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Contents
I Background
1 Arrehnius Theory
2 Brnsted-Lowry Theory
II Acid-Base Theories
2 Lux-Flood Theory
What is self-ionization?
Aqueous system:
2 H2O H3O+ + OH- Kw = 1.0x10-14 at 24.8 C,
1 atm
(phosphoryl halides)
Solvolysis A process in which the solute
can combine with the ionic
component of the solvent or have
the solvent ionized.
2 Non-aqueous solvolysis
Alcoholysis
In water:
B(OH)3+H2OH++B(OH)4, so B(OH)3 is an
Arrehnius acid.
B(OH)3 + OH B(OH)4
NH3 + H+ NH4+
Inductive effect
Steric effect
N N N
DHrxn = 71 74 42 kJ/mol
R R R
O O
Me Me O
N Me N N
> >
(base) (acid)
Irving-William series
Class (a):
4 Al3+, H+
Borderline:
O << S > Se ~ Te
R R' RX
0
Pd
R R
Pd Pd
R' X
EX R'E
2 polarizability
-PA
B(g) + H+(g) BH+(g)
proton affinity
Acidity of Oxides
For instance
1 general guidelines
H
O O O 2-
S S S
H O H O O
O O O
O O O
m.p. 10.371 C 0 C
ammonia water
b.p. -33.38 C 100 C
m.p. -77.7 C 0 C
4 oxoacids
Acidity:
HClO4 > HClO3 > HClO2 > HClO > HBrO >
HIO
5 binary oxides
Oxides of the metals of Groups 1 and 2 are
generally basic, except BeO. Al2O3 is
amphoteric. Nonmetal oxides are generally
acidic.
5 solid acids:
6 superacids:
The protonated solvent molecules of the already
strong acids.