STEEL CASTINGS HANDBOOK SUPPLEMENTS ‘Supplement 1 Design Rules and Data .. ‘Supplement 2 Summary of Standard Specifications for Stee! Castings .. Supplement 3 Tolerances conn Supplement 4 Drafting Practices for Castings ........sssssseeee Supplement 5 — General Properties of Steel Castings .. Supplement 6 Repair Welding and Fabrication Welding of Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Castings Supplement 7 Welding of High Alloy Castings ...... Supplement 8 High Alloy Data Sheets, Corrosion Series . Supplement 9 — High Alloy Data Sheets, Heat Series ‘Supplement 10 A Glossary of Foundry Terms... ‘Supplement 11. Hardenabilty and Heat Treatment ‘-Ring Binder for Supplements. seseeses $2.00 feet 1500Steel Castings Handbook Supplement 5 General Properties of Steel Castings Preface Steel castings, whenever possible, are purchased to property requirements rather than to chemical analysis specifica tions. Thus, the foundry engineer can select the alloy compositions which best satisfy mechanical property specifications. ‘Most of the national specifications are written in the terms of the alloy type plus tensile properties and in some cases, hardness values, impact values, and hardenability ranges. ‘The property values presented in this supplement are those which may be expected from carbon and low alloy cast steels in general. Mechanical properties have been determined from test specimens prepared in accordance with standard practice. Additional information on carbon and low alloy stels, as wellas wear-resistant steels, corrosion-resistant alloys, both high alloy and nickel base, heat-resistant alloys and low temperature and cryogenic steels is fully discussed in the Stee! Castings Handbook, Sth Edition, published by the Steel Founders’ Society of America Contents DEFINITION AND ALLOY CLASSIFICATIONS AMBIENT TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES Property Ranges and Trends Strength-Hardness : Strongth-Duetlity ... Strength-Toughness. Strength-Fatigue Constant Amplitude Tests Variable Amplitude Tests Section Size, Mass Effects... ‘i ‘Alloy and Heat Treatment influence on Section Size Effects GENERAL ENGINEERING TYPES OF CAST STEEL GRADES: REFERENCES ........Bop : z 0 = | soo gio ees roof y 90 800 Wy ge wagzamoea mo | sc08 é TESS Eel Bo 2 hom «0 TEMPERED 260% (caste 4 ANNEALED St ws 10 Eso exo & zeol wef é én We soo a Te" ba as «00 0 ; . E 9% | -WATER QUENCHED AND = ao} Z TELE REE AB tol 200 g g 20 2-momuizen Sonate a . UAE A ear ‘4 aNneaceo ELONGATION- % REDUCTION OF AREA-%. (00 010 020 030040 050 060 O70 080 090 10 CARBON~ % Fig. 1 Tensile strength and reduction of area vs, carbon content of cast carbon steels (1). DEFINITIONS AND ALLOY CLASSIFICATIONS Carbon steels contain only carbon as the principal alloying element. Other elements are present in small quantities including those added for deoxidation. Sili- con and manganese in cast carbon steels typically range trom 0.25 to about 0.80% Si, and 0.50 to about 1.00% Ma, respectively. Carbon steels are classified by their carbon content into: Low carbon steel C5 0.20% Medium carbon steel... .C = 0.20-0.50% High carbon steel C= 0.50% Low alloy steels contain alloying elements, in addi- tion to carbon, up to a total alloy content of 8%. Cast steel! containing more than the following amounts of a single alloying element is considered low alloy cast steel: Manganese . se. 1.00% Silicon... 2... on 0.80 Nickel ‘i eens 0150 Copper . 5 5 0.30 Chromium eee 0.25 Molybdenum fe 0110) Vanadium. 0.05 Tungsten : 0.05 For deoxidation of carbon and low alloy steels, i.e for control of their oxygen content, the elements aluminum, titanium, and zirconium are used. Of these elements, aluminum is used most frequently, because of its effectiveness and low cost Numerous types of cast low alloy steel grades exist to meet the specific requirements of the end use, such as structural strength and resistance to wear, heat, and corrosion. The designations of the American Iron and Steel Institute, AISI, and the Society of Automo- "Refers to Stel Casting Handbook—Sth edvion '00 010 G20 030040 050060 070 080.080 10 CARBON ~ % Fig.2 Yield strength and elongation vs. carbon content of cast carbon steels (1), tive Engineers, Inc., SAE, have historically been used to identify the various types of steel by their principal alloy content (Appendix A)*. Cast steels, however, do not follow precisely the composition ranges specified by AISI and SAE designations for wrought steels. In most ‘cases the cast steel grades will contain 0.30 to 0.65% Si, and 0.50 to 1.00% Ma, unless specified differently. The principal low alloy cast steel designations, their AIST and SAE equivalents, and their alloy type are listed below: Nearest Equivalent Cast Steet ‘AISI and SAE. Designation Designation Alloy Type 1300) 1300. Ma 00,8400 $000 8400 Ma-Mo 0800 80800 Ma-Mo-B 2300 2300 Ni 00.4300 600.4300 NiCreMo, 9500) 9500 Ma-Ni-CrMo 4100 4100 CeMo ‘The AISI no longer uses the 8000, 8400, 2300, and 9500 designations. However, because these alloy types are used extensively as cast steels, their cast steel designation numbers are continued in the steel casting industry. There are additional alloy types which are infrequently specified as cast steels, namely: 3100 (Ni-CD), 3300 (Ni-Cr), 4000 (Mo), 5100 (Cr), 6100 (Cr-V), 4600 (Ni-Mo), and 9200 (Si AMBIENT TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES Property Ranges and Trends Carbon and low alloy steel castings are produced to a great variety of properties because composition200 woh @ oh 8 rool i a E woh 2 col 5 / \= WaT enonED 90, wo | Ve = wore “3 somwauzeo aap 120 b "TEMPERED = 200°F(649°C} ¢-ames co O10 Ged G80 O40 O80 O40 O10 O80 OO TO CARGON = % Hardness vs. carbon content of cast carbon steels (1) and heat treatment can be selected to achieve specific combinations of properties, including hardness, strength, ductility, fatigue, and toughness. While se- lections can be made from a wide range of properties, it is important to recognize the interrelationship of these properties. For example, higher hardness, lower toughness, and lower ductility values are associated with higher strength values. Property trends among carbon steels are illustrated as a function of the carbon content in Figures | through 4. Unless otherwise noted, the properties discussed refer to those obtained from specimens which have been removed from standard ASTM keel blocks, which are made with a 1.25-in. (32-mm) section size. The subject of how these properties are affected by larger section sizes is discussed in this supplement under the heading Section Size, Mass Effects. For low alloy steels, the properties of Ni-Cr-Mo cast 8630 grade in Figure 5 illustrate the range of properties which can be achieved with a single material and the interrelationship of its mechanical properties. ‘These relationships and mechanical property ranges will be further discussed in the following paragraphs for carbon and low alloy cast steels. ‘Strength-Hardness. Depending on alloy choice and heat treatment, ultimate tensile strength levels from 60 to 250 ksi (414-1724 MPa) can be achieved with cast carbon and low alloy steels. For cast carbon steels Figure 6 illustrates tensile strength and tensile ductility values which can be expected from normalized steels and from quenched on ve ae eee le \ —— genres Me] 2° 3 sok ae g o§ gor so 1 30 oF = x 20 aa 10 ° ooo oz as os 0s os a7 08 CARBON - % Fig. 4 Room temperature Charpy V-notch values vs, carbon content of east carbon steel in the normalized and tempered, condition [tempering temperature 1200°F (650°0)] (1). TEMPERING TEMPERATURE - 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Pi (8630) 8 veintas\4 mar seri04 200} 300 ee Xe B 150-400 © o | meets B | eye nee 3 i'=040-0.60 ® 5 Ce-0.40-0.80 40, roof soos St 655 z 4205, 8 50}-200 ° ° 200 409 600 600 1000 1200 1400 TEMPERING TEMPERATURE -°F 5. Mechanical properties of 0.6NH0.6C1-0.22Mo cast 8630 steel @) and tempered steels having Brinell hardness values within the range of 120 to 280 BHN. For carbon steel the hardness and strength values are largely determined by the carbon content and the heat treatment as illustrated in Figure 3. The effect,eto $38 YiELO STRENGTH Mea BooTeTeESC OF AREA-% | STRENGTH-hsi \ REDUCTION ELONGATION-% 120 10 16d 180 B00 P20 BAO BE 200 BRINELL HARDNESS - BHN Fig.6 Tensile properties of cast carbon steels as a function ‘of hardness (1), 240 ooo «220 3 200 8 veo d 1 1080°F (s66%¢9 2 aol 2-1200°F (easter & 3- 1300"F (7oare) rob mH La (Ose cujeeto.2 ie oatedoegeo sloemeo. CARBON=% Fig.7 Hardness vs. carbon content of normalized cast carbon steels tempered at various temperatures for two hours (1) of tempering normalized carbon steel is shown by data in Figure 7 The normally expected Brinell hardness-ultimate tensile strength combinations of cast low alloy steels TENSILE STRENGTH- MPa. 600900100000 8 QD > fs BRINELL HARDNESS - BHN g 7 > 600 100 120 140 160 180 200 20 240 TENSILE STRENGTH ksi Fig.8 Hardness vs. tensile surength of low alloy cast steels, regardless of heat treatment (1), Paleare=ss 1 =, vel 100% B veoh woo & S & 5 200 3 v0 8 g z "80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 200 TENSILE STRENGTH ~ ksi REDUCTION OF AREA ELONGATION-% ‘Tensile propenies of cast low alloy stels inthe ‘quenched and tempered and in the normalized and tempered ‘conditions (1). are shown in Figure 8. The proportionality of strength to hardness is widely recognized. Strength-Ductility. Ductility depends on theNe” YIELD STRENGTH - MPo 200 300400500 _ 600 YIELD STRENGTH - MPa 400600 800 1000 1200 40-9 SP eS T o 4300 230- 1600 5 N é 3 woh a 2 % 2207 2 t 00 $ 5 fe z 1 200} z 5 ‘ar z é & 2 roo}- 100 = 2 100 § 2 veoh + 1200 & g @ ey é 5 eco! aso} & uy aot & 4 1000 4 i 4 ssof- 2 2 3 2 2 2 ob B Ber wy 4200 # le oof 4 600 eof. ao] ae 6 # E 30 4 S sof | 3 3 ze 4 5 é nt 2 ook rob on =| § or 4 2 3 wot 4 = 4 00 7 & sof 40 2 wot eR ab 08 = ° ar dof +100 g ¥ 5 Loo é 2s es gfe 4 20 & B cof deo © =e po yi e : 2 3 3080100 120140 160100 g YIELD STRENGTH - ksi nn 4 % fig. 14. Room temperature properties of cast owallay sess 3 & QF ~ quenched and tempered. NT ~ normalized and tempered 5 2 . 2 «0B 20h e 3 oT t20 ships of Figures 1, 2, and 9 are replotted in Figures 10 ° N and I! to reveal the major trends for cast carbon and low 2 ~C~OSC~SSC«S*« alloy steels. Quenched and tempered steels exhibit the YIELD. STRENGTH ~ ksi 10 Room temperature properties of cast carbon steels ‘quenched, tempered at 1200°F (80°C). N = normalized ROOF (650°C). A = annealed (3), strength, or hardness, of the cast steel to a very large extent (Figures 6 and 9). Actual ductility requirements vary, of course, with the strength level and the specifi- cation to which a steel is ordered (Chapter 27—Specify- ing Steel Castings*). Because yield strength is a primary design criterion for structural applications, the relation- “Refers to Stel Casting Handbook—Sth edition. higher ductility values for a given yicld strength level compared to normalized, normalized and tempered, and annealed steels Strength-Toughness. Several test methods exist to evaluate toughness of steel, or the resistance to sudden or brittle fracture. These include the Charpy ‘V-notch impact test, the dropweight test, the dynamic tear test and specialized procedures to determine plane strain fracture toughness. Results of all these tests, are in use and will be reviewed here because each of these tests offers specific advantages that are unique to the test method as discussed in Chapter 4—Fune- tional Considerations in Design.* Charpy V-notch impact energy trends at room tem-‘TEMPERATURE -"C =$0 -40 “20 "20 +10 © 10 20 30 40 50 90 of. 3- aneaLen 8 60 cy- ENERGY ft. 1b TEMPERATURE - °F Fig. 12. Effect of various heat treatments on the Charpy Venotch transition curves of a 0.30% carbon steel (I). perature in Figures 10 and 11 reveal the distinct effect of strength and heat treatment on toughness. Higher toughness is obtained when a steel is quenched and tempered, rather than normalized and tempered. The effect of heat treatment and testing temperature on Charpy V-notch toughness is further illustrated in Fig- tures 12 and 13 for a carbon steel and for 2 low alloy cast £8630 steel. Quenching, followed by tempering, produces superior toughness as indicated by the shift of the impact energy transition curve to lower temperatures. The improved toughness of quenched and tempered steels is YIELD STRENGTH ~ MPa 200400600 «800 100 Lal 3 1 » sof ‘0 -) se i AD 10 2 Or ve 5 -0 5 3 ae “sof “ “60 canaon. foe sae ax tow autor 4330, ces Poo a a CD YIELD STRENGTH - ksi 14. The NDTT and yield strength of normalized and tempered commercial cat steels (1Sin. (8mm) section] (5). realized in spite of the higher strength level as evident for the cast 8630 low alloy stee! (Fig. 13) Nil ductility transition temperatures, NDTT, from +100°F (38°C) to as low as — 130°F (~-90°C) have been recorded in tests on normalized and tempered cast TEMPERATURE - -200 100 ° 100 200 46 ab o,aar | Le Bel (924 PQ) 50 = HEAT 6,0 aT > Exot Ui Side coer wre) fact 3 g 5 g ‘ 30 a 2a HEAT G,Q 8T ¢ Ufo isivore mea) a i Zs 420 a vest oyna, cP 8 (ea UTS = BO ksi (620 MPa) le 54 — yearn nar lie Oye UFS'="3h hs (627 MP) i ORS SNS eas (MPa) ———__— SANS ae ue, at = ts ; . . =300 200 a a ) TEMPERATURE - °F Fig. 13 Charpy V-notch tet results for various heats of cast 8630 steel inthe quenched and tempered and normalized and tempered condition (4).YIELD STRENGTH ~ MPa wo 500700 900001300 ° 2s ‘° bo 5 8 Sot cr Met | 9 pa eee } 406 a T0841 100 FO YIELD STRENGTH-Kst Fig. 15 The NDTT and yield strength of quenched and tempered commercial cast sees (1.5. 38-mm) section} (5). carbon and low alloy steels in the yield strength range of 30 to 95 ksi (207 to 655 MPa) (Figure 14 ) Comparison of the data in Figure 14 with those of Figure 15 shows the superior toughness values, at equal strength levels, which low alloy steels offer compared to carbon steels. When cast steels are quenched and tempered, the range of strength and of toughness is thus broadened (Figure 15). NDTT. values of as high as +50°F (+10°C) to as low as — 160°F (—107°C) can be obtained in the yield strength range of 50 to 195 ksi (45 to 1345 MPa) depending on alloy selection (Figure 15). Fig. 17. Scatter bands of (Charpy V-notch and dynamic teat energy transition curves from several heats of CMa steel of ASTM A2I6, type WCC. a ‘Values represent surface and center locations of in. é-mm) plate castings (1). Conversion: | fb = 1.3861. 80 120 60 : TEMPERATURE - °C so -€0 -t0 -00 -20 0 20 40 60 12 ; Py wee -ouryontn a reweneo _ << 40 Bor ‘3+ 10-1 76-254-mm) S b Lor 100 8 3 E get we 1 40} oF & “0 wl x oye " a ae a TEMPERATURE -"F Fig. 16 NDTT values (triangles) andthe scatter band of (Charpy V-notch energy transition curves of several quenched and tempered Mn cast steels (A216, grade WCC). Nominal ultimate tensile strength = 80 ksi (552 MPa) (1). ‘An approximate relationship exists between the Charpy V-notch impact energy-temperature behavior and the NDTT. The NDTT frequently coincides with the energy transition temperature determined in Charpy V-notch tests. Applicable data for cast C-Mn steels of the A216, WCC type are shown in Figure 16 Dynamic tear impact energy results relate to strength, heat treatment, and alloy content in a manner similar to those of Charpy V-notch impact and drop- TEMPERATURE -°C 220 1000 200 600 400 5/8 in. DYNAMIC TEAR ENERGY - f1-Ib Teo 160TEMPERATURE - °C i deco 2 g° uo § ee 4 200 & Pe! TEMPERATURE - °F Fig. 18 Scatter bands of Charpy V-notch and dynamic tear ‘energy transition curves from several heals of Ni-Cr-Mo steel, HY-80 type. Values represent surface and center location of in, (16mm) plate castings (1). Conversion: I ft-lb = 1.356 O.2%YIELD STRENGTH ~ MPa 200 1000 120914001600 _1900 st ie cro me 100% ao E 3 z 1 © 460 & BL wou me Back OT 40 1200 w60 100 200 220 240 260 (02% YIELD STRENGTH ~ ksi Fig. 19. Plane strain Fracture toughness, K,., to strength relationships at room temperature for quenched and tempered NiCe-Mo steel (14), TEMPERATURE - °C et wi * ak wo ‘TEMPERATURE~ °F Fig. 20. Temperature dependence of yield strength and K,, fracture toughness for an A216 (WCC Grade) large steel casting, 20 x 20 x 48 in. ($08 X 508 x 1219 mm) Keel block (6). Conversion: Uksi-in. = 1.1 MN+m7™?, and 1 ksi = 6.89 MPa ‘Refers to Stel Casting Handbook th edition ‘TEMPERATURE ~°C. <1s0__ 00-50. 0 YIELD STRENGTH ksi — L 16 20 (OPEN PTS, VALO ASTM E-24 23057250200 180 “100-800 80100 TEMPERATURE ~ °F Fig. 21 Temperature dependence of yield strength and K,, fracture toughness for 1.25Cr-.SMO-.2V lage steel casting, (6). Conversion! 1 ksiva."? = 1.1 MN-m-”,and 1 ksi = 6.89 MPa. weight tests. Data for C-Mn and Ni-Cr-Mo steels are shown in Figure 17 and 18, along with Charpy V-notch ‘impact test results, Plane strain fracture toughness, K,,, data for a variety of steels in Table I reflect the important strength-toughness relationship. For quenched and tempered Ni-Cr-Mo steels, Figure 19 indicates high K,, values of about 100 ksi-in.'”* (110 MN-m~/*) ata 0.2% offset yield strength level of 150 ksi (1034 MPa). At a yield strength level of 240 ksi (1655 MPa), the K,, values level off to about 60 ksivin."”? (66 MN-m~*/*), Wrought plate data of comparable Ni- Cr-Mo steel of somewhat higher carbon content are plotted in Figure 19 to emphasize the strength relationship of K,,, and to demonstrate the comparable performance of cast and wrought products in this area, Plane strain fracture toughness, like strength, is a temperature sensitive property. Test results in Figures 20 and 21 show examples of the K,, and yield strength change with temperature for the frequently used cast steels of the C-Mn type (A216, WCC) and the 1.25Cr- 0.5Mo-0.2V type. Another plane strain fracture tough- ness-strength relationship is apparent from the cast Ni- Cr-Mo steel data on the important effect of tempering temperature for quenched steels (Figure 22). Fracture mechanics tests have the advantage over conventional toughness tests of being able to yield mate- rial property values which can be used in design equa- tions (Chapter 4)*. These tests are expensive to perform, however, and interest therefore is strong in empirical correlations between Ki and the results from quicker, less expensive tests. For Ni-Cr-Mo cast 4335, and Mn- 'Ni-Cr-Mo cast 9535 type steels room temperature values of, and Charpy V-notch absorbed energy were found to relate according to the equation (9): ( ) a—+b oy oy‘TABLE 1 Plane Strain Fracture Toughness of Cast Stools at Room Temperatu Strength 28 offset Alloy Type. isi (MPa) Reference 125Cr, so ais) % ee 6 CasT 1030, 4 G0) 16 azn, 1 A216, WOC 4 a 155 70) 6 ‘Cx, .SMo, 28 3 G6 30 65) ' Ber 38 0) 0 06) 5 C-15Ma a2) 98 aon, 5 SC- Cr a1) 3 5) 5 3c (25) 38 5) 8 Cast 9535 18) 6 oy ° 38C, 6Ni, 7Cr, Mo 68) 38 ™ 8 cast 4335, os) 6 oy § CAST 9536 032) s © 9 3C, INi, ICr, 3Mo om) © (66) 5 CAST 435 1s) 8 on 9 CAST 435, stor (865) 85 oy 9 Cast 435, stor G8) 98 co) ° CAST 4335, sLoT (03) 9% (49s) 9 Cast 4335, or 96 (205) 9 cast a5, qr 105 ais) 9 cast 435, ar 4 2 9 CAST 4335, or 2 0) ° NicMo qr » 08) 10 NiCeMo CAST 4340 ar tos, as) " Maraging-IN-O180 ar 0 (32) " CAST 4325, or @ 05) a CAST 4325 ar 98 oa) 5 cM or 6 @ 0 NiCeMo CAST 4340 ar 61 @ au Maraging 230MA or 95 109) n NiCeMo (HY-80 type) ar o a 0 [NiCrMo (HY-80 type) ar a ry 0 "SR = stress relieved ‘A= annealed N= normalized Q = quenched T = tempered SLQ = slack quenched ‘The constants in the above equation were a = 2.786 and b = 0.090 when K., was expressed in ksi-in."?, yield strength, oy, in Ksi, and absorbed energy, E, in ft-lb. These constants compare well with those for wrought steels (15,16). Similar correlations for the room temperature dynamic tear energy of cast steels yielded the constants a = 0.775 and b = ~0.279; however, the term E/oy in the above equation is taken to the one-half power (9) Strength-Fatigue. The most basic method of pre- senting engineering fatigue data is by means of the S-N curve. The S-N curve relates the dependence of the life of the fatigue specimen, in terms of the number of cycles tofailure, N, to the maximum applied stress, S. Additional tests have been used, and the principal findings for cast steel are highlighted in the following sections. Fig. 22 The effect of tempering temperature on strength and toughness of four heats of 1S@Ni-CeMo steel ater water quenching (, (0.24 YIELD STRENGTH-ks! Kye tei TEMPERING TEMPERATURE ~°C i ae NN 80 TTEMPERING TEMPERATURE - * F 0.2% YIELD STRENGTH-MPa veeTABLE 2 Fatigue Properties of Cast Steels (18) Class" and Tensile Yiews Red in Endurance Hest Strength Strength ‘Area Elong. Hardness Limit Endurance Treatment ksi (MPa) ksi (MPa) * a BHN ksi (MPa) Ratio Carbon Steele 68 @H 3s aay se 30 30 aon 048 6 8) 8G, 8 28 30 aon oe GI) am) 4% ” 35 aay oar a) G01) 0 B 37 ass) 04s 0 (2) «5B 38 20 38 G8) ows Ws 4) 5 GIT) a 0 61D) oar Alloy Steels 6 NT 68 (468) 38 aay s 2 nt 2 ay on 0 NT 74 GI) GOB) 50 2 18 35 Gan) oar © NT 693) 4G) 6 2% 10 398) os 90 NT 95658) Catt) “4 20 12 2 am oe Ws NT 1105) kT) 4“ 2 a7 3 G65) 04s mo QT) se BH) 2) Bn 16 282 ee an oe 0 QT 1s8 12 67) 30 B 3 4 GID on ns qr 19 160 (1103) 2s " 382 4 Ge on 200 QT 205 170_(ui7a) 21 8 a. 88___ (eon) 0.43 "Class of steel based on tensile strength, ksi (MPa)-A = Annealed, N and tempered *Below 8% total alloy content TENSILE STRENGTH -MPo 600 700 800 300 1000 11001200 _1300 sf ' : Foe : [ po oe ke Te Sarees a0 P o« a TEMPERED Joe | 3 fem nore (eat eee eee ee & ob tL td a Lhr,rLr——Cs__ TENSILE STRENGTH ~ ksi Fig. 23. The fatigue notch sensitivity factor vs. tensile stength for several steels with different heat treatments (18-24) STRERGIn. sTHENBMeLonc. naponess ASP “har MPs CHEN. MASONS cast 39 eat se G86) 2 7 wa Limuowr $9168 $5886 3 io 1 ss0 g geoh é ge 2 Bol e Zeb 3 2 2 3 3 2.5 z 0 . . 4 10 rr a a CYCLES TO FAILURE 10 = Normalized, NT = Normalized and tempered, QT = Quenched Constant Amplitude Tests. ‘The endurance ratio (endurance limit divided by the tensile strength) of cast carbon and low alloy steels, determined in R. R. Moore rotating beam bending fatigue tests (mean stress = 0) is generally taken to be about 0.40 to 0.50 for smooth bars. Data in Table 2 reveal this endurance ratio to be largely independent of strength and whether the steel is plain carbon or low alloy, and whether it has been normalized, normalized and tempered, quenched and tempered, etc. (17,18). The fatigue notch sensitivity, q, determined in rotating beam bending fatigue tests, is related to the microstructure of the steel (composition and heat treatment) and strength. Table 3 shows that the fatigue notch sensitivity factor increases generally with increasing strength, from 0.23 for annealed carbon steel at a tensile strength of 83.5 ksi (577 MPa), to 0.68 for the higher strength normalized and tempered low alloy steels (18,19). The quenched and tempered steels with a martensitic structure are less notch sensitive than the normalized and tempered steels with aferrite-pearlite microstructure (Figure 23). Similar results and trends on notch sensitivity have been reported for tests with sharper notches (20). Table 4 reveals remarkably low sensitivity of cast steel to very sharp notches, i.e. to high stress concentration factors. Cast steel suffers less degradation of fatigue proper- ties due to notches than equivalent wrought stecl. ‘When the ideal laboratory test conditions are replaced with more realistic service conditions, the cast steel shows much less notch sensitivity to variations in the values of the test parameters than wrought steel. Table Fig. 26. Fatigue characteristics (S-N curves) for cast and ‘wrought 1040 steel inthe normalized and tempered condition, both notched and unnotched (19). RR. Moore rotating beam Ne‘TABLE 4 Fatigue Notch Sensitivity of Several Cast Stools"(19) Endurance Li Tensile = — Fatigue Notch Steel Strength Unnotched ‘Notched a Sensitivity Grade re) ksi (MPs) si (MPa)_——_Unnotched Notched ‘Normalised and Tempered 1040 aa sy) | 977) 6) ee cnn) 040 020 029 1330. 93 8) BA) oa 032 oe 1330 oT) 78) ZS) 0. 032 028 438, 127° G7) S12} 383 HD) os 030 04s 35 6s G2) HF QM 050 028 0.68 8630 nos 6) 4 Gt 331 04 030 0.53 ‘Quenched and Tempered 100 m2 @) SSH) TSS 048 on os 4135 464 (m0) 63 4B) 40.68) 00 028 oa 4935 1682 (1) 776) 48D. 0.46 029 ost 630 IS GH) STB) oat on os7 Annealed 1040 BS 6m 82 wy) 61D) 0.40 031 os “Notched ests run with theoretical stress concentration factor of 2.2 sq = (K; _D/(K, 1). Ky = Notch fatigue factor = Endurance limit unnotches /Eadurance limit notched, K, concentration actor ‘TABLE 4 Fatigue Notch Sensitivity of Cast 8630 Stee! (20) ‘Theoretical stress “Tensile ‘Nath Stress Fatigue Notch Strength Radius Concentration Sensitivity Heat Treatment ae kai ee Ara) a (om Factor Factor) Norm & Temper BI 6m) oo1s (381) 22 04s Norm & Temper Be 65) ois C38) 22 031 Norm & Temper 93 (My 0013 38h) 22 os ‘Quench & Temper 1260 (868) 001s (381) 22 oat Quench & Temper 145.0 (1000) oo1s (38h) 22 053 ‘Anneal 913) 0.001 (025) 62 one Quench & Temper 52010) 0.001 (025) 62 om. ‘concentration factor ‘5 shows the wrought steel to be 1.5 to 2.3 times as notch sensitive as cast steel, Under the ideal laboratory test conditions and test preparation (uniform section size, polished and honed surfaces, ete.) the endurance limit of ‘wrought steel is higher. The same fatigue characteristics as those of cast steel, however, are obtained when a notch is introduced, or when standard lathe-turned sur- faces are employed in the rotating beam bending fatigue test (19, 25). These effects are illustrated in Figures 24 through 27, ‘The eyelic stress-strain characteristics in Figure 28 and ‘Table 6 show a reduction of the strain hardening expo- nent of the normalized and tempered cast carbon steel (SAE 1030) fromn=0.3in monotonic tension ton'= 0.13, under eyelic strain controlled tests (7) ‘The strain life characteristics of normalized and tem- pered cast carbon stecl (SAE 1030) and wrought steel are similar as exhibited in Figure 29 and Table 7 for strain controlled constant amplitude low cycle fatigue tests (0.001 to 0.02 strain range amplitudes, with constant strain rate triangle wave form of 2.5 x 10 ~4/sec at0.5 to 3.3 Hz). Constant load amplitude fatigue crack growth proper- ties for load ratios R= 0 indicate comparable properties forcast and wrought steel (Figure 30), and slightly better properties for normalized and tempered cast carbon steel (SAE 1030) under load ratios of R= —1. These tests (K, -/(K, 1D. Ky = Noteh fatigue facior = Endurance limit unnotched/Endurance mit notcned, K, = Theoretical stress were conducted in air at 10 to 30 Hz depending on load ratio, initial stress intensity, and crack length. Addi- tional crack propagation rate data are listed in Table 8 for normalized and tempered cast steels used in the pressure vessel and power generating industry and fora variety of cast carbon and low alloy steels. Variable Amplitude Tests. Variable load amplitude fatigue test using the T/H SAE service spectrum (Fig ture 31) and a modified transmission history which elimi- nates all compressive loading indicate equal total life for cast and wrought carbon steel (cast SAE 1030 and ‘wrought SAE 1020, respectively) (Figure 32). The slower crack growth rate in the cast material compensated for the longer erack initiation life [a= 0.01 in. (0.25 mm)] of the wrought carbon steel. ‘The total fatigue life is further comparable for the cast and wrought carbon steels with and without the applia~ tion of tensile overloads (Po P max= 1.6)as indicated in Figure 33, Removal of the compressive loads from the T/H spectrum increases crack initiation life by a factor of 3 and crack propagation life by a factor of 2. The compressive loads are therefore detrimental to both crack initiation and erack propagation. Tensile over- loads increase total life but have mixed effects on crack initiation and propagation in these variable load ampli tude fatigue tests (7). "Fatigue Tensile Strength Notch Sensitivity si (MPa) “Annealed Toto Cast Bs 676) 02 oto Wroveht Bia G61) 08 Normalized and Tempered todo Cast 982 (649) 029 1040 Wrought 500 620) 0.50 1330 Cast 970 (668) 028 1340 Wrought 101.802) 04s 4135 Cast 127 om) 04s 4140 Wrought, ILL (766) oat 4835 Cast an) 068 4340 Wrought 24.6 (859) ost 8630 Cast Hos (762) 033 8640 Wrought 10S (748) oas Quenched and Tempered 1220 Cast m2 (4) 0.48 1340 Wrought 1212 (86) 073 4135 Cast 146.4 1003) 083 4149 Wrought, 146.8 (012) 093 4335 Cast 168.2 160) ost 4840 Wrought, 1684 (1161) 092 8630 Cast 1373 (948) 037 8640 Wrougl 1382 653) 0.90 DK, =D ‘Notch fatigue factor = Endurance limit unnotched /En- ddurance limit notched K, = Theoretical stress concentration factor STRENGEN sTMENSTH eLowe. Hanon ‘ksi (MPa) ksi (MPO) ‘oa gy Le SSR fs | ene esse cess BE 00 $ = wo = cast as0 ber - é Go} 100 2 Zaob 2 Zz 350% 2 50 = qe ee iS we 10 x 1" 108 CYCLES TO FAILURE Fig. 25. Fatigue characteristics (8-N curves) forcast and wrought 8600 series stels, quenched and tempered to the same hardness, both notched and unnotched 19). R. R. Moore rotating ‘beam tesis, K,=2.2. Tass, Ee, STREGEY. TEABDy exgve wanowess Trias Trtasal 2S ese can I Or tee 2a MAXIMUM STRESS-MPa MAXIMUM STRESS- ksi 2 oF oF v8 (CYCLES TO FAILURE Fig. 26 Comparison ofthe fatigue characteristics (S-N curves) of a cast and a wrought 8640 steel of the same composition and strength, quenched and tempered, with standard machine finish and with hand-poished finish (19). R. R. Moore rotating beam tests. The polished specimens were first ground, then hand lapped. The lathe-urned specimens received standard ‘machine finish TENSILE STRENGTH- MP 00 00 700 #00 900 1900 11001200 sien & ENDURANCE LIMIT - MP ENDURANCE. LIMIT - kei 8 A. MOORE OTETING geaM FanGUE TESTS 4 100, income SIRES Sone FeeTOR SE a a) TENSILE STRENGTH -ksi Fig. 27. Relation between fatigue endurance Limit (both iched and unnotched) and uanotched tensile strength for a wmaber of cast and wrought stels with various heat treatments a9).TABLE 6 Monotonic Tensile and Cyclic Streas Strain Properties (7) ‘Monotonic Tension Cast Wrought Property _ SAEIO0 SAE1020 0.26 yield surength, ,—bsi (MPa) a ea) 38 ae) ‘Uhimatestengthyo—ksi (MPa) n 5) wo a) ‘True fracture strength, o,—ksi (MPa) 108 (50) ws 9) Reduction in area—® 6 38 True fracture ductility, 0, ost Modulus of elasticity, E~psi (GPa) 30x10" Coy 295 x 108 203)" Strain hardening exponent, 2 03, 019 Surength coefficient, K, ksi (MPa)_ 138 (4.090) wor 38° _ "Cyetie Sues Stein _ Cast ‘Wrought _ Property SAE 1030 SAE 1020 _ (0.2% yield strength, o,'—ksi (Pa) 6 oI 35 ea Strength coefficient, K’—ksi (MPa) 103, 08) m amy Strain hardening exponent, 2” ou ous ‘Representative values taken from Ref, 26 TABLE 7 Constant Amplitude Fatigue Cast Wrought Property SAE 1030 SAE 1020 Fatigue strength coeicient, o/ 95 (63) 130 36" Fatigue strength exponent.b 0.082 0 Fatigue ductility coefficient, 028 °. Fatigue ductility exponent, ¢ 051 ost “Representative values taken from Ref, QD) Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Properties 1030 Cast Steel 1020 Wrought Steel Property R=0 R=0 = ‘A using ksi Vin, and in 124 x 10" 3 x 10 6.16 x 10°" ‘A (using MPa Vin and m) 22x 10? 64 x 10"? 1229 x 10°? 2 3.8 418 3.54 “Reference 26. TABLE 8 Crack Propagation Rate Characteristics of Carbon and Low Alloy Stools ie = Ref, 17M . 7 3 11/2Ce/2Mot/AV ANT, : 11/2MaMo AwOTT 8 VIPNFICeI/3Mo—0O.T : n n 1 Winer quneed, OQ = Od quenched = Stes scieves SA = Spherinenneal “he vais fr A sn dene mate conse in the expesion fr crack propagation da/AN= ASK r= O fa Retseces 6 ad tn code nay oom emer 3 He or afrence sda 60 for Reference R= 01,05, and for Reference 7 conducted in a oom temper, 30 Be B= od i , 5 g 2 soot 2” 2 g g © © 5 5 930 200 eee 0 a ie : 0 G00 0004 0.008 ‘O012 0.016 STRAW in/ie Fig. 28 Monotonic tensile and cyclic stress-strain behavior of comparable wrought and cast carbon ste! in the normalized and tempered condition (1. ak-MPo rm = 2030 #0 5060 00 100 2 @ cast sae 130 of 8 Seas S.c0 Reo B 2b 8 é Siok . gf , 4 gf dos z Zieh & 2 gst , g fw" & 0 a "0 bette STRESS INTENSITY RANGE, QK-kstin’® Fig. 308 Constant amplitede fatigue crack growth behavior ‘of comparable cast and wrought carbon steel in the sormalized and tempered condition, R ~ 0 (1. 4a/4N- m/CYCLE f sae 1020 CAST SAE 1030 STRAIN AMPLITUDE — ey/2 8 8 C0 0h oO IP REVERSALS TO FAILURE - 2Ny Fig. 29. Low cycle strain-control fatigue behavior of comparable cat and wrought carbon ste] inthe normalized and tempered condition (7. -+aK- MPa o we s0 206 9 00 2 @ car ve x20 Bley s\eeuen eee ba Se 5 & 54] $0 i a 24 3 g 3 wf g 3 5 2 sy 7 3 Bios 5 : 5° 6? 1w 235 POSITIVE STRESS INTENSITY RANGE + K- 3535-85800 si Fig. 300 Constant amplitude fatigue crack growth bebavior of comparable cast and wrought carbon steel ia the normalized ‘and tempered condition, R= ~1 (1).° = - ! TM a eS blak PTET ESTE cs A. T/H 1708 REVERSAL Me 8. MoD 1/# 1692 REVERSALS Fig. 31 Variable amplitude load Spectra T/H and mod T/H (7). Fig.32 Average blocks to —0— CAST SAE 1030 * ‘peal cc engi and wwrouonsae 1020 fracture with T/H load history Leal cc of compart cs end weit carbon steel in the normalized a z se tempered constion Bas 20% ‘ ascrne 4 $ z Bao fuk 8 & ash ee 1a0=Otin.(2 5mm) le 20 . ° 0 "c0 iso 70 20 909 AVERAGE BLOCKS 0} 5 | reo dl 600 8 cool i 4 : 5. lg Tess the nomalzad snd tempered conden, P mat = 4 Hpe a 35 " B ool 5 eh tort = 3 & Eos & B Niojesorozan 20} 3 Be 5s NI 5 BF | Ant ate aoh Cf 4 aE t 1 | FA. saso01m 3 I a * A | : | Tm MOOT Th MOD TAR 2a on 15Section Size, Mass Effects Mass effects are common to steels, whether rolled, forged, or cast, because the cooling rate during the heat treating operation varies with section size, and because the microstructure components, grain size, and nonme- tallic inclusions, increase in size from surface to center. ‘These changes in microstructure are illustrated in Fig- ures 34 through 36. Mass effects are metallurgical in nature, distinct from the effect of discontinuities. An example of how the mass of a component lowers strength properties for wrought AISI 8630 and for AISI ‘8650 steel plate is shown in Figures 37a and 37b. Proper- ties are plotted for the 1/4 T location, halfway between surface and center of plate, Comparison of Figures 37a and 37b indicates that toughness is proportional to strength only ina limited way and that a major loss in toughness may occur in heavier sections. The section size, or mass effect, is of particular impor- tance to steel castings because the mechanical properties fare typically assessed from test bars machined from standardized coupons which have fixed dimensions and are cast separately from or attached to the castings (Fig- ture 38). To remove test bars from the castingiisimpracti~ ‘cal because removal of material for testing would des- troy the usefulness of the component or require costly weld repairs to replace the material removed for testing. Purposes. One cannot routinely expect that test specimens removed from a casting will exhibit the same properties as test specimens machined from the standard test cou- pon designs for which minimum properties are estab- lished in specifications, The mass effect discussed above, . the differences in cooling rate between that of test coupons and of the part being produced, is the funda~ Fig. 34 Contor 16 500x “The ferrite pearte structure of quenched and tempered in (102 mm) thick, A-216-WCC type, carbon steel plate casting,’ A tox = B a 250% 8 250% Fig.35 A. The martensitic microstructure atthe surface of @ quenched and tempered Ni-Cr-Mo (cast 8638) I7-in. (432 mm) thick gear blank. B. The acicula,fecrite-pealte structure ofthe cating in A~at the center of the I7-in, (432 mm) thick section Representative Properties: urs ys EL RA _BHIN = Impact Energy at RT Asi MPa ksi MPa « * fclb 2 A OO “6 38 “sO a B no 158 = 2 2 280 4 5 io0x)e 100% Fig.96 A. Ferrte-pearlte strcture—representation in 8 Sin, (38 mm) Section ofa larger 1S-ton, 2 Ni, 20% C stel turbine blade casting that was normalized and tempered. B. Same as in A, but coarser and acicular Widmansattensiructre i the center ofa Tin. (178 ‘him thick portion of the same casting. C, Same asin B, bul course and Bocky in appearance in the center of a 28a, (711 mm) thick portion of the same casting Representative urs YS EL__RA__BHN —_C, ~ Impact Energy at RT Properties: ii MPa ksi MP fb f A 0 52 8 338 38 9 B fa me 36 6 © 1% st a6 aT st ”‘SECTION THICKNESS - mm SECTION THICKNESS-mm ty wo 100 zon 20 100 T T T (20 T T 7 8650 a 8630 OWL QUENCHED _ {!20 3 waver uencneo 2 DIFFERENT Sizes BS _“birrenen szes 3 tery, TEMPERED AT 1000°F EE TEMPERED aT TO00+Fser0 zs. te vol #00 4100 = 5s g 7 5 5 0 § ve, ee - ® 100,300 8 a a z g cot f fs e ¢ RED. Anca g s0 + 200 o & < 2 # 4008 © of 100 108 eee pops 1 i id, ° 1 = > + praia it, SECTION THICKNESS~in ° ‘ 2 3 + Fig. 97a Section size effects on water quenched and SECTION THICKNESS - tempered wrought AISI A830 steel in sizes over 1 in. (25 mam). Fig. 87% __ Section size effects on oil quenched and tempered ‘The properties reported are those midway between surface and center (Conversion: 1 ksi = 6.8948 MPa, 1 ft-lb = 1356 ) 28). fname —iNeeessan 5 > i FOR BEND. OAR DESIGN FOR lua, SIDE VIEW KEEL BLOCK COUPON ‘wrought AISI 8680 steel. In sizes over Tin. QS mm), the ‘properties reported are those midway between surface and center (Conversion: I ksi ~ 6.8948 MPa, 111 1b = 1.386 3) 28). Fig.38 Keel Block coupon (ASTM A370—Mechanieal testing of steel products), \vromae too For so oan ESCH FOR MULTIPLE KEEL BLOCK COUPON {4 LEGS) Porat) BI {p— beer} — ATTACHED COUPON 18mental reason for this situation. Several specifications provide for the mass effect by permitting the testing of coupons which are larger than the basic keel block in Figure 38, and whose cooling rate is therefore more representative of that experienced by the part being pro- duced. Among these specifications are ASTM specifi- cations E208, A356, and A757. Alloy and Heat Treatment influence on Section Size Effects. The tensile properties of normalized and tempered cast carbon steel with 0.3% C (cast 1030) and Ni-Cr-Mo low alloy steel (cast 8635) in Figures 39a and 39b reveal the largest effect of section size to be on reduction of area, The higher strength of the low alloy steelis relatively uniform in the 1.25and 3-in. (32and 76 ‘mm) sections. For the 6-in, (152 mm) section a distinct drop in yield and tensile strength is evident. These sec- tion size effects on tensile properties are more pro- nounced upon quenching and tempering to higher strength values as evident from data illustrated in Figure 40 for Ni-Cr-Mo low alloy cast 8635 steel. Toughness, because of its sensitivity to the changes in ‘metallurgical structure, i.e. heat treatment, may reveal ‘major effects of section size. Figure 41 shows the differ- ences in Charpy V-notch impact energy due to section size as well as the variation of impact energy with loca- tion in a given section. These data shown only minor effects for the normalized and tempered steels. Compar- able and uniform properties are also shown for the 3” TERE HRENGT 0 weo forzsatscom “Ognitenn! “a gutrgnnl 00 = Zo povgseigeen 8 ualtgnm a gperear 700 8 00 to —deag lg B@rjoyn hoof oo B co aa too ® 40 L 12 8 el Waa Pon seo g i woh efoto =e ~ } 8 ! ‘00 bs i | b REET FB ao ime & s0 Ong) Nw] 9-0" oS Ba | Op poo" Eso jet ay es i ; | 21 aecanon nn im » samc | PERCENT 6 in (5200) ‘SECTION SIZE Fig. 38 Distribution of tensile properties of cat 1030 stel [Normalized from 1600°F (871°C) and tempered at 1200°F (649°C) a9). higher strength, quenched and tempered cast 8630 steel up toa 3-in, (76 mm) section thickness, For the 6-in. (152 mm) thick 8630 steel a significant loss in toughness ‘occurs due to insufficient hardenability of the steel. Lack of hardenabilty of this steel prevents the 6-in. (152 mm) section from through hardening and forminga sufficient amount of martensite at distances of | in. (25 mm) or more below the surface of the 6-in, (152 mm) thick section. Fatigue strength values are affected by the masseeffect ina manner similar to tensile strength. When the endu- rance limit is “normalized” for tensile strength by divid- 1g the endurance limit by the tensile strength, the result- ing endurance ratio reveals only minor effects of section size as illustrated in Figure 42. Early studies of the section size effect (19, 29, 30) evaluated mechanical properties extensively as a func~ tion of location ina given casting to determine the rate of change with distance from the surface to the center of the casting. Figure 43 illustrates one example of these studies and demonstrates the tendency of properties to level off at distances of approximately 1/4 thickness, 1/4 T, from the surface. Newer studies, therefore, tend to be limited to the 1/4 T location, Data of this type in Table 9 illustrate the trends for property changes asa function of section size, These data do not reflect minimum values to be expected for the grades listed. Table 10 shows the compositions of the grades listed in Table 9. 1 wo g Temes svtenen? Fro [ousmens Pinion comtsann | 00 Be bane Spetgtwcnfere he 8 200 8 Eta a ee teal 100 ,* | + 300 @ Bool of velo san oe g Plat S00 g a=: 8 E : ‘co i 300 RE GICTON OF BER a | & oat] e f ° “ELONGATION IN 2ia (Simm) 5 0 eae Scoleeeegige eles lee id ee 7 || i 2 ot on Gam) 3un(re nad _| in. 152 Section Size Fig.290 __Disibuton of tensile properies of cst 8635 steak. [Normalized from 160°F (871°C) and tempered at 1200°F (649°C) a9)190 2008 TEnsiLe STRENGTH | 2 60 forzswsemm 0 SaiemmSecron a6inascnni 100 a ‘ooo gre se 20 too 5 100 700 Bo 100 oa 900: gm too E 00 rook oe 600 Teun OF HER : 5 Sf 4 § eel a “ta WW 2a Simm = 5% on m2 ; Lo i 8 in B oper ses ti ci ° at Sate ease secre Fig. 40 Disiibuon of ete properties of at 35 sel ‘Water quenched from I5OPF (616%) and tempered at 1100°F (93°) a9. x °° (ozs misemmilsecTON T1650 STEEL sls {0 3in, (76mm) SECTION ine * 1S O° a ints Sie SIE oso gts os 8/4 010 BIZ oas IF 40 oss 2 5 = 030 bess areeC Ww oast- lovencye TEMPERED pooh pe) Bg he Bost cae B ox — = LBinczam in (Témn ~ Sin 1520) SEction Sie Fig. 42 Distribution of endurance ratio for various section sizes of cast steals (19. 20 Oia enn TON omg BET yo zo} Sie (tenat Eye MEBs s q T8s 20 10 * seas a ° a Nonmaltiee 8 FEbipeneD 2 oro = z ~1— Rectal oto amy ae | il {eg & ouenctib’a PilFecne | oS Got, eee) . Tie od oe " 420 0 © : [Baca Sin (mad — +1 stchon Se Fig.41.__Disiibton af Charpy V-notch impt properties at 14°F (28°C) for various section sizes of cas steels (19), : one : : ee Jan 2 & 5 x0 mo oa > | re sof ee coe ee 5 £0 : eee Bob o_o aoa Neoucamiow coos one geen ASTANCE FROM COUPON SURFACE nin Seen eee ea eo ABPROXMATE SOLOVFCATON THE -MNUTES pe eee ‘coupon of cast Ni-Cr-Mo, 4330 steel in the quenched and tempered condition 29).TABLE rite Hardenable Cast Steole® a a mn weA OMT) hCG) te ee ee 30) nw am 2 ® 9 cm & @ we er) BO oo 8 IO ty 36) ¥ 6m OM oT (oe sl ee) tee coy tte na em oe oF aw Co wee er 1a om Sew 4 ay 36p 0 BB Ome we ct ay a rr ‘om 36 ry = 360 Samy em) 9 S08 ae) oes ts wc ort sy ba oo ” 36n h aay om a8 300 aw ou % oo ttt om fay Hci ” 36n | 6s “)® 2 o S08 ow bss Bao Pee et) to) on ch 2 36) 8 Bay ‘or 28 ay 303 haw om =e Oy wm iar ara) oe tm ome wo est, 2 36) me oy RN os Ce, Son mem wn Ss 1 ot ta a om TENSILE STRENGTHS ENGINEERING GRADES—LOW ALLOY STEELS* 0000 es200 120000 75000 | 200000" ‘etn ck of hm ayy cet ih Tigh recone to pad cnt ow ctw popes or cela et deny Niewnepopetan exelent contmaion Sroogn and ope, wedobe| ah srg weer rine, Le eamanperoeaeed All volues tated below ore speciation minimum volues end epply only te the typlcl specication leted “5000 70000 oo) a0 0 120000, 150000 175000 = 20000 om | 125000 vasa00 | 2 2 7, 2 6 = 35 =e 2 35 Ey @ = = = 1 ar ae 3 = Velues listed dlvety below ore thowe normally expaced inthe production of sal caving forthe “ensle strength veluee given in the upper potion ofthe cher* The values are only for ‘ceerl information and or net ta be wed x deuign or speciation lini valves sao | 95000 Tre00 17500 158000 | 112000 2 16 na a 7 2a an ‘32300 [2000 = [7 { sa nent ag ns i es wa Shee ahbuss aise Sonate boreeenie bead 23REFERENCES 14 |. SFSA Research Results, Nickel Alloy Steel Data Book, Section 3, Bulletin D, INCO, 1966, Based upon American Brake Shoe Company unpublished data Wieser, P, F., “Carbon and Low Alloy Steels,” Machine Design, February 14, 1974, p. 8. Brezayak, B. S., and Wallace, J. F., “Impact Properties ‘of Cast Steel Sections with Surface Discontinuities,” Steel Foundry Research Foundation, September, 1967, Gall, E., Wieser, P. F., “Strength-Toughness Relation- ships for Cast Steels,” Journal of Steel Castings Re- search, No. 64, September, 1963, p. 3 Wessel, E. T., and Clark, W. T., Jr, “Fracture Preven- tion Procedure for Heavy Section Components,” West- inghouse scientific paper 70-IE7-FMPWR-P2, January 14, 1970, Stephens, R. I. etal, “Fatigue and Fracture Toughness ‘of SAE 0030 Cast Steel in Comparison with SAE 1020 Wrought Steel," Journal of Stee! Castings Research, No. 83, July, 1978, p. 1 . Jackson, W. J., “Fracture Toughness in Relation to Steel Casting Design and Application,” Steel Founders’ Society of America, August, 1978. Groves, M. T., and Wallace, J. F., “Plane Strain Fracture Toughness of Cast and Wrought Steels,” Journal of Stee! Castings Research, No. 80, September, 1977, pL Venne, L. J., “The Application of Fracture Toughness Criteria to Steel Castings,” Stee! Foundry Facts, No. 313, March, 1975, p. 3 Floreen, S., “The Fracture Toughness of Cast High ‘Strength Steels," Journal of Engineering, MAT, 1976. Bamby, J. T., ALDaimalani, I. S., "Assessment of the Fracture Toughness of Cast Steels,” Part I—Low Alloy Steels, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 11, 1916, p. 1979, Barnby, J. T., Al-Daimalani, I. $., “Assessment of the Fracture Toughness of Cast Steels," Part II—Carbon ‘and Carbon Manganese Steels, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 11, 1976, p. 1989. Steigerwald, E. A., “Plane Strain Fracture Toughness for Handbook Presentation," AFML TR-67-187, July, 1967. Barsom, J. M., and Rolfe, S. T., “Correlation between Charpy V-notch Test Results in the Transition Tempera: ture Range,” Impact Testing of Metals, ASTM, STP-466, Philadelphia, 1970, p. 281 Begley, J. A., and Logsdon, W. A., “Correlation of Fracture Toughness and Charpy Properties for Rotor Steels,"* Westinghouse Research Laboratories, Scientif- ic Paper 71-IET-MSRLF-PI, May, 1971 ey 7. 18. 20. 24 2. 2 25, 26, 2. 28 2. 31 32, 33. “Materials Selector,” Metal Engineering, tember, 1972, p. 34 Ebert, L. J., “A Critical Review of Recent Literature oon the Fatigue Properties of Cast Steel,” MPC—2, ASME, 1976, p. 135 mid-Sep- . Evans, E. B., Ebert, L. J., and Briggs, C. W., Proc., ‘American Society for Testing and Materials, Vol. 56, 1956, p. 1 Wallace, J. F., Vishnevsky, C., and Briggs, C. W., Journal of Basic Engineering, ASME, March, 1968, p. 31 Vishnevsky, C., Bertolino, M. F., and Wallace, J. F., “The Evaluation of Discontinuties in Commercial Stee] Castings by Dynamic Loading to Failure in Fatigue,” Stee! Foundry Research Foundation, February, 1967, Breznyak, E. S., Vishnevsky, C., and Wallace, J. F., “The Effect of Internal Shrinkage Discontinuities on the Fatigue and Impact Properties of Cast Steel Sec- tions,” Steel Foundry Research Foundation, May, 1969. Vishnevsky, C., Wallace, J. F., and Mang, J. S.. “Fatigue of Cast Steels, Part I~A Study of the Notch Effect and of the Specimen Design and Loading on the Fatigue Properties of Cast Steel,” and “Part II— Spectrographic Studies of Fatigue in Cast Steel,” Steel Foundry Research Foundation, April, 1967 Vishnevsky, C., Bertolino, M. F., and Wallace, J. F., “The Effecis of Surface Discontinuities on the Fatigue Properties of Cast Steel Sections,” Steel Foundry Re- search Foundation, August, 1966. “Properties and Selection of Metals,” Metals Hand- book, Vol. 1, ASM, 1961, p. 128. Technical Report on Fatigue Properties, SAE J1099, February, 1975, Kapadia, B. M., Imhof, E. J., Jr, “Fatigue Crack Growth in Cast Irons and Cast Steels,"" ASME publica- tion Cast Metals for Structural and Pressure Contain- ‘ment Applications, MPC-11, 1979. Nickel Alloy Steel Data Book, Section 2, Bulletin A. ‘Ahearn, P. J., Form, W. G., and Wallace, J. F., “Mass Effect on Tensile Properties of High Strength Cast Steel Castings, Modern Castings, February, 1959, p. 45, Briggs, C. W., and Gezelius, R. A., “The Effect of Mass upon the Mechanical Properties of Cast Steel, Trans., ASM, 1938, Vol. 26, p. 367 MPC research to be published, Private communications, V. Behal, Dominion Foundries & Steel, Ltd., 1979 SFSA research,