to 'Q', various types of filters used to separateside bands?
4. Draw the circuit and explain the generation of SSB-SC wave using phase shift method?
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Analog Communications Assignment Questions
1. The equation of an angle-modulated voltage v (t) = 10 sin (108t + 3 sin 104t), what form of angle
modulation is this? Calculate the carrier and modulating frequencies, the modulation index and
deviation and power dissipated in a 100-ohm resistor.
2. A single tone modulating signal cos(10103t) frequency modulates a carrier of10MHz and produces
a frequency deviation of 75kHz.Find
i. the modulation index and
ii. phase deviation produced in the FM wave.
iii. if another modulating signal produces a modulation index of 100 while maintaining the same
deviation, find the frequency and amplitude of the modulating signal,, assuming Kf =10kHz/V.
3. Compute the bandwidth requirement for the transmission of FM signal having a frequency deviation
75 KHz and an audio bandwidth of 10KHz.
4. Compare FM and AM systems
5. Differentiate between narrow band FM and wide band FM.
1. Draw the complete block diagram of the Armstrong frequency modulation system and explain the
function of the mixer and multipliers. In what circumstances can we dispense with the mixer?
2. Draw the block diagram and describe the working of a simple FM transmitter using reactance
modulator.
3. What is the principle of sources of frequency drift in reactance modulator FM transmitter and how
can such a drift be reduced.
4. Draw the circuit and explain the working of reactance modulator FM transmitter using AFC
frequency stabilization.
UNIT-6: NOISE
1. Derive an expression for SNR and figure of merit coherent reception of SSB modulated wave.
2. Define Noise, Figure of Merit, and Signal to Noise ratio. List out the assumptions of Noise
calculation in communication system.
3. Give the general representation of noise in communication system and Calculate the power spectral
density of it.
4. Calculate the power spectral density of Noise in case of DSB-SC and also calculate Figure of merit.
UNIT-7: RECEIVERS
1. What is meant by fading? Explain with suitable figures and example. Explain the principle of
frequency and space diversity techniques employed to reduce the effect of fading.
2. (a) Distinguish between simple AGC and delayed AGC.
(b) Draw a block diagram of a super-heterodyne receiver and explain the function of each stage.
(c) What is meant by the term \tracking error"? Explain.
3. Draw the block diagram and explain the working of a TRF receiver. List out its advantages and
disadvantages.
4. Explain the necessity of a mixer in a receiver. Give a circuit schematic and explain.
5. Discuss the need for limiter and de-emphasis circuit in FM receivers
6. Illustrate the FM detection by a PLL with the help of its Schematic
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Analog Communications Assignment Questions
1. What is meant by Pulse Amplitude Modulation and explain any one-modulation technique in
detail.
2. What is meant by Pulse Width Modulation Explain the generation of Pulse width modulation?
3. What is meant by Pulse Width Modulation Explain the demodulation of Pulse width
modulation?
4. What is meant by Pulse Position Modulation Explain the generation of Pulse Position
modulation?
5. What is meant by Pulse Position Modulation Explain the demodulation of Pulse Position
modulation?
6. Compare the performance of PAM, PWM, and PPM
7. What is Pulse modulation? Explain in brief various types of pulse modulation with neat sketches.
**** End****
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
ANTENNAS &WAVE
PROPOGATION
COURSEFILE
Department of
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
VIGNAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
VIGNAN HILLS, DESHMUKHI VILLAGE, POCHAMPALLY (MANDAL)
NALGONDA (DISTRICT) - 508284
Sponsored by
Lavu Educational Society
(Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to JNT University, Hyderabad)
COURSE
OBJECTIVES
Antennas & Wave Propagation Course Objectives
COURSE OBJECTIVES
This course will provide students with the theoretical underpinnings of Antenna and Wave
Propagation, allowing them to work out quantitative values and theoretical descriptions for case
examples in Antenna and Wave propagation.
Students completing this course should be able to:
List Maxwells equations and solve them for specific regular geometries
Understand general electromagnetic wave propagation and how the plane wave
solution can be used to approximate real situations
interpret the dielectric and magnetic properties of given materials
Describe the boundary conditions for electric and magnetic fields at dielectric
interfaces
Interpret the effects of lossy and low loss dielectrics upon the propagation of
electromagnetic waves, and predict this process in specific applications.
Solve the performance of specific transmission lines, and state what characteristics are optimal for
termination of the line.
Work out simplified solutions to waveguide and antenna example problems in regular geometries.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
SYLLABUS
Antennas & Wave Propagation Students Sminar Topics
SYLLABUS
UNIT-I
Antenna Basics: Introduction, Basic Antenna Parameters - Patterns. Beam Area, Radiation Intensity.
Beam Efficiency. Directivity, Gain- Resolution. Antenna Apertures, Effective Height. Illustrative
Problems. Fields from Oscillating Dipole. Field Zone, Shape-Impedance Considerations. Antenna
Temperature. Front - to-back Ratio. Antenna Theorems, Radiation- Basic Maxwell`s Equations,
Retarded Potentials- Helmholtz Theorem
UNIT-II
Thin Linear Wire Antennas -Radiation from Small Electric Dipole. Quarter Wave Monopole and Half
Wave Dipole - Current Distributions. Field Components. Radiated Power, Radiation Resistance, Beam
Width. Directivity. Effective Area and Effective Height. Natural Current Distributions. Far Fields and
Patterns of Thin Linear Centre-fed Antennas of Different Lengths, Illustrative Problems. Loop
Antennas - Introduction, Small Loop. Comparison of Far Fields of Small Loop and Short Dipole,
Radiation Resistances and Directivities of Small and Large Loops (QualitativeTreatmerrt).
UNIT-III
Antenna Arrays: Point Sources -Definition, Patterns, arrays of 2 Isotropic Sources - Different Cases,
Principle of Pattern Multiplication, Uniform Linear Arrays - Broadside Arrays, End fire Arrays. EFA
with Increased Directivity. Derivation of their Characteristics and Comparison. BSAs with Non-
uniforrnAmplitude Distributions - General Considerations and Binomial Arrays, Illustrative Problems.
UNIT-IV
VHE UHF and Microwave Antennas-I: Arrays with Parasitic Elements.Yagi-Uda Array. Folded
Dipoles and their Characteristics, Helical Antennas - Helical Geometry, Helix Modes. Practical Design
Considerations forMonofilar Helical Antenna in Axial and Normal Modes. Horn Antennas -Types.
Fermats Principle, Optimum Horns. Design Considerations of Pyramidal Horns. Illustrative Problems.
UNIT V
VHF, UHF and Microwave Antennas- II: Micro strip Antennas -Introduction, Features, Advantages and
Limitations, Rectangular Patch Antennas-Geometry and Parameters, Characteristics of
MicrostripAntennas. Impact of Different Parameters on Characteristics, Reflector Antennas -
Introduction, Flat Sheet and Corner Reflectors, Paraboloidal Reflectors-Geometry, Pattern
Characteristics. Feed Methods, Reflector Types- Related Features, Illustrative Problems.
UNIT VI
Lens Antennas-Introduction. Geometry of Nonmetallic Dielectric Lenses, Zoning. Tolerances,
Applications. Antenna Measurements: Introduction, Concepts-Reciprocity, near and Far Fields,
Coordinate System, Sources of Errors. Patterns to be Measured, Pattern Measurement Arrangement,
Directivity Measurement, Gain Measurements (by Comparison, Absolute and 3-Antenna Methods)
UNIT-VII
Wave Propagation -I: Introduction, Definitions, Categorizations and General Classifications, Different
Modes of Wave Propagation. Ray/Mode Concepts. Ground Wave Propagation (Qualitative Treatment) -
Introduction, Plane Earth Reflections, Space and Surface Waves, Wave Tilt, Curved Earth Reflections.
Space Wave Propagation -Introduction, Field Strength Variation with Distance and Height, Effect of
Earths Curvature, Absorption. Super Refraction, M-Curves and Duct Propagation, Scattering
Phenomena, Tropospheric Propagation, Fading and Path Loss Calculations.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Antennas & Wave Propagation Students Sminar Topics
UNIT-VIII
Wave Propagation- II: Sky Wave Propagation -Introduction, Structure of Ionosphere, Refraction and
Reflection of Sky Waves by Ionosphere, Ray Path. Critical Frequency, MUF. LUF. OF, Virtual Height
and Skip Distance, Relation between MUF and Skip Distance, Multi-hop Propagation, Energy Loss in
Ionosphere, Summary of Wave Characteristics in Different Frequency Ranges.
TEXTBOOKS :
1. Antennas for All Applications - John D. Kraus and Ronald J. Marhefka, TMHl, 3rd Edn., 2003.
2. Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems - E.C. Jordan and K.G. Balmain, PHI, 2nd ed.,
2000.
REFERENCES :
1. Antenna Theory - C.A. Balanis, John Wiley & Sons, 2nd ed., 2001.
2. Antennas and Wave Propagation K.D. Prasad, Satya Prakashan, Tech India Publications, New
Delhi, 2001.
3. Transmission and Propagation -E.V.D. Glazier and H.R.L. Lamont, The Services Text Book of
Radio, vol. 5, Standard Publishers Distributors, Delhi.
4. Electronic and Radio Engineering F.E. Terman, McGraw-Hill, 4th edition, 1955.
5. Antennas John D. Kraus, McGraw-Hill, SECOND EDITION, 1988.
WEBSITE: http://www.nptel.iitm.ac.in
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Antennas & Wave Propagation Students Sminar Topics
STUDENTS
SEMINAR
TOPICS
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Antennas & Wave Propagation Students Sminar Topics
1. Antenna Terminology
2. Radiation mechanism of single wire and two wire antennas
3. Antenna Theorems
4. Retarded Potentials
5. Radiated Fields from Infinitesimal, small and half wave dipoles
6. Antenna Arrays
7. Yagi-Uda Antenna
8. Helical Antenna
9. Microwave Antennas
10. Radio wave Propagation
11. Micro-Strip Antenna
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
LECTURE PLAN
Antennas & Wave Propagation Lecture Plan
LECTURE PLAN
No of Method of
S.No NAME OF THE TOPIC Text books referred
Periods Teaching
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Antennas & Wave Propagation Lecture Plan
13. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
radiation from half wave dipole, ,current distributions 1 Black board
prakashan,Tech india publications,5th chapter
14. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
Radiated power,radiation resistance of halfwave dipole 1 Black board
prakashan,Tech india publications,5th chapter
15. Directivity,effective area and effective height of small dipole,quarter Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
1 Black board
wave monopole and half dipole prakashan,Tech india publications,5th chapter
16. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
Thin linear center fed antennas of different lengths,problems 1 Black board
prakashan,Tech india publications,5th chapter
17. Introduction to loop antennas, small loop antenna, construction, Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
1 Black board
radiation from loop antenna prakashan,Tech india publications,5th chapter
18. Antenna theory-
Comparision between small loop and short dipole, 1 Black board
C.A. Balanis,johnwiley&sons,2nd ed.,2001
19. Antenna theory-
radiation resistance and directivities of loop antenna 1
C.A. Balanis,johnwiley&sons,2nd ed.,2001
UNIT-3 ANTENNA ARRAYS
20. point sources,arrays of 2 isotropic sources-equal amplitude and same Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
1 Black board
phase prakashan,Tech india publications,7th chapter
21. point sources,arrays of 2 isotropic sources-equal amplitude and Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
1 Black board
soppositephase prakashan,Tech india publications7th chapter.
22. point sources,arrays of 2 isotropic sources-unequal amplitude and any Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
1 Black board
phase,pattern multiplication prakashan,Tech india publications, 7th chapter
23. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
Uniform linear arrays-broad side array,radiation pattern 1 Black board
prakashan,Tech india publications, 7th chapter
24. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
End fire array-radiation pattern,array factor 1 Black board
prakashan,Tech india publications, 7th chapter
25. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
End fire array eith increases directivity 1 Black board
prakashan,Tech india publications7th chapter
26. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
Comparision between BSA and EFA,PROBLEMS 1 Black board
prakashan,Tech india publications7th chapter
27. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
Binomial arrays definition ,array factor 1 Black board
prakashan,Tech india publications7th chapter
UNIT-4 VHF, UHF & MICROWAVE ANTENNAS-1
28. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
folded dipole and its characteristics, 1 Black board
prakashan,Tech india publications,5th chapter
29. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
comparision between folded dipole and coventional dipole 1 Black board
prakashan,Tech india publications,5th chapter
30.
Yagi uda antenna-construction, operation 1 Black board Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Antennas & Wave Propagation Lecture Plan
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Antennas & Wave Propagation Lecture Plan
47. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
1 Black board
Antenna measurements-range prakashan,Tech india publications
48. Gain measurement using two antenna method and three antenna Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
1 Black board
method prakashan,Tech india publications
49. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
1 Black board
Radiation pattern measurement prakashan,Tech india publications
UNIT-7 WAVE PROPEGAQTION-1
50. Introduction to wave propagation, general classification of Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
1 LCD
atmosphere prakashan,Tech india publications,11th chapter
51. Different mode of wave propagation-reflection, refraction and Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
1 LCD
transmission prakashan,Tech india publications,11th chapter
52. Ground wave propagation-reflections from plane earth, space Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
1 LCD
and surface waves prakashan,Tech india publications,11h chapter
53. Ground wave propagation-reflections from plane earth, space Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
1 LCD
and surface waves prakashan,Tech india publications,11th chapter
54. Ground wave propagation-reflections from plane earth, space Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
1 LCD
and surfave waves prakashan,Tech india publications,11h chapter
55. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
1 LCD
Wave tilt, curved earth reflections. prakashan,Tech india publications,11th chapter
56. Space wave propagation-felid strength of troposphere, variation Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
1 LCD
of strength with distance and height prakashan,Tech india publications,11h chapter
57. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
1 LCD
effect of earths curvature,absorption,super refraction. prakashan,Tech india publications,11th chapter
58. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
1 LCD
M-Curves, duct propagation, scattering phenomena prakashan,Tech india publications,11h chapter
59. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
1 LCD
Troposphere propagation, prakashan,Tech india publications,11th chapter
60. Fading- definition, different types of fading(multipath Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
1 LCD
fading,path loss calculations prakashan,Tech india publications,11h chapter
61. Comparisions between ground wave propagation and Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
1 LCD
tropospheric propagation prakashan,Tech india publications,11th chapter
62. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
1 LCD
Problems prakashan,Tech india publications,11h chapter
UNIT-8 WAVE PROPEGAQTION-2
63. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
Introduction to sky wave propagation 1 LCD
prakashan,Tech india publications,11th chapter
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Antennas & Wave Propagation Lecture Plan
64. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
Structure of ionosphere -D,E,F1 & f2 LAYERS 1 LCD
prakashan,Tech india publications,11th chapter
65. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
refraction and reflection of sky waves by ionosphere 1 LCD
prakashan,Tech india publications,11th chapter
66. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
Ray path 1 LCD
prakashan,Tech india publications,11h chapter
67. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
Critical frequency 1 LCD
prakashan,Tech india publications,11th chapter
68. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
Maximum usable frequency 1 LCD
prakashan,Tech india publications,11th chapter
69.
Antennas and wave propagation
Virtual height, relation between critical frequency and virtual height 1 LCD
K.D.Prasad,satya prakashan, 11th chapter
70. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
Skip distance 1 LCD
prakashan,Tech india publications,11th chapter
71. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
Ralation between skip diatance and muf 1 LCD
prakashan,Tech india publications,11th chapter
72. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
Different frequency ranges 1 LCD
prakashan,Tech india publications,11th chapter
73. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
Multihop propagation 1 LCD
prakashan,Tech india publications,11chapter
74. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
Energy loss in iono sphere 1 LCD
prakashan,Tech india publications,11th chapter
75. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
Wave characteristics in different frequency ranges 1 LCD
prakashan,Tech india publications,11th chapter
76. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
Problems 1 LCD
prakashan,Tech india publications
77. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad,satya
Revision 1 Black board
prakashan,Tech india publications
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
Antennas & Wave Propagation Learning Objectives
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
UNIT- I
UNIT- II
State what the electromagnetic field is and what components make up the electromagnetic field.
Derive equations for Current distributions and evaluate the Field components
State the difference between the induction field and the radiation field.
Calculate the radiation power density and magnetic field intensity at specific distance with the given
antenna gain and received power.
Derive and calculate the Radiation Resistance of the Small Electric Dipole, Quarter wave Monopole
& Half wave dipole.
State the Antenna theorems and prove the Antenna Theorems
Explain what is a Loop antenna?
Design the loop antenna based on different Parameters.
Explain the Operation of the Loop Antenna
UNIT-III
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Antennas & Wave Propagation Learning Objectives
UNIT IV
UNIT- V
UNIT-VI
UNIT-VII
UNIT-VIII
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
OBJECTIVE
TYPE
QUESTIONS
Antennas & Wave Propagation Objective Questions
UNIT-1
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Antennas & Wave Propagation Objective Questions
13. The ratio of the power radiated by the antenna to the square of the current at the feed point is ---
a. antenna losses b. radiation intensity c. radiation resistance d. antenna resistance
14. The radiation resistance of antenna is a [ ]
a. dc resistance b. ac resistance c. combination of ac and de resistance d. loss resistance
15. The radiation lobe containing the direction o maximum radiation is called [ ]
a. side lobe b. back lobe c. mirror lobe d. major lobe
16. A radiation lobe in any direction other than the intended lobe [ ]
a. back lobe b. major lobe c. side lobe d. main lobe
17. A radiation lobe whose axis makes an angle o approximately 1800 with respect to the beam of
an antenna [ ]
a. Major lobe b. Minor lobe c. Back lobe d. Main lobe
18. The largest lobe minor lobes is called [ ]
a. Major lobe b. Side lobe c. Back lobe d. Main lobe
19. Generally the horizontally polarized antennas are preferred at high frequencies because most of
manmade noise is [ ]
a. vertically polarized b. horizontally polarized c. linearly polarized d. circularly
polarized
20. In relation to the directional characteristics o the dipole antennas the terms and O polarization
are synonymous with and may be used for the following terms in that order [ ]
a. Horizontal and vertical polarization b. Vertical and Horizontal polarization
c. Circular and elliptical polarization d. Elliptic and circular polarization
ANSWERS
1.A 2.B 3.A 4C. 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.B 9.D 10.A
11. B 12.D 13.C 14.B 15.D 16.C 17.C 18.B 19.A 20.B
UNIT-2
1. At intermediate distance, the an Er of eclectic dipole approach time phase quadrature so the
total electric field exhibiting the phenomenon of [ ]
a. Electric field b. Magnetic field c. Cross field d. No field
2. If the ground is good conductor, it converts grounded dipole into [ ]
a. a dipole of twice the height b. Two dipole array c. not effect on it
d. dipole of same height
3. If the ground is good conductor, it converts grounded dipole into [ ]
a. a dipole of twice the height b. Two dipole array c. not effect on it
d. dipole of same height
4. The directivity of a short monopole is [ ]
a. 1.5 b. 1.64 c. 3.00 d. 3.28
5. Find the radiation resistance o an infinitesimal dipole whose overall length is l= [ ]
2
a. 30 b. 73 ohms c. 36 ohms b. 0.316 ohms
6. . The 3-dB beam width o a dipole o length is [ ]
0 0 0 0
a. 87 b. 64 c. 78 d. 47.8
7. The 3-dB beam width o a dipole o length is [ ]
a. 870 b. 640 c. 780 d. 47.80
8. The 3-dB beam width of a monopole antenna is [ ]
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Antennas & Wave Propagation Objective Questions
9. For a lossless antenna the real Part of the input impedance was designated as [ ]
a. Lossless resistance b. Radiation resistance c. Lossless inductance
b. Radiation inductance
10. The vertical radiator taller than about 0.53 is not used in ground wave propagation
because [ ]
a. their presence will cause high radiation b. they have high directivity
c. their presence will cause high radiation resistance
d. their presence will cause quite objectionable sky wave interference
11. An antenna much shorter than has a [ ]
a. high resistance b. low capacitive reactance c. poor input impedance
d. efficient radiator
12. A center fed full wave antenna is said to be [ ]
a. voltage fed b. current fed c. low impedance feed d. mixed fed
13. An antenna much shorter than has a [ ]
a. high resistance b. low capacitive reactance c. poor input impedance
d. efficient radiator
14. The input impedance of a short dipole with length nearer to 0.23 contains a reactance which is
normally [ ]
a. Large & capacitive b. Small and capacitive c. Large & inductive d. Small and inductive
15. The input impedance of a dipole antenna having tip- to-tip physical length equal to half wave
length is [ ]
a. Pure resistance b. Pure capacitance c. Inductor impedance d. Capacitor impedance
16 .The top loading of antennas [ ]
a. decreases radiation resistance b. increases radiation resistance
c. increases capacitive reactance d. poor input impedance
17. The effective area of a very short lossless dipole is [ ]
a. 0.13 b. 0.119 c. 0.119 2 d. 0.13 2
18. The current distribution along the length o a small dipole is [ ]
a. uniform b. sinusoidal c. rectangular d. exponential
19. The current distribution along the length o linear antenna is [ ]
a. uniform b. sinusoidal c. rectangle d. constant
20. The effective length of antenna either in transmitting or receiving mode is same
according to the theorem of [ ]
a. Equiprinciple b. Superposition c. Maximum power d. Reciprocity
ANSWERS
UNIT-3
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Antennas & Wave Propagation Objective Questions
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Antennas & Wave Propagation Objective Questions
ANSWERS
1.B 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.A 6.C 7.C 8.A 9.B 10.D
11. A 12.D 13.D 14.C 15.B 16.D 17.D 18.B 19.B 20.B
UNIT-4
a. near end fire array b. near broadside array c. binomial array d. scanned array
17. The radiation patterns for travelling and standing wave long wire antennas respectively [ ]
a. Un directional and Bidirectional b. Bidirectional and unidirectional
c. Both area in unidirectional d. Both are in Bidirectional
18. A long wire antenna is mostly used for receiving than transmitting because of its [ ]
a. Poor radiation efficiency b. High gain c. Good sensitivity d. Low radiation resistance
19. As the wave travels along the long wire from the source toward the load, it continuously [ ]
a. radiates energy b. leaks energy c. Amplifies energy d. remains constant
20. A long wire antenna is [ ]
a. Circularly polarized b. Linearly polarized c. Elliptically polarized d. Spherically polarized
ANSWERS
UNIT-5
1. The distance between reflector & driven element in yagi - uda antenna is [ ]
a. b. c. d.
2. The length of reflector of yagi - uda antenna is [ ]
a. 0.48 b. 0.28 c. 0.18 d. 0.3
3. The driven element in yagi-uda antenna is [ ]
a. folded dipole b. reflector c. lens d. horn
4. The length of first director of yagi -uda antenna in meters is [ ]
a. b. c. d.
5. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ polarization results in more signal strength [ ]
a. horizontal b.vertical c.left circular d.right circular
6. The diameter of elements in yagi Uda antenna is [ ]
a. 1 to 1.2 cm b.2 to 10 cm c.3 to 5 cm d.10 to 20 cm
7. Less reflection & reduced ghost images possible with _ _ _ _ polarized yagi uda [ ]
a. horizontal b.vertical c.left circular d.right circular
8. The adverse effect of closer radiators in yagi uda array is [ ]
a. lowering of input impedance of array
b. increasing of input impedance of array
c. lowering of output impedance of array
d. constant input impedance of array
9. For maximum pickup, the receiving yagi uda antenna is mounted [ ]
0 0
a. horizontally b.vertically c.30 inclined d.60 inclined
10. For 5 element yagi Uda (UHF & VHF TV channels) reflector length LR is [ ]
a. 0.15 b. c.0.1 d.2
11. The field pattern in the horizontal plane for corner reflector at a distance r from antenna is
a.
b.
c.
d.
12. If the feed to vertex distance d is made equal to side length L in reflector then the aperture width is
a. L b.2L c.1.6L d.1.334L
13. The corner angle for passive reflector is [ ]
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Antennas & Wave Propagation Objective Questions
26. The distance from any point P on a parabolic curve to a fixed point F is called [ ]
a. focus b.vertex c.feed point d.cassegrain
27. A parabolic reflector have a [ ]
a. directional feed b.offset feed c.vertex feed d.isotropic feed
28. To make the field completely uniform across the aperture would require a feed pattern with-----
a. inverse taper b.exponential taper c.uniform taper d.non uniform taper
29. The loss in aperture due to feed antenna blockage avoided by using [ ]
a. offset feed b.directional feed c.Horn feed d.Dipolefeed
30. The flared out wave guide is also known as [ ]
a. Horn antenna b.Yagi-uda antenna c.dipole d.paraboloid
ANSWERS
1 to 20 ---- A
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Antennas & Wave Propagation Objective Questions
UNIT-6
c. d.
2. If = 0.2 , length L = 62.5 , then the pyramidal horn antenna flare angle in E- plane is [ ]
0 0 0 0
a. 9.1 b.1 c.5 d.6
3. For pyramidal horn directivity is [ ]
a. b. c. d.
4. Beam width between first nulls for optimum E-plane rectangular Horn is [ ]
a. b. c. d.
5. If a and b are mouth dimensions in Z & Y directions L is horn length from mouth to apex then `a`
is [ ]
a. b. c. d.
6. For optimum Horn antenna , optimum is [ ]
a. b. c. d.
7. If = 0.2 and E plane aperture aE = 10 , then length L for pyramidal horn is [ ]
a. b. c. d.
8. If E-plane aperture of pyramidal antenna is aE = 10 , then HPBW(E-plane) [ ]
0 0 0 0
a. 5.6 b.2 c.10 d.8
9. If H plane aperture of pyramidal antenna is aH = 13.7 , then HPBW(H-plane) [ ]
0 0 0 0
a. 4.9 b.10 c.6 d.2
10. Beam width between first nulls for optimum H- plane rectangular horn is [ ]
a. b. c. d.
11. For pyramidal horn antenna, if h is height in E -plane & w is width in H-plane, the power gain Gp
is [ ]
a. b. c. d.
12. If A is elemental area , E is magnitude of radiated field generated by A , d is the distance to
A , is angle with respect to an axis that is perpendicular to mouth of parabolic antenna then
strength of electric field at A is [ ]
a. b. c. d.
13. Beam width between half power points for optimum H-plane rectangular horn is [ ]
a. b. c. d.
14. Typical value of for H-plane horn antenna is [ ]
a. 0.4 b.0.3 c.0.1 d.1
15. If a and b are mouth dimensions in Z & Y directions L is horn length from mouth to apex. then
half power beam widths in degrees in H plane is [ ]
a. b. c. d.
16. Beam width between half power points for optimum E-plane rectangular horn is [ ]
a. b. c. d.
17. If a and b are mouth dimensions in Z & Y directions L is horn length from mouth to apex. Then
`b` is [ ]
19. If a and b are mouth dimensions in Z & Y directions, L is horn length from mouth to apex. then
half power beam widths in degrees in E plane is [ ]
a. b. c. d.
20. the field across the mouth of horn antenna is [ ]
a. section of spherical wave front
b. elliptical wave front
c. triangular wave front
d. rectangular wave front
21. According to fermat`s principle, R/ 0 is equal to [ ]
a.
b.
c.
d.
22. Delay type lens antennas regarded basically as [ ]
a. end fire antennas with poly rod
b. broadside antennas with poly rod
c. end fire antennas with dipole
d. broadside antennas with dipole
23. Many element yagi uda antenna is a [ ]
a. rudimentary lens b.dielectric lens c.director d.poly rod
24. One of the following material is used for constructing dielectric lens [ ]
a. Lucite b.Paraffin c.Teflon d.Wax
25. If the flare angles of horn are too large the field across the mouth considered to be [ ]
a. not equi phase field b.equi phase field c.rectangular field d.triangular field
26. One of the following applied to delay lenses antennas [ ]
a. electrical path length is increased by lens medium
b. electrical path length is decreased exponentially by lens medium
c. electrical path length is unaltered by lens medium
d. electrical path length is decreased linearly by lens medium
27. One of the following applied to fast lenses antennas [ ]
a. electrical path length is increased exponentially by lens medium
b. electrical path length is decreased by lens medium
c. electrical path length is unaltered by lens medium
d. electrical path length is increased linearly by lens medium
28. One of the following is a delay type lens antenna [ ]
a. Dielectric lens b.E plane metal plate lens c.EH metal plate d.Horn
29. One of the following is a delay type lens antenna [ ]
a. H plane metal lens b.E plane metal plate lens c.EH metal plate d.Horn
30. One of the following material is used for constructing dielectric lens [ ]
a. Polystyrene b.Paraffin c.Teflon d.Wax
31. For a cylindrical lens field ratio is [ ]
a. b.
c. d.
b. all paths from source to plane surface are of unequal electrical lengths
c. all paths from source to load surface are of equal electrical lengths
d. some paths from source to plane surface are of equal electrical lengths
35. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ illumination of aperture suppresses minor lobes in lens antennas [ ]
a. taper b.Uniform c.random d.zero
36. To avoid resonance effect in artificial dielectric lens antennas the size of metal particles should
be [ ]
a. small compared to design wave length
b. 10 times larger compared to design wave length
c. 20 times larger compared to design wave length
d. equal to design wave length
37. The maximum particle dimension( parallel to electric field) in artificial dielectric lens antennas is
a. less than /4
b. equal to
c. greater than /2
d. 2
ANSWERS
1 to 20 ----- A
UNIT-7
1. Waves that arrive at receiver after reflection or scattering in the ionosphere are known as
a. sky waves b.surface waves c.ground waves d.troposperic waves
2. Ground wave signal divided as [ ]
a. space and surface wave b.space and sky wave
a.
b.
c.
d.
5. For smooth surface roughness R is [ ]
a. < 0.1 b.> 20 c.10 d.5
6. When the incident wave is near grazing over a smooth earth the reflection coefficient is [ ]
a. -1.0 b.-2 c.1 d.10
7. The attenuation function dependent on [ ]
a. distance , frequency, constants of earth b.distance & radiation
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Antennas & Wave Propagation Objective Questions
ANSWERS
1 to 20 ----- A
UNIT-8
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Antennas & Wave Propagation Objective Questions
1. For a wave propagating in a dielectric medium of permittivity, & incident upon a second
medium of , the reflection coefficient of vertically polarized wave, RV is [ ]
a. b.
c. d.
2. The refractivity of atmosphere, N is [ ]
a. (77.6 / T) P +( 4810 e / T) b.(77.6 / T) +( 4810 e / T)
c. P +( 4810 e / T) d.(77.6 / T) P +( 4810 e )
3. Radius of curvature of earth is [ ]
a. b. c. d.
4. The curvature of the earth affects the propagation of [ ]
a. ground wave signal b.sky wave signal
c. surface wave signal d.duct signal
5. The divergence factor D for (spherical earth) ground reflected wave is [ ]
a. < 1 b.2 c.10 d.5
6. If the ground reflected wave is reflected from spherical earth, its energy is [ ]
a. more diverged b.less diverged c.unaffected d.more converged
7. Curves that show the variation of modified index of refraction with height is known as [ ]
a. M curves b.N curves c.H curves d.E curves
8. Standard propagation occurs when the modified index of refraction increases [ ]
a. linearly with height b.exponentially with height
c. linearly with distance d.uniformly with height
9. If the slope of M curve decreases near the surface of earth, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ propagation results [ ]
a. sub standard b.super standard c.standard d.non standard
10. If the slope of M curve increases near the surface of earth, _ _ _ _ _ _ propagation results [ ]
a. super standard b.sub standard c.standard d.non standard
11. Tropospheric forward scatter can provide reliable beyond the horizon signal for distances upto --
a. 300 or 400 miles b.100 or 200 miles c.500 or 1000 miles d.10 to 50 miles
12. If the lower side of the duct is at surface of earth, it is known as a [ ]
a. surface duct b.space duct c.sky duct d.tropospheric
13. Elevated ducts found at elevations of [ ]
a. 1000 to 5000 ft b.20 to 10,0 ft c.500 to 1000 ft d.8000 to 15000 ft
14. In folded dipole, two identical conductors in parallel serve as [ ]
a. transformer b.generator c.load d.source
15. When a reflector such as a copper screen is placed closed to a half wave antenna, the resultant
radiation pattern is [ ]
a. uni directional b.conical c.bi directional d.triangular
16. If the modified index decreases with height over a portion of the range of height, the rays will be
curved downward and this condition known as [ ]
a. duct propagation b.sky propagation c.space propagation d.tropospheric propagation
17. When the inverted portion of M curve is elevated above the surface of the earth, the lower side
of the duct is also elevated, and the duct is called an [ ]
a. elevated duct b.surface duct c.space duct d.sky duct
18. Elevated ducts are due to a subsidence of [ ]
a. large air masses b.ionosphere c.troposphere d.water vapor
19. Over land areas, surface ducts are produced by [ ]
a. radiation cooling of the earth b.water vapor c.heating of earth d.large air masses
20. Trapping more likely occurs at [ ]
a. UHF b.VHF c.VLF d.HF
ANSWERS
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Antennas & Wave Propagation Objective Questions
1 to 20 ---- A
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
ESSAY TYPE
QUESTIONS
Antennas & Wave Propagation Essay Questions
1. Define Directivity and Gain of an antenna. Bring out the relation between Directivity and Gain.
2. The Normalized field pattern of an end fine array is given by En=Sin (/2N) Sin (n/2)/Sin (/2)
Where =dr (cos -1) - /n dr= /2 n=10.
i. Calculate the Gain G
ii. Calculate the Approximate Gain.
3. Explain the significance of principal planes in the description of Radiation Pattern of antennas. Hence
define and distinguish between: Horizontal and Vertical plane patterns, E & H plane patterns.
4. For a source with radiation intensity u = 6 Cos, find the directivity and HPBW, when its pattern is uni
directional.
5. Prove that the impedance of an isolated antenna when used for receiving is Same as when used for
transmitting.
6. Define the following terms:
i. Directivity
ii. Gain
iii. Effective Aperture of Antennas.
7. Show that the Directivity of an elementary Dipole (Current Element) is 1.5 or 1.76dB.
8. Calculate the power gain of a half wave Dipole
9. Define antenna beam width and directivity and obtain the relation between hem.
10. Calculate the electric field (Erms) due to an isotropic radiator radiating 3KW Power at a distance of 2 Km
from it.
11. State the Reciprocity Theorem for Antennas? Prove that the Self Impedance of an Antenna in
transmitting and receiving mode is same.
12. Define Directivity. Obtain the Directivity of an Isotropic Antenna, Short Dipole and Half-Wave Dipole.
13. Evaluate the radiation characteristic HPBW, Null, Side lobe positions, and actual Side lobe levels for a
uniform linear array of 10 elements with quadrate wavelength Spacing fed with =2d/. Sketch the
pattern. What happens if is changed to =-2d/-/10.
14. Define the terms:
i. Beam Width
ii. Side Lobe Level
iii. Polarization
iv. Effective Aperture Area.
15. What is the effective length of an antenna? Determine the effective length of a half wave dipole antenna.
16. Define antenna radiation pattern. Draw and explain its parameters.
17. Calculate the radiation efficiency of an antenna if the input power is 2kW, Maximum directivity is 22dB,
and the radiated power density at a distance of 10km in the direction of the maximum directivity is
0.2mW/m2.
UNIT-2
1. Derive an expression for radiance resistance of current element starting from The expression for
radiation fields.
2. Assuming the expression of radiation fields for alternating current element, Find out its radiation
resistance. Explain the significance of the term Rr.
3. An antenna whose effective height is 100 meters at a frequency of 60KHz radi- ated 100KWof
power. Determine the strength of the electric field at a distance of 100km from the antenna. Neglect the
ground effect and atmospheric losses.
4. Show that the radiation resistance of a half wave dipole is 73.
5. With suitable representation show the equality of e effective length at transmit-ter and receiver.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Antennas & Wave Propagation Essay Questions
6. A transmitter is fed with 100KW of power and produces the same Field strength At a given point
as a /2 dipole fed with 200KW of power. Calculate the gain Of the aerial
i. relative to /2 dipole
ii. relative to an isotropic aerial.
7. An elementary doublet is 10cm long. If the 1MHz current owing through it Is 2A, what is the field
strength 20km away from the doublet, in a direction Of maximum radiation?
8. What is Hertzian dipole? Write the relation between a current element and an electric dipole write
suitable expressions.
9. Draw the radiation pattern of an dipole Antenna and explain all its charac- teristics?
10. What is the maximum effective aperture area for a beam antenna having half- power widths of
300 and 250 in perpendicular planes intersecting in the beam axis? Assume that minor lobes are small
and can be neglected.
11. Compare the Loop antenna with Short Dipole.
12. A lossless quarter wave monopole antenna is situated above a perfectly conducting ground plane
and is driven from 300 MHz source with the amplitude of 100V. Calculate the average power radiated if
the antenna impedance is (36.5+j21.2) and internal resistance of source is 50.
13. Explain the concept of retarded scalar and vector potentials.
14. Derive the expression for radiation field of a small loop antenna of radius `a' at the centre of the
co-ordinate system
15. What is retarded potentials? Explain the significance of it.
16. Calculate the radiation resistance of an antenna which is drawing 15A current and radiating 6kW.
17. What is the maximum effective aperture area for a beam antenna having half- power widths of
300 and 250 in perpendicular planes intersecting in the beam axis? Assume that minor lobes are small
and can be neglected.
18. Describe an expression for the Radiation field of a thin half-wave dipole. An electric
fieldstrength of 10v/m is to be measured at an observation point= /2, 500 km
from a half wave dipole antenna operating at 50 MHz,
(a) Find its length l
(b) Calculate the current that is fed to the antenna and
(c) The average power radiated.
19. What is an Oscillating Dipole" and name the fields that emanate from it?
UNIT-3
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Antennas & Wave Propagation Essay Questions
8. Derive the field components and draw the field pattern for two point source With spacing of /2
and fed with currents of equal magnitude and phase.
9. An antenna of jam aircraft is being used to jam enemy radar, if the antenna has a gain of 12dB in
the direction of transmission and the radiated power is 5kW, calculate the electric field intensity in the
vicinity of enemy radar which Is 3km away, The frequency of transmission is 4 GHz
10. Draw the neat setup for measuring gain of an antenna?
11. What is meant by zoning? Differentiate curved surface zoning and plane Surface zoning of lens
antenna
12. A six element receiving aerial array consists of a horizontal line of vertical Dipoles equally spaced
by 2.5m, the outputs of which are added in phase.
13. What are the significant properties of the pattern. Describe the directional Characteristic of this
array at 400MHz and 40MHz.
14. Derive Hansen-Woodyard condition for N element end _re array for enhancing its directivity.
15. Determine the fields at any far point P for an array of n elements with equal spacing and currents
equal in magnitude and phase.
16. What is end _re array? Derive expressions for the radiation pattern for an end fire array of `N'
identical elements
17. An array antenna consists of two elements with uniform in-phase excitation and an element
spacing of 2 _. Determine the number and the directions of maxima and nulls in the array factor
18. What is the maximum element spacing allowed in a binomial array so that no part of the grating
lobe appears in the visible region if it is a broadside array with 0 ? [
19. Explain the characteristics and properties of a Broad side array
20. Determine the polar diagram of the array in the plane containing the sources.
UNIT-4
UNIT-5
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Antennas & Wave Propagation Essay Questions
a. Aperture Blocking.
b. FID ratio.
c. Spill over.
6. Evaluate the power gain directing and the required diameter of a paraboloid having a null beam
width of 100 at 3GHz. For what mouth diameter and capture area of a paraboloid reflector is a
BWFNof 120 obtained when it is operated at 2.5 GHz.
7. Describe the cassegrain feed mechanism of a parabolic reflectors
8. Explain why an antenna using a paraboloid reector is likely to be a highly directive receiving
antenna
9. For what applications wideband antennas are required? List the various broadband antennas,
giving typical percentage bandwidths for each?
10. With sketches describe two methods of feeding a paraboloid reector in which the primary
antenna is located at the focal point. Under what conditions this method of feed is unsatisfactory?
11. What are the three important characteristics of UHF and microwave antennas?
12. Explain the geometry of the parabolidal reectors
13. Calculate the 3dB beam width and power gain of a parabolic antenna at a frequency of 1.6GHz
with 2.4 meter diameter and 48% antenna efficiency?
14. Discuss different feed methods of paraboloidal reectors in terms of F/D ratio, Spill over, back
lobes ?
15. Explain the properties of parabolic reector antennas with centre fed and
cassegrain feed types and show that the gain of the same is G =6.0
UNIT-6
1. Explain radiation through aperture horn antenna and reflector antenna.
2. Write short notes on Antenna Pattern Measurement.
3. Describe the measurement procedures to obtain directive gain of an antenna.
4. State clearly the precautions taken with necessary justifications.
5. Describe the Dielectric Lens.
6. Calculate the minimum distance required to measure the field pattern of an antenna of diameter
2m at a frequency of 3GHz. Derive the necessary equation.
7. What is the major drawback of lens antenna, restricting their use to the highest frequencies?
8. What is meant by zoning?
9. Discuss the phenomenon of ground wave propagation at long and medium waves.
10. Show that this gives one of the most reliable methods of radio communications.
11. With neat sketch explain how gain measurement is carried out using direct comparison method?
12. Explain how antenna aperture efficiency measurement is carried out?
13. What is an \Anechoic Chamber" and how is it useful in radiation measure-
ments of antennas?
UNIT-7
1. Discus the salient features of Sky wave propagation.
2. Bring out the various problems associated with this mode of propagation. How are these
problems overcome?
3. State and explain Sommerfield equation for ground wave propagation.
4. Describe the salient features of multiple hop propagation. Mention the permissible ranges of
frequencies.
5. The critical frequency for reflection at vertical incidence of an ionospheric wave
is 10MHz. Calculate the maximum value of the electron density.
6. Write short notes on Characteristics of Ground wave propagation.
7. Show that MUF of ionized layer is given by fcp1+(D/2h)2 for flat earth.
8. Discuss the following:
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Antennas & Wave Propagation Essay Questions
a. Ionospheric Storms.
b. Sudden Ionospheric Disturbances.
9. What is the highest frequency that will be returned to earth 1000km from the transmitter by the E
layer?
10. Describe how the ionospheric layers D, E, F1 and F2 are formed?
UNIT-8
1. Show that the rms value of the electric field Erms produced at a distance ofr km in free space
by an antenna gain G and radiating a power of P kw isgiven by Erms=173 pPG/r mv/m.
2. Two aircrafts are flying at altitudes of 3000m and 5000m respectively. Whatis minimumpossible
distance along the surface of the earth over which they can have effective point to point
microwave communication? Radius of earth is 6.37 106 meters. provide a ground wave
having a strength of 0.5mv/m at a distance of 16km.
3. The transmitter antenna, having an efficiency of 50% produces a radiating field proportional of
cos. The ground wave has = 5 105 mho/cm and r= 15. Calculate the power transmitted.
4. Derive the fundamental equation for free space propagation.
5. Show that the rms value of the electric field Erms produced at a distance ofr km in free space
by an antenna gain G and radiating a power of P kw is given by Erms=173 pPG/r mv/m.
6. Two aircrafts are flying at altitudes of 3000m and 5000m respectively. Whatis minimum
possible distance along the surface of the earth over which theycan have effective point to point
microwave communication? Radius of earthis 6.37 106 meters
7. A television transmitting antenna mounted at a height of 120m radiates 15kw power equally in
all directions in azimuth at a frequency of 50MHz. Calculatethe maximum LOS range. the field
strength at a receiving antenna mounted at a height of 16m at a distance of 12km. the distance
at which the field strength reduces to 1mv/m. Derive the formulasused.
8. Determine the height of the transmitting antenna to obtain a maximum dis-tance of transmission
up to 38km from a 24meter high receiving antenna?
9. What is the effect of the curvature of earths surface on the propagation of microwave signal in a
line of sight link?
10. Briey describe the following terms connected with sky-wave propagation: virtualheight, critical
frequency, maximum usable frequency, skip distance and fading
11. Define maximum usable frequency and derive an expression for the same in thecase of a thin
ionosphere layer over a plane earth.
12. A communication link is to be established between the two stations using half wavelength
antenna for maximum directive gain .Transmitter power is 1KW,frequency of 3operation is
100MHz. and distance between transmitter and receiver is 100Km.whatis the maximum power
received by the receiver. Explain and derive the formulas
13. Explain the effect of the following on stratospheric wave propagation?
a) radius of curvature of path
b) Earths radius
c) Earths curvature.
14. Determine the maximum usable frequency for a critical frequency of 20MHz and an angle of
incidence of 350.
15. Write short notes on Duct propagation?
16. Determine the fade margin for the following conditions: distance between sites D=40Km,
frequency f=1.8GHz smooth terrain, humid climate and reliably objective 99.99%.
17. The antenna of a TV transmitter is located at a height of 500ftcalculate and plot as function of
distance to the transmitter, the height that the receiving antenna must have in order to be above
the radio horizon?
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
MODEL
QUESTION
PAPERS
Antennas & Wave Propagation Model Question Papers
1. a) Derive the expression for the total power radiated by a half wave dipole and hence determine
the radiation resistance.
b) Calculate the rms current required in a 1 cm. long Hertzian dipole antenna to radiate one watt
of power at a freq. of 300MHz.
2. a) Explain the term with suitable sketches, radiation intensity, beam efficiency, directivity, gain,
beam solid angle.
b) State the reciprocity theorem for antennas.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Antennas & Wave Propagation Model Question Papers
6. a) what is the principle of equality of path length, how is it applicable to horn antennas.
b) Write short notes on case-grain feed antennas
7. Explain detail about the methods for measuring half power beam width and radiation resistance
ofyagi-uda antenna and loop antenna.
8. Discuss the theory of formation of ionosphere regions, describes the properties of different
ionosphere region with special reference to seasonal variations
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Antennas & Wave Propagation Model Question Papers
1. a) what are short antennas. Estimate the radiation resistance of short dipole and short mono-poles.
b) Show that only the redial component of the pointing vector has an average power flowing out
of the dipole.
3. a) fine the radiation pattern of four isotropic elements fed in-phase, space at ?/2 apart by using
pattern multiplication.
b) Explain the effect of earth on antenna radiation pattern.
4. a) what are the different type of antennas used at VHF. Discuss the advantages of a folded dipole.
b) What is yagi antenna? Explain its construction & properties with special reference to
directivity, band width and input impedance.
7. Describe how the gain and field patterns of the Yagi antenna can be measured with neat sketches.
8. a) Discuss the salient features of sky wave propagation. Bring out the various problems
associated withthis mode of propagation.
b) Define and distinguish between the terms: MUF, LUHF, optimum frequency.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
ASSIGNMENT
QUESTIONS
Antennas & Wave Propagation Assignment Questions
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
UNIT-1
1. a) Define and explain: Directivity and power gain for an antenna. What is the relation
between the two? Prove that the directivity of an aerial is 0.39 db more than that of
a short dipole.
b) What are principal planes? How the antenna beam width is defined in such Planes?
2. a) An array consists of four identical isotropic sources located at the corner of a square
having diagonal 3 /4 and excited with equal current in same phase. Determine the polar
diagram of the array in the plane containing the sources
b) Compare the broad side and end fire arrays.
3. a) Define and explain effective length for an antenna. With the help of reciprocity theorem
(or otherwise) establish the equality of transmitting and receiving effective lengths of
transmitting and receiving antennas
b) Define gain, power gain, directive gain and directivity of an antenna. Prove that the
Directivity of a /2 dipole is 2.15 dB.
UNIT-2
3. a) Write down the radiation components of the fields for an electric dipole.
b) Estimate the power radiated and hence derives an expression for the radiation resistance
UNIT-3
1. a) Derive the conditions for the linear array of N isotropic elements to radiate in end fire and
broad side modes.
b) What is a uniform linear array and what are its applications?
2. a) An array consists of four identical isotropic sources located at the corner of a square
having diagonal 3 /4 and excited with equal current in same phase. Determine the polar
diagram of the array in the plane containing the sources.
b) Compare the broad side and end fire arrays.
3. a) obtain the expression for the beam width of broadside and end fire arrays and compare
them?
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Antennas & Wave Propagation Assignment Questions
UNIT 4
1. a) What are the advantages yagi antenna over a single wire antenna.
b) What is a parasitic element? Where are they used?
2. a) Give the current distribution and radiation pattern of a folded dipole antenna.
Explain how the radiation pattern will be modified with the addition of a reflector and two
directors with such an antenna.
b) What are the different types of antennas used at very high frequencies? Discuss
the advantages of a folded dipole. What is a balun and why it is used at these
frequencies?
3. a) Sketch and explain the constructional features of a helical antenna. Distinguish between
axial and normal modes of helix radiations, and list out their requirements.
b) Explain the characteristics of an active square corner reflector with the help of image
principle
UNIT-5&6
UNIT-7
UNIT-8
****THE END****
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
INTEGRATED
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Sponsored by
Lavu Educational Society
(Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to JNT University, Hyderabad)
COURSE
OBJECTIVES
Integrated Circuit Applications Course Objectives
COURSE OBJECTIVES
PURPOSE
To enable the students to understand the fundamentals of integrated circuits and designing electronic
circuits using it.
A fiction voiced by the less perceptive observer of the electronics world is that analog electronics, i.e.
the domain of linear IC devices, is dead, and that digital electronics is taking over every task. While it is
true that digital electronics is growing rapidly, and has already taken over many functions previously
performed in analog circuits, that doesn't mean that analog electronics is ready to die. There are still
jobs that are either best done in analog circuits, or are more cost- effective when done in analog circuits
rather than computers. Many digital instruments, for example, require a relatively extensive analog
subsystem in order to work properly. In fact, demand for analog electronics, and for people well versed
in it, is increasing. There is a worldwide shortage of skilled personnel. This course addresses that
shortfall and equips the students to apply linear ICs in a wide range of settings.
This course is about practical applications of linear and Digital IC circuits. Although most of the
circuits are based on the ubiquitous operational amplifier, other devices are examined as well lie IC 555
timer, IC 556 dual timer, IC 565. Apart from Linear ICs the Digital ICs are also discussed such as TTL
gates, logic gates using TTL logic, Mux and Demux, Encoders, Flip-flop, memories, sequential circuit
etc. The course will allow you the students to design circuits for the applications covered. But more
than that, the principles of design for each class of circuit are transferable to other projects that are
similar in function.
This course tells how integrated circuits (ICs) evolved and the benefits and technological advancements
made possible by them. How they are designed and constructed is explained, concentrating on the TTL
and MOS types, and telling about the evolution of the small-scale, medium-scale, large-scale, and very-
large-scale ICs. First few 5 units cover linear types of ICs and the next 3 units digital types and logic-
type ICs.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Integrated Circuit Applications Course Objectives
Outcomes
Graduate will demonstrate the ability to identify, formulate and solved engineering problems
Graduate will demonstrate the ability to design and conduct experiments, analyze and interpret
data
Graduate will demonstrate the ability to design a system, component or process as per needs and
specification
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
SYLLABUS
Integrated Circuit Applications Syllabus
SYLLABUS
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Integrated Circuit Applications Syllabus
TEXTBOOKS :
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
STUDENTS
SEMINAR
TOPICS
Integrated Circuit Applications Students Seminar Topics
1) DIFFERENTIATOR
2) Integrator application
3) a,c amplifiers
4) v to I and I to v converters
5) Active differentiator not used in analog computers
6) RC Phase Shift Oscillators
7) Second order High Pass Filter design
8) PLL block diagram
9) Astable Multivibrator as missing pulse detector
10) IC-555 as Schmitter
11) Schmitter design using IC-741
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
LECTURE PLAN
Integrated Circuit Applications Lecture Plan
LECTURE PLAN
13. List and describe the non linear applications of op amp BLACKBOARD and CHALK Liner INTEGRATED Circuits-D. Roy Chodhury
14. Compute the Designing of comparators, multivibrators. BLACKBOARD and CHALK Liner INTEGRATED Circuits-D. Roy Chodhury
15. Describe the generation og triangular and square waves Liner INTEGRATED Circuits-D. Roy Chodhury
BLACKBOARD
using Op-Amp
16. Describe log and antilog amplifiers & List their applications. BLACKBOARD and CHALK Liner INTEGRATED Circuits-D. Roy Chodhury
17. Describe the features of IC 723. BLACKBOARD and CHALK Liner INTEGRATED Circuits-D. Roy Chodhury
18. Problems BLACKBOARD and CHALK Liner INTEGRATED Circuits-D. Roy Chodhury
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Integrated Circuit Applications Lecture Plan
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Integrated Circuit Applications Lecture Plan
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Integrated Circuit Applications Lecture Plan
IC counters
SN Topic Teaching aides Resources
64. Analyse adder/substractor circuit using 2's PPT Digital fundamentals-Floyd and Jain,,8 th edition
complement
65. Magnitude comparator BLACKBOARD AND PPT Digital fundamentals-Floyd and Jain,,8 th edition
66. Priority encoder BLACKBOARD AND PPT Digital fundamentals-Floyd and Jain,,8 th edition
67. Demultiplexers BLACKBOARD AND PPT Digital fundamentals-Floyd and Jain,,8 th edition
68. Decoders BLACKBOARD AND PPT Digital fundamentals-Floyd and Jain,,8 th edition
69. Describe the operation of difeerent Flip-FloP BLACKBOARD AND PPT Digital fundamentals-Floyd and Jain,,8 th edition
70. Describe the designing of synchronous counters BLACKBOARD AND PPT R.P JAIN , Digital fundamentals-Floyd and Jain,,8 th
edition
71. Design of synchronous counters PPT Digital fundamentals-Floyd and Jain,,8 th edition
72. Decade counter BLACKBOARD AND PPT Digital fundamentals-Floyd and Jain,,8 th edition
73. available 74XX & CMOS 40XX series of IC counters BLACKBOARD AND PPT Digital fundamentals-Floyd and Jain,,8 th edition
74. shift registers & applications, BLACKBOARD AND PPT Digital fundamentals-Floyd and Jain,,8 th edition
75. ROM architecture, types & applications BLACKBOARD AND PPT Digital fundamentals-Floyd and Jain,,8 th edition
76. Dynamic RAMs, synchronous DRAMs BLACKBOARD AND PPT Digital fundamentals-Floyd and Jain,,8 th edition
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
Integrated Circuit Applications Learning Objectives
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
UNIT I: INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
At the conclusion of this unit the student should be able to:
Discuss the general properties of an operational amplifier (op-amp).
State the two types of integrated circuits classified according to their mode of operation and
explain the significance of each.
Discuss the three basic types of linear IC packages.
Explain the three basic temperature grades for ICs.
Discuss the op-amp parameters.
Discuss the electrical characteristics of an ideal op-amp.
Define the terms input offset voltage, input offset current, common mode rejection ratio, slew
rate.
Discuss the need for compensation and compensation techniques.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Integrated Circuit Applications Learning Objectives
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Integrated Circuit Applications Learning Objectives
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
OBJECTIVE
TYPE
QUESTIONS
Integrated Circuit Applications Objective Type Questions
a) Bias difference b) I/P OFF set current c) O/P OFF set current d) none
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Integrated Circuit Applications Objective Type Questions
ANSWERS
6.0C to 70C 7.1 an d 5 8. +15 V and -15 V 9. Vio / T 10. Vo=Vin sin t ;SR
= | =2
V/ sec
1. The expression for total time period in simple op-amp square wave generator is [ ]
a) RC ln 1+ / 1- b) 2 RC ln 1- / 1+ / 1-
c) 2RC ln 1+ d) 2RC ln -1 / +1
2. At higher frequencies ____of op-amp limits the slope of the output square wave. [ ]
a) gain b)slew rate c) output impedance d)None
4. The need of Rf in shunt with feed back capacitor Cf in the integrator ckt is [ ]
a) To decrease low b) To decrease c) To increase low d) a & b
frequency gain o/p voltage variation frequency gain
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Integrated Circuit Applications Objective Type Questions
8. Which of the following is the o/p waveform of the differentiator when a sinusoidal is passed
through it [ ]
0
a) spikes b) sine wave with 90 c) sine wave with d) sine wave with no
phase shift 2700 phase shift phase shift
9. Which of the following ckt is used to compress the dynamic range of the signal [ ]
a) Comparator b) Inverting amplifier C)log amplifier d) Sample-Hold ckt
12 The phase angle between two voltages can also be measured using __________ circuit
14 The expression for frequency of oscillation of triangular waveform generator using lesser
components is _____________
15 A ckt which compares a signal voltage applied at one input of an op-amp with known
reference voltage at the other input is known as ____________________________
19 In an instrumentation amplifier high resistance buffer is used preceding each input of op-amp
to avoid _____________
20 Precision diode is capable of rectifying i/p signal of the order of _____________ volts.
ANSWERS:
1 To realize butter-worth 3rd order filter one can combine . order and .. order filters [ ]
a) 1 & 2 b) 5 & 2 c) 4 & 1 d) none
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Integrated Circuit Applications Objective Type Questions
2 A HPF will [ ]
a) Pass high frequencies b) Pass low c) Block DC d) a & c
frequencies
3 With the increase in order of the filter, the gain will increase or decrease at the rate of [ ]
a) 40 dB/decade b) 60 dB/Decade c) 20 dB/Decade d) none
11 Above cutoff frequency of 4th order LPF output voltage decrement rate of [ ]
a) 20db/decade b)40db/decade c) 60db/decade d) 80db/decade
12 Below cutoff frequency of 2nd order HPF the output voltage increase at a rate of [ ]
a) 20db/decade b) 40db/decade c) 60db/decade d) 80db/decade
15 Combine.order&order filters
a)1&2 b)5&2 c)4&1 d)none
17 Below the cut off frequency of fourth order of HPF the output voltage decreases at a rate of
____________ db/decade
a) 20 b) 40 c) 60 d) 80
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Integrated Circuit Applications Objective Type Questions
20 The frequency at which maximum attenuation occurs in notch filter is called as _____________
ANSWERS:
11 Which of the following is the expression for pulse width of 555 mono stable multivibrator
a)1.1 RA C b)0.69 RC c)0.119RC d)none
12 Free running frequency of 565 PLL is [ ]
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Integrated Circuit Applications Objective Type Questions
ANSWERS:
2 Arrange the following ADCs in the order of speed fastest on top slowest below
a) Successive b) Dual Slope ADC c) Servo ADC d) Flash ADC
Approximation ADC
3 A 12 bit DAC has a reference voltage of 5.0 V. What is its resolution in mVolts.------------
7. The Inverted R-2R DAC is better than R-2R DAC because --------------------------------------------------
9. The Inverted R-2R DAC is better than R-2R DAC because ------------------------------------------------------
ANSWERS:
2 In modified Integrated DTL NAND gate the fan-out is increased by replacing diode by a [ ]
a) Resistor b) Schottky diode c) Transistor c) Capacitor
7 High, Low, high impedance states 6.The fastest of all the logic families is [ ]
a) HTL b) I2L c) ECL d) Schottky TTL
10 Which of the following logic family has more power dissipation per gate [ ]
a) ECL b) DTL c) TTL d) Schottky TTL
14 Low power Schottky has IOH = -400A, IOL = 8mA, IIH = 20A and IIL = -400A when interfacing
two such gates, the fanout can be __________
a) 30 b) 10 c) 15 d) 20
15 If a CMOS circuit has +10V supply, the typical high output voltage is ___________
a) 5V b) 15V c) 2V d) 10 V
16 What is the signal level for logic zero in diode logic system
a) 0-1V b) 0-3V c) 0-2V
19 The static power dissipated in CMOS circuit is known as CV2f power ( TRUE/FALSE)
26 In RTL logic, if the base resistors are removed then the obtained logic is-------------------
30 In DTL to increase the fan-out by increasing load current, one of the diode connected to base of
transistor is replaced with ----------------------.Propagation delay time of Schottky TTL is-------------
ANSWERS:
1.A 2.A 3.A 4.A 5.A 6.A 7.A 8.A
9.A 10.A 11.A 12.A 13.A 14.A 15.A
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Integrated Circuit Applications Objective Type Questions
2. What is the basic gate that is used in parity generation and checking [ ]
a) XOR b) XNOR c) AND d) OR
3. The adder which will use generate and propagate signals is called --------- [ ]
a) carry look ahead adder b) serial adder c) parallel adder d) carry save adder
10 Latch is a _________circuit. [ ]
a) level sensitive b) edge sensitive c) both a) and b) d) combinational
11 74X85 is a _______________ [ ]
a) 1-bit comparator b) 2-bit comparator c) 4-bit comparator d) 8-bit comparator
12 74X280 provides_____________ [ ]
a) even parity b) odd parity output c) both a) and b) d) none
14 The compiler _________________ signals (same signal) that are driven in two or more different
processes.
16 In three state driver when enable i/p is asserted the device behave like a ____________
21 In the ROM circuit, each intersection b/w ________________ and ___________ corresponds to one bit
of memory
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Integrated Circuit Applications Objective Type Questions
23 74x181 is a ______________________
24 74x74 is a___________________
25 74X375 is a ____________________________________
ANSWERS:
1.A 2.A 3.A 4.A 5.A 6.A
7.A 8.A 9.A 10.A 11.A 12.A
8 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is 8K X 8 EPROM. [ ]
a. 2764 b. HM6264 c. 74 X 74 e. 74 X 112
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Integrated Circuit Applications Objective Type Questions
Answers:
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
ESSAY TYPE
QUESTIONS
Integrated Circuit Applications Essay Type Questions
1 (a) Broadly classify the integrated circuits for a wide range of applications.
(b) Derive the output voltage of an op - amp based differential amplifier
2. (a) Explain how the averaging circuit can be derived from the summer.
(b) Show that the output of the subtractor is proportional to the di_erence be-tween the two input voltages.
(c) Design the op-amp circuit which can give the output as V0 = 2 V1 - 3 V2 + 4V3 - 5V4
3. (a) For the 741 IC op - amp, the supply voltage rejection ratio (SVRR) is 150V/V.Calculate the change in
this op - amps input offset voltage Vio if the supply voltages are varied from 10V to 12V.
(b) List and explain the characteristics of an ideal op - amp.
(c) Draw the pin diagram of A741 op - amp
(b) An op-amp is given 7 KHz sine warye input signal. Find the largest amplitude
6. (a) An op - amp has a slew rate of 2V/s. What is the maximum frequency of an output sinusoid of peak
value 5 V at which the distortion sets in due to the slew rate limitation?
(b) What are the characteristics of an ideal op - amp and Explain them
8 (a) List out the AC characteristics of an op-amp and discuss about them?
(b) For an op-amp, PSRR=70dB(min), CMRR=105, differential mode gain, Ad=105.The output voltage
changes by 20v in 4 microseconds. Calculate
i. numerical value of PSRR
ii. Common mode gain
iii. Slew rate of the op - amp.
9 (a) Discuss the stability of an op-amp by considering non-inverting amplier with resistive feed back
(b).For an op-amp PSRR = 70db (min) CMRR = 105 and differential mode gain Ad = 105. The output
voltage changes by 20V in 4Sec calculate:
i. PSRR
ii. Common mode gain
iii. Slew Rate.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Integrated Circuit Applications Essay Type Questions
10 Discuss Dominant pole, pole zero and Feed Forward compensation technique. Whatare its merits and
demerits.
a) An op - amp has a slew rate of 2V/s. What is the maximum frequency of an output sinusoid of peak
value 5 V at which the distortion sets in due to the slew rate limitation?
b) What are the characteristics of an ideal op - amp and Explain.?
12 (a) What are the three operating temperature ranges of the IC?
(b) List out the AC characteristics of an op - amp and discuss about them.
(c) Draw an equivalent circuit of op - amp.?
15 (a) Explain the various techniques used to compensate for thermal drift in Op-Amps.
(b) Explain the effects of time on input-Offset voltage and input-offset current.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Integrated Circuit Applications Essay Type Questions
(b) Obtain the frequency response of a practical integrator. What are its applications?
3 (a) What is the name of the circuit that is used to detect the peak value of non-sinusoidal input wave
forms? Explain its operation?
(b) Distinguish between positive and -ve cllipper circuits. Explain the operation of +ve and -ve chippers
with the help of circuit and wave form.
4 (a) Design a current to voltage converter using OP-AMP and explain how it can be used to measure the
output of photocell.
(b) Discuss the differences between differential amplifiers used in the first two stages of OP- AMP
5 (a) Draw the circuit diagram of a two input non-inverting type summing amplifier and derive the
expression for the output voltage.
(b) Briefly explain why negative feedback is desirable in amplifier applications.
(c) How does negative feedback affect the performance of an inverting amplifier?
(b) Find R1 and Rf in the practical integrator (lossy integrator), so that the peak gain is 20 dB and the gain
is 3 dB down from its peak when = 10,000 rad/sec. Use a capacitance of 0.01F
7 (a) Design a differentiator to differentiate an input signal that varies in frequencyfrom 10 Hz to about
1KHz. If a sine wave of 1V peak at 1000 Hz is applied to this differentiator draw the output
waveforms.
(b) Why active differentiator circuits are not used in analog computer to solve differential equations.
8 Explain the difference between the integrator and differentiator and give oneapplication of each.
(b) Design an adder circuit using op - amp to get the output expression as V0 = -(0.1 V1 + 10V2 + V3)
Where V1,V2, V3 are the inputs.
(c) Explain voltage follower with neat diagram.
9 (a) How the operational amplifier can be used as a differentiator and integrator.
(b) Explain how an operational amplifier can be used as summing amplifier
10 What is an instrumentation amplier? What are the basic requirements of a good instrumentation
amplier.?explain operation?
11 (a) Explain how the averaging circuit can be derived from the summer.?
(b) Show that the output of the subtractor is proportional to the diference between the two input voltages.?
12 (a) Explain the operation of a practical integrator with suitable mathematical expressions.
(b) Obtain the frequency response of a practical integrator. What are its applications?
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Integrated Circuit Applications Essay Type Questions
15 (a) In an integrator circuit, Ri = 10Kohms, CF = 1 second, and the input is a step input Vin = 2V for
0 t 4. Determine the output voltage and sketch it.
(b) Draw the frequency response curve of a differentiator. How is it modified when a small resistor is
connected in series with the capacitor?
17 Draw the circuit diagram of a triangular wave generator using a comparator and integrator. Explain its
operation by referring to the output waveform?
18 (a) What is the name of the circuit that is used to detect the peak value of non-sinusoidal input wave
forms? Explain its operation?
(b) Distinguish between positive and -ve chipper circuits. Explain the operationof +ve and -ve chippers
with the help of circuit and wave form.?
19 (a) What is absolute value output circuit? How can it be used as a full wave rectification.
(b) For an op-amp Comparator assume VCC = 12V, Vsat = 0.9VCC If a sine wave of 10V is applied,
calculate threshold level and plot input output waveforms
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Integrated Circuit Applications Essay Type Questions
21 (a) Design a logarithmic amplifier for positive input voltages in the range 5mV to 50V.
(b) With suitable circuit diagram explain the operation of a triangular wave generator using a comparator
and a integrator.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Integrated Circuit Applications Essay Type Questions
6 (a) List the conditions for oscillation in all the three types of oscillators, namely,RC phase shift, Wien -
bridge and quadrature oscillators.
(b) Design an op - amp based relaxation oscillator and derive the frequency of oscillation
7 (a) Derive the expression for the transfer function of 2nd order Low pass filter.
(b) Give the functional block diagram of VCO NE 566 and explain its working and necessary expression for
free running or center frequency.
8 (a) Explain the term VSVS configuration. Design a VCVS low pass Butterworth second order filter with a
cutoff frequency of 4kHz. Assume necessary data in the design process.
(b) What is meant by all pass filter? Draw the circuit of it.
9 (a) Explain the advantages of active filter. Explain different configurations of active filter. Discuss their
merits and demerits.
(b) List out the applications of VCO 566.Design an RC phase shift oscillator for a frequency of 500Hz.
10 (a) Draw a band - pass filter circuit with its frequency response curve. Explain its working.
(b) Design a first order wide band reject filter with a higher cutoff frequency of 100Hz and a lower cutoff
frequency of 1kHz. Calculate the Q of the filter?
11 (a) Draw a band - pass filter circuit with its frequency response curve. Explain its working.
(b) Design a first order wide band reject filter with a higher cutoff frequency of =100Hz and a lower cutoff
frequency of 1kHz. Calculate the Q of the filter?
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Integrated Circuit Applications Essay Type Questions
15 (a) Draw the circuit and explain the operation of narrow band pass _lter.
(b) Design a narrow band pass _lter with two feed back paths with Fc=1.5KHz Q=7 and AF =15.
16 (a) Draw the circuit and explain the operation of wide band reject _lter.
(b) Design a wide band reject _lter having fH= 400 Hz and fL= 2KHz with a pass band gain of 2.
2 (a) An IC555 timer used as a monostable has R=20 K and C = 0.01uf. What is the duration of output pulse?
(b) Explain how IC555 can be used as missing pulse detector.
6 (a) An IC555 timer used as a monostable has R=20 K and C = 0.01_f. What is the duration of output pulse?
(b) Explain how IC555 can be used as missing pulse detector
8 (a) Derive the expression for the frequency of the output of an astable multi-vibrator.
(b) A 555 timer is configured to run in astable mode with R1 = 20K and R2 = 8K and C = 0.1_f. Determine
the output frequency and duty cycle..
9 (a) Explain the significance of each of comparators and operation of 555 timer.
(b) Explain the application of 555 timer as linear ramp generator.
(c) List out the applications of VCO 566
10 (a) Explain how phase locked loop is used as a frequency translator and AM demodulator.
(b) Explain linear ramp generation using 555 timer.
11 (a) Explain the operation of Monostable multivibrator using 555 timer. Derive the expression of time delay
of a Monostable multivibrator using 555 timer.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Integrated Circuit Applications Essay Type Questions
(b) Design monostable multivibrator using 555 timer to produce a pulse width of 100 m sec
2 (a) Write a short notes on i. Limitations of weighted resistor type D/A converters. ii. Resolution of a
converter circuit.
(b) Calculate the number of bits required to represent a full scale voltage of 10V with a resolution of 5 mV
approximate
3 (a) Write a note on multiplying DACs. (b) List important speci_cations of a standard ADC IC.
(c) An 8 bit successive approximation Register type ADC is driven by a 1 MHz clock. Find its conversion
time.
4 (a) Explain successive approximation ADC with the help of block diagram. Also illustrate conversion
process.
(b) An 8-bit successive approximation ADC is driven by a 1 MHz clock. Find its conversion time.
5 (a) Discuss the features operation and pin diagram of 0803 and 0808 .
(b) Calculate the quantizing error for 12-bit ADC with full scale input voltage 4.095V.
6 (a) Draw a schematic diagram of a D/A converter. Use resistance values whose ratios are multiples of 2.
Explain the operation of the converter.
(b) Draw the block diagram of a converting 4-bit A/D converter and explain its operation. Sketch the
output waveform.
7 (a) What are the basic blocks preceding an Analog to Digital converter in a typical application like digital
audio recording?
(b) Draw the circuit of weighted resistor DAC and derive expression for output analog voltage Vo.
(c) Compare merits and demerits of A/D converters.
8 (a) Compare the conversion times and e_ciencies of 8-bit tracking type and successive approximation type
A/D converters.
(b) Determine the resolution of an 8-bit A/D converter for a 10V input range.
(c) If the maximum output voltage of a 7-bit D/A converter is 25.4 V. What is the smallest change in the
output as the binary count increases.
9 (a) Explain the operation of a Successive Approximation type analog to digital converter.
(b) Calculate the no. of bits required to represent a full scale voltage of 10V with a resolution of 5mV
approximately
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Integrated Circuit Applications Essay Type Questions
12 (a) What are the important features of counter type A/D converter.
(b) Compare tracking and counter type converters.
(c) Determine the resolution of a 8-bit A/D converter for a 10V input range.
13 (a) Define important performance specifications of Digital to Analog converters listing their typical values.
(b) Describe the operation of an R - 2R ladder type DAC.
14 (a) Compare the conversion times and e_ciencies of 8-bit tracking type and successive approximation type
A/D converters.
(b) Determine the resolution of an 8-bit A/D converter for a 10V input range.
(c) If the maximum output voltage of a 7-bit D/A converter is 25.4 V. What is the smallest change in the
output as the binary count increases
1 Draw the circuit for Diode logic AND gate and explain its operation with the help of truth table. compare
this logic family with TTL and CMOS logic family.
2 (a) What are the salient features of CMOS logic family. Compare this with PMOS and NMOS logic
families.
(b) Draw the circuit for CMOS NOR logic gate and explain its functioning clearly giving truth table
3 (a) Draw the CMOS circuit diagram of tri-state buffer. Explain the circuit with the help of logic diagram
and function table.
(b) Design a CMOS transistor circuit that realizes the following Boolean function. f(a) = (P + Q). (Q + R)
Also explain its functional operations
4 Compare CMOS, TTL and ECL with reference to logic levels, DC Noise margin, propagation delay and
fan-out.
5 (a) Design CMOS transistor circuit for 3-input AND gate. With the help of function table explain the
operation of the circuit diagram.
(b) Design a CMOS transistor circuit that has the functional behavior as f(x) = (a + b) (b + c)(a + c) Also
explain its functional operation.
7 (a) What are the parameters that are necessary to define the electrical characteristics of CMOS circuits?
Mention the typical values of a CMOS NAND gate.
(b) Design a CMOS 4-input AND-OR-INVERT gate. Draw the logic diagram and function table
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Integrated Circuit Applications Essay Type Questions
8 (a) What is the necessity of separate interfacing circuit to connect CMOS gate to TTL gate? Draw the
interface circuit and explain the operation.
(b) Draw the circuit diagram of basic CMOS gate and explain the operation 9. (a) Draw the CMOS circuit
diagram of tri-state buffer. Explain the circuit with the help of logic diagram and function table
9 (a) Draw the circuit diagram of a two-input LS-TTL NOR gate and explain its functional behavior?
(b) Mention the DC noise margin levels of ECL logic family. Compare DTL, TTL and CMOS logic
families, giving typical values of various parameters.
10 (a) Draw the internal structure of a MOS transistor based Read only memory.
(b) Describe the procedure to fuse a combinational circuit in to this type of ROMwith the help of a simple
example
12 Draw the typical Input-Output transfer charactersters of CMOS Inverter and explain about the various
terms associated with the characteristics. Explain the term Noise Margin.
13 Explain how CMOS-TTL interfacing can be achieved. Give the input and output levels of voltages and
explain?
14 Explain about ECL 100K family and positive ECL (PECL), bringing out, salient features of the same
15 Draw the circuit for CMOS OR logic gate and explain its working clearly, giving truth table and symbol
16 (a) Realize 2-input exclusive OR function using four 2-input NAND gates.
(b) What is parity? Describe how an odd parity can be generated for an n-bit input speci_cation.
(c) Design an n-bit input odd parity generator using daisy-chain structure
17 Explain about ECL 100K family and positive ECL (PECL), bringing out, salient features of the same
18 Draw the circuit for CMOS OR-AND-Invert logic gates and explain its functioning clearly with the help of
function table.
2 (a) Draw the truth table for implementing a 3-to-8 decoder similar to 74X138 MSI
(b) List out different categories of characteristics in a TTL data sheet? Discuss electrical and switching
characteristics of 74LS00
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Integrated Circuit Applications Essay Type Questions
4 (a) Design an encoder circuit that can recognize first and second priorities of 8 requests.Show the first
priority request and the corresponding encoded data and show it for second priority request
(b)Explain how serial data communication is possible using 74X166 as transmitter and 74X164 as
receivers.
5 (a) Explain how a 44 binary multiplier can be designed using 2568 ROM.
(b) How many ROM bits are required to build a 16-bit adder/subtractor with mode control, carry input,
carry output and twos complement overflow output? Show the block schematic with all inputs and
outputs.
7 (a) Discuss the logic circuit of 74377 register. (b) Design a modulo-50 counter using 74163 Ics
10 Construct the function, F (w3, w2, w1,) =P m(0; 1; 3; 4; 6; 7) by using a 3-to-8 decoder and an OR gate.
Draw the circuit diagram for the function representing 3-to-8 decoder as a block.
11 Generate the truth table and draw the circuit diagram for
(a) Dual parity generator for an 8-bit input (b) 4-bit magnitude comparator
13 (a) Design a 32 to 1 multiplexer using four 74151 multiplexers and 74139 decoder?
(b)Design a 16-bit comparator using 7485 IC. Draw the relevant circuit diagram
14 Draw the circuits of NAND and NOR gates using CMOS logic and explain
their operation with truth tables.
2 With the help of internal structure of a small SRAM and its timing diagram,describe Read and write
operations performed in the SRAM
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Integrated Circuit Applications Essay Type Questions
8 a) Design an 8x4 diode ROM using 74X138 for the following data starting from the first location. 1, 4,
9,B, A, 0, F,C
(b) Draw the internal structure of synchronous SRAM and explain its operation?
9 (a) Draw the timing diagram to specify typical timing parameters of an SRAM to perform write operation.
(b) Describe the sequence of operations taking place in a DRAM cell to refresh the cell after write
operation is performed
10 .(a) Describe the sequence of operations taking place in a DRAM cell to refresh the cell after write
operation is performed.
(b) Does the ROM realization remain the same even if two of the input columns are interchanged? Justify
your answer
11 (a) How many number of address lines are required to access all the locations of a 256K x 8 memory?
what is the data word size stored in this memory?
(b) What are synchronous SRAMs? Describe how synchronous operations are performed in SSRAM with
the help of its internal block diagram showing the inputs and outputs
12 (a) Discuss whether it is possible to build a ROM using bipolar Junction transistors?
(b) List out the merits and demerits of the above three types of ROM.
13 (a) Draw the circuit diagram and function table of a positive edge triggered com- mercial D ip-op which is
similar to one of the two ip-ops on an MSIIC 74x74.
(b) What is a scan ip-op? Draw the extra logic necessary to convert a normal
14 How many ROM bits are required to build a 16-bit adder/subtractor with mode control, carry input, carry
output and two?s complement overflow out-put? Show the block schematic with all inputs and outputs?
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Integrated Circuit Applications Essay Type Questions
15 (a) Design a 4-bit binary synchronous counter using 7474. Write VHDL program for this logic. Using
data flow style.
(b) Design a modulo-60 counter using 74163 Ics
16 (a) Draw the Dflipflop and Tflip flop and explain the operation with truth table.
(b) Draw the J-K flip-flop and explain its operation with truth table.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
ASSIGNMENT
QUESTIONS
Integrated Circuit Applications Assignment Questions
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
ASSIGNMENT I
ASSIGNMENT II
ASSIGNMENT III
1. Explain the advantages of active filter. Explain different configurations of active filter.
Discuss their merits and demerits.
2. Design a band pass filter with Butterworth response for the following specifications f0 =
10 kHz, Q = 10 and Pass band gain > 10.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Integrated Circuit Applications Assignment Questions
4. Determine the component values for a control voltage Vc = 9 volts and a frequency of
oscillation = 10KHz. Make necessary assumptions.
5. A certain narrow band pass filter has been designed to meet the following
Specifications: fc=2 KHz, Q=20, and AF=10. what modifications are necessary in the filter
design to change fc to 1KHz keeping gain and bandwidth constant ?
6. Define Bessel, Butterworth and Chebysher filters, and compare their frequency response. Sketch
the circuit diagram of band elimination filter and design a wide band- reject having fH=200Hz
and fL=1KHz. Assume necessary data
7. a) Draw the wide band reject filter circuit and also the frequency response of it.
b) Draw the schematic diagram of an all pass filter and determine the phase shift between the
input and output at f = 2kHz.
ASSIGNMENT IV
1. Describe any two applications of 555 timer in Astable multivibrator configuration and
monostable multivibrator configuration.
2. Determine the terms Lock range , Capture range and Pull in time of a PLL.
3. What are the important parameters of PLL which make it suitable for frequency multiplication
and division applications?
4. With necessary external components to a VCO IC NE556, Explain the generation of a triangular
wave.
5. Determine the component values for a control voltage Vc = 9 volts and a frequency of
oscillation = 10KHz. Make necessary assumptions.
6. Configure a 555 timer as a Schmitt trigger and explain.
7. Explain the functional block diagram of IC 555 timer with diagram.
ASSIGNMENT V
1. Explain the working of a successive approximation type Analog to Digital converter.
2. Calculate the no. of bits required to represent a full scale voltage of 10 volts with
resolution of 5mvolts approximately.
3. Define the terms resolution , conversion time and linearity of an analog to digital converter.
4. Define the important specifications of Digital to Analog converters listing their typical values.
5. Explain the operation of a multiplying DAC and mention its applications. With the help of a
neat circuit diagram and waveforms, explain the operation of a dual slope ADC. What are its
special features?
ASSIGNMENT-VI
1. Compare HC,HT, VHC , VHCT CMOS logic families with the help of output specifications
with VCC=4.5 V to 5.5V.
2. Explain how to estimate sinking current for low output and sourcing current with high output of
CMOS gate.
3. Explain the behavioral difference between simple transistor logic inverter and schottkey logic
inverter.
4. Design a CMOS transistor logic that has a functional behavior f(Z) =*[A(B+C)]
5. Design a CMOS AND-OR-INVERT gate. Draw the logic diagram and function table.
6. Explain the sinking current and sourcing current of TTL output. Which of the above two
parameters decide the fan out and How?
7. What is the necessity of separate interfacing circuit to connect CMOS to TTL gate. Draw the
interface circuit and explain he operation.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Integrated Circuit Applications Assignment Questions
8. Explain following terms with reference to TTL gate. a) Logic level, b) DC noise margin, c) Low
state unit load
ASSIGNMENT-VII
ASSIGNMENT-VIII
****THE END****
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
ELECTRONIC
MEASUREMENTS &
INSTRUMENTATION
COURSEFILE
Department of
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
VIGNAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
VIGNAN HILLS, DESHMUKHI VILLAGE, POCHAMPALLY (MANDAL)
NALGONDA (DISTRICT) - 508284
Sponsored by
Lavu Educational Society
(Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to JNT University, Hyderabad)
COURSE
OBJECTIVES
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Course Objectives
COURSE OBJECTIVES
In general, the course hopes to provide an overall understanding of the elements and processes,
including sources of errors, involved in obtaining electrical analog measurements and digitally
acquiring these measurements.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
SYLLABUS
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Syllabus
SYLLABUS
UNIT-V OSCILLOSCOPES
CRT, Block Schematic of CRO, Time Base Circuits, Lissajous Figures, CRO Probes, High Frequency
CRO Considerations, Delay lines, Applications, Specifications.
UNIT-VII: TRANSDUCERS
Classification, Strain gauges, Bonded, unbounded Strain gauges, Force and Displacement Transducers,
Resistance Thermometers, Hotwire Anemometers, LVDT, Thermocouples, Synchros, Special
Resistance Thermometers, Digital Temperature sensing system, Piezoelectric Transducers, Variable
Capacitance Transducers, Magneto strictive Transducers.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Syllabus
TEXTBOOKS :
REFERENCES :
1. Electronic Instrumentation & Measurements - David A. Bell, PHI, 2nd Edition, 2003.
2. Electronic Test Instruments, Analog and Digital Measurements - Robert A.Witte, Pearson
Education, 2nd Ed., 2004.
3. Electronic Measurements & Instrumentations by K. Lal Kishore, Pearson Education - 2005.
WEBSITES:
1) http://www.nptel.iitm.ac.in
2) http://www.rfdesign.com
JOURNALS:
1). Journal of Instrumentation
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
STUDENTS
SEMINAR
TOPICS
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Students Seminar Topics
1. Thermocouple type RF ammeter, Ohmmeters series type, shunt type, Millimeter for Voltage,
Current and resistance measurements.
2. fixed and variable, AF oscillators, Standard and AF sine and square wave signal generators
3. Wave Analyzers, Harmonic Distortion Analyzers, Spectrum Analyzers
4. Measurement of amplitude and frequency.
5. Dual trace oscilloscope, sampling oscilloscope, storage oscilloscope,
6. AC Bridges Measurement of inductance- Maxwells bridge, Anderson bridge
7. Transducers- active & passive transducers
8. Measurement of physical parameters force, pressure, velocity, humidity
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
LECTURE PLAN
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Lecture Plan
LECTURE PLAN
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Lecture Plan
25 Signal Analyzers, AF Wave Analyzers BLACK BOARD Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
26 HF Wave Analyzers BLACK BOARD Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
27 Harmonic Distortion BLACK BOARD Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
28 Heterodyne wave Analyzers BLACK BOARD Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
29 Spectrum Analyzers BLACK BOARD Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
30 Power Analyzers BLACK BOARD Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
31 Capacitance-Voltage Meters BLACK BOARD Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
32 Oscillators. BLACK BOARD Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
33 DC and AC Bridges: Wheat stone Bridge BLACK BOARD Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
34 Wheat stone Bridge,example problems BLACK BOARD Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
35 AC Bridges, Maxwell, Hay Bridges BLACK BOARD Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
36 Maxwell, Hay Bridges,example problems BLACK BOARD Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
37 Schering, Wien, Anderson Bridges,example problems BLACK BOARD Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
38 Resonance Bridge,example problems BLACK BOARD Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
39 Similar Angle Bridge, example problems BLACK BOARD Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
40 Wagners ground connection BLACK BOARD Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
41 Twin T, Bridged T Network BLACK BOARD Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
42 Detectors. BLACK BOARD Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
43 Oscilloscopes: CRT BLACK BOARD Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
44 Block Schematic of CRO BLACK BOARD Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
45 Time Base Circuits, Lissajous Figures BLACK BOARD Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
46 CRO Probes BLACK BOARD Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
47 High Frequency CRO Considerations BLACK BOARD Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
48 Delay lines,Applications, Specifications BLACK BOARD Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
49 Special purpose oscilloscopes: Dual Trace oscilloscope BLACK BOARD Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
50 Dual Beam CROs BLACK BOARD Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
51 Sampling oscilloscope BLACK BOARD Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
52 Storage oscilloscope BLACK BOARD Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
53 Digital Storage CRO BLACK BOARD Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
54 Frequency Measurement, Period Measurement BLACK BOARD Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
55 Errors in Time/Frequency measurements BLACK BOARD Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
56 universal counters, Extension of range, example BLACK BOARD Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Lecture Plan
problems
57 Recorders: Strip-Chart. XY,Oscillographic recorders BLACK BOARD Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
58 unit test-2 -- Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
59 Transducers: Classification BLACK BOARD Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
60 Strain gauges-Bonded, unbounded Strain gauges BLACK BOARD Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
61 Force and Displacement Transducers BLACK BOARD Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
62 Resistance Thermometers BLACK BOARD Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
63 LVDT,Thermocouples BLACK BOARD Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
64 Synchros BLACK BOARD Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
65 Special Resistance Thermometers,Digital Temperature BLACK BOARD Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
sensing system
66 Piezoelectric Transducers BLACK BOARD Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
67 Variable Capacitance Transducers BLACK BOARD Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
68 Magneto strictive Transducers. BLACK BOARD Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
69 Measurement of Physical Parameters: Flow BLACK BOARD Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
Measurement
70 Displacement Meters,Liquid level Measurement BLACK BOARD Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
71 Measurement of Humidity and Moisture Measurement BLACK BOARD Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
72 Velocity, Force Measurements BLACK BOARD Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
73 Pressure High Pressure Measurement,Vacuum level BLACK BOARD Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
Measurement
74 Temperature Measurements, Data Acquisition BLACK BOARD Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
Systems
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Learning Objectives
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
1. The basic definitions and the Static and dynamic performance characteristics of Instruments and
their relevance .
2. The sources of errors and their remedial measures.
3. The Basic DC meter movement, measurement of voltage and current and conversion into
multirange meter.
4. The physical principles and construction of AC voltmeter and ammeter and Ohmmeters.
5. The circuit configurations of different sections of millimeters
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Learning Objectives
UNIT V: OSCILLOSCOPES
1. The fundamental principles behind the measurement of physical parameters like force, pressure ,
velocity etc..
2. The Hot wire anemometer
3. Tthe principles behind measurement of Humidity, Vacuum ,Moisture Acceleration and the
limitations behind them.
4. The measurement of proximity and displacement.
5. The Data acquisition system and its requirements.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
OBJECTIVE
TYPE
QUESTIONS
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Objective Type Questions
1. A digital voltmeter has a readout range from 0 to 9,999 counts. Determine the resolution
3. ______ is defined as the difference between the largest and smallest reading of instrument
4. ____ refers to the degree of closeness or conformity to the true value of quantity under
measurement
5. ________ is defined as the nearness of the indicated value to the true value of the quantity being
measured
6. ______ is defined as the ability of the instrument to reproduce a certain set of readings within a
given accuracy
7. ______ is defined as the largest change in input quantity for which there is not output of the
instrument
10. A wheat stone bridge requires a change of 7 in the unknown arm of the bridge to produce a
change in deflection of 3mm of the galvanometer sensitivity is _____
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Objective Type Questions
11. The voltage of a circuit is measured by a voltmeter having input impedance comparable with the
output impedence of the circuit there by causing error in voltage measurment. This error may be
called as
12. A meter reads 127.50V and the true value of voltage is 127.43
(i) static error ___________
(ii) static correction _______
14. ______ is the time for the instrument ot reach and stay within a specified tolerance band around
its final value
15. A Thermometer reads 95.450C and the static correction given in the correction curve is -0.080C.
Then the True value is ______
16. What type of errors are due to shortcomings of the instruments like detective (or) worn parts?
17. What type of errors are due to largely human errors like misreading of instruments?
18. Variance =
19. A 0-300V voltmeter has an error of 2% of full scale deflection. What would be the range of
readings if true voltages is 30V ?
20. ______ is defined as the degree to which the instrument indicates the changes in the measured
without dynamic error
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Objective Type Questions
1.A 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.A 9.B 10.A
11.D 12.B 13.B 14.D 15.A 16.A 17.A 18.D 19.A 20.A
a. Both are True b.(i) True (ii) false c.Both are false d.(i) false (ii) true
6. In phase shift oscillator, it consists of equal valued capacitors and resistors connected in cascade.
Each stage provides a phase shift of
7. In signal generator
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Objective Type Questions
a. (i), (ii) are correct b.(i), (ii) are wrong c.(i) correct, (ii)wrong d.(i) wrong,
(ii) correct
a. 25n sec to 3 sec b.4 sec to 10 sec c.1 sec to 3 sec d.7 sec to 10 sec
16. Determine pulse width for pulse generator R=75 k, C=0.01 F, T=0.693 RC=?
17. Compute duty cycle for given information pulse width=0.173, pulse period = 1.08; Duty cycle=?
18. In the oscillatory circuit, the elements can be used to set the frequency of oscillator
19. _______ is defined as the ratio of average value of the pulse over one cycle and the peak value
are inversely related to their time duration
ANSWERS
1.A 2.B 3.D 4.D 5.D 6.C 7.C 8.A 9.B 10.A
11.C 12.C 13.A 14.A 15.A 16.A 17.A 18.B 19.A 20.A
2. (i) The basic wave analyzer consists of a primary detector, which is a simple Lc circuit
(ii) This LC circuit is adjusted for resonance at the frequency of the particular harmonic
component to the measured
a. (i), (ii) are wrong b.(i) is wrong, (ii) is right c.(i), (ii) are right d.(i) is Right,
(ii) is wrong
4. ________ noise has a voltage spectrum which is inversely proportional to the square root of
frequency
5. Basic wave analyzer uses a full wave rectifier, to obtain _______ of the input signal
10. Ordinary wave analyzers are useful for measurement in the _______ range only
13. _____________ Types of distortions occurs in push-pull amplifiers on account of incorrect boas
levels
14. _____________ Types of distortions occurs because the amplification factor of the amplifier is
different for different frequencies
a. 10 MHz to 40GHz b.10 kHz to 100kHz c.1 kHz to 10kHz d.100 kHz to 1MHz
16. Rms value of amplitude of fundamental wave is 100v and RMS value of amplitudes of all
higher harmonics is 0.3v. Find the
17. The signal amplitude is displayed verses frequency. These measurement are said to be in the
______
ANSWERS
1. A bridge circuit works at a frequency of 2 KHz. The following can be used as detectors for
detection of null conditions in the bridge
a. headphones and vibration galvanometer
b. headphones and tunable amplifiers
c. vibration galvanometers and tunable amplifier
d. tunable amplifiers and vibration galvanometers
2. Wagner's earth devices are used in ac bridge circuits for
a. eliminating the effect of earth capacitances
b. eliminating the effect of inter-component capacitances
c. shielding the bridge elements
d. eliminating the effect of stray electrostatic fields
3. For the bridge, Z1=200<300 Z2 = 150<00 and Z3=250<-400. In order that the bridge be balanced
Z4 should be
a. 120<600 b.187.5<-700 c.333.3<100 d.100<-400
4. How an AC bridge is used in amplifiers and oscillators ?
a. generate an additional amount of power
b. provide a impedance matching
c. provide a feed back
d. path provide filtering
5. The equation under balance conditions for a bridge are: R1=R2R3/R4 and L1=R2R3/C4 where R1
and L1 are respectively unknown resistance and inductance. In order to achieve converging
balance
a. R1 and C4 should be chosen as variable
b. R2 and C4 should be chosen as variable
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Objective Type Questions
12. In a voltage sensitive Wheatstone, having a resistance, R, the resistance of one of the arms is
changed to R+R where R < < R. The Wheatstone bridge is supplied with an input voltage of
ei. The output voltage on account of unbalance is
a. b. c. d.
13. The advantage of Hay's bridge over Maxwells inductance-capacitance bridge is
a. it can be used for measurement of inductance of low Q coils
b. it can be used for measurement of inductance of high Q coils
c. it can be used for measurement of inductance of low and medium Q coils
d. its equations for balance do not contain any frequency term
14. The expression for unknown inductance of high Q coils using Hay's bridge is
a. b. c.L1=R2R3/C4 d.L1=R2R3C4
15. In the Wein's bridge, to balance the harmonics
a. a vibration galvanometer is used
b. high voltage supply is used
c. a square wave is used as input
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Objective Type Questions
a. b. c. d.
20. LCR meter is used to measure
a. R only b.C only c.L only d.R, L and C
ANSWERS
1.B 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.C 8.A 9.C 10.B
11.A 12.D 13.B 14.D 15.D 16.D 17.A 18.C 19.C 20.D
UNIT V: OSCILLOSCOPES
4. If the distance of screen from a CRT to centre of deflection plates is 15cm. The length of
deflection plates is 2cm, The distance between plates is 1cm and the accelerating voltage is
500V, The deflection sensitivity
5. The deflection of an electron beam on a CRT screen is 10mm. Supose the pre-accelerating
anode voltage is halved and the potential between deflecting plates is doubled. The deflection of
the electron beam will be
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Objective Type Questions
7. The pre-accelerating anode and accelerating anode are connected to a common positive high
voltage of about ______
12. A certain oscilloscope with 4cm by 4cm screen has its own speed output fed to its input at the x
and y sensitivities are same. The oscilloscope will display a
15. Which meter is suitable for the measurement of 10mV at 50mHz ______
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Objective Type Questions
16. The vertical amplifiers is the principle factor in determining the _____ and _______ of an
oscilloscope
a. Voltage, current b.Voltage, Bandwidth
c.Power factor, current d.Bandwidth sensitivity
18. The relation between sensitivioty of oscilloscope and gain of th vertical amplifier
19. To minimize the loading of the circuit under test, the input impedance of a CRO
a. be Low b.be high c.capacitive d.Match with the output impedance of the
circuit
20. If the bandwidth of an oscilloscope is given direct current to 10MHz, what is the fastest rise
time a sine wave con have to be accurately reproduced by an instrument
ANSWERS
1.A 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.B 6.C 7.C 8.C 9.A 10.D
11.A 12.B 13.B 14.C 15.B 16.D 17.A 18.C 19.A 20.B
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Objective Type Questions
9. At a high frequency of the order of 100kHz to 500kHz , the dual trace oscilloscope operate in
[01S04]
a. X and Y mode b.alternate mode c.dc mode d.chopped mode
10. A sampling oscilloscope is used to examine
a. dc signals b.high hold off signals c.very fast signals d.very slow signals
11. In variable persistence storage oscilloscope, the image traced on its CRT will be retain by using
a. storage shift register b.constant signal output
c. storage mesh in addition to phosphor screen d.resonance circuit
12. The digital storage oscilloscope is more accurate than analog storage oscilloscope because
a. the time base is generated by a crystal clock
b. collects data after it has been triggered
c. it operate in a baby sitting mode
d. constant refresh time
13. The attenuation factor of the voltage divider used in CRO is
a. 1:10 b.1:100 c.reciprocal of the voltage divider ratio d.twice that of
voltage divider ratio
14. The attenuator of CRO is loaded when the
a. vertical amplifier resistance is much larger than the attenuator resistance
b. horizontal amplifier resistance is much lower than the attenuator resistance
c. horizontal amplifier resistance is much larger than the attenuator resistance
d. vertical amplifier resistance is much lower than the attenuator resistance
15. If the bandwidth of an oscilloscope is given as direct current to 10MHz, what is the fastest rise
time a sine wave can have to be accurately reproduced by the instrument?
a. 10ns b.5ns c.35ns d.100ns
16. The following oscilloscope is used for the capture and storage of transients and the steady
display of a very low frequency signals
a. dual trace oscilloscopes b.dual beam oscilloscopes
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Objective Type Questions
17. The bistable storage oscilloscopes depend for their operation, on the principle of
a. bridge balance b.photo conductive c.resonance d.secondary emission
18. The advantage of storage oscilloscope over digital oscilloscope is
a. lower writing speed b.higher bandwidth c.more accuracy d.larger retain time
19. The high amplitude signals are measured using CRO by placing an attenuator between the
a. vertical input terminal and the input terminal of the horizontal amplifier
b. vertical input terminal and the input terminal of the vertical amplifier
c. horizontal input terminal and the input terminal of the vertical amplifier
d. horizontal input terminal and the input terminal of the horizontal amplifier
20. The Fast storage oscilloscopes enhance the speed with which they can capture transient
information by using
a. amplifier at two plates b.two storage meshes
c.variable persistence tubes d.bistable storage tube
ANSWERS
1.A 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.D 10.C
11.C 12.C 13.C 14.A 15.C 16.C 17.D 18.B 19.B 20.B
1. In a transducer, the experimentally obtained transfer function is different from the theoretical
transfer function, the errors result from this difference are called
a. zero error b.Hysteresis error c.sensitivity error d.non-conformity errors
2. The lower limit of useful working range of a transducer is determined by
a. minimum useful input level b.constant current source
c.transducer error and noise d.constant current source
3. In transducer, the observed output deviates from the correct value by a constant factor the
resulting error is called
a. zero error b.Hysteresis error c.sensitivity error d.non-conformity errors
4. Passive transducers derive the power required for transduction from
a. a constant power supply b.an auxiliary power source
c.physical quantity being measured d.internal power supply
6. Transducer converts
a. analog signal into digital signal
b. digital signal into analog signal
c. one form of energy into other form of energy
d. mechanical displacement into mechanical energy
7. An inverse transducer converts
a. analog signal into digital signal
b. digital signal into analog signal
c. an electrical energy to any other form of energy
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Objective Type Questions
11. What is the order of minimum displacement that can be measured with capacitive transducers?
a. 1cm b.1 mm c.1m d.1 m
12. Capacitive transducers using the principle of change of capacitance with change of dielectric are
normally used for measurement of
a. displacement b.pressure c.force d.liquid levels
13. Two inductive transducers working on the principle of change of self inductance L, are
connected in a push pull arrangement. If the change of inductance of transducers is L the
change of inductance exhibited at the output terminals is
a. 1/L b.L c.1/2L d.2L
14. The dynamic characteristics of capacitive transducers are similar to those of
a. low pass filters b.high pass filters c.notch filters d.band stop filters
15. A capacitive transducer working on the principle of change of capacitance with change of
displacement exhibits non linear characteristics. The response of these transducers can be made
linear by using
a. non -magnetic material
b. a solid ferror-electric material
c. nickel-iron hydrogen annealed material
d. differential arrangement or use of an opAMP
16. The sensitivity of the capacitive transducer can be increased by making
a. the distance between the plates extremely small
b. the distance between the plates extremely large
c. the electric field in the air gap exceeds the break down voltage
d. dielectric constant low
17. Air cored inductive transducers are suitable for
a. low frequencies b.high frequencies
c.same frequencies as iron cored transducers d.both low and high frequencies
18. The size of air cored inductive transducers as compared with the iron cored transducers
a. smaller b.higher c.same d.exactly halved
19. Capacitive transducers are normally used for
a. dynamic measurements b.static measurements
c.transient measurements d.gauge measurements
20. Capacitive transducers can be used for measurement of liquid level. The principle of operation
used in this case is
a. change of capacitance b.change of area of plates
c.change of dielectric strength d.change of distance between plates
ANSWERS
1.D 2.C 3.C 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.C 8.D 9.B 10.A
11.B 12.D 13.C 14.B 15.D 16.A 17.B 18.B 19.A 20.C
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Objective Type Questions
1. Which of the following is not used for static and dynamic pressure measurements?
a. capacitive transducers b.photoelectric transducers
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Objective Type Questions
ANSWERS
1.C 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.B 9.C 10.D
11.A 12.A 13.A 14.B 15.C 16.B 17.D 18.C 19.A 20.C
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
ESSAY TYPE
QUESTIONS
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Essay Type Questions
7. a) Draw the circuit for a FET input electronic Voltmeter and explain its working
b) Give the Schematic for true RMS responding Voltmeter and explain its operation.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Essay Type Questions
1. a) List out some important features like, operating and performance characteristics of
digital voltmeters
b) What are the different sections of a frequency synthesized Signal Generator? Explain
the function of each in waveform generation
2. a) Explain the Principle and working of a Function Generator
b) Give the Specifications and Typical Values of a Function Generator Instrument
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Essay Type Questions
b) Draw the Circuit for Hartley oscillator and explain the principle of operation
4. a) What are the different Types of signal Generators ? Explain each of them briefly
b) What are the considerations to be made in choosing an oscillator Instrument or Signal
Generator Instrument
5. a) Draw the block diagram of a Pulse Generator Instrument and explain the operation of
the Instrument
b) Determine the frequency of Colpitts oscillator with L =100mH C1 =0.005F, C2
= 0.01F
6. a) Explain the Principle and working of FM Signal Generator
b) Give the specifications and Typical values of FM signal Generator
7. a) How Function Generator Instrument is different from signal Generator? Draw the block
schematic and explain the principle of function Generator Instrument
b) Determine the oscillator frequency of a Hartley oscillator withL1 =100mH , L2 =1mH ,
M=50mH and c =100pf
8. With respect to construction and circuit configuration, explain how a square wave
generator differs from sine wave generator
9. a) With a neat diagram describe the principle of operation of Random pattern generator
b) Explain with a block diagram the working of a AF signal generator
10. a) What are the precautionary measures to be taken in a signal generator application?
b) Discuss in detail about RF signal generators operation
11. a) What is the need for inserting isolation between the signal generator output and
oscillator in a simple signal generator? What are the different ways in which this can be
achieved?
b) With the help of a block diagram, explain the working of laboratory type pulse
generator
12. a) What are the different types of digital voltmeters? Briefly explain each one of them
b) The lowest range on a 41/2 digit DVM is 10 mV full scale. What is the sensitivity of
this meter?
13. a) With a neat diagram describe the principle of operation of Video pattern generator
b) With a block diagram explain the working of an AF oscillator
14. a) Draw the block diagram of a function generator and explain its operation
b) With a neat diagram discuss the operation of a pulse generator
15. a) What is meant by arbitrary waveform? Discuss with a neat block diagram the working
of a arbitrary waveform generator
b) Distinguish between a random pattern and video pattern generators. Discuss about
important features of both
16. a) A 31/2 digit of DVM has an accuracy of 0.5 percent of reading 1 digit.
i. What is the possible error in volt, when the instrument is reading 5.00 V on the 10 V
range?
ii. What is the possible error in volt, when reading 0.1 V on the 10 V range?
b) With neat diagrams, discuss about fixed and variable AF oscillators
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Essay Type Questions
1. Draw the Circuit and explain the principle and working of Tuned circuit Harmonic
Analyzer
2. a) Draw the block Schematic of a Wave Analyzer and explain its working . what are the
applications of Wave Analyzes ?
b) Estimate the value of a minimum detectable signal (MDS) of a Spectrum analyzer with
a NF of 25dB using 1KHz 3dB filter
3. a) What is wave analyzer? What is the role of active filter heterodyne wave analyzer
b) What are the limitations of frequency spectrum analyzer?
4. Draw the block Schematic of a Basic Spectrum Analyzer and explain its working?
What are applications of this Instrument
5. a) Draw the Block Schematic of AF Wave analyzer and explain its principle and Working
b) What is the maximum sweep rate in kilohertz per second that could be used
with a spectrum analyzer without introducing distortion with a 4-kHz Gaussian filter?
6. a) How the SSB modulated wave displayed on a spectrum Analyzer?
b) What are the limitations of the tuned circuit harmonic distortion Analyzer?
9. a) Draw and discuss the spectral displays of various modulations using Spectrum analyzer
b) Explain one application of distortion factor meter
13. a) What is the difference between a wave analyzer and harmonic distortion analyzer?
b) Explain with the help of block diagram the working of a harmonic distortion analyzer?
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Essay Type Questions
16. a) Explain with the help of a block diagram the working of harmonic distortion analyzer
b) Explain briey the characteristics and terminology of a wave analyzer. Also draw its
block diagram
17. a) Explain with the help of block diagram the working of a spectrum analyzer
b) Explain the different applications of spectrum analyzer
18. a) Explain with a neat block diagram, the working principle of a distortion analyzer
b) Explain about the following terms:
i. Distortion in a waveform
ii. Distortion in a communication signal
19. a) Distinguish between spectrum analyzer and harmonic distortion analyzer
b) Describe a signature analyzer and explain usage in locating faults in digital circuits
1. a) Draw the circuit for Schering Bridge and derive the expression for unknown
Capacitance Cx.
b) In the case of a Schering Bridge, arm Ac has R=4.7k. Arm CD has unknown
elements . Arm BD has C=0.1F Arm AB=4.7K is shunt with 1MF. Determine
Values of components is the arm CD.
2. a) Draw the Wien Bridge and derive the expression for the frequency of excitation Signal
at balance. What are the salient features of this bridge curcuit?
b) Which type of Bridge Circuit is used to determine L having Q factor in the range of 1to
10? Draw the circuit and derive the expression for the unknown inductance.
3. a) Balancing of which type of Bridge circuits AC or DC is difficult ? Why?
b) Draw the circuit for Schering bridge and derive the expression for unknown elements
4. a) Which type of Bridge Circuit is used to determine the Dissipated factor of a Capacitor?
Draw the Circuit and derive the expression for the unknown elements.
b) Draw the Andersons Bridge Circuit and derive the expression for the unknown Elements
5. a) Draw the Maxwells bridge Circuit and derive the expression for the unknown Elements
at balance.
b) Draw the Wien Bridge Circuit and derive expression for the frequency at which
The bridge elements are balanced
6. Compare Ac Bridge circuit with DC Bridge circuits
7. a) Draw the circuit for the Hay's Bridge and derive the expression for unknown Inductance
Lx
b) In the case of Hay's Bridge one arm has resistance of 2K .Another arm has a
resistance of 4.7K . The third arm 5K in series with a capacitor of 0.1F.
Determine the values of the elements Rx and Lx in the fourth arm
8. a) The standard resistor arm of a Wheatstone bridge has a range of 0 to 100 ohms
with a resolution of 0.001 ohm. The galvanometer has an internal resistance of
100 ohm and can be read to 0.5 A. The other two arms have each 1 Kohm. The
bridge is supplied with a 10V DC source. When the unknown resistance is taken
as 50 ohm, what is the resolution of the bridge in
i. ohms and
ii. percentage of unknown.
b) Discuss about various errors that occurs during measurement.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Essay Type Questions
10. a) Define Quality factor? Derive the expression of Quality factor in Hays bridge
which
is used for the measurement of unknown inductance?
11. With neat sketch explain how unknown resistance measured by means of wheatstone
bridge?
What are the applications of wheat stone bridge? And list out its limitations
12. a) Explain the parallel-connection method of using Q-meter and Obtain the expressions
for resistance, reactance and Q factor.
b) Give the list of the detectors used in ac bridges
13. a) Draw the Circuit of a basic Q-meter and explain its principle of operation using a vector
diagram
b) With circuit diagrams, explain the working of any two bridges that are employed for
measurements at radio frequencies
14. a) Explain the FM recording method.
b) What are the important features of a Kit type LCR bridge?
UNIT 5: OSCILLOSCOPES
1. a) By Lissajous pattern method , explain how the Phase difference between two Sinusoidal
Signals can be measured.
b) Give the specifications with Typical values of a CRO
2. a) With the help of a block Schematic explain the principle and operation of a CRO.
b) Derive the expression for Electromagnetic Deflection Sensitivity of Sm. Compare this
with CRT having Electrostatic Deflection Mechanism.
3. a) Draw the block Schematic of CRO and explain its working
b) Derive the expression for electrostatic deflection sensitivity SE of a CRO
4. a) Explain about
i. Triggered Mode
ii. Sweep Mode of a CRO.
b) The time base of a CRO has R = 470k and C = 0.01MF. Determine the %
of non-linearity in a Sawtooth output wave form having a period of 0.5m.sec.
5. a) Explain about Delay lines in CROs.
b) Determine the deflection sensitivity of a CRO, given with usual notation , l
=2cm ; d =4.5mm ; L=20cm ; Va = 3200V.
6. a) Explain how Lissajous patterns of Ellipse and circle are formed ? Derive necessary
equations to prove the same .
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Essay Type Questions
b) A Lissajous patterns on a CRO has Six Vertical maximum Values and Five
horizontal maximum Values. The frequency of the horizontal input is
1500Hz.Determine the frequency of the Vertical input
7. a) With a neat circuit diagram, explain the function of associated circuits that are
used for CRT operation.
b) Explain how the light is emitted on the screen of a CRO
8. a) What are the advantages of dual beam for multiple trace oscilloscopes?
b) How is the vertical axis of an oscilloscope deflected? How does this differ from
horizontal axis?
9. a) Draw the neat diagrams of both vertical and horizontal deflection systems and
explain briefly about their working
b) Draw the block diagram of a dual beam oscilloscope and explain its working
10. a) With a neat block diagram, describe the working of a triggered sweep CRO
b) Mention the advantages of general purpose oscilloscope.
14. a) With a neat circuit diagram, explain the function of associated circuits that are used for
CRT operation
b) Explain how the light is emitted on the screen of a CRO
3. With the help of a block Schematic explain the functioning of a Dual Beam
CRO.
Compare this with single beam CRO
4. a) Draw the block Schematic of a Period measuring instrument and explain its
Operation clearly. How do you determine whether frequency or period
Measuring to be done for a given Signal? Explain
b)
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Essay Type Questions
5. a) Draw the block Schematic of frequency counter and explain its operation
b) What are the different types of errors that occur in Frequency/Period
measurement? Explain.
6. Explain the principle and working of a storage oscilloscope and compare it with normal
CRO
7. a) Draw the block diagram of the sampling oscilloscope and explain with suitable
waveforms.
b) What is the function of an attenuator in CRO.
10. a) With a suitable block diagram and waveforms, explain the operation of a
frequency counter
b) How many displays (total decades) should a frequency counter have if its
accuracy and resolution are to be 0.001 percent?
11. a) Draw the block diagram of a digital storage oscilloscope and explain its operation
b) What are the advantages of an active probe?
13. a) Draw the neat diagrams of both vertical and horizontal deflection systems and explain
briefly about their working.
b) Draw the block diagram of a dual beam oscilloscope and explain its working
UNIT 7: TRANSDUCERS
1. Draw the sketches of elastic Transducers and explain how they are used to measure
pressure.
2. How are passive Transducer classified ? Give examples and explain the Principle
of operation of each of the them. What are the Various physical Parameters that
can be measured using them.
3. With the help of a neat sketch explain the principle , working , construction,
characteristics and applications of LVDTs
4. a) Explain the Principle and working of Strain gauges
What are Strain gauges Rosettes? Explain
b) What are the Salient features of Semiconductor Strain gauges? Explain
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Essay Type Questions
b) Explain the principle of Strain gauges and give their constructional details.
7. How are Transducers classified? Give examples and briefly explain about the
Principle of operation of each of them
8. With the help of necessary diagrams, explain the Principle and operation of
LVDT.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of this transducer? What are
applications of LVDT?
11. a) With neat sketch, explain the resistance pressure transducers in detail?
b) Derive an expression for poissons ratio
14. a) Differentiate the bonded resistance wire strain gauge and unbounded resistance wire
strain gauge?
b) Write short notes on the following terms:
i. Active transducers
ii. Passive transducers.
15. a) State the error introduced in thermocouple. Describe the various metod to
compensate this error.
b) Explain How the thickness of a sheet material can be measured?
19. Briefly explain the different types of resistance thermometers? Also give their
applications
20. a) What is a RTD and where is it used?
b) What is the difference between photo-emissive, photo-conductive and photovoltaic
transducers?
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Essay Type Questions
3. Explain the principle of Elastic Force Device and other Electro mechanical Methods for
force measurement
4. Draw the Sketch and explain the principle and operation of Hotwire
Anemometer
for liquid flow measurement. What are the two types of anemometer available for liquid
flow measurement
5. Explain the principle and working of Ultrasonic Flow meters. Compare this with
other types of flow measurements .
6. a) Explain the principle and working of Proximity Detector
b) How Humidity and Moisture are measured? Explain
7. With the help of a neat sketch explain the principle and working of
Electromagnetic Flow meter. What are the advantages and Limitations of this
Method?
8. Explain the principle and working of magnetic flow meters. What are the
Advantages and Limitations of these meters. Compare them with other types of
Flow measurement techniques
9. a) Explain how an electrical transducer can be used to find the unknown pressure
of a liquid?
b) Briefly explain the principle and operation of piezoelectric accelerometer?
15. a) With neat sketch, explain the resistance pressure transducers in detail?
b) Derive an expression for poissons ratio
16. a) Explain how an electrical transducer can be used to find the unknown pressure of
a liquid?
b) Briefly explain the principle and operation of piezoelectric accelerometer?
17. a) Explain briefly the construction and working of the Hydraulic Force Meter and also
explain its applications in various measurements?
b) Find the cause that produces the resistance or obstruction to a 10kg body, moving with
an acceleration of 10kg/m2. Name the cause and find the value of that cause?
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Essay Type Questions
18. a) With a neat sketch, briefly explain the principle of operation and force
measurement by cantilever beam type load cell?
b) Explain the working of D.C. Tacho generators with a neat sketch. What are its
advantages and limitations?
19. a) Write about calibration of pressure measuring instrument?
b) What is piezo electric effect? How pressure is measured by using piezoelectric pressure
transducer?
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
ASSIGNMENT
QUESTIONS
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Assignment Questions
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
UNIT-I
1. (a) Explain the Principle and working of differential Voltmeter .
(b) Draw the Sketch and explain the principle and operation of True RMS measuring Thermocouple
type Voltmeter.
2. (a) Explain the constructional details and differentiate between Ohmmeter series
type and shunt type.
(b) Explain the front panel of a multimeter. Suppose if we are measuring a voltage
230V AC. What should be the voltage range we select.
3. (a) Draw the circuit for a FET input electronic Voltmeter and explain its working.
(b) Give the Schematic for true RMS responding Voltmeter and explain its operation.
4. (a) Explain the terms :
i. Significant figures
ii. Conformity.
(b) How are random errors analyzed? Explain them with examples.
(c) Explain about true RMS voltmeter.
5. (a) What is Ayrton Shunt? Describe it with a neat sketch. Specify its applications.
(b) Design a universal Ayrton shunt to provide an ammeter with a current range of
2A, 5A, 10A using a d'Arsonval movement with an internal resistance Rm=50 and full scale deection
current of 1mA.
6. (a) Draw the block diagram of the measuring system and explain the function of
each stage of this system.
(b) Explain the types of test signals used in determining dynamic characteristics
of measurements applied to a system.
UNIT-II
1. (a) Explain the Principle and working of a Function Generator.
(b) Give the Specifications and Typical Values of a Function Generator Instrument.
2. (a) Explain the principle and working of Arbitrary waveform Generator Instrument.
(b) Draw the Circuit for Hartley oscillator and explain the principle of operation.
3. (a) What are the different Types of signal Generators ? Explain each of them briefly.
(b) What are the considerations to be made in choosing an oscillator Instrument or Signal Generator
Instrument .
4. (a) Draw the block diagram of a Pulse Generator Instrument and explain the operation of the
Instrument.
(b) Determine the frequency of Colpitts oscillator with L =100mH C1 =0.005F, C2 = 0.01F.
5. (a) Explain the Principle and working of FM Signal Generator.
(b) Give the specifications and Typical values of FM signal Generator.
6. (a) What are the different types of digital voltmeters? Briefly explain each one of them.
(b) The lowest range on a 41/2 digit DVM is 10 mV full scale. What is the sensitivity of this meter?
7. (a) With a neat diagram describe the principle of operation of Video pattern generator.
(b) With a block diagram explain the working of an AF oscillator.
8. (a) Draw the block diagram of a function generator and explain its operation.
(b) With a neat diagram discuss the operation of a pulse generator.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Assignment Questions
UNIT-III
1. Draw the block Schematic of a Basic Spectrum Analyzer and explain its working?
What are applications of this Instrument.
2. Draw the Block Schematic of AF Wave analyzer and explain its principle and Working
3. (a) What is the maximum sweep rate in kilohertz per second that could be used
with a spectrum analyzer without introducing distortion with a 4-kHz Gaussian filter?
(b) How the SSB modulated wave displayed on a spectrum Analyzer?
(c) What are the limitations of the tuned circuit harmonic distortion Analyzer?
4. (a) Explain the front panel of Spectrum Analyzer.
(b) Explain the importance of Spectrum Analyzer in communication systems.
5. (a) Explain any two types of Spectrum Analyzers.
(b) Explain the following terms associated with Spectrum Analyzer.
i. Sensitivity
ii. Dynamic Range
iii. Harmonic Mixing.
6. (a) Explain with the help of a block diagram the working of harmonic distortion analyzer.
(b) Explain briey the characteristics and terminology of a wave analyzer. Also draw its block diagram.
7. (a) Explain with the help of block diagram the working of a spectrum analyzer.
(b) Explain the different applications of spectrum analyzer.
UNIT-IV
1. (a) Balancing of which type of Bridge circuits AC or DC is difficult ? Why?
(b) Draw the circuit for Schering bridge and derive the expression for unknown elements.
2. (a) Which type of Bridge Circuit is used to determine the Dissipated factor of a Capacitor? Draw the
Circuit and derive the expression for the unknown elements.
(b) Draw the Andersons Bridge Circuit and derive the expression for the unknown Elements.
3. (a) Draw the Maxwells bridge Circuit and derive the expression for the unknown Elements at balance.
(b) Draw the Wien Bridge Circuit and derive expression for the frequency at which
The bridge elements are balanced.
4. Compare Ac Bridge circuit with DC Bridge circuits .
5. Define Quality factor? Derive the expression of Quality factor in Hays bridge which
is used for the measurement of unknown inductance?
6. (a) With neat sketch explain how unknown resistance measured by means of wheatstone bridge?
(b) What are the applications of wheat stone bridge? And list out its limitations.
7. (a) Explain the parallel-connection method of using Q-meter and Obtain the expressions for
resistance, reactance and Q factor.
(b) Give the list of the detectors used in ac bridges.
8. (a) Draw the Circuit of a basic Q-meter and explain its principle of operation using a vector diagram.
(b) With circuit diagrams, explain the working of any two bridges that are employed for measurements
at radio frequencies.
UNIT-V
1. (a) Explain about Delay lines in CROs.
(b) Determine the deflection sensitivity of a CRO, given with usual notation , l
=2cm ; d =4.5mm ; L=20cm ; Va = 3200V.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Assignment Questions
2. (a) Explain how Lissajous patterns of Ellipse and circle are formed ? Derive necessary equations to
prove the same .
(b) A Lissajous patterns on a CRO has Six Vertical maximum Values and Five horizontal maximum
Values. The frequency of the horizontal input is 1500Hz.
Determine the frequency of the Vertical input.
3. (a) With a neat circuit diagram, explain the function of associated circuits that are used for CRT
operation.
(b) Explain how the light is emitted on the screen of a CRO
4. (a) What are the advantages of dual beam for multiple trace oscilloscopes?
(b) How is the vertical axis of an oscilloscope deflected? How does this differ from horizontal axis?
5. (a) Draw the neat diagrams of both vertical and horizontal deflection systems and explain briefly
about their working.
(b) Draw the block diagram of a dual beam oscilloscope and explain its working.
6. (a) Draw the neat block diagram of a general purpose oscilloscope and explain its
basic operation.
(b) Explain the following terms briey:
i. Fluorescence
ii. Phosphorescence
iii. Persistence.
7. (a) Explain the working of a post deflection acceleration oscilloscope using a scan expansion mesh.
(b) Briefly summarize the characteristics of commonly used phosphors.
8. (a) With a neat circuit diagram, explain the function of associated circuits that are used for CRT
operation.
(b) Explain how the light is emitted on the screen of a CRO.
UNIT-VI
1. (a) Explain the principle and working of a Dual Trace Oscilloscope.
(b) Explain the method of measurement of period using CRO.
2. With the help of a block Schematic explain the functioning of a Dual Beam CRO.
Compare this with single beam CRO.
3. Draw the block Schematic of a Period measuring instrument and explain its Operation clearly. How
do you determine whether frequency or period Measuring to be done for a given Signal? Explain.
(a) Draw the block Schematic of frequency counter and explain its operation.
(b) What are the di_erent types of errors that occur in Frequency/Period measurement? Explain.
4. Explain the principle and working of a storage oscilloscope and compare it with normal CRO.
5. (a) Draw the block diagram of the sampling oscilloscope and explain with suitable
waveforms.
(b) What is the function of an attenuator in CRO.
6. (a) Draw the block diagram of a digital storage oscilloscope and explain its operation.
(b) What are the advantages of an active probe?
7. (a) Discuss the following display modes of dual-trace CRO
i. A and B chopped
ii. A and B alternate.
(b) Explain the working principles of a current probe.
UNIT-VII
1. (a) Explain the Principle and working of Strain gauges.
(b) What are Strain gauges Rosettes? Explain.
(c) What are the Salient features of Semiconductor Strain gauges? Explain.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Assignment Questions
2. (a) How are the Transducers classified ? Explain about each of them.
(b) Draw the Sketch of a potentiometer Transducer and explain how physical parameters can be
measured .
3. (a) Explain the principle and construction of LVDT.
(b) Explain the principle of Strain gauges and give their constructional details.
4. How are Transducers classified? Give examples and briefly explain about the Principle of operation
of each of them.
5. With the help of necessary diagrams, explain the Principle and operation of LVDT.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of this transducer? What are applications of LVDT?
6. (a) What is a RTD and where is it used?
(b) What is the difference between photo-emissive, photo-conductive and photovoltaic transducers?
7. (a) Compare RTD with thermistor.
(b) Explain how the displacement is measured using LVDT.
8. (a) With neat sketch, explain the resistance pressure transducers in detail?
(b) Derive an expression for poissons ratio.
9. (a) Describe the operation of Optical pyrometers.
(b) Explain the working of a turbine flow meter with a neat diagram.
UNIT-VIII
1. (a) Explain the principle and working of ultrasonic Level gauge.
(b) How Humidity and Moisture are measured? Explain.
2. Explain the principle of Elastic Force Device and other Electro mechanical Methods for force
measurement .
3. Draw the Sketch and explain the principle and operation of Hotwire Anemometer
for liquid flow measurement. What are the two types of anemometer available for liquid flow
measurement.
4. Explain the principle and working of Ultrasonic Flow meters. Compare this with
other types of flow measurements .
5. (a) Explain the principle and working of Proximity Detector.
(b) How Humidity and Moisture are measured? Explain.
6. With the help of a neat sketch explain the principle and working of Electromagnetic Flow meter.
What are the advantages and Limitations of this Method?
7. Explain the principle and working of magnetic flow meters. What are the Advantages and
Limitations of these meters. Compare them with other types of Flow measurement techniques.
8. (a) Explain how an electrical transducer can be used to find the unknown pressure
of a liquid?
(b) Briefly explain the principle and operation of piezoelectric accelerometer?
****THE END****
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
CONTROL SYSTEMS
COURSEFILE
Department of
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
VIGNAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
VIGNAN HILLS, DESHMUKHI VILLAGE, POCHAMPALLY (MANDAL)
NALGONDA (DISTRICT) - 508284
Sponsored by
Lavu Educational Society
COURSE
OBJECTIVES
Control Systems Course Objectives
COURSE OBJECTIVES
Analog control part:
1. To familiarize the students with the analog computer
2. To help the students understand and practice the modeling, simulation, and implementation of a physical
dynamical system by a linear time invariant ordinary differential equation.
3. To highlight the electrical modeling of a second order system and analyze the under damped, over-damped
and critically damped cases
4. To study the effects of poles and zeros location in the s-plane on the transient and steady state behavior
5. To study the effects of Lead, Lag and Lag-Lead series compensator on a second order system transient and
steady state system response.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
SYLLABUS
Control Systems Syllabus
SYLLABUS
UNIT I INTRODUCTION
Concepts of Control Systems- Open Loop and closed loop control systems and their differences-
Different examples of control systems- Classification of control systems, Feed-Back Characteristics,
Effects of feedback. Mathematical models Differential equations, Impulse Response and transfer
functions - Translational and Rotational mechanical systems
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Automatic Control Systems 8th edition by B. C. Kuo 2003 John wiley and sons.,
2. Control Systems Engineering by I. J. Nagrath and M. Gopal, New Age International
3. (P) Limited, Publishers, 2nd edition.
4. Control systems engineering by Nagoor khani
5. Control systems engineering by Anand kumar and Ramesh babu.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Control Systems Syllabus
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Modern Control Engineering by Katsuhiko Ogata Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., 3rd edition,
1998.
2. Control Systems by N.K.Sinha, New Age International (P) Limited Publishers, 3rd Edition, 1998.
3. Control Systems Engg. by NISE 3rd Edition John wiley
4. Modelling & Control Of Dynamic Systems by Narciso F. Macia George J. Thaler, Thomson
Publishers.
5. Control Systems U.Bakshi and Bakshi.
6. Automatic Control System- B.C. Kuo, seventh edition.
JOURNALS
1. Journal of automation control and systems engineering.
2. International journal of systems controlled communications.
3. The open automation and control systems journal.
4. International journal of intelligent control and systems.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
STUDENTS
SEMINAR
TOPICS
Control Systems Students Seminar Topics
1. Open loop control systems and closed loop systems with examples.
2. Ac & dc servo motors
3. PID controllers
4. Time and frequency domain specifications of second order systems.
5. Routh Hurwitz criterion
6. Root locus concepts
7. Nyquist criterion
8. Bode plots
9. Polar plots
10. Lead, lag, lag-lead, lead-lag compensators
11. State models representations
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
LECTURE PLAN
Control Systems Lecture Plan
LECTURE PLAN
No of Method of
S.No NAME OF THE TOPIC Text books referred
Periods Teaching
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION
1. Concepts of Control Systems- Open Loop and closed loop control systems 3 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
and their differences
2. Different examples of control system 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
3. Classification of control systems, Feed-Back Characteristics, Effects of 2 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
feedback.
4. Mathematical models Differential equations 2 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
5. Impulse Response and transfer functions - 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
6. Translational and Rotational mechanical systems 2 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
7. related problems 2 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
8. university question paper discussion 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
9. university question paper discussion 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
UNIT II: TRANSFER FUNCTION REPRESENTATION
10. Transfer Function of DC Servo motor - AC Servo motor 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
11. Synchro transmitter and Receiver 2 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
12. Block diagram representation of systems considering electrical systems as 3 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
examples
13. Block diagram algebra 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
14. Representation by Signal flow graph 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
15. Reduction using masons gain formula. 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
16. related problems 2 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
17. university question paper discussion 2 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
UNIT III: TIME RESPONSE ANALYSIS
18. Standard test signals - Time response of first order system 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
19. Characteristic Equation of Feedback control system 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
20. Transient response of second order systems 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
21. Time domain specifications Steady state response 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
22. Steady state errors and error constant 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
23. Effects of proportional derivative, proportional integral systems 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
24. related problems 2 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
25. university question paper discussion 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
UNIT-IV: STABILITY ANALYSIS IN S-DOMAIN
26. The concept of stability Rouths stability criterion 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
27. qualitative stability and conditional stability 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
28. Limitations of Rouths stability 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
29. related problems 2 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
30. university question paper discussion 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
31. Root Locus Technique: 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
The root locus concept
32. construction of root loci-effects of adding poles and zeros to G(s)H(s) on the 2 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
root loci.
UNIT-V: FREQUENCY RESPONSE ANALYSIS
33. Introduction, Frequency domain specifications 2 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
34. Bode diagrams-Determination of Frequency domain 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
35. transfer function from the Bode Diagram 2 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
36. Phase margin and Gain margin-Stability 2 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
37. Analysis from Bode Plots. 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
38. related problems 2 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
39. university question paper discussion 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
UNIT-VI: STABILITY ANALYSIS IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN
40. Polar Plots Stability Analysis 2 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
41. Nyquist Plots Stability Analysis 2 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
42. related problems 2 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
43. university question paper discussion 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
UNIT-VII: CLASSICAL CONTROL DESIGN TECHNIQUES
44. LAG Compensation technique 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
45. LEAD Compensation technique 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
46. LEAD-LAG Compensation technique 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
47. all compensators in frequency domain 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
48. PID Controllers. 2 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
49. related problems 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
50. related problems 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
51. related problems 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
52. university question paper discussion 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
UNIT-VIII: STATE SPACE ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS SYSTEMS
53. Concepts of state, state variables and state model 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
54. derivation of state models from block diagrams 2 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
55. Diagonalization 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
56. Solving the Time invariant state Equations 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
57. State Transition Matrix and its Properties 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
58. Concepts of Controllability and Observability 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
59. related problems 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
60. related problems 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
61. university question paper discussion 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
62. REVISION UNIT I &II 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
63. REVISION UNIT III &IV 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
64. REVISION UNIT V &VI 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
65. REVISION UNIT VII &VIII 1 Black board I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION
After completing UNIT I the student will be able to
Explain the concepts of control system.
Explain the classification of control system.
comparision between open loop and closed loop control system with examples.
Explain Feedback Characteristics.
Explain the reduction of parameter variations like system sensitivity ,Time constant , Gain ,
Stability by use of feedback.
Solve problems related to effects of feedback
Identify the use of Laplace Transform in control system.
Determine the Transfer Function of Mechanical Translational System.
Solve problems on Mechanical Translational System.
Derive Electrical Analogues of Mechanical Translational System.
Determine the Transfer Function of Mechanical Rotational System.
Solve problems on Mechanical Rotational System.
Derive Electrical Analogues of Mechanical Rotational System.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Control Systems Learning Objectives
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
OBJECTIVE
TYPE
QUESTIONS
Control Systems Objective Type Questions
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION
1. T he closed loop transfer function of the open loop transfer function , G (s )= K S ( 1 + S T ) of a unity feed back
systemis
a. (a)K(1+sT)S(b)KS2T+s+k(c)Ks(T+sT)(d)K/S
2. The sensitivity of a closed-loop system to gain changes and load disturbances depends
upon
a)loop gain (b) forward gain (c) forward gain,loopgain and frequency (d) frequency
3. In the following,pick out the linear systems
a. (i) d3y(t)/dt3+t3d2y(t)/dt2+tdy(t)/dt+y2=20sinwT (ii) d2y(t)/t2+(1/t)dy/dt+y=4
b. (iii)d2y(t)/dt2]+dy/dt+y(t)=5
c. (a) (II)and (III) (b) (I)and(II) (c) (I)and(III) (d) IIonly
4. The open loop control system is one in which
(a)output is dependant on control input (b) output is independent on control input
(c) input is independent on controller (d) only system parameter shav effect on the control output
5. The closed loop transfer function of the open loop transfer function,G(s)=K/[s(1+sT)] of a unity feedback
system is
(a) K(1+ST)S2 (b) k/s(T+sT) (c) k(1+sT)/s (d) k/(sT+k)
6. In closed loop control system with positive value of feedback gain the overall gain of the system
a)be unaffected (b) increase (c) nothing can tell (d) decrease
7. The position of a moving object of constant mass Misrelated to the total force'f 'applied to the object by
differential equation Md2y/dt2=fitst ransfer function willbe
(a) F(s)=Ms (b) F(s)=1/Ms2 (c) F(s)=1/Ms3 (d) F(s)=1/Ms
8. The transfer function of the system whose input and output are related by the Following differential
equation is given by d2y/dt2+3dy/dt+2y=x+dx/dt
(a) (s+2)/(s2+3s+2) (b) s/(s2+3s+2) (c) (s+1)/(s2+3s+2) (d) 1/(s2+3s+2)
9. Introduction of negative feedback in a system does not lead to reduction in
(a) instability (b) overall gain (c) bandwidth (d) distortion
10. In closed loop control system with positive value of feed back gain the overall gain of the system
(a) nothing can tell (b) increase (c) decrease (d) be unaffected
11. The describing equation of a mass damper spring system is given by d2x/dt2+dx/dt+0.5x=f(t) Where f(t)
is the external force acting on the system and x is the displacement of mass.The steady state displacement
corresponding to a force of newtons is givenby
(a) 2m (b) 4m (c) 0.5m (d) 0.25m
12. The poles of F(s) (s2-16)/(s5-7s4-30s3) are located at
(a) s=0(triple pole),-3and10 ( b)s=0(triple pole),-3and10 (c)s=4,4 (d)s=0,4,16
13. In a system, if forward gain is 76 and one fourth of the voltage is feedback ,the output errors
(a) 5 percent of the error without feedback (b) 15 percent of the error without feedback
(c) 10 percent of the error without feedback (d) 20percent of the error without feedback
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Control Systems Objective Type Questions
ANSWERS
1.B 2.C 3.C 4.B 5.D 6.B 7.B 8.C 9.C 10.B
11.B 12.A 13.A 14.A 15.B 16.D 17.C 18.C 19.C 20.A
4. Two blocks having respective functions as G1 abd G2 are connected in parallel. Their resultant will be
(a) G1G2 (b)G1 or G2which everishigher
(c)G1orG2 which ever is lower (d) G1+G2
5. feedback loop consisting of only one branch is
(a) input loop (b) self loop (c) forward loop (d) output loop
6. Which of the following statements is not correct for servomechanisms ?
a) A servo with better frequency response need not be stable
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Control Systems Objective Type Questions
1.B 2.B 3.B 4.D 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.A 9.A 10.A
11.C 12.A 13.C 14.A 15.B 16.D 17.D 18.A 19.B 20.A
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Control Systems Objective Type Questions
2 The characteristic equation of these second order system is given by s2+2cw0s+w02=0.If w=01,the poles are
(a)+or-jcw0 (b)+or-jw0 (c)+or-jw02 (d)+or-jcw02
3 A second order system with no zeros has its poles located at-3+j4 and-3-j4in these plane the undamped natural
frequency and the damping factor of the system arerespectively
(a) 5rad/sec and 0.60 (b) 3rad/sec and 0.60 (c) 4rad/sec and 0.75 (d) 5rad/sec and 0.80
4 Velocity error constant of a system is measured when the input to the system is uni function
(a) Impulse (b)Step (c)parabolic (d)Ramp
5 In a control system integral error compensation steady state error
(a) decreases (b) nothing can tell (c) increases (d) does not have any effect ion
6. The error signal produced in a control system is Qr=a+bt .if only proportional action is used ,the input is given
to the final control element when PID action is used, will be
(a)-(Ka+K1bt+K2a+K2bt) (b) ((Ka+K1(a+bt)+K2(at+bt2)) (c) K(a+btK1(at+bt2K2b)))
(d) ((Ka+K1(a+bt)+K2(at+bt2))
7.natural frequency of a unity feedback control system of transfer function G(s)=10/s(s+1)is
(a) 4.6rad/sec (b) 0.5rad/sec (c) 3.16rad/sec (d) 4.16rad/sec
8 Th etype-2 system has
(a) none pole at the origin (b) simple pole at the origin (c)two poles at the origin
(d)net pole at the origin
9.In control system excessive bandwidth should be avoided bacause
(a) noise is proportional to bandwidth (b) it leads to high speed of response
(c) it leads To slow speed of response (d) it leads to low relative stability
10.Velocity error constant of a system is measured when the input to the system is uni function
(a) Impulse (b) Ramp (c) parabolic (d)Step
11. The characteristic equation of these second order system is given by s2+2cw0s+w02=0.Ifc=1,the poles of
the transfer function will be
(a) equalto-1 (b) real and equal (c)imaginary and equal (d) complex conjugate
12.The characteristic equation of the second order system is given by s2+2cw0s+w02=0.Ifc<1,the poles are
(a)complex conjugate (b) imaginary and equal (c)real and unequal (d) real and equal
13.A unity feedback system has transfer function G(s)=9S(s+3)
(a)damping ratio=0.8 (b) natural frequency=9 (c) natural frequency=3
(d)damping ratio=0.6
14The type 0 system has at the origin
(a) two poles (b) net pole (c) no pole (d) simple pole
15. The steady state acceleration error for at ype1 system is
(a) Between 0 and 1 (b) Infinite (c) 0 (d) 1
16. The characteristic equation of the second order system is given by s2+2cw0s+02=0.Ifc=1, the system is
(a) Absolutely damped (b) over damped (c) under damped (d) critically damped
17.For the following differential equation 2d2y/dt2+4dy/dt+8y=8x,thedamping ratio is
(a) 2 (b) 0.7 (c) 1 (d)0.5
18.In control system excessive bandwidth should be avoided because
(a) noise is proportional to bandwidth (b ) it leads to high speed of response
(c) it leads to slow response (d) it leads to lower relative stability
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Control Systems Objective Type Questions
1.A 2.B 3.A 4.D 5.A 6.C 7.C 8.C 9.A 10.B
11.B 12.B 13.C 14.C 15.B 16.D 17.D 18.A 19.B 20.A
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Control Systems Objective Type Questions
11.which of the following statements is not true for root locus technique
(a)input and single-output system
(b) it provides the pattern of movement of when open-loop gain varies
(c) it is used to obtain closed-loop pole configuration poles and zeros
(d)can't tell from the options given
12.The transfer function is K/(s+1)(s+2)(s+3) then ,the break away point will be
(a)-2 and-3 (b)-1and-2 (c)0and-1 (d)-2and-3
13. Adding a zero very close to origin in the T.F has impact on
(a)impulse response (b) output response (c) steady state response
(d) no effect on response
14.the characteristic equation of a system has roots with negative real parts if and only if elements of the first
column of the Routh stable have
(a)negative sign. (b) Same sign. (c) positive sign. (d) Alternate positive and negative sign
15 Given,the characteristic equation as F(S)=3(S)(S)+10(S)(S)+5S+5S+2=0,Then the system is
(a)marginally stable (b)stable (c)unstable (d)conditionally stable
16.the root loci of a system has three asymptotes .The system can have.
(a)three poles. (b)Four poles and one zero (c)can't tell from the options given
(d) Five poles and four zeros.
17 For root loci which of the following are the starting points?
(a) closed loop poles (b) open loop poles (c) closed loop zeros (d) open loop zeros
18. Adding of poles in the transfer function causes
(a)lead-lag compensation (b) lag compensation (c) no compensation (d) lead-compensation
19 When derivative action is included in proportional controller,
(a)the proportion mains unaffected (b) decreases (c) increases
(d) depends upon derivative time
20. The best method for determining the stability and transient response is
(a)root locus plot (b) m-n circle plot (c) nyquist plot (d) Nicholas chart
ANSWERS
1.C 2.B 3.D 4.D 5.D 6.C 7.C 8.B 9.B 10.B
11.D 12.B 13.A 14.B 15.B 16.C 17.B 18.D 19.A 20.A
1. The term frequency response means the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ response of a system to a sinusoidal input
(a) Transient (b) steady state (c) Impulse (d) time
2. The correlation between time response & frequency response exists for the range of '' given by
(a)1 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d)1
3. Bandwidth & _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ are inversely proportional to each other
(a) Damping factor (b) Undamped natural frequency (c) Settling time (d) Rise time
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Control Systems Objective Type Questions
ANSWERS
1.B 2.A 3.D 4.A 5.D 6.A 7.A 8.A 9.A 10.A
11.C 12.A 13.C 14.A 15.A 16.B 17.B 18.A 19.A 20.D
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Control Systems Objective Type Questions
1. For a reasonably good degree of relative stability the values of GM (dBs) and PM should be
(a). 6,30 (b). 0,0 (c) 0. 60,80 (d). 1,3
2. The polar plot of a system passes through the point (-1+j0). The GM is
(a). 0 dB (b). -1 dB (c). 1 dB (d). < 1dB
3.For a given system the damping ratio '' is 0.45. The approximate value of PM in degrees is
(a). 45 ( b). 4.5 (c). 0.45 (d). can't be determined from the given data
4. The Nyquist plot of a minimum phase system encloses the point (-1+j0) point. The GM of the system is
(a). < 0 (b). 0 (c). > 0 (d).
5. An open loop transfer function of a system has only real poles. If a pole at origin is added to this system
the shape of the Nyquist plot is affected in the following manner:
(a). The Nyquist plot is affected at both zero and frequencies
(b). The Nyquist plot is affected at 0 frequency only
(c). The Nyquist plot is affected at frequency only
(d). The Nyquist plot is not fected at all
6. Adding a pole at s = 0 to a loop transfer function will
(a). reduce the stability of closed loop system (b). increase the stability of closed loop system
(c). not affect the stability of closed loop system
(d) increase the stability of closed loop system under some specific conditions
7. A non zero pole is added to the loop transfer function of a system. The closed loop stability then
(a). is reduced (b). is improved
(c). is not affected (d). is improved to an extent which depends on the loop transfer function.
8. Addition of zeros to the loop transfer function affects the closed loop stability in the following manner.
(a). It is improved (b). It is reduced
(c). It is not affected (d). The exact effect depends on the loop transfer function
9. A system has G(s)H(s) = . A real pole at s = -2 is added to this system. Which of the following is true
with respect to the new system
(a). The Nyquist plot is affected at frequency only
(b). The Nyquist plot is affected at both zero and frequencies
(c). The Nyquist plot is affected at 0 frequency only
(d). The Nyquist plot is not ffected at all
10. The polar plot of this system will intersect with
(a). +ve j & +ve real axis (b). - ve real, +j, +ve real axes
(c). Only +ve imaginary axes (d). Only - ve imaginary axes
11. Polar plot is defined as the locus of tip of G(j) H(j) phasor as the input frequency is varied over a
frequency range given by _ _ _ _ _ _ _ where are any two frequencies other than 0 and
(a). +ve j & +ve real axis (b). - ve real, +j, +ve real axes
(c). Only +ve imaginary axes (d). Only - ve imaginary axes
12. With reference to a complex function P( ) , which of the following is true
(a). Both magnitude and phase angle of P(j) are functions of frequency .
(b). Only magnitude of P(j) is a function of frequency .
(c). Only phase angle of P(j) is a function of frequency .
(d). Neither magnitude nor phase angle of P(j) are functions of frequency
13. A given stable system has no open loop poles in the right half s-plane. For stability the Nyquist plot
should encircle the (-1+j0) point ,
(a). Zero times or zero net encirclement (b). Once in CCW direction
(c). Once in CW direction (d). Twice in CCW direction
14. Which of the following statements is true with respect to a function q(s) in the theory of complex
variables?
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Control Systems Objective Type Questions
(a).Every s-plane contour which does not pass through any singular point has a corresponding
contour in the q(s) plane
(b).Every s-plane contour passing through singular points has a corresponding contour in the q(s)
plane
(c)Only those contours of s-plane which lie in the LH plane have corresponding contours in the q(s)
plane
(d).Any s-plane contour which does not pass through origin has a corresponding contour in the q(s)
plane
15. Nyquist stability criterion is used to determine
(a). Only closed loop stability (b). Only open loop stability
(c). Both open loop & closed loop stability (d). Neither open loop nor closed loop stability
16. A system has 2 open loop poles & one closed loop pole in the right half s-plane. The Nyquist plot of
this system will encircle the (-1+j0) point
(a). Once in CCW direction (b). Once in CW direction
(c). Thrice in CW direction (d). Thrice in CCW direction
17. Two poles & 3 zeros of a function q(s) are enclosed by an s-plane contour. The net encirclement of
origin by the corresponding q(s)-plane contour will be
(a). Once in CW direction (b). Once in CCW direction
(c). 5 times in CW direction (d). 5 times in CCW direction
18. A minimum phase system has a single pole at the origin. The minimum effort required
for the assessment of stability is by mapping
(a). Only that segment of Nyquist contour from = 0+ to
(b). The entire imaginary axis segment from - to + of Nyquist contour
(c). The entire Nyquist contour
(d). The entire Nyquist contour except the small semicircular indent around the origin.
19. The Nyquist plot of a type-1, 3rd order minimum phase system with an open loop gain K
intersected the real axis at (-0.25,0). After a change in gain the plot intersected the real
axis at (-0.75,0). The modified value of gain is
(a). 3K (b). (1/3)K (c). 9K ( d). (1/9)K
20. The Nyquist plot of a type-1, 3rd order system intersects the - ve real axis at (- 0.2,0).
If the open loop gain K is doubled the new point of intersection will be
(a). (- 0.4,0) b. (- 0.2,0) c. (- 0.1,0) d. (- 0.8,0)
ANSWERS
1.A 2.A 3.A 4.A 5.A 6.A 7.A 8.A 9.A 10.A
11.A 12.A 13.A 14.A 15.A 16.A 17.A 18.A 19.A 20.A
1. A system has fourteen poles and two zero. The slope of its highest frequency asymptote in its
magnitude plot is
(a) -40 db/decade (b) -240 db/decade (c) -280 db/decade (d) -320 db/decade
2. Octave frequency range is given by
(a) 1/2=2 (b) 1/2=4 (c) 1/2=8 (d) 1/2=10
3. The magnitude and phase relationship between the sinusoidal input and the steady state output of a
system is termed the
(a )time response (b) frequency response (c) transient response (d) steady state response.
4. The frequency at which the phase of open loop transfer function is 1800 is called the
(a) gain frequency (b) phase margin (c) phase cross over frequency (d) gain margin
5. The Bode plot and polar plot are usually drawn for systems
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Control Systems Objective Type Questions
(a) closed loop (b) stable (c) linear (d) open loop
6. The bode plot consists of
(a) only one graph (b) two graphs (c) three graphs (d) no graphs
7. In Linear time invariant systems the frequency response is independent of the of the
input signal.
(a) only amplitude (b) only phase (c) magnitude (d) amplitude and phase
8. is not the frequency domain.
(a) root locus (b) bode plot (c) polar plot (d) nyquist plot
9. The maximum value of the magnitude of closed loop transfer function is called the
(a )resonant frequency (b) resonant peak (c) band width (d) gain margin
10. The frequency at which the resonant peak occurs is called
(a)resonant frequency (b) resonant peak (c) band width (d) gain margin
11. The band width is the range of frequencies for which the system gain is more than
(a) -5 db (b) -8 db (c) -3 db (d) 10 db
12. The phase margin is defined as the amount of additional phase lag at the gain cross
over frequency required to bring the system to the verge of
(a) stability (b) instability (c) critical damping (d) oscillating
13 Gain margin may be defined as the reciprocal of the gain at the frequency at which the phase
angle becomes
(a) 00 b) 900 c) 1800 d) 225 0
14. Phase margin of a system is used to specify
(a) relative stability (b) absolute stability (c) time response (d) frequency response
15. Concept of a phase margin and gain margin is applicable to systems only.
(a) open loop unstable (b) open loop stable (c) closed loop unstable (d) closed loop stable
16. When the gain margin is positive and the phase margin is negative, the system is
(a) stable (b) unstable (c) oscillatory (d) highly stable
17. Band width is used as a means for specifying the performance of a control system related to the
(a )Speed of response (b) Constant gain (c) Relative stability (d) Absolute stability
18. A system with a large gain margin or a large phase margin is usually a
(a) unstable system (b) stable system
(c) very stable but very sluggish system (d) highly oscillatory system
19. A system with gain margin close to unity or a phase margin close zero is
(a) highly stable (b) oscillatory (c) relatively stable (d) unstable
20. The frequency at which the phase angle is 180 degrees is called the frequency.
(a) phase cross over (b) cut-off (c) break (d) critical
ANSWERS
1.B 2.C 3.B 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.A 8.A 9.B 10.A
11.C 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.D 16.B 17.A 18.C 19.B 20.A
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Control Systems Objective Type Questions
ANSWERS
1.C 2.C 3.A 4.A 5.C 6.C 7.C 8.C 9.A 10.D
11.A 12.A 13.C 14.A 15.A 16.B 17.B 18.B 19.A 20.A
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
ESSAY TYPE
QUESTIONS
Control Systems Essay Type Questions
UNITI-1:INTRODUCTION
1. (a) Find the transfer function for the following mechanical system: Shown in Figure
(b) Explain the limitations of closed loop system over open loop system.
2. (a) Explain the efect of feedback on stability.
(b) Explain the temperature control system concepts using open loop as well as closed loop
system.
3. (a) Obtain the transfer function for the following network Figure :
4. (a) Derive the transfer function of the following network figure 1a by assuming, R1=5M and R2 =
5M, C1=0.1F and C2=0.1F.
(b) Find the transfer function of the following system show in figure .
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Control Systems Essay Type Questions
6. (a) Obtain the transfer function of the following system and draw its analogous
electrical circuit. Figure
9. (a) For the mechanical system Figure given, write down the diferential equations of motion and hence
determine the Y2(s)/F(s)
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Control Systems Essay Type Questions
11. (a) Explain, with example, the use of control system concepts to engineering and
non engineering fields.
(b) For the electrical network shown in Figure given, derive the transfer function
12. (a) Explain the trafic control system concepts using open loop as well as closed
loop system.
(b) Why is negative feedback invariably preferred in closed loop systems?
13. (a) Define transfer function and what are its limitations?
(b) Find the transfer function of the following system: Shown in figure .
14. (a) Write the important diferences between open loop and closed loop systems
with suitable examples.
(b) Obtain the transfer function x2(t)/x1(t) of the following
system. Shown in figure.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Control Systems Essay Type Questions
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Control Systems Essay Type Questions
3. (a) Determine the transfer function c(S)/r(S) for the following block diagram.
4. (a) Determine the overall transfer function relating C and R for the system whose block diagram is
given.
5. (a) Determine the overall transfer function relating C and R for the system whose
block diagram is given
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Control Systems Essay Type Questions
7. Explain the procedure for deriving the transfer function and derive the transfer function for servo.
8. (a) State and explain mason's gain formula for the signal ow graph.
(b) What are diferences between block diagram reduction and signal ow graph reduction?
9. Derive the Transfer Function for a.c. servomotor. Explain about torque-speed characteristics.
10. (a) Explain how the potentiometers are used as error sensing devices. Give a typical application of
it with single line diagram.
(b) Discuss the efect of disturbance signal of the speed control system for a gaso-lineengine as
shown in Figure 2b assuming K=10.
11. Derive the Transfer Function for the field controlled d.c. servomotor with neat Sketch
12. (a) Reduce the given block diagram (figure 2a)and hence obtain the transfer function c(s)/r(s)
(b) Explain the need of signal ow graph representation for any system
13 (a)Reduce the given block diagram (figure 2a) and hence obtain the transfer function c(s)/r(s)
(b) Explain the working principle of synchro receiver with neat sketch.
14. (a) State and explain mason's gain formula for the signal ow graph.
(b) What are diferences between block diagram reduction and signal ow graph reduction?
15. (a) Reduce the given block diagram (figure 2a) and hence obtain the transfer function C(s)/ R(s)
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Control Systems Essay Type Questions
(b) Explain the need of Mason's gain formula for any system reduction.
16. (a) Explain the disadvantages and advantages of block diagram reduction process over signal ow
graph.
(b) Explain the rules of block diagram reduction
17. (a) Determine the transfer functionc(s)/r(s) for the following block diagram
18. (a) Explain the disadvantages and advantages of block diagram reduction process over signal ow
graph.
(b) Explain the rules of block diagram reduction.
Draw a signal flow graph and find its closed loop transfer function and verify it using signal flow
graph.
19. Obtain the overall transfer function C/R from the signal flow graph shown in figure 1.
2. (a) What are the types of controllers that are used in closed loop system? Explain them?
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Control Systems Essay Type Questions
(b) The response of a system subjected to a unit step input is c(t) = 1 + 1.2e 10t .Obtain the
expression for the closed loop transfer function? Also determine the Un damped natural
frequency and damping ratio of the system?
3.(a) What is the diference between type and order of a control system? Explain each with an example?
(b) The figure 3b shows PD controller used for the system. Determine the value of Td so that the system
will be critically damped? Calculate its settling time?
8. (a) For an under damped second order system ,define various time domain specifications?
(b) The forward path T.F. of a unity feed back control system is given by G(s) = 2/s(s+3) .
Obtain the expression for unit step response of the system?
9. (a) Explain the important time ? response specification of a standard second ordered system to a
unit step input.
(b) Derive expressions for time domain specifications of a standard second ordered system to a step
input.
10.(a) Derive the expression for rise time, peak time peak overshoot and settling time of second order
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Control Systems Essay Type Questions
12. (a) What are generalized error constants? State the advantages of generalized
error coefcients?
(b) For a first order system, find out the output of the system when the input
applied to the system is unit ramp input? Sketch the r(t) and c(t) and show
the steady state error
13. How steady ?state error of a control system is determined? How it can be
reduced?
14.(a) Define type and order of a control system and hence find the type and order
of the following systems?
(b) The unit step response of a second order linear system with zero initial state is given by c(t) =
1 + 1.25e 6tSin(8t tan 1 1.333). Determine the damping ratio, un damped natural
frequency of oscillations and peak overshoot?
16. (a) For an under damped second order system ,define various time domain speci-
fications?
(b) The forward path T.F. of a unity feed back control system is given by
G(s) = s(s2+3) . Obtain the expression for unit step response of the system?
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Control Systems Essay Type Questions
17. (a) For an under damped second order system ,define various time domain speci-
fications?
(b) The forward path T.F. of a unity feed back control system is given by
G(s) = s(s2+3) . Obtain the expression for unit step response of the system?
18. (a) Why derivative controller is not used in control systems? What is the efect
of PI controller on the system performance?
(b) The system shown in figure uses a rate feed back controller. Determine the tachometer constant
Kt so as to obtain the damping ratio as 0.5. Calculate the corresponding d, Tp, Ts and Mp.
1. Sketch the root locus plot of a unity feed ?back system whose open loop T.F is
G(s) = k/s(s+2)(s+3)
2. Determine the values of k and b ,so that the system whose open transfer function
is G(s) = s3+kb(ss2+13)s+1 oscillates at a frequency of oscillations of 2 rad / sec. Assume +
unity feed back
3. (a) The open loop t.f. of a unity feed-back system is given by G(s) =SK/ s(1+0.25)(1+0.4s)
Find the restriction on K so that the closed loop system is absolutely stable?
(b) A feed-back system has an an open loop t.f of G(s)H(s) = k/s(s +5s+9)
2
Determine S by the use of the RH criterion ,the max. value of K for the closed loop system to be stable?
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Control Systems Essay Type Questions
(b) Consider a unity-feedback control system whose open-loop transfer function is G(s)=k/
(s+B) . Discuss the efects that varying the values of K and B has s on the steady-state error in
unit-ramp response.
7. (a) Define the term root locus and state the rule for finding out the root locus on
the real axis?
(b) Calculate the angle of asymptotes and the centroid for the system having
G(s)H(s) = k/(s+2)(s+4)(s+3)(s+5)
8. (a) What are the necessary conditions to have all the roots of the characteristic
Equation in the left half of s-plane?
(b) What are the difculties in RH stability crititerion? Explain ,how you can over come them?
9. (a) Define the the following terms
i. absolute stability
ii. marginal stability
iii. conditional stability
(b) By means of RH criterion determine the stability of the system represented by the characteristic
equation S4 + 2S3 + 8S2 + 4S + 3 = 0
(c) State the advantages of RH Stability criterion?
(a) the break-away points (b) The angle of departure from complex poles
(c) the stability
11. For a unity feedback system having forward path transfer function
G(S) = k/s(1+0.6S)(1+0.4s) Determine)
(a) The range of values of K (b) Marginal value of K
(c) Frequency of sustained oscillations
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Control Systems Essay Type Questions
(d) From the Bode plots of a unity feed back system, G(j ) at gain cross over frequency is found to
be 150o & G(j ) at phase cross over frequency is found to be -12 dBs. Find the stability of the
system.
3. Write short notes:
(a) Frequency domain specifications
(b) Stability analysis from Bode plots.
4. (a) Derive the expressions for resonant peak & resonant frequency and hence establish the
correlation between time response & frequency response.
(b) Given = 0.7 & n = 10 r/s find resonant peak, resonant frequency & Bandwidth.
5. (a) Write a note on determination of range of 'K' for stability using Bode plots.
(b) Define GM & PM and explain how you can determine them from Bode plots.
7. (a) Explain clearly the steps involved in the construction of Bode plots of a system
with loop transfer function consisting of
i. an open loop gain K
ii. one pole at origin
iii. one quadratic factor
(b) Given G(s) = K/(s)(s5) Determine the phase angle at 0, 5 & frequencies.
8. (a) Define
i. Minimum phase tf
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Control Systems Essay Type Questions
11. (a) Derive the expressions for resonant peak & resonant frequency and hence establish the
correlation between time response & frequency response.
(b) Given = 0.7 & n = 10 r/s find resonant peak, resonant frequency & Bandwidth.
13. (a) Write a note on determination of range of 'K' for stability using Bode plots.
(b) Define GM & PM and explain how you can determine them from Bode plots.
14. (a) Explain why it is important to conduct frequency domain analysis of linear
control systems.
(b) Sketch the Bode Magnitude plot for the transfer function
G(s) = ks/(1+0.2s)(12+0.02s) ). Hence find 'K' such that gain cross over freq. is 5 r/s.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Control Systems Essay Type Questions
(b) A system is given by G(s) = s2(s+4)(s+1)(1s+2) Sketch the Nyquist plot & hence determine the
stability of the system.
4. (a) State Nyquist Stability Criterion.
(b) Explain the use of Nyquist Stability Criterion in the assessment of relative stability of a system.
(c) Enlist the step-by-step procedure for the construction of Nyquist plots
5. (a) Explain how the type of a system determines the shape of polar plot
(b) Write a note on Nyquist criterion for minimum phase & non minimum phase transfer functions.
9. (a) Construct the complete Nyquist plot for a unity feed back control system whose open loop
transfer function is G(s)H(s) = K/S(S2+2S+2) . Find maximum value of K for which the
system is stable.
(b) The open loop transfer function of a unity feed back system is G(s)=1/ s(1+0.5s)(1+0.1s) .
Find gain and phase margin. If a phase lag element with transfer function of 1+2s is added in the
forward path, find how much the gain must be changed 1+5s to keep the margin same
10. (a) The open loop transfer function of a feed back control system is G(s)H(s)= K/S(1+S)(1+2S)S2 .
Find the restrictions on K for stability. Find the values of K for the system to have a gain margin of
3 db. With this value of K, find the phase cross over frequency and phase margin.
(b) Explain how Bode plot is used to find gain margin and phase margin.
11. (a) With respect to a function q(s) "Every s-plane contour which does not pass
through any singular points of q(s) has a corresponding contour in q(s) plane" Elaborate.
(b) What is the efect of adding a zero at origin to the to the open loop transfer function on polar plot?
12. (a) A system has one open loop pole & two closed loop poles in Right Half of s- plane. Show that the
Nyquist plot encircles the (-1+j0) point once in clockwise direction.
(b) Addition of poles to the loop transfer function reduces the closed loop stability of the system. Justify
by Nyquist plots.
13. (a) State Nyquist Stability Criterion.
(b) Explain the use of Nyquist Stability Criterion in the assessment of relative stability of a system.
(c) Enlist the step-by-step procedure for the construction of Nyquist plots
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Control Systems Essay Type Questions
5. For the unity feed back control system forward path transfer function
G(S) = K/S (S+4) (S+20). Design a lag-lead compensator so that PM 40 and steady state error for
unit ramp input 0.04 rad.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Control Systems Essay Type Questions
3. (a) Obtain the state model of the system shown in figure 8a.
4. (a) For the given T.F T (s) =b0/ S3+a2S2+a1S+a0. Obtain the state model (phase variable form)?
(b) Construct the state model for a system characterized by the diferential equation.
Y + 5y + 6y = u.
5. (a) A control system has a transfer function given by G (s) = (S+1S)+S3+2)2 . Obtain the canonical state
variable representation
(b) For the given plant transfer function construct the signal ow diagram and determine the state
space model.
9. (a) Write the state equations for the block diagram given figure 8a.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Control Systems Essay Type Questions
(c) Obtain the state variable representation of an armature controlled D.C Servomotor?
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
ASSIGNMENT
QUESTIONS
Control Systems Assignment Questions
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
UNITI-1:INTRODUCTION
1. Distinguish between a) linear and nonlinear system b) Single variable and multivariable control
system c) Regenerative and degenerative feedback control systems.
2. Define system and explain about various types of control systems with examples and their
advantages.
3. What are the advantages of negative feedback? Explain the effect of negative feedback on bandwidth
and sensitiveness to parameter variation in closed loop control system.
2. Consider the closed -loop system given by C(s) / R(s) = wn2 / s2 + 2 wn s + wn2 Determine the
values of and wn so that the system responds to a step input with Approximately 5% overshoot and
with a settling time of 2 sec. (Use 2% criterion).
2. Using the Rouths criterion determine the range of values of K for the system to be stable. Check if
for K=1 all the roots of the characterstic equation of above system have dampin factor
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Control Systems Assignment Questions
2) Sketch the Bode plot for a unity feedback system characterized by the open loop transfer function
G(s) = K(1+0.2s)(1+0.025s) / s2(1+0.001s)(1+0.005s). Show that the system is conditionally
stable.Find the range of K for which the system is stable.
2) Draw the Nyquist plot for the open loop system G(s) = K(s+3) / s(s+1) and find its stability . Also
find the phase margin and gain margin.
****THE END****
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Computer organization
COURSEFILE
Department of
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
VIGNANS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
VIGNAN HILLS, DESHMUKHI VILLAGE, POCHAMPALLY (MANDAL)
NALGONDA (DISTRICT) - 508284
Sponsored by
Lavu Educational Society
(Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to JNT University, Hyderabad)
COURSE
OBJECTIVES
Computer Organization Course Objectives
COURSE OBJECTIVES
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
SYLLABUS
Computer Organization Syllabus
SYLLABUS
UNIT-I
BASIC STRUCTURE OF COMPUTERS: Computer Types, Functional units, Basic operational
concepts, Bus structures, Software, Performance, multiprocessors and multi computers.
Data types, Complements, Data Representation. Fixed Point Representation. Floating Point
Representation. Error Detection codes.
UNIT-II
REGISTER TRANSFER LANGUAGE AND MICROOPERATIONS: Register Transfer language.
Register Transfer, Bus and memory transfer, Arithmetic Mircro operatiaons, logic micro operations,
shift micro operations, Arithmetic logic shift unit. Instruction codes. Computer Registers Computer
instructions Instruction cycle. Memory Reference Instructions. Input Output and Interrupt.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT - Stack organization. Instruction formats. Addressing modes.
DATA Transfer and manipulation. Program control. Reduced Instruction set computer
UNIT-III
MICRO PROGRAMMED CONTROL: Control memory, Address sequencing, micro program
example, Design of control unit-Hard wired control. Micro programmed control
UNIT-IV
COMPUTER ARITHMETIC : Addition and subtraction, multiplication Algorithms, Division
Algorithms, Floating point Arithmetic operations. Decimal Arithmetic unit, Decimal Arithmetic
operations.
UNIT-V
THE MEMORY SYSTEM : Memory Hierarchy, Main memory, Auxiliary memory, Associative
memory, Cache memory, Virtual memory, Memory management hardware
UNIT-VI
INPUT-OUTPUT ORGANIZATION : Peripheral Devices, Input-Output Interface, Asynchronous
data transfer Modes of Transfer, Priority Interrupt, Direct memory Access, Input Output Processor
(IOP), Serial communication;
UNIT-VII
PIPELINE AND VECTOR PROCESSING: Parallel Processing, Pipelining, Arithmetic Pipeline,
Instruction Pipeline, RISC Pipeline Vector Processing, Array Processors.
UNIT-VIII
MULTI PROCESSORS: Characteristics of Multiprocessors, Interconnection Structures,
Interprocessor Arbitration. Interprocessor Communication and Synchronization, Cache Coherance.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Computer Organization Syllabus
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Computer System Architecture M.Moris Mano, IIIrd Edition, PHI / Pearson, 2006.
2. Computer Organization Car Hamacher, Zvonks Vranesic, Safwat Zaky, V Edition, McGraw Hill,
2002.
REFERENCE:
1. Computer Organization and Architecture William Stallings Seventh Edition, PHI/Pearson, 2006.
2. Computer Architecture and Organization John P. Hayes, Mc Graw Hill International editions,
1998.
WEBSITES:
1) http://www.nptel.iitm.ac.in
JOURNALS
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
STUDENTS
SEMINAR
TOPICS
Computer Organization Students Seminar Topics
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
LECTURE PLAN
Computer Organization Lecture Plan
LECTURE PLAN
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Computer Organization Lecture Plan
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
Computer Organization Learning Objectives
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Computer Organization Learning Objectives
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
OBJECTIVE
TYPE
QUESTIONS
Computer Organization Objective Type Questions
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Computer Organization Objective Type Questions
Answers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B B A C D D C C D A
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A B A C D C A C B A
1. A Common bus system is connected with four registers of 4-bit capacity using binary
MUXs . The number of MUXs required is
a. 4 b.8 c.3 d.16
2. A Common bus system is connected with four registers of 4-bit capacity using binary
MUXs. The size of each MUX each is
a. 8 X 1 b.4 X 1 c.16 X 1 d.12 X 1
3. The function that allows register transfer under a predetermined condition is
a. a.Conditional variable b. Sample function
b. c. Control function d.RTL function
4. The state of the three-state gate when input is not connected to output is
a. 0 b.1 c.forbidden d.high impedence state
5. Register transfer denoting memory write operation is
a. a.DA M {[AR]} b.M {[AR]} DR c.M DR d.DR M
6. The operation executed on data stored in registers is called
a. RTL instruction b.Micro operation
b. c.Register logic d.Nano operation
7. The symbolic notation used to describe the micro operation transfers among
registers is called
a. a.Register Transfer language b. Micro operations
b. c. Nano operation d.Assembly language
8. The symbolic form used to denote transfer of content of register R1 into register R2 is
a.R2=R1 b.R1 >R2 c. c.R1 R2 d.
9. The arithmetic micro operation R3 R1+ +1 denotes
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Computer Organization Objective Type Questions
Answers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B B A C D D C C D A
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A B A C D C A C B A
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Computer Organization Objective Type Questions
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Computer Organization Objective Type Questions
Answers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B C A C B C C B A B
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B B A A B A A A A
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Computer Organization Objective Type Questions
each addition
b. binary 6 (0110) is added before the digit is complemented
c. binary 10 (1010) is added before the digit is complemented
b. d.binary 6 ( 0110) is added to each complemented digit and the carry is discarded
6. What will be the quotient and remainder when is divided by in 2's complement
binary representation?
a. Quotient 00000; Remainder 10101 b.Quotient 00000; Remainder 01011
b. c. Quotient 10101: Remainder 00000 d.Quotient 01011; Remainder 00000
7. What will be the quotient and remainder when is divided by in 2's complement
representation?
a. Quotient 00000; Remainder 01011 b.Quotient 00000; Remainder 10101
b. c. Quotient 00000; Remainder 00000 d.Quotient 01011; Remainder 00000
8. The 9's complement of BCD number 0111 is
a. 1000 b.1001 c.0010 d.0011
9. 9.Consider register A holding decimal 8760 in BCD. The micro operation dshr A
(Decimal shift right register A) produces.
a. 1000 0111 0111 0000 b.0100 0011 1011 0000
b. c. 1100 0011 1011 0000 d.0000 1000 0111 0110
10. 10.Consider register A holding decimal 8760 in BCD. The micro operation dshl A
(Decimal shift left register A) produces.
a. 1000 0111 0110 0000 b.0000 1110 1100 0000
b. c. 0111 0110 0000 1000 d.0111 0110 0000 0000
11. The signed magnitude representation of in BCD is
a. 1001 0010 0111 0101 b.1111 0010 0111 0101
b. c. 0001 0010 0111 0101 d,0000 0010 0111 0101
12. The 9's complement representation of in BCD is
a. 1001 0111 0010 0100 b.1111 0111 0010 0100
b. c. 0001 0111 0010 0100 d.0001 1101 1000 1010
13. The 10's complement representation of in BCD is
a. 1001 0111 0010 0101 b.1111 0111 0010 0101
b. c. 0001 1000 0011 0110 d.0001 1101 1000 1011
14. Express the number in IEEE 32-bit floating-point format
a. 0 1000 0111 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
b. 0 0000 1000 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
c. 0 0000 1000 1100 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
d. 0 1000 0111 1100 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
15. Express the number -1/32 in IEEE 32-bit floating point format
a. 1 0111 1010 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
b. 1 0000 0001 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
c. 1 0000 0001 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
d. 1 0111 1010 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
16. Use IEEE single-precision floating-point numbers to compute the (32) X(16) .
a. 0 0000 0111 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
b. 0 1000 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
c. 0 0111 0111 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
d. 0 1000 1000 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
17. Use IEEE single-precision floating-point number to compute (32) (16) .
a. 0 0000 0000 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
b. 0 0000 0001 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
c. 0 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
d. 0 1000 0000 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
18. Use IEEE single-precision floating-point numbers to compute (147.5) +(0.25) .
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Computer Organization Objective Type Questions
Answers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A B B A A A A C D D
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A A A A A B A A D C
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Computer Organization Objective Type Questions
Answers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B C C B C D B A D A
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A D D D A B B A C A
1. The command used that causes the interface to receive an item of data from the peripheral
and places it in its Buffer register is
a.Control command b.Status command
c.Data output command d.Data input command
2. In Asynchronous data transfer, both sender and receiver accompany a control signal that
is:
a.Strobe b.Hand Shaking c.Two wire control d.Single wire control
3. The circuit which provides the interface between computer and similar interactive terminal is
a.USRP b.UART c.Flip Flop d.D-Flip Flop
4. The command used to test various status conditions in the interface and the peripheral is
a.Control command b.Status command
c.Data output command d.Data input command
5. In the following which mapping does not distinguish Memory address and I/O address
a.Memory mapped I/O b.Isolated I/O
c.Independent I/O d.Interrupt driven I/O
6. In the following which mapping uses different address space for Memory and I/O
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Computer Organization Objective Type Questions
Answers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D B B B A B A C B C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
C C B B C A A A C B
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Computer Organization Objective Type Questions
1. A Processor with Direct Memory Access capability that communicates with I/O devices is
a.Input Output Processor b.Data communication processor
c.Data communication programmer d.Input Output programmer
2. A processor that communicates with remote terminals over telephone and other communication
media in a serial fashion is called
a.Input Output Processor b.Data communication processor
c.Data communication programmer d.Input Output programmer
3. The I/O processor in IBM 370 computer is called
a. a.Router b.Channel c.Device d.Modem
4. Let the time taken to process a sub-operation in each segment be 20ns. Assume That the
pipeline has 4 segments and executes 100 tasks in sequence. What is the Speed up of pipeline
system?
a.8000ns b.3060ns c.2060ns d.6000ns
5. The architecture represents the organization of a computer containing a single control unit, a
processor unit and a memory unit.
a.SIMD b.MISD c.SISD d.MIMD
6. Total operations performed going through all the segments in the pipeline is called as
a.function b.process c.sequence d.task
7. One type of parallel processing that does not fit Flynn s classification is processing.
a.array b.vector c.multi d.pipeline
8. .The sequence of instructions read from memory constitutes
a.data stream b.execution stream
c.instruction stream d.process stream
9. Most of the multi processors and multi computer systems can be classified in category.
a.MISD b.SIMD c.SISD d.MIMD
10. The behavior of a pipeline can be illustrated with diagram
a.frequency-time b.timing c.space-time d.dataflow
11. As the number of tasks increases, the speed up is equal to the number of in the pipeline
a.tasks b.segments c.suboperations d.instructions.
12. Suppose the time delays of four segmentsare and the interface registers have a delay of
t=10ns. What must be the clock cycle time?
a.100ns b.120ns c.110ns d.130ns
13. Each entry in the BTB consists of the address of a previously executed instruction and the
instruction for that branch
a.branch, target b.branch, buffer c.target, branch d.buffer, branch
14. conflicts arise when an instruction depends on the result of a previous instruction
a.resource b.branch c.segment d.data dependency
15. When an overflow occurs, the mantissa of the sum or difference is shifted And exponent
incremented by
a.right, one b.left, one c.right, two d.left, two
16. A pipeline divides an arithmetic operation into suboperations forexecution in the pipeline
segments.
a.vector b.arithmetic c.instruction d.multiple
17. pipeline operates on a stream of instructions by overlapping phases of instruction cycle.
a.arithmetic b.instruction c.vector d.multiple
18. The instruction fetch segment can be implemented by means of a buffer
a.LIFO b.FIFO c.FILO d.LILO
19. The instruction stream queuing mechanism provides an efficient way for reducing
for reading instructions from memory
a.access time b.seek time c.overlap ping time d.processing time
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Computer Organization Objective Type Questions
20. Is a circuit that detects instructions whose source operands are destinations of instructions further
up in the pipeline.
a.operand forwarding b.interlocks
c.delayed load d.data decoder
Answers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A B B C C D D C D C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
B C A D A B B B A B
1. The algorithm gives the highest priority to the requesting device that has not used the bus for the
longest interval
a.polling b.LRU c.FIFO d.time slice
2. In bus , each data item is transferred during a time slice known to source and destination in
advance
a.serial b.parallel c.synchronus d.asynchronus
3. In serial arbitration procedure the device closest to the priority line is assigned priority
a.low b.high c.normal d.no
4. The algorithm allocates a fixed length time slice of bus time to each processor
a.polling b.LRU c.FIFO d.time slice
5. In the scheme , requests are served in the order received
a.polling b.LRU c.FIFO d.time slice
6. The sequence is normally programmable and as a result the selection priority can be altered under
program control
a.polling b.LRU c.FIFO d.time slice
7. Out of the following which one is the hardware instruction to implement semaphore
a.flag b.turn c.spin d.test and set
8. To protect data from being changed simultaneously by 2 or more processors is called
a.protection b.access matrix c.hiding d.mutual exclusion
9. Is often used to indicate whether or not a processor is executing a critical section
a.monitor b.spin lock c.semaphore d.rendezbous
10. Is the common communication mechanism used between processors
a.FIFO b.semaphore c.shared memory d.message queue
11. multiprocessor system memory is distributed among the processors and there is no shared
memory for passing information
a.tightly coupled b.shared memory c.loosely coupled d.specialized
12. Is a program sequence that once begun must complete execution before another processor access
the same shared resource
a.critical section b.entry section c.mutual exclusion d.exit section
13. A scheme that allows writable data to exist in atleast one cache is a method that employees in its
compiler
a.distributed local table b.distributed global table
c.centralized local table d.centralized global table
14. A memory scheme is if the value returned on a load instruction is always the value given by the
latest store instruction with the same address
a.conflict b.coherence c.concurrent d.coupling
15. The bus controller that monitors the cache coherence problem is referred as
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Computer Organization Objective Type Questions
Answers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B C B D C A D D C C
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
C A D B A C A C A A
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
ESSAY TYPE
QUESTIONS
Computer Organization Essay Type Questions
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Computer Organization Essay Type Questions
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Computer Organization Essay Type Questions
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Computer Organization Essay Type Questions
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Computer Organization Essay Type Questions
1) Draw a space time diagram for a 4-segment pipe line showing the time it takes
to process 6 tasks.
2) Explain 3 segment instruction pipeline?
3) Explain SIMD array processor.
4) Explain the instruction pipeline in detail with an example.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Computer Organization Essay Type Questions
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
.
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ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering III Year B.Tech. I Semester
Computer Organization Assignment Questions
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