Physics 1010:

The Physics of Everyday Life

TODAY
Heat and Thermodynamics
Thermometers, temperature scales; conduction,
convection, radiation.

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 Todays topics
Heat and thermometers
Burning - conversion of chemical energy
to thermal (chemical bonds)
Heat exchangers - getting the heat
into the room: open fires, wood stoves,
and furnaces
Conduction of heat
Convection of heat
Radiative heat transport

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 Heat Flow
Three lead bricks are in contact as shown.
Heat flows:

A) From the hot to the cold 1. Hot Brick

B) From the cold to the medium
C) From the hot to the medium
D) From the medium to the cold
2. Med. Brick 3. Cold Brick
E) All but B

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 Heat Flow
Three lead bricks are in contact as shown.
Heat flows:

A) From the hot to the cold 1. Hot Brick

B) From the cold to the medium
C) From the hot to the medium
D) From the medium to the cold
2. Med. Brick 3. Cold Brick
E) All but B

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 Temperature - something has heat.
Caloric. (Why not?)
Heat flows from hot to
cold Hot Brick

Some early physics Cold Brick

beliefs: conserved
quantity - a fluid called
caloric

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 Heat is Energy (same a mechanical)
Count Rumford (Benjamin
Thompson) demonstrated the
heating of water by boring cannon
for the elector of Munich
Joule (1818 - 1889) measure increase in
temperature due to friction
Able to equate loss of mechanical energy by
friction to heat
Famous experiment with weights moving fins in
water (he measured the change in temperature of
the water)

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 Heat flows between 3 bodies of different
temperatures, as shown, in contact. When
does heat stop flowing?
a) When brick 1 has same
temp as brick 3
1. Hot Brick
b) When brick 1 has same
temp as brick 2
2. Med. Brick 3. Cold Brick
c) When brick 2 has same
temp as brick 3
d) When all bricks have
the same temperature

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 Heat flows between 3 bodies of different
temperatures, as shown, in contact. When
does heat stop flowing?
a) When brick 1 has same
temp as brick 3
1. Hot Brick
b) When brick 1 has same
temp as brick 2
2. Med. Brick 3. Cold Brick
c) When brick 2 has same
temp as brick 3
d) When all bricks have the
same temperature

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 Fundamental Principle of Thermodynamics
(used for measuring temperature)

Bodies in thermodynamic contact will

eventually all have the same temperature

Hot Brick Med. Brick

Med. Brick Cold Brick Med. Brick Med. Brick

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 Origin of the Fahrenheit scale
He <Fahrenheit> proposed (rather arbitrarily) a
zero for the freezing point of a brine solution, a
value of 32 for the melting point of ice, and the body
temperature at 100 units (this should be about 96,
100 is feverish)
Actually, water freezes at a lower temperature with
salt. Fahrenheit chose the salt solution to make
water freeze at the coldest possible temperature.
This was the coldest he could get something stable.
Fahrenheit Scale:
Water freezes at 32oF, boils at 212oF

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 Celsius temperature scale (1742)
Scale based on freezing and boiling points of water.
Boiling point depends on pressure
Must set the pressure for boiling
1. Put the cylinder AB of the thermometer (i.e. the bulb) in
thawing snow and mark the freezing point of water C, which
should be at such a height over the cylinder at A that the
distance AC is half the distance between C and the water
boiling point mark D
2. Mark the boiling point of water D at a pressure of "25 tum 3
linier" (approximately 755 mm)
3. Divide the distance in 100 equal parts or degrees; so that 0
degree corresponds to the boiling point of water D, and 100
to the freezing point of water C. When the same degrees
have been continued below C all the way down to A the
thermometer is ready.
4. Celsius Scale:
Water freezes at 0oC, boils at 100oC
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 Kelvin (absolute) scale
Increase in temperature gives
increase in pressure, so decrease
enougn and no pressure!
Increase in density (compression)
gives increase in pressure
Can have ideal gas law: P = nkT if
the temperature is measured
relative to something very cold:
Tkelvin = Tcelsius + 273

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Temperature - the various scales and
conversions
Tk = Tc + 273
Tf = (9/5)Tc + 32
NOTATION
0 C = 32 F = 273 K

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Production of heat from chemical energy -
burning, activation energy, exothermic
reactions Carbon Oxygen

Mass falling to earth, lower potential energy C O

Converts to kinetic energy
Bounces until friction changes energy to heat
Carbon Monoxide O
C
Carbon and oxygen like to join
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide or CO O
C
O
Carbon Dioxide or CO2.
Microscopic view: atoms falling
together, means they gave up
potential energy
Kinetic energy (HEAT) acquired
by these and nearby molecules
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 In most burning, weaker bonds (less
potential energy) broken
Methane and oxygen molecules are more weakly bound
Come out of a shallow valley, go into a deeper one
Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen

C O H

H
H C H +5 O O

H Activation energy: energy needed to

get first reaction going
O H The released energy of first one (or
+4
C O O more) reactions gets others going
O
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 Lennard-Jones Potential
Same shape for all molecules
Distance, change in potential energy
different for different substances

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 Lennard-Jones Potential also explains
Hooks Law

Force on atom is the negative of the slope of graph:

For small displacements from minimum (slope=force=0) force is the same
for compression and extension.

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 Heating, Cooling

Wood contains resins - SMOKE

Burning creates carcinogens
Need to move heat without the smoke
-> Heat Exchangers

To heat (or cool) our homes, we move heat in

three ways:
Convection
Conduction
Radiation
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 The furnace and heat exchangers
Combustion air brought
To outside
into heat room (not To house
through house)
Hot gas burns, heating
metal tubes
Fans push house air
through tubes and to
rest of house

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 Transport of heat

Conduction: The heat is carried by

molecules that move, and then move those
next to them, but there is no net
movement of molecules
Convection: Hot molecules are carried to a
cold region
Radiation: electromagnetic radiation
carries the heat

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 Conduction

Heat one end, the other gets hot.

Diffusion: nothing moves, but heat gets
there (like sound, but not a wave)

Hot pad
Ice pack

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 Convection: bulk movement of hot fluid
Hot air

Hot air rises

Cold air
Pushes cold air
down
Convective cell

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 Radiative transport:
All bodies radiate electromagnetic energy over a
range of frequencies. Light - for very hot
objects (10,000 K)
More radiation for larger temperature
Room temperature (300 K), light at wavelengths
longer by 30x are emitted. Infra-red light
Works even in vaccum!
HOT
COLD
Radiation

Less More 23
 Summary

Heat flows from hot to cold

Bodies in thermodynamic contact will all reach
the same temperature
HEAT IS ENERGY (same as mechanical energy)
Burning releases chemical (electrostatic)
potential energy
We use convection, conduction, and radiation to
heat (or cool) a house

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 Exam Tonight

7:30 pm, in this room.

Closed Book.
One 3x5 note card with own notes allowed.
Calculators allowed.
Cumulative, but emphasis on new material.
Multiple choice plus one essay.

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 Practice Questions; Work

You are using a frictionless ramp to move a 200kg

filing cabinet onto a truck. The bed of the truck is 2m
above the ground, and the ramp is 8m long.
How much work will you do moving the cabinet onto
the truck
A) 4000N B) 2000N C) 4000J D) 2000J E) 200N

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 Practice Questions; Work

You are using a frictionless ramp to move a 200kg

filing cabinet onto a truck. The bed of the truck is 2m
above the ground, and the ramp is 8m long.
How much work will you do moving the cabinet onto
the truck
A) 4000N B) 2000N C) 4000J D) 2000J E) 200N

Anwer is C: W=mgh=200kg*9.8m/s2*2m=3920J

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 Practice Questions; Work

You are using a frictionless ramp to move a 200kg filing

cabinet onto a truck. The bed of the truck is 2m above
the ground, and the ramp is 8m long.
Once you get the cabinet moving at a constant speed,
how much force will you exert to move the cabinet onto
the truck
A) 200N B) 200kg C) 500N D) 25kg E) 25N

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 Practice Questions; Work

You are using a frictionless ramp to move a 200kg filing

cabinet onto a truck. The bed of the truck is 2m above
the ground, and the ramp is 8m long.
Once you get the cabinet moving at a constant speed,
how much force will you exert to move the cabinet onto
the truck
A) 200N B) 200kg C) 500N D) 25kg E) 25N

Anwer is C: mgh=FL, L=mg(h/L)=

200kg*9.8m/s2*(2m/8m)=490N
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 Practice Questions; Oscillators

A mass of 10kg is hooked to a spring with spring

constant k=100N/m.
What is the period of the oscillator
A) 20s B) 1s C) 5s D) 10s E) 2s

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 Practice Questions; Oscillators

A mass of 10kg is hooked to a spring with spring

constant k=100N/m.
What is the period of the oscillator
A) 20s B) 1s C) 5s D) 10s E) 2s

Anwer is E: T=2 sqrt(m/k)=

=2 sqrt(10kg/100N/m)=1.99 s

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 Practice Questions; Oscillators

A mass of 10kg is hooked to a horizontal spring with

spring constant k=100N/m.
If I stretch the spring horizontally by 0.2m and let it go,
how fast will the mass be moving as it crosses the
equilibrium point?
A) 0.6m/s B) 6m/s C) 20m/s D) 1.3m/s E) 13m/s

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 Practice Questions; Oscillators

A mass of 10kg is hooked to a horizontal spring with

spring constant k=100N/m.
If I stretch the spring horizontally by 0.2m and let it go,
how fast will the mass be moving as it crosses the
equilibrium point?
A) 0.6m/s B) 6m/s C) 20m/s D) 1.3m/s E) 13m/s

Anwer is A: (1/2)mv2=(1/2)kx2 so v=x*sqrt(k/m)

v= 0.2m sqrt(100N/m / 10kg)=0.63 m/s
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 Practice Questions; Newtons Laws

David (in red, with sling) is trying to hit Goliath (in blue).
The velocity of the stone is shown by the arrows.
He should release the stone at approximately:

A C

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 Practice Questions; Newtons Laws

David (in red, with sling) is trying to hit Goliath (in blue).
The velocity of the stone is shown by the arrows.
He should release the stone at approximately:

A C

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 Practice Questions; Kinematics

v start

The car is subjected to a constant force in the direction away from

the motion detector.
Sketch your predictions for the velocity and acceleration of the cart
moving toward the motion detector, slowing down at a steady rate,
and then reversing direction and speeding up. (Start your graph after
the push that gets the cart moving; + is to the right)

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 A B
+ +

Velocity

Velocity
0 0
time time
- -

Acceleration

Acceleration
Sketch your + +
predictions for the 0 0
velocity and time time
acceleration of the - -
cart moving toward
C D
the motion detector, + +
#1 #1

Velocity
Velocity

slowing down at a
0 0
steady rate, and time time
then reversing - -
direction and

Acceleration
+ +
speeding up. #1 #1
0 0
+ is to the right time time
- -
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 A B
+ +

Velocity

Velocity
0 0
time time
- -

Acceleration

Acceleration
Answer is D + +
Acceleration is 0 0
constant, and time time
positive - -

C D
+ +
#1 #1

Velocity
Velocity

0 0
time time
- -

Acceleration
+ +
#1 #1
0 0
time time
- -
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 A skier goes down a frictionless slope,
decending 5m. She hits a level stretch
with friction, and the friction force is
50N. How far will she travel before she
stops. The mass of the skier is 50kg.

A 4.9m
B 49m
C 98m
D 9.8 m

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 A skier goes down a frictionless slope,
decending 5m. She hits a level stretch
with friction, and the friction force is
50N. How far will she travel before she
stops. The mass of the skier is 50kg.

A 4.9m
B 49m
C 98m
D 9.8 m
Concserv of energy: mgh=FL L=(mgh)/F

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