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7Ea SEPARATION
To remain healthy, we need water. Your
body loses water all the time and you can
only live for a few days without drinking.
Water for drinking must be clean, because
dirty water can contain harmful substances
and microorganisms.
In many dry parts of the world, people
struggle to get enough suitable drinking
water. Even in the UK there has sometimes
not been enough rain to keep water
reservoirs filled. Hosepipe bans can limit the
water we use and make sure enough water
is left for essential needs, such as drinking.
A | Around 780 million people in the world do not have clean
water that is safe to drink.
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WRITING A
7Ea METHOD
HOW WOULD YOU WRITE A GOOD METHOD FOR AN EXPERIMENT?
When scientists write about their work, they need to show clearly how they carried out their experiments
and what they found out. This makes it possible for others to spot the strengths and weaknesses of an
experiment, and to do the experiment themselves to check the results.
An important part of an investigation report is the method, which describes how an experiment is carried
out. As well as written instructions, it may include a diagram of the apparatus and how it was set up.
filter paper
filter funnel
solid material
trapped in the
paper
conical flask
A method presents instructions for how to carry When methods are given for people to follow
out the experiment in a series of steps. Numbering they should be written usingimperative verbs.
or lettering the steps makes the steps easier Imperatives are commands to do something. The
to follow and each step must be presented in method opposite, for filtering a mixture of sand
the correct order, or sequence. Everything that and water, is written for someone to follow and
was done to complete the experiment must be uses imperative verbs.
included.
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LITERACY &
COMMUNICATION
Here is a method for filtering a mixture of sand and water.
heat tripod
source of heat
(e.g. Bunsen burner)
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7Ea MIXTURES
WHAT KINDS OF MIXTURES ARE THERE?
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air bubbles in polystyrene
E | Disease-causing
microorganisms are too
small to be removed
by filters or settlement
I can
ponds. Drinking water classify mixtures
may be treated with describe how insoluble solids can be
chlorine to kill them. separated from a liquid.
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7Eb SOLUTIONS
WHY DO SOME PEOPLE USE FILTERS FOR TAP WATER?
Tap water has been filtered and treated to make it safe for
drinking but it doesnt contain only water. It is still a mixture,
with many other substances dissolved in the water.
Some substances dissolve in a liquid to make a solution. Ina
solution, the dissolved substance breaks up into pieces so
small that light passes straight through the mixture. Because of
this, solutions are transparent. A solution may be coloured or
colourless, depending on the substances in it.
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A substance that dissolves in a solvent is said to be
4 When propanone is used to remove nail
soluble. Substances that dont dissolve are insoluble.
varnish, which substance is the solvent
Nail varnish is insoluble in water but is soluble in a liquid and which is the solute?
called propanone, used in nail varnish remover.
When a solution is formed, there is conservation of 5 20 g of sugar is stirred into 150 g of tea.
What is the mass of the solution formed?
mass. This means that the mass of the solution is the
same as the mass of the dissolved substance plus the
mass of the liquid at the start.
There is a limit to how much solute you can dissolve in
a particular volume of solvent. If you add more solute
than this, the extra will sink to the bottom and stay
undissolved. This type of solution is saturated.
undissolved salt
g g g
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SAFETY WHEN
7Ec HEATING
HOW DO YOU HEAT TO DRYNESS SAFELY? copper sulfate crystals
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WORKING
SCIENTIFICALLY
Using a Bunsen burner safely
Bunsen burners must be used with care. Always follow the Method below to light a Bunsen, so that you
work safely.
Method
Heating to dryness safely
Heating to dryness increases risks because,
A | Check the gas hose for E| Make sure the air hole
when it has lost a lot of solvent, a solution
breaks or holes. If it is of the Bunsen burner is
damaged, return the closed. often spits drops of very hot liquid.
burner and tubing to The following safety rules help reduce these
your teacher. F| Hold a lit splint about risks.
2 cm above the top of the
B| Tie back loose hair and Bunsen burner. Use a medium flame to heat the solution.
any loose clothing, such Wear eye protection while heating.
as a tie or scarf. Remove G| Turn on the gas at the Do not fill an evaporating basin more than
everything from your gas tap to light the
working area except
half-full with solution.
burner.
what is needed for the If heating the liquid in a tube, make sure the
experiment. H| When you have finished open end of the tube does not point towards
close the air hole so that anyone.
C| Wear eye protection. the flame is yellow, then Always use tongs to hold or move hot things.
switch off the gas.
D| Place the burner on a When most of the liquid has evaporated,
heat-resistant mat, 30 turn the burner off. Let the rest of the liquid
40 cm from the edge of evaporate more slowly.
the bench. Always set the Bunsen burner to a safety
flame when not in use and just before
turning off.
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7Ec EVAPORATION
HOW DO YOU GET SOLIDS OUT OF A SOLUTION?
Producing salt
The table salt we use in food is a substance called sodium chloride. Mined rock salt is
Insome places, sodium chloride is found in thick layers of rock spread on icy roads in
underground. This is called rock salt. winter. The salt helps
prevent ice forming
Rock salt can be dug up or mined, or water can be pumped into the layers and the bits of rock
of salt in the ground, dissolving the sodium chloride. The salt solution give extra grip for
is called brine and this is pumped to the surface where it is heated to vehicle wheels.
evaporate the water, leaving behind the sodium chloride.
Table salt can also be made by evaporating sea water.
B | rock salt being mined C | Sea water is left in shallow ponds to form sea salt.
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1 Look at photo C. The sea water is left in the ponds Boiling
for a week or more. Evaporation occurs when a liquid is turning into
a| Describe what happens to the water over this time. a gas at the surface of the liquid. Boiling is when
liquid is turning to gas throughout all of the
b| Explain why the salt is left behind in the pond.
liquid. When a liquid boils you can see bubbles
2 Would the rate of evaporation of water be greater spread in all parts of it. These are bubbles of gas
in the cold cave in photoA or the warm salt ponds newly made from the liquid. The temperature at
in photo C? Explain your answer. which a liquid boils is its boiling point.
3 Draw flow charts to show the two ways in which Different liquids have different boiling points.
table salt is produced. For example, water boils at 100 C and ethanol
boils at about 78 C, under the same conditions.
In the lab, we can use evaporation to recover
solids that have been dissolved in a solution by
heating to dryness.
D | This geyser
shoots high
into the air
because water
underground is
heated to boiling
point, forcing the
water out of the
ground at high
pressure.
5 Explain, as fully as you can, what would happen if you E | the difference between drinking water
heated a mixture of water and ethanol to a temperature from two places in the UK
of80 C.
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7Ed CHROMATOGRAPHY
HOW CAN YOU SEPARATE SOLUTES FOR IDENTIFICATION?
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chromatography
paper
beaker
pencil line
the samples
Bl Br R G Bu O started here
the chromatogram
solvent formed after the
solvent has soaked
at the start up the paper
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7Ee DISTILLATION
HOW DO WE MAKE SEA WATER DRINKABLE?
One of the ways in which sea water is desalinated is called 4 Explain why desalination plants
are usually built next to the sea.
distillation. The sea water is heated so that the water evaporates
to form steam. The steam is collected and cooled so that it 5 One of the products of distilling sea
water is drinking water. Suggest
condenses back into liquid water. This water is pure, containing
another product from this process.
no solutes, because the solutes in sea water cannot evaporate Explain your answer.
and are left behind.
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The outer tube of a Liebig
condenser is filled with 6 Use diagram C to help
cold water, flowing from a you draw a flow chart that
The steam rises and tap. This keeps the inner describes how sea water is
then goes down the thermometer tube cold. distilled in a desalination
inner tube of the plant to produce drinking
Liebig condenser. cold water water. Use suitable scientific
out In the condenser
the steam is cooled words in your descriptions.
The flask contains and condenses into
a solution. When the a liquid. 7 a| Identify one hazard
flask is heated the when heating liquids to
cold boiling point in a flask.
water turns into steam,
water in
leaving dissolved Pure (distilled)
solids behind. water runs into b| Describe how the risk
the beaker. from that hazard can be
Anti-bumping granules reduced.
heat
stop violent boiling, which
could shake the flask
and be a hazard.
transparent
The apparatus shown in diagram C is cover sunlight Water vapour
sometimes called a still. Stills can use condenses
energy from the Sun. In 1872, Charles under the cover.
evaporation
Wilson invented the solar-powered water
still, to supply drinking water to a large pure water
mining community in Chile, South America. collecting
The solar-powered still is a cheap way of chamber
dirty water insulated evaporation chamber
providing clean water in poor areas of the
world. DiagramD shows how it works. D | a basin solar still
Today solar-powered stills can be
important for providing emergency clean
water in remote places and at sea.
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SAFE DRINKING
7Ee WATER
CAN WE MAKE SAFE DRINKING WATER FOR EVERYONE?
One in eight of the worlds population do
not have a water supply that is free from
harmful substances and disease-causing
microorganisms. Climate change and
increases in the number of people may
make safe water supplies more difficult
to access for everyone, even in the UK.
3 List the different ways in which safe drinking water can be made.
Briefly explain how each one works and describe where it might
be most useful. Explain your answers.
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