SI LOS NOMBRES TERMINAN EN S SH CH ,

SE LES AADE ES (IZ)

BUS................BUSES
CHURH ........CHURCHES
BUSH............BUSHES
SI EL NOMBRE TERMINA EN CONSONANTE + Y SE
CAMBIA LA Y GRIEGA POR IES
COUNTRY.........COUNTRIES
PARTY.............. PARTIES

LA R SILENCIOSA
R + VOCAL = /R/................ CHILDREN
R + CONSONANTE = /R/.... SURNAME
R + NADA = /R/ .................. MOTHER

ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS
MY ............................ MI MIS
YOUR......................... TU,SU (DE USTED O DE USTEDES) VUESTRO A OS AS
HIS............................ SU,SUS,(DE EL)
HER.......................... SU, SUS (DE ELLA)
ITS........................... SU SUS (DE ELLO)
OUR ......................... (NUESTRO,A,OS,AS
THEIR.................... THEIR SU,SUS (DE ELLOS O DE ELLAS)

ADJETIVOS DEMOSTRATIVOS
THIS........................ ESTE,A,O
THAT..................... ESE,A,O, AQUEL,LLA,LLO
THESE.................. ESTOS,AS
THOSE................. ESOS,AS, AQUELLOS,AS

TE GUSTA COMER SPAGHETTIS = DOES YOU EATING SPAGHETTIS LIKE

Usamos THE:

Para hablar acerca de GENTE, COSAS, SITIOS ESPECIFICOS

The books I bought yesterday

Cuando solo hay UNO de algo (El Sol, La Luna, La Oficina de Correos)
We looked at the Moon
 Si esta CLARO que t estas hablando sobre eso.
She opened the door and went into the flat

Con instrumentos musicales

I can play the piano but no the guitar

NO usamos THE

Cuando estamos hablando acerca de COSAS o GENTE EN GENERAL

Men /women are selfish
Love is more important than money

Con: SITIOS EN GENERAL : School, University, Work, Bed, Hospital,

Church...
Shes at school
I start work at 8.00

Despues de verbos BE IN/AT, GO TO, GET TO, START, FINISH,

LEAVE
How often do you go to church?

Con NEXT / LAST ...WEEK, MONTH, YEAR, SUMMER, MONDAY...

I went to Amsterdam last month
What are you doing next weekend

Con DEPORTES, COMIDAS, ASIGNATURAS

I hate football but I love cicling
Im terrible at Maths
NOMBRES INCONTABLES:

LOS SIGUIENTES NOMBRES COMUNES SON SIEMPRE

INCONTABLES:

Traffic
Weather
Accommodation
Health
Scenery
 Rubbish
Work
Politics (y otras palabras terminadas en ics)
SIEMPRE NECESITAN UN VERBO EN SINGULAR
NO LLEVAN S FINAL
NO USAN ARTICULO A / AN
There was terrible traffic this morning
LOS SIGUIENTES NOMBRES COMUNES SON TAMBIEN INCONTABLES:

Furniture, Information, Advice

News, Luck, Bread
Toast, Luggage, Equipment
NECESITAN TAMBIEN UN VERBO EN SINGULAR
CUANDO HABLAMOS DE UN SOLO ELEMENTO DE ESTOS USAMOS
:A PIECE OF

Thats a beautiful piece of furniture

ALGUNOS NOMBRES PUEDEN SER CONTABLES O INCONTABLES,PERO

CAMBIAN LOS SIGNIFICADOS

IRON....UNCONTABLE : EL METAL

IRON.......CONTABLE : LA PLANCHA

Id like a glass of water / The table is made of glass

NOMBRES PLURALES

ESTOS NOMBRES SOLO EXISTEN EN PLURAL

Clothes, People. Trousers

Jeans, Arms (guns..), Police

NECESITAN UN VERBO EN PLURAL

NO USAN ARTICULO A / AN
People here are very friendly

The police have arrived

Questions with questions words answers
WHAT IS HER SURNAME? JANE
WHAT IS HIS JOB? SHES A POLICEMAN
WHAT IS HER ADDRESS? 34,CHURCH STREET

WHERE IS SHE FROM? PORTUGAL

WHERE ARE YOU FROM? FRANCE
WHERE ARE THEY FROM? SPAIN

WHO IS JENNIFER? SHES JOHNS DAUGHTER

WHO IS SHE? SHES JOHNS DAUGHTER

Possessive S
MY HUSBANDS NAME IS MARTIN
THATS ANDREAS, DICTIONARY

EVERY MORNING/EVENING.................. TODOS LOS DIAS /TODAS LAS NOCHES

EVERY DAY................................................ CADA DIA
EVERY FRIDAY.......................................... CADA VIERNES
(ONCE) A WEEK........................................ UNA VEZ A LA SEMANA
(TWICE) A MONTH.................................... DOS VECES AL MES
(THREE,FOUR,FIVE...) TIMES A YEAR...TRES,CUATRO,CINCO VECES AL AO
ABOUT ONCE A WEEK.............................. ALREDEDOR DE UNA VEZ A LA SEMANA

PAST TENSES

TENSE TO

EXPRES POSITIVE NEGATIVE QUESTIONS

A FINISHED I ARRIVED I DIDNT ARRIVE WHEN DID YOU ARRIVE

ACTION IN THE THREE WEEKS
PAST SIMPLE PAST THREE WEEKS AGO AGO

PAST CONTINUOUS A PROGRESS SHE WAS WORKING SHE WASNT WHAT WAS SHE DOING?
ACCTION IN THE WORKING
WAS/WERE+ING PAST

YOU WERE WORKING WHAT WERE WE DOING?

YOU WERENT
WORKING

A PAST ACCTION I HAD FINISHED WORK I HADNT FINISHED WHEN HAD YOU FINISHED
THAT AT 6.00 WORK AT 6.00 WORK?
PAST PERFECT HAPPENED
BEFORE
HAD + P.P
ANOTHER PAST
 ACCTION

CUANDO USAMOS EL DID O EL HAD EN LOS PASADOS ?

CUANDO ES UNA ACCION SOLA EN EL PASADO. DID

I DIDNT PLAY (YO NO JUGU. 1 ACCION PASADA : JUGU)

CUANDO SON DOS ACCIONES RELACIONADAS EN EL PASADO. HADNT

I HADNT PLAYED ( YO NO HABA JUGADO. 2 ACCIONES PASADAS: HABA Y JUGADO)

CUANDO APARECE SINCE LOS TIEMPOS APLICADOS SON SIEMPRE EN PERFECT

(PRESENT PAST)

WHILE, ES UNA CONJUNCION,= MIENTRAS

DURING + NOUN = DURANTE

FOR + PERIODO DE TIEMPO

ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH : GOOD ENOUGH

ENOUGH + NOUN : ENOUGH MONEY

FRECUENCY ADVERBS

BE + ADVERB = IM ALWAYS HERE

ADVERB + MAIN VERB = I NEVER EARN SO MUCH MONEY

ADVERBS ORDER

1 Modo 2 lugar 3 tiempo

1 MANNER 2 PLACE 3 TIME

ADVERBS AND ADVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS

USO: USAMOS ADVERBIOS Y EXPRESIONES

ADVERBIALES PARA DESCRIBIR UN VERBO,ADJETIVO,O
UNA FRASE ENTERA
TIPO EJEMPLOS NOTAS
COMO ALGUIEN He drives very badly. Normalmente van
HACE ALGO: DESPUES DEL VERBO
DE MODO
CUANTAS VECES I never drink alcohol Ponemos ANTES DEL
SUCEDE ALGO: We usually go to bed at VERBO PRINCIPAL,
DE FRECUENCIA midnight. pero DESPUES DEL
Hes always late. VEBO TO BE
CUANDO SUCEDE I think hell be here Pueden ir al PRINCIPIO
ALGO: soon. DE LA FRASE PARA DAR
DE TIEMPO Last night I had dinner NFASIS
with a friend.
CUANTAS VECES ES He drinks a lot. A bit,little,much, y a lot
ALGO HECHO: Ive almost finished. van DESPUES DEL
DE GRADO VERBO O EXPRESION.
Todos LOS DEMAS van
ANTES DEL VERBO
PRINCIPAL
PARA HACER Ideally we ought to leave AL PRINCIPIO es mas
COMENTARIOS at 10:00. enftico
ACERCA DE UNA The car broke down,
SITUACION: unfortunately.
FRASES
ADVERBIALES
OTROS ADVERBIOS I only have one sister. LA MAYORIA de los
Theyve just arrived. adverbios van ANTES
She can probably come. DEL VERBO PRINCIPAL

Present simple

Formacin. Se utiliza el infinitivo sin to para todas las personas excepto la

tercera del singular, que lleva el sufijo -s:
 I work we work
you work you work
he/she/it works they work

Present continuous

Formacin. Se forma con el presente del verbo to be y el gerundio del verbo

que se conjuga:
I am working we are working
you are working you are working
he/she/it is working they are working

Present perfect

Formacin. Se forma con el presente del verbo to have y el participio del verbo
que se conjuga:
I have worked we have worked
you have worked you have worked
he/she/it has worked they have worked

Present perfect continuous

Formacin. Se forma con el presente del verbo to have, el participio del verbo
to be (been) y el gerundio del verbo que se conjuga:

I have been working we have been working

you have been working you have been working
he/she/it has been working they have been working

Past simple

Formacin. Se utiliza la misma forma para todas las personas: infinitivo + -ed
para los verbos regulares
I worked we worked
you worked you worked
he/she/it worked they worked
 Past continuous

Formacin. Se forma con el pasado del verbo to be y el gerundio del verbo que
se conjuga:
I was working we were working
you were working you were working
he/she/it was working they were working

Past perfect

Formacin. Se forma con el pasado del verbo to have y el participio del verbo
que se conjuga:
I had worked we had worked
you had worked you had worked
he/she/it had worked they had worked
La voz pasiva

La voz pasiva se forma con el verbo to be y el participio pasado del verbo:

the cathedral was built in the seventeenth century
Su uso es mucho ms frecuente que el de la estructura equivalente en espaol,
ya que se emplea tambin en frases como:
it was decided that... se decidi que...
he was told the truth le dijeron la verdad
my car is being repaired me estn arreglando el coche

PREPOSITIONS

IN, ON, AT, TO, BY, NEAR, WITH

AT =PARA SITIOS PEQUEOS (ARRIVE AT PLACE/A HOTEL/A CINEMA/A STATION

IN = PARA SITIOS GRANDES ( ARRIVE IN A TOWN/IN A COUNTRY)

THE = SEGUIDO DE PALABRA QUE COMIENZA CON VOCAL SE PRONUNCIA DI

THE = SEGUIDO DE PALABRA QUE COMIENZA CON CONSONANTE SE PRONUNCIA DE

NO ARTICLES
 COSAS EN GENERAL

I HAVE... TEA AND TOAST FOR BREAKFAST

... BOOKS ARE EXPENSIVE
I LIKE TALKING ... PHOTOGRAPHS
DO YOU LIKE ... CHINESE FOOD ?

COMIDAS , SITIOS , TRANSPORTES

I HAVE... BREAKFAST /LUNCH/DINNER

I GO/COME ... HOME
I GO/COME TO ... SCHOOL/UNIVERSITY /WORK/BED
IM AT ... WORK/ ON...HOLIDAY

ES ESENCIAL PARA PONER EN LOS TEXTOS Y/O USAR CORRECTAMENTE LOS TIEMPOS

VERBALES, FIJARSE MUY ATENTAMENTE TANTO EN EL CONTEXTO COMO EN EL SENTIDO DE

CADA FRASE.

EJEMPLOS :

ABOUT: THE TIMES

(BEGIN). IT BEGAN HIS LIFE IN 1785 ( EMPEZ,PASADO BEGIN, BEGAN, BEGUN)

(START). IT WAS STARTED BY JOHN WALTER (CUANDO APARECE BY EL TIEMPO SIEMPRE

VA EN PASIVA EN ESTE CASO EN PASADO,WAS/WERE+ 3)

(COST). IN THOSE DAYS,COST .... (ES PASADO :COST,COST,COST)

(SELL). NOW IT SELLS OVER 650.000 COPIES.(IT:THE TIMES 3 PERSONA )

(PUBLISH). ITS PUBLISHED IN LONDON (PARTICIPIO PASADO)

(HAVE). WITH THE SUNDAY TIMES, WHICH HAS AT LEAST TEN SECTIONS. (3 PERSONA)

(HAVE). HAS HAD AN EXCELLENT REPUTATION (3 PERSONA Y PASADO)

(WORK). THE TIMES HAS WORKED FOR THE TIMES SINCE 1980.(SIEMPRE QUE VA
FOR/SINCE,SE PONE EL VERBO EN PRESENT PERFECT (HAVE + 3 PERSONA)
 (TRY). AND NOW WE ARE TRYING(ESTAMOS INTENTANDO,PRESENTE CONTINUOUS, TO BE
+ VERB+ ING)

ANY SE PONE CON PLURAL

SOME / ANY

ORACIONES AFIRMAT.
PLURALES
SOME
NUMEROS INDEFINIDOS ORACIONES NEGATIV. PLURALES
ANY
PREGUNTAS PLURALES

ARE THERE ANY ?

ARE ANY ?
DIRECTIONS
EXCUSE ME ,IS THERE A BOOKSHOP .... NEAR HERE ,PLEASE ?
WHERE IS THE BOOKSHOP ?

RESPUESTAS
WITH PREPOSITIONS

GO STRAIGHT ON.................SIGA RECTO

ON THE LEFT......................... A LA IZQUIERDA
ON THE RIGHT...................... A LA DERECHA
TAKE THE FIRS/SECOND... STREET ON...........TOME LA 1,2.....CALLE A
TURN LEFT..............................TUERCE A LA IZQUIERDA
TURN RIGHT.......................... TUERCE A LA DERERCHA
GO PAST.................................. PASAR DE LARGO
TO CROSS............................... CRUZAR
CROSSROADS....................... CRUCE DE CAMINOS
ICE RINK................................ PABELLON DE PATINAJE
ROUND ABOUT.................... ROTONDA

ALONG A LO LARGO

DOWN HACIA ABAJO

UP HACIA ARRIBA

INTO HACIA DENTRO

OUT OF HACIA FUERA

OVER POR ENCIMA

PAST PASAR JUNTO A

THROUGH ATRAVESAR

UNDER POR DEBAJO DE

PREPOSICIONES Y EXPRESIONES DE
MOVIMIENTO

GO STRAIGHT ON.................SIGA RECTO

ON THE LEFT......................... A LA IZQUIERDA
ON THE RIGHT...................... A LA DERECHA
TAKE THE FIRST/SECOND... STREET ON......TOME LA 1,2.....CALLE
A....
TURN LEFT..............................TUERCE A LA IZQUIERDA
TURN RIGHT.......................... TUERCE A LA DERERCHA
GO PAST.................................. PASAR DE LARGO
TO CROSS............................... CRUZAR
CROSSROADS....................... CRUCE DE CAMINOS
ICE RINK................................ PABELLON DE PATINAJE
ROUND ABOUT.................... ROTONDA
ALONG..................................... A LO LARGO
DOWN........................................HACIA ABAJO
UP................................................HACIA ARRIBA
INTO .............................. ..........HACIA DENTRO
OUT OF..................................... HACIA FUERA
OVER .........................................POR ENCIMA
PAST...........................................PASAR JUNTO A
TROUGH...ATRAVESAR;A TRAVES DE 3 DIMENSIONES O CUANDO HAY
OBSTACULOS
ACROSS....................................A TRAVES DE UNA SUPERFICIE
UPHILL.......................................CUESTA ARRIBA
DOWNHILL..............................CUESTA ABAJO
 KEEP WALKING.......................CONTINA
KEEP GOING............................ SIGUE
AS FAR AS................................ HASTA
HALFWAY................................. MITAD DE LA CALLES
JUCTION.................................. CRUCE DE CALLES
CROSSROAD............................ CRUCE DE CARRETERAS
CAR PARK.................................. APARCAMIENTO

-ED /-ING ADJECTIVES

USAMOS EL ADJETIVO CON TERMINACION ED,PARA EXPRESAR

COMO NOS SENTIMOS NOSOTROS = PARA PERSONAS

We were exhausted after the long flight

Estabamos agotados despues del largo vuelo

Im bored Estoy aburrido

USAMOS EL ADJETIVO CON TERMINACION ING,PARA EXPRESAR QUE

ALGO ES DE UNA MANERA = PARA COSAS

The long flight was exhausting El largo vuelo fue agotador

Its boring Es aburrido

ESTOY: ES:
ED=COMO NOS SENTIMOS. ING = COMO ES ALGO.

PARA PERSONAS PARA COSAS

FRIGHTENED ASUSTADO FRIGHTENING ATERRADOR

BORED ABURRIDO BORING ABURRIDO

SURPRISED SORPRENDIDO SURPRISING SORPRENDENTE

TIRED CANSADO TIRING CANSADO

DEPRESSED DEPRIMIDO DEPRESSING DEPRESIVO

TERRIFIED ATERRORIZADO TERRIFYING TERRORIFICO

 ANNOYED ENFADADO ANNOYING MOLESTO

EXCITED EXCITADO EXCITING EXCITANTE

EMBARRASED AVERGONZADO EMBARRASING EMBARAZOSO

FASCINATED FASCINADO FASCINATING FACINANTE

PRONOMBRES Y ADJETIVOS

DEMOSTRATIVOS
(MASCULINO,FEMENINO Y NEUTRO)
THIS /THAT/ THESE/ THOSE/

THIS (ESTO/A)SINGULAR..............CERCA DE NOSOTROS

THAT( ESE/A,ESO/A,AQUEL,AQUELLO/A)SINGULAR...LEJOS DE
NOSOTROS

THESE (ESTOS/ESTAS)PLURAL ...CERCA DE NOSOTROS

THOSE (ESOS/AS,AQUELOS /AS)PLURAL...LEJOS DE NOSOTROS

CAN/COULD WAS /WERE

VB PODER Y SABER VB SER Y ESTAR (PRESENTE SIMPLE )

CAN...PRESENTE WAS......PASADO
COULD... PASADO WERE .......PASADO

CAN ES UN VERBO MODAL, NO LLEVA INFINITIVO

(TO)

ABILITY= SABER HACER ALGO

CAN
PERMISSION=PERMISO PARA HACER ALGO

CAN

FORMA AFIRMATIVA:
SUJETO + CAN + VERBO PRINCIPAL
 I CAN DANCE

FORMA NEGATIVA:
CANNOT (+FORMAL)
I,YOU,WE...+ CAN + CAN NOT + VERBO EN
INFINITIVO
CANT (+INFORMAL)

SUJETO + CANT + VERBO PRINCIPAL

I CANT DANCE

FORMA INTERROGATIVA:

CAN + SUJETO + VERBO PRINCIPAL ?

CAN YOU PLAY THE PIANO?

AFIRMATIVA: YES, I CAN

RESPUESTAS CORTAS
NEGATIVA : NO,I CANT

CAN PAST SIMPLE TENSE = COULD

POSITIVO EN PASADO
I COULD YO PUDE
YOU COULD TU/VOSOTROS PUDISTEIS
HE/SHE /IT COULD EL/ELLA/ESTO/ PUDO
WE COULD NOSOTROS PUDIMOS
THEY COULD ELLOS PUDIERON

NEGATIVO EN PASADO
I COULDNT YO NO PUDE
YOU COULDNT TU/VOSOTROS NO PUDISTEIS
HE/SHE/IT COULDNT EL/ELLA/ESTO NO PUDO
WE COULDNT NOSOTROS NO PUDIMOS
THEY COULDNT ELLOS NO PUDIERON
 INTERROGATIVO EN PASADO
COULD I? YO PUDE?
COULD YOU? TU/VOSOTROS PUDISTEIS?
COULD HE/SHE/IT? EL/ELLA/ESTO PUDO?
COULD WE? NOSOTROS PUDIMOS?
COULD THEY? ELLOS PUDIERON?

+ INFINITIVO SIN TO
CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO

CAN Y COULD SOLO SE UTILIZAN EN TIEMPO PRESENTE Y

PASADO
LOS USAMOS PARA DECIR QUE ALGO ES POSIBLE O QUE
ALGUIEN TIENE LA HABILIDAD DE HACER ALGO

I can speak German

They can come at 7 oclock

She couldnt help me

BE ABLE TO SE UTILIZA EN FUTURO

LO USAMOS CUANDO NO ES UNA FORMA DE CAN

Ill be able to drive next year

Shes never been able to park

Id like to be able to dance well

Ill be able to= PODR

Being (Sujeto) able to use= Poder usar

PASADO

USO DEL COULD WAS /WERE ABLE TO

USAMOS COULD PARA HABLAR DE UNA HABILIDAD GENERAL

My grandfather could play the piano

USAMOS WAS / WERE BE ABLE TOPARA DECIR QUE ALGUIEN HIZO

ALGO EN UNA OCASIN ESPECIAL O TENIA UNA DIFICULTAD MUY
GRANDE PARA HACERLO

Although the restaurant was very full, we were able to get a table

I was be able to pass my driving test after six times

CAN Y COULD
La formas negativas de can y could son can't y couldn't, pero en
contextos formales o enfticos se suele usar cannot y could not.
Cuando expresan la idea de posibilidad o permiso, y en oraciones
interrogativas en las que se pide un favor, can equivale a puedo,
puedes, etc. y could puede equivaler a poda, podas, etc., pude,

pudiste, etc. La expresin to be able to sustituye a can y could

en los tiempos verbales en que stos no se utilizan:

o podra, podras, etc.:

Do you think he'll be able to do it? crees que podr hacerlo?

She hopes to be able to come on Tuesday espera poder venir el
martes
I haven't been able to do it yet todava no he podido hacerlo

can't, could y couldn't tambin pueden ir seguidos de

have + participio:
He can't have said that! no puede haber dicho eso!
You could have told me! me lo podras haber dicho!
I couldn't have done it without you no lo podra haber hecho sin ti

can y could equivalen a formas del verbo saber

 cuando van seguidos de verbos que expresan una habilidad que se ha
adquirido:

She can't swim no sabe nadar

Can you type? sabes escribir a mquina?
He could read when he was four saba leer cuando tena cuatro aos
She told us she couldn't sing nos dijo que no saba cantar

can y could generalmente no se traducen al

espaol cuando van seguidos de los verbos de
los sentidos:
I can't hear you no te oigo
I can see why she doesn't like it ya veo por qu no le gusta
He couldn't see a thing no vea nada
She could smell gas not que ola a gas

AFIRMATIVO ? / NEGATIVO ?

COMO CONOCER SI ES CAN CANT CUANDO NOS LO

HABLAN :

Si la entonacion va sobre CAN es Afirmativo:

I can stop

Si la entonacion va sobre el VERBO PRINCIPAL es

Negativo

I cant stop
 CAN BE ABLE TO +INFINITIVE
PRESENT CAN
AM/IS/ARE ABLE TO
SIMPLE - WILL BE ABLE TO
FUTURE (WILL) COULD WAS/WERE ABLE TO
PAST SIMPLE - HAS/HAVE BEEN ABLE TO
P. PERFECT - (TO) BE ABLE TO
INFINITIVE - BEING ABLE TO
GERUND

SUGERENCIAS
LETS....
WHY DONT WE....?
HOW ABOUT...?

PARA CUANDO .... ?

When is It for ? Para cuando es ?
When would It be for ? Para cuando sera /Estara ?
When will It be for ? Para ser /estar

EN CASO
In case (Por si acaso)
In case it rains, take an umbrella

In the event (En caso de )

In the event of fire, call 080

LOOK OR LOOK LIKE

LOOK + ADJECTIVE.....:PERSONALIDAD
 LOOK LIKE +NOUN.....:ASPECTO / APARIENCIA

What does he like doing?.....que le gusta hacer?

What does he look like?...... Como es? (de aspecto de apariencia)
Who does he look like?....... A quien se parece?
Whats it like?..............Como es algo? / alguien? (de personalidad)
How is she?...................Como esta? (de salud)
Nota: Like es un verbo solo en la frase n1

TIME EXPRESSIONS
MONTHS
YEAR
IN PART OF THE DAY
SEASONS
CENTURIES

DAYS
ON DATES
WEEKENDS

TIME
AT WEEKENDS
NIGHT

NMEROS ORDINALES:

THE FIRST
THE SECOND
THE THIRD
THE FOURTH
THE FIFTH
THE SIXTH
THE SEVENTH
THE EIGHTH
THE NINTH

THE ELEVENTH
THE TWELFT
THE THIRTEENTH
 THE TWENTIETH
THE FOURTIEH

WERE WHEN YOU BORN?

EL 03.04.1992
THE THIRD OF APRIL NINETEEN NINETY TWO

CONNECTORS

Usamos ALTHOUGH / THOUGH ,HOWEVER or ON THE OTHER HAND

para introducir otra frase cuya informacion difiere de la primera

We had a good time ,although / though it rained a lot

She usually listens to pop music,however/on the other hand,She likes

opera too.

ALTHOUGH / THOUGH significan lo mismo,

THOUGH no es usado al principio de la frase, suele ir en la mitad de esta.

HOWEVER or ON THE OTHER HAND solo pueden ser usados a principio

de la frase.

ALTHOUGH, EVEN THOUGH, THOUGH,

IN SPITE OF, DESPITE

(AUNQUE /A PESAR DE QUE)

 Usamos estos terminos para expresar un contraste de ideas

Despues de ALTHOUGH, EVEN THOUGH, THOUGH, usamos

un sujeto + verbo

Although it rained a lot ,they enjoyed themselves

I didnt get the job although I had all the necessary qualifications

EVEN THOUGH,es mas duro que ALTHOUGH, THOUGH (+ informal)

Even though I was really tired , I couldent sleep

Despues de IN SPITE OF Y DESPITE usamos

1- un nombre
2- un verbo en ing form
3- The fact that + sujeto + verbo = more formal

In spite of the traffic I arrived on time

I couldnt sleep despite being tired

I didnt get the job in spite of the fact (that) I had all the necessary

qualifications

Usamos ALSO O AS WELL para introducir informacion similar adicional

He had some chocolate cake, and he also had an ice cream.

He ha some chocolate cake and an ice cream as well

 ALSO Y AS WELL, significan lo mismo,

ALSO, usualmente va antes del verbo principal , pero despues de BE.

Y AS WELL,siempre va al finalde la frase, como Too

PALABRAS QUE JUNTAN IDEAS O FRASES

SE USAN PARA HACER COMENTARIOS Y/O AMPLIAR LA INFORMACION

EVEN INCLUSO
FOR EXAMPLE POR EJEMPLO
THEREFORE POR CONSIGUIENTE
AT LEAST POR LO MENOS
SPECIALTY ESPECIALMENTE
ALSO TAMBIEN
SO ASI QUE
BECAUSE PORQUE
NEARLY CERCA
ONLY SOLO
BUT PERO
OF COURSE POR SUPUESTO
HOWEVER SIN EMBARGO
EITHER TAMPOCO
ENOUGH PRETTY BASTANTE BONITO
BECAUSE OF A CAUSA DE
ACTUALLY ACTUALMENTE/DE HECHO
MEANWHILE MIENTRAS TANTO
 AFTER ALL DESPUES DE TODO
AS WELL TAMBIEN

LINKERS

And whats more / Y lo que es mas /Ademas

And whats more,he knew how touse it

As soon as / En cuanto / tan pronto como

As soon as the water boils, add the pasta

At the end / Al final

At the end of the story....

Because of / a causa de / debido a

He couldn't play because of his injury

But / Sino

they had not one, but three houses!

Calmy / Con calma

Calmly,the child pick up the paw

Despite / A pesar de

despite the rain, the beach was full of people

However / Sin embargo

the room is very small; we'll take it, however

In the end / Finally

In the end the wolf ran off

Just then / Justo entonces

 Just then she heard the howl of a wolf

LINKERS (II)

Obediently / Obedientemente

Obediently,the child started out through the wood

So...that / Para que

I put it away so (that) he wouldn't see it

Such...that / Tal que

I had such a headache that I decided to stay at home

First / Firstly /Lo primero ,Primeramente...

First of all we had to clean the walls

Also / Tambien

She's a student, but she also has a part-time job

In conclusion / En conclusion

in conclusion...

Overall / En conjunto / En general

The play was a success overall

Since / Desde

I haven't been there since I was a child

Furthermore / Ademas

I dont know what happened to Rupert and furthermore I dont

care

Last but not least / Por ultimo y no por eso menos

importante
and, last but not least,...
 In addition / Ademas
There will be four children in addition to the six adults

LINKERS (III)

Therefore / por lo tanto Por consiguiente

Their funds ran out, and therefore they had to close

To summarise / En resumen
The theatre was packed,the audience was happy,
to summarise ie has been a huge success

As a result / Como consecuencia de ello

as a result, the match was postponed

Moreover / Adems, lo que es ms

we got there late and, moreover, exhausted

First and foremost / Ante todo / Primero y mas importante

Manchester was, first and foremost, an industrial city

Finally / Por ultimo

Finally, I should like to ask...

Consequently / En consecuencia
Our shares have gone down a 45 % consequently,the competition
is buying
To conclude / Para terminar
To conclude I can only say that he is innocent

In brief /Resumiendo
In brief, this is what happened

Hence / De ah / Por lo tanto

he lived in Mexico for fifteen years, hence his accent
 I WISH = IF ONLY (Ojal)

OBSERVAR:

QUE EL CAMBIO DEL TIEMPO VERBAL ES UN PASO

HACIA DELANTE EN EL PASADO.

ESTO ES.....:

AM / IS......WAS

ARE.....WERE

HAVE / HAS.....HAD

CAN....COULD

WILL / WONT....WOULD

DOES / DO.....DID

LIKE...LIKED

GO....WENT

ETC.ETC...

I AM SHORT - I WISH I WAS TALL (or If only)

I LIVE IN SPAIN -I WISH I DIDNT LIVE IN SPAIN(or If only)

 -I WISH I LIVED IN ENGLAND

(Quiero cambiar algo del presente)

PETER SMOKES TOO MUCH -I WISH HE WOULDT SMOKE SO MUCH (or If only)

(Para hbitos que nos molestan)

(pensamos en futuro:(Ojal dejara de fumar)

y por eso ponemos el would que es condicional de futuro)

TOM WONT HELP ME -I WISH PETER WOULD HELP ME (or If only)

IM DIDNT LEARN GERMAN -I WISH I HAD LEARNED GERMAN (or If only)

(Algo que ocurri y que ojal no hubiera ocurrido)

ESTILO DIRECTO/INDIRECTO

En este tipo de frases, THAT puede omitirse

ESTILO DIRECTO / ESTILO INDIRECTO(II)

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

PRESENT SIMPLE PASA PAST SIMPLE

I LIVE IN LONDON A SHE SAID SHE LIVED IN LONDON

PRESENT CONTINUOUS PASA PAST CONTINUOUS

HES READING A BOOK A SHE SAID HE WAS READING A BOOK

 PRESENT PERFECT PASA PAST PERFECT

HES FINISHED THE BOOK A SHE SAID HE HAD FINISHED THE BOOK

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PASA PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

IVE BEEN WAITING FOR AN HOUR A SHE SAID SHE HAD BEEN WAITING FOR

AN HOUR

PAST SIMPLE PASA PAST PERFECT

I TRIED TO GET TICKETS FOR THE A SHE SAID SHE HADTRIED TO GET

THEATRE TICKETS FOR THE THEATRE

FUTURE (WILL) PASA CONDITIONAL (WOULD)

ILL FINISH IT LATER A SHE SAID SHE WOULD FINISH IT LATER

FUTURE CONTINUOUS PASA CONDITIONAL CONTINUOUS

ILL BE GOING TO UNIVERSITY IN A A SHE SAID SHE WOULD BE GOING TO

FEW YEARS UNIVERSITY IN A FEW YEARS

PAST PERFECT SE QUEDA PAST PERFECT

EN

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS SE QUEDA PAST PERFECT

EN
CONTINUOUS

CAMBIOS
 SHALL/WILL WOULD
CAN COULD
MUST MUST /HAD TO
SHOULD SHOULD
OUGHT TO OUGHT TO
MAY MIGHT
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
I HE / SHE
WE THEY
MY HIS/ HER
OURS THEIRS
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
HERE THERE
THIS THAT
THESE THOSE
TODAY THAT DAY
YESTERDAY THE DAY BEFORE
LAST WEEK THE WEEK BEFORE
TOMORROW THE NEXT DAY
NOW THEN
AGO BEFORE
TONIGHT THAT NIGHT
THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW IN TWO DAYSTIME
THE DAY BEFORE YESTERDAY TWO DAYS BEFORE
DONT NOT TO

Se llama Estilo directo (DIRECT SPEECH), cuando el que habla o

escribe reproduce textualmente las palabras con las que se ha
expresado el autor...

es decir: LAS PALABRAS DICHAS DIRECTAMENTE POR UNA

PERSONA

Se llama estilo indirecto(REPORTED SPEECH) cuando hablamos en

pasado sobre lo que alguien dijo, pregunt o escribi...
 es decir: CUANDO REFERIMOS CON NUESTRAS PROPIAS
PALABRAS

LO QUE EL OTRO HA DICHO ANTERIORMENTE.

PEDRO: Yo Trabajo aqu (I work here)

MARA: Pedro dijo que trabajaba alli (Peter said he worked there)

Un somero analisis de estos ejemplos nos revela que estas estructuras

sintacticas son basicamentes ,coincidentes en ingls y espaol.

Nos revela igualmente que:

a) Las construcciones de estilo indirecto van precedidas de un verbo

introductorio.

b) Existe una estrecha correlacion temporal entre este verbo y los de las
construcciones de estilo indirecto propiamente dicho.

c) El paso de estilo directo a estilo indirecto implica cambios importantes en

tres campos : Sujeto,(Yo / Pedro) Verbos (trabajo / trabajaba))
y Adverbios (Aqu/ All.) (Observese los subrayados)

Estilo Directo: Yo trabajo aqu.

Estilo Indirecto: Pedro dijo que trabajaba all

AFIRMACIONES)
 (REPORTED SPEECH : STATEMENTS)

Es usual que el tiempo del verbo en estilo directo se mueva un paso hacia el

pasado para formar el estilo indirecto

Im going He said he was going

Si el verbo en el estilo directo est en Presente en el indirecto sigue en

Presente

I come from Spain She says she comes from Spain

(PREGUNTAS)

(REPORTED SPEECH : QUESTIONS)

1- El orden de las palabras en el reported question es igual que en el Direct

speech . (SUJETO + VERBO).

2- No hay inversion del sujeto y no se usan verbos auxiliares. No hay

do/does/did.

What time is it? He wants to know what time it is.

Where do you live She asked me where I lived

3- SI NO HAY QUESTION WORD (what, who,

where...etc) o EMPIEZA POR VERBO,

USAMOS IF

Can you show me the way?

She asked him IF he could show her the way

(ORDENES

REPORTED SPEECH : IMPERATIVES

USAMOS TELLPARA AFIRMACIONES Y ORDENES,

Statements (Afirmaciones):

He told me that he was going

They told us that they were going abroad

Commands (Ordenes):

He told me to keep still

The police told people to move on

 SE FORMAN CON: VERBO + PERSONA+ TO+

INFINITIVO

PARA ORDENES NEGATIVAS USAMOS NOT TO

He told me not to tell anyone

PETICIONES,

REPORTED SPEECH : REQUEST

USAMOS ASK PARA ORDENES Y PREGUNTAS,

Commands (Ordenes):

He asked me to open my suitcase

She asked me not to smoke

Questions (Preguntas)

He asked me what I did for a living

She asked me why I had come

DIRECT & REPORTED SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
 PRESENT SIMPLE PASA PAST SIMPLE

I LIVE IN LONDON A SHE SAID SHE LIVED IN LONDON

PRESENT CONTINUOUS PASA PAST CONTINUOUS

HES READING A BOOK A SHE SAID HE WAS READING A BOOK

PRESENT PERFECT PASA PAST PERFECT

HES FINISHED THE BOOK A SHE SAID HE HAD FINISHED THE BOOK

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PASA PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

IVE BEEN WAITING FOR AN HOUR A SHE SAID SHE HAD BEEN WAITING FOR AN HOUR

PAST SIMPLE PASA PAST PERFECT

I TRIED TO GET TICKETS FOR THE THEATRE A SHE SAID SHE HAD TRIED TO GET TICKETS FOR THE

THEATRE

FUTURE (WILL) PASA CONDITIONAL (WOULD)

ILL FINISH IT LATER A SHE SAID SHE WOULD FINISH IT LATER

FUTURE CONTINUOUS PASA CONDITIONAL CONTINUOUS

ILL BE GOING TO UNIVERSITY IN A FEW YEARS A SHE SAID SHE WOULD BE GOING TO UNIVERSITY IN A

FEW YEARS

PAST PERFECT SE QUEDA EN PAST PERFECT

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS SE QUEDA EN PAST PERFECT

CONTINUOUS

Bnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn gggggggggggg lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll

SHALL/WILL WOULD

CAN COULD

MUST MUST /HAD TO

SHOULD SHOULD

OUGHT TO OUGHT TO

MAY MIGHT
llllll

I HE / SHE

WE THEY
 MY HIS/ HER

OURS THEIRS
lllllll

HERE THERE

THIS THAT

THESE THOSE

TODAY THAT DAY

YESTERDAY THE DAY BEFORE

LAST WEEK THE WEEK BEFORE

TOMORROW THE NEXT DAY

NOW THEN

AGO BEFORE

TONIGHT THAT NIGHT

THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW IN TWO DAYSTIME

THE DAY BEFORE YESTERDAY TWO DAYS BEFORE

DONT NOT TO

STATEMENTS UN TIEMPO ATRS EN EL IM GOING

PASADO
HE SAID HE WAS GOING

SAID / TOLD ME...

AFIRMATIVAS / NEGATIVAS

QUESTIONS ORDEN: SHE ASKED ME WHERE I LIVED

SHE ASKED HIM IF HE COULD SHOW

PREGUNTAS ASKED ME... SUJETO + VERBO HER THE WAY

COMMANDS VERB+ PERS.+TO+INF

NEGATIVO : NOT TO HE TOLD ME TO DRIVE FASTER

ORDENES HE TOLD ME NOT TO DRIVE FASTER

TELL

REQUEST VERB+ PERS.+TO+INF SHE ASKED ME TO OPEN MY BAG

NEGATIVO : NOT TO SHE ASKED ME NOT TO SMOKE

PETICIONES ASK

VERBOS INTRODUCTORIOS

Existen una serie de verbos introductorios cuya seleccin viene fundamentalmente

determinada por el sentido de la frase.Cuando esta recoge un hecho sin matices,el verbo

introductorio es SAY o TELL. La diferencia radica en que usamos TELL cuando se especifica el

complemento indirecto y SAY cuando no se hace.

 PETER: I work here

JOHN: Peter said he worked there (casi nunca se dice Peter said to me)

Peter told me he worked here

ULTIMAS ANOTACIONES DEL ESTILO INDIRECTO (II)

QUESTIONS

Si la frase en estilo directo es una PREGUNTA, el verbo introductorio,es ASKED (Pregunt)

Puede darse dos casos :pregunta con o sin interrogativo (pronombre).

En el primer caso la frase resultante es una interrogativa y en el segundo una disyuntiva con

WHETHER o mucho mas comunmente con IF.

MARY: Who lives next door? -Pronombre intrrogativo.

JOHN: Mary asked who lived next door

MARY: Does Peter live in London?

JOHN: Mary asked IF (whether) Peter lived in London.

Debe de prestarse especial atencin al hecho de que las interrogativas indirectas tienen

estructura afirmativa en ingles

El complemento indirecto del verbo ASK puede aparecer o no aparecer,sin que ello introduzca

ninguna otra modificacion.

Cuando la frase en estilo directo expresa un RUEGO ir introducido en estilo indirecto por ASK

(Pedir).

MARY to JANE: Open the window,plese

MARY asked JANE to open the window

MARY: Dont say that please,Peter

 JOHN: Mary asked Peter not to say that

Sin en lugar de un ruego, se trata de una

ORDEN o MANDATO

El verbo introductorio de estilo indirecto el TELL (a veces ORDER)

MARY to the boy :Stop making noise !

JOHN: Mary told (ordered) the boy,to stop making noise

MARY to the boy: Dont make noise!

JOHN: Mary told to the boy not to make noise

ULTIMAS ANOTACIONES DEL ESTILO INDIRECTO (III)

Es necesario tener presente la necesidad de sealar de un modo explicito el complemento

indirecto con TELL ya apuntado mas arriba.

Los verbos introductorios que acabamos de sealar son mas caracteristicos, pero hay otros

muchos que pueden aparecer esporadicamente tal como ponen de manifiesto los ejemplos

que siguen:

He promised that he would do it the next day

He wrote he was coming next week
The phoned he was going to do the shopping
He explained he hadntt been able to do it
She remarked that the situation was rather complicated

Otros:

Said Accepted Hoped Exclaimed

Told Accused Insisted Urged
Slated Admitted Pollited at Asked
 Responded Agreed Promised Inquired
Expressed Apologized Wished Wondered
Thought Assured Wanted Refused
Reminded Called Ordered Insisted
Invited Congratulated Begged Offered
Suggested Denied Warned Shauted

LIKE AND WOULD LIKE SOME AND ANY

I WOULD=Id

I WOULD LIKE (M E GUSTARA)

Id LIKE A DRINK
YOUd LIKE A DRINK
HEd LIKE A DRINK
SHEd LIKE A DRINK
ITd LIKE A DRINK
WEd LIKE A DRINK
THEYd LIKE A DRINK

SIN S FINAL
NOMBRES INCONTABLES SIN ARTICULO
MASA Y LIQUIDOS

CON S AL FINAL
NOMBRES CONTABLES CON ARTICULO
PUEDEN LLEVAR NMERO

EN FRASES AFIRMATIVAS
SOME CAN I HAVE? (PETICIONES INTERROGATIVAS)
WOULD YOU LIKE? (OFRECIMIENTOS INTERROG.)

EN PREGUNTAS Y FRASES NEGATIVAS

ANY EN FRASES NEGATIVAS (EXC.PETICIONES E
INTERROGACIONES QUE VAN CON SOME)
Y NOMBRES EN PLURAL
HOW MUCH? CON NOMBRES INCONTABLES (CUANTO/CUANTA)
HOW MANY? CON NOMBRES CONTABLES (CUANTOS CUANTAS)
CAN I? PUEDO YO?
CAN YOU? PUEDES TU?
COULD I? PODRA YO?
COULD YOU? PODRAS TU?
I LIKE ME GUSTA
I WOULD(ID) LIKE ME GUSTARA

PREGUNTAR EN PASADO O NEGACIONES:

DID+SUBJET+INFINITIVO SIN TO

COMPARATIVES ADJECTIVES

FAST SLOW
SMALL BIG
CLEAN DIRTY
SAFE DANGEROUS
QUIET NOISY
OLD MODERN/YOUNG
HALTHY UNHEALTHY
FRIENDLY UNFRIENDLY
INTERESTING BORING
EXPENSIVE CHEAP
GOOD BAD

1. THE CITY IS MORE EXPENSIVE THAN THE COUNTRY

2. THE COUNTRY IS CHEAPER THAN THE CITY
3. THE CITY IS NOISIER THAN THE COUNTRY
4. THE COUNTRY IS SAFER THAN THE CITY
5. THE CITY IS MORE INTERESTING THAN THE COUNTRY
6. THE COUNTRY IS HEALTHIER THAN THE CITY
7. THE CITY IS BETTER THAN THE CITY

SOLO EN CASOS EXCEPCIONALES Y MUY COLOQUIALES,SE

EMPLEA EL MORE + EL SUPERLATIVO ER (MORE BETTER) .
NORMALMENTE SE USA UNO U OTRO.

BASE AND STRONG ADJECTIVES

PODEMOS USAR ADJETIVOS QUE AUMENTAN EL SIGNIFICADO DE ALOS

ADVERBIOS .POR EJEMPLO VERY Y ABSOLUTELY

NO PODEMOS DECIR ABSOLUTELY BIG PORQUE ABSOLUTELY SOLO VA

CON STRONG ADJECTIVES. Y NI PODEMOS DECIR

VERY ENORMOUS PORQUE ENORMOUS YA SIGNIFICA VERY BIG.

BASE ADJECTIVE STRONG ADJECTIVE

COLD FREEZING
TASTY DELICIOUS
INTERESTING FASCINATING
BAD HORRID, HORRIBLE, AWFUL,TERRIBLE,

DISGUSTING
GOOD PERFECT, MARVELLOUS, SUPERB, WONDERFUL,
DIRTY FILTHY
FUNNY HILARIOUS
FRIGHTENED TERRIFIED
CLEVER BRILLIANT
PRETTY BEAUTIFUL
BIG ENORMOUS
SAD TRAGIC
TIRED EXHAUSTED
COLD FREEZING
HOT BOILING
HUNGRY STARVING
LITTLE TINY
ANGRY FURIOUS
SURPRISED AMAZED. ASTONISHED
SURE POSITIVE

ED = PEOPLE IM BORED (SOY ABURRIDO)

ING =THINGS /PERSON IM BORING (ESTOY ABURRIDO)
ITS BORING ES ABURRIDO

FORMACION DEL COMPARATIVO Y DEL SUPERLATIVO

EXISTEN DOS MANERAS DE FORMAR EL COMPARATIVO Y EL

SUPERLATIVO:

AADIENDO AL POSITIVO ER PARA EL COMPARATIVO Y EST

PARA EL SUPERLATIVO

1. TODOS LOS MONOSILABOS:

TALL TALLER THE TALLEST
LONG LONGER THE LONGEST
SHORT SHORTER THE SHORTEST
OLD OLDER THE OLDEST
SAFE SAFER THE SAFEST

2. LOS BISILABOS TERMINADOS EN Y,-ER,-LE,-OW:

HAPPY HAPPIER THE HAPPIEST
NOISY NOISIER THE NOISIEST
DIRTY DIRTIER THE DIRTIEST

MODIFICACIONES:

LOS TERMINADOS EN E SOLO SE LES AADE R Y ST PARA EL COMPARATIVO Y EL

SUPERLATIVO:NICE NICER THE NICEST

LOS TERMINADOS EN Y PRECEDIDA DE CONSONANTE TRANSFORMAN LA Y GRIEGA

EN I LATINA:DRY DRIER THE DRIEST.

LOS TERMINADOS EN CONSONANTE SIMPLE PRECEDIDA DE UNA SOLA VOCAL DE

SONIDO BREVE,DUPLICAN LA CONSONANTE:

BIG BIGGER THE BIGGEST

HOT HOTTER THE HOTTEST
THIN THINNER THE THINNEST

ANTEPONIENDO AL POSITIVO LA PALABRA MORE (MS) PARA EL COMPARATIVO Y

THE MOST(EL QUE MS) PARA EL SUPERLATIVO.
(PARA ADJETIVOS CON DOS O MAS SILABAS)

BORING MORE BORING THE MOST BORING

BEAUTIFUL MORE BEAUTIFUL THE MOST BEAUTIFUL
INTELLIGENTMORE INTELLIGENT THE MOST BEAUTIFUL

RESUMEN
(+) LESS + ADJECTIVE (POSITIVE) + THAN : MENOS ALTO QUE
(+) AS + ADJECTIVE (POSITIVE) + AS : TAN ALTO COMO
(-) NOT AS + ADJECTIVE (POSITIVE) + AS : NO ES TAN ALTO COMO

COMPARATIVES ADVERBS
ADVERBS COMPARATIVE
ADVERBS
REGULAR

SLOWLY MORE SLOWLY

HEALTHILY LESS HEALTHILY
IRREGULAR

HARD HARDER
FAST FASTER
WELL BETTER
BADLY WORSE
A LOT MORE
A LITLE LESS

PARA COMPARAR DOS ACCIONES,SE USA EL ADVERBIO

COMPARATIVO+ THAN

ADJECTIVES SUPERLATIVES
ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE SPELLING
TALL TALLER THE TALLEST +EST
HAPPY HAPPIER THE HAPPIEST
MODERN MORE MODERN THE MOST MODERN + THE MOST
EXPENSIVE MORE EXPENSIVE THE MOST EXPENSIVE
GOOD BETTER THE BEST IRREGULAR
BAD WORSE THE WORST
FAR FARTHER THE FARTHEST

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES

GOOD BETTER THE BEST

BAD WORSE THE WORST
FAR FARTHER THE FARTHEST
HAY UNA FORMA DE COMPARATIVO DE IGUALDAD MUY COMUN:

BASTANTE
SHES QUITE TALL
 VERY
RATHER
FAIRLY

Rather es Bastante pero en frase negativas,con un tono peyorativo

The meal was rather expensive

Fairly, tambin se traduce por Bastante pero con un matiz menor que los
otros tres casos.
My parents live in a fairly large house
Mis padres viven en una casa bastante grande

No tienen que ver con Enough y Too (suficiente y demasiado)

AS...AS
(TAN/TANTO... COMO)

ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS ...BODY

SOME Y ...THING
PREGUNTAS ... WHERE

ORACIONES NEGATIVAS
ANY OFRECIMIENTOS Y FAVORES (EN INTERROGATIVO)
ORACIONES CON EL VERBO EN NEGATIVO
EJ.THERE ISNT ANYBODY

NO CON EL VERBO EN POSITIVO

EJ. THERE IS NOBODY HERE

ESTE NOINDICA NEGACION,ENTONCES DEBE IR EN VERBO EN

FORMA AFIRMATIVA!!

EVERYBODY
EVERY ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS EVERYTHING

EVERYWHERE

CUANDO EL VERBO FUNCIONA COMO SUJETO,ESTE (EL VERBO),VA EN

SINGULAR Y EN TERCERA PERSONA

SOME; ANY; NO .... BODY; THING; WHERE

POSITIVAS
INTERROGATIVAS NEGATIVAS Y COMO
Y NEGATIVAS SUJETO
PEOPLE SOMEBODY ANYBODY NOBODY
SOMEONE ANYONE NO ONE
THINGS SOMETHING ANYTHING NOTHING
PLACES SOMEWHERE ANYWHERE NOWEHERE

SOME.....: ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS

ANY........: ORACIONES NEGATIVAS E INTERROGATIVAS
I HAVENT GOT ANY MONEY (NEGATIVA)
THERE ARE SOME BISCUITS IN THE CUPBOARD (POSITIVA)
THERE ISNT ANY MILK (NEGATIVA)
HAVE YOU GOT ANY BROTHERS OR SISTERS? (INTERROG.)
ARE THERE N ANY SHOPS NEAR HERE ? (INTERROG.)

EXCEPCIONES:
SOME.....: CUANDO SE PREGUNTA POR ALGO
CUANDO SE OFRECE ALGO
(WOULD YOU LIKE SOME COFFEE ?)

EN RESPUESTAS CORTAS Y USANDOLO COMO

SUJETO:NOBODY/NOTHING...

WHOS IN THE BATHROOM ? NOBODY

NOBODYS THE BATHROOM
USAMOS EL FIRST CONDITIONAL PARA HABLAR ACERCA DE

POSIBLES SITUACIONES FUTURAS:

 FORMACION:

IF + SUBJECT + PRESENT SIMPLE, AND... WILL/WONT + INFINITIVE

ADVERBS COMPARATIVE
ADVERBS
REGULAR

SLOWLY MORE SLOWLY

HEALTHILY LESS HEALTHILY
IRREGULAR

HARD HARDER
FAST FASTER
WELL BETTER
BADLY WORSE
A LOT MORE
A LITLE LESS

PARA COMPARAR DOS ACCIONES,SE USA EL ADVERBIO

COMPARATIVO+ THAN

ADJECTIVES COMPARATIVES

(+) LESS + ADJECTIVE (POSITIVE) + THAN :

MENOS ALTO QUE

SE USA COMO ADJETIVO DE INFERIORIDAD EN

COMPARATIVOS;

TO REVERSE THE COMPARISON

LOUIS IS LESS TALL THAN JOHN

(+) AS + ADJECTIVE (POSITIVE) + AS :

TAN ALTO COMO

SE USA COMO ADJETIVO DE IGUALDAD EN COMPARATIVOS

TO SAY TWO NOUNS ARE THE SAME

 LOUIS IS AS TALL AS JOHN

(-) NOT AS + ADJECTIVE (POSITIVE) + AS :

NO ES TAN ALTO COMO

SE USA PARA DECIR QUE EL PRIMER NOMBRE ES MENOS

QUE EL SEGUNDO

TO SAY THE FIRST NOUN IS LESS (ADJECTIVE) THAN THE SECOND

LOUIS IS NOT AS TALL AS JOHN

FORM OF ADVERB:
Structure:

ADJECTIVE+ LY
ADJECTIVE ADVERB
HES A BAD PLAYER HE PLAYS BADLY

THEYRE A VERY GOOD TEAM ...: THEY PLAY VERY WELL

IM A SLOW READER.........................: I READ SLOWLY
HE ISNT A FAST RUNNER ...............: HE DOESNT RUN FAST
SHES A HARD WORK........................: SHE WORKS HARD

MAKE SIX SENTENCES COMPARING MEN AND WOMEN

WOMEN DRIVES MORE SLOWLY THAN MEN

MEN DRESS WORSE THAN WOMEN
WOMEN TEACHS ENGLISH BETTER DEAF MEN
WOMEN WORK AS HARD AS MEN
WOMEN AS DONT THINK LOGICALLY AS MEN

ADVERBS COMPARATIVE
ADVERBS
REGULAR

SLOWLY MORE SLOWLY

HEALTHILY LESS HEALTHILY
IRREGULAR

HARD HARDER
FAST FASTER
WELL BETTER
 BADLY WORSE
A LOT MORE
A LITLE LESS

PARA COMPARAR DOS ACCIONES,SE USA :

EL ADVERBIO COMPARATIVO+ THAN

OPPOSITES

CLIMB UP A MOUNTAIN
CLIMB DOWN A MOUNTAIN

GET IN THE CAR

GET OUT OFF THE CAR

GET ON A BUS/PLANE/TRAIN
GET OFF A BUS/PLANE/TRAIN

GO DOWNSTAIRS
GO UPSTAIRS

GO UNDER A BRIDGE
GO OVER A BRIDGE
WHATS THE OPPOSITE OF...?

Comparative Opposittes Superlative Opposites

Adjectives Adjectives

Longer Shorter The fastest

The slowest
Smaller Bigger The coldest The hottest

Cheaper More expensive The safest The most dangerous

More difficult Easier The saddest The happiest

More interesting More boring The rudest The most polite

Better Worse The best The worst

More Less The most The least

OPPOSITES
MODEST IMMODEST ARROGANT
POLITE IMPOLITE RUDE
EXPENSIVE INEXPENSIVE CHEAP
FORMAL INFORMAL CASUAL
ATTRACTIVE UNATTRACTIVE UGLY
FASHIONABLE UNFASHIONABLE OUT OF DATE
HAPPY UNHAPPY SAD
INTELLIGENT UNINTELLIGENT STUPID
INTERESTING UNINTERESTING BORING
KIND UNKIND CRUEL
USUAL UNUSUAL RARE

TALK AND SPEAK

EN INGLES BRITANICO USAMOS LA PREPOSICION TO

PERA EN INGLES AMERICANO SE USA WITH.

YA ES IGUAL DE COMUN EL WITH EN LOS DOS

CAN I SPEAK TO YOU ?

CAN I SPEAK WITH YOU ?

TALK

SUGIERE QUE DOS O MAS PERSONAS ESTAN TENIENDO UNA CONVERSACION

ES MAS COMUN QUE SPEAK.

 WE STAYED UP ALL NIGT TALKING

SUGIERE USUALMENTE LA IDEA DE UNA CONVERSACION

SPEAK

SUGIERE ALGO MAS SERIO Y/O FORMAL

I HAVE A COMPLAINT. ID WOULD LIKE TO SPEAK TO THE MANAGER

SUGIERE TAMBIEN,QUE UNA PERSONA ESTA HABLANDO MAS QUE OTRA

THE DOCTOR SPOKE TO THE AUDIENCE ABOUT THE DANGER OF SMOKING

PUEDE SOLO REFERIRSE AL USO COMO PALABRA

IVE LOST MY VOICE.I CANT SPEAK

USAMOS SPEAK CUANDO HABLAMOS SOBRE IDIOMAS

HOW MANY LANGUAGES CAN YOU SPEAK?

TO GET MARRIED CASARSE CON ALGUIEN (QUE DESCONOCEMOS)

TO BE MARRIED TO SB. ESTAR CASADO CON ALGUIEN

TO MARRY SOMEBODY CASARSE CON ALGUIEN QUE CONOCEMOS

SO and SUCH

Hacen que el significado de el adjetivo o adverbio sea mas fuerte,mas enftico

1- USAMOS SO + ADJECTIVE / ADVERB

You are so stupid !

The waters so warm

The weathers so nice

2- USAMOS SUCH + A /AN + NOUN / ADJECTIVE

 Such a story

Such people

Such a stupid story

Such nice people

3- SUCH +ADJECTIVE+ PLURAL OR INCONTABLE NOUN

Theyre such boring books

1- USAMOS SO / SUCH...THAT (opcional) para expresar una consecuencia

The book was so exciting (that) I couldnt put it down

EACH and EVERY

USAMOS EACH CUANDO PENSAMOS EN COSAS SEPARADAMENTE ,UNA A UNA

El uso de Each es mas usual para pequeos numeros

At the begining of the game, each player has three cards

USAMOS EVERY CUANDO PENSAMOS EN COSAS COMO UN GRUPO

El significado es similar a All (todo)

El uso de Every es mas usual para grandes numeros

I would like to visit every country in the world

EVERYONE and EVERY ONE

USAMOS EVERYONE SOLO PARA REFERIRNOS A PERSONAS(=EVERYBODY)

Everyone enjoyed the party

USAMOS EVERY ONE PARA REFERIRNOS A COSAS (=EACH ONE)

 He is invited to a lot of parties and he goes to every one

USO DEL GERUNDIO

GERUNDIO=VERB + ING
1. USAMOS EL GERUNDIO DESPUES DE LOS VERBOS
DE SENTIMIENTO
2.
LIKE / LOVE / HATE / ENJOY / MIND / PREFER
I DONT MIND COOKING BUT I HATE WASHING- UP
I LOVE SHOPPING

2. DESPUES DE LAS PREPOSICIONES

IM GOOD AT FINDING BARGAINS
IM GOOD AT COOKING

3.CUANDO USAMOS EL VERBO COMO SUJETO DE LA

FRASE

BUYING THINGS OFTEN TAKES ME A LONG TIME

SWIMMING IS THE BEST FORM OF EXERCISE
ACTIONS VERBS

ALGUNOS VERBOS SON USADOS EN LOS DOS TIEMPOS :SIMPLE Y CONTINUO

(DRIVE,WALK, EAT, DRINK) DENOTAN ACTIVIDADES.

STATE VERBS

NO SON USADOS EN TIEMPOS CONTINUOS (-

SON LOS VERBOS QUE USUALMENTE

ING). DENOTAN ESTADOS ESTOS SON:

SOLO SON USADOS EN PRESENTE SIMPLE PORQUE SIGNIFICAN HECHOS

 VERBOS DE PENSAMIENTO Y OPINION.
BELIEVE, THINK, KNOW, AGREE, MEAN, UNDERTAND, DOUBT, FORGET...

VERBOS DE EMOCIONES Y SENTIMIENTOS:

LIKE, LOVE, HATE, CARE, HOPE, WHISH, WANT, ADMIT...

VERBOS DE HAVING AND SEEING (HABIENDO Y SIENDO):

BELONG, OWN, HAVE, COST, POSSES, NEED, DEPEND ON, WEIGH
VERBOS DE SENTIDOS:
LOOK, HEAR, TASTE, FEEL, SMELL...

ALGUNOS DE ESTOS VERBOS,PUEDEN SER USADOS EN PRESENT CONTINUOUS PERO

CON UN CAMBIO DE SIGNIFICADO. EXPRESANDO UNA ACTIVIDAD, NO UN ESTADO.

GERUND
1.DESPUES DE PREPOSICIONES
She left without saying goodbye
Im thinking of buying a flat

2.DESPUES DE CIERTOS VERBOS ( EMOCION )

LIKE, LOVE, HATE, ENJOY, MIND, FINISH, STOP...
I love cooking but I hate cleaning
I dont mind driving you to the airport

3.COMO EL SUJETO DE LA FRASE

Eating in restaurants is expensive
Swimming is good exercise

TO + INFINITIVE

1. DESPUES DE ADJETIVOS
Its difficult to learn a language

2. PARA RESPONDER A WHY? (RAZON /

PROPOSITO)
 Why did you go to Mexico?
To see my aunt and uncle

3. DESPUES DE CIERTOS VERBOS: ( INTENCION

)
WOULD LIKE, WANT, NEED, DECIDE, HOPE, EXPECT, PLAN, FORGET,
SEEM, TRY, PROMISE, OFFER, REFUSE, LEARN,MANAGE
Would you like to come?
Im hoping to get a better job soon
VERBOS QUE PUEDEN SER SEGUIDOS POR UN

GERUNDIO O UN INFINITIVO

FORGET

Forget + Infinitivo

Te olvidaste.No hicistes algo

Matt forgot to take his camera out of the car

Forget + Gerund

Hicistes algo. Y no lo olvidars (o si)

Ill never forget talking my son to school for the first time

Forget + gerund es normalmente usado en el negativo

REMEMBER

Remember + Infinitive

Recuerdas algo,luego tu lo hicistes

Remember to close the windows before you leave!

Remember + Gerund
 Hicistes algo.Mas tarde te acuerdas de lo que hicistes

I definitely remember closing the window

TRY

Try + Infinitive

Haces un esfuerzo para hacer algo dificil

I tried to change the wheel ,but I couldnt

Try + Gerund

Intentas hacer algo que es facil de hacer

I dont know why my radio inst work. I tried changing the batteries,but theyre OK.

NEED

Need + Infinitive

Tienes que o deberias de hacer algo

I need to clean my shoes.Theyre filthy

Need + Gerund

Algo tiene o deberia de ser hecho

My shoes need claning.Theyre filthy

INFINITIVO GERUNDIO
FORGET Te olvidastes de hacer algo. Hicistes algo y no lo olvidaras.

No lo hicistes
REMEMBER Recuerdas algo , Te acuerdas de haber estado

haciendo algo
luego lo hicistes
 TRY Intentas hacer algo dificil Intentas hacer algo facil.

NEED Tienes que hacer algo. Algo tiene que ser hecho

Deberias de hacer algo Algo deberia de ser hecho

PRESENT CONTINOUS

EL PRESENTE CONTINUO,SE FORMA DE LA SIGUIENTE

MANERA:

VERBO SER(en presente simple)+ VERBO EN INFINITIVO + ING

EJEMPLO : I AM +WORK+ ING = IM WORKING

El presente continuo, expresa un hecho o una accion en curso:

AHORA!

FORMACION :

TERMINADOS EL INFINITIVO EN E:
CAMBIA E POR ING

COME COMING / SMOKE SMOKING

VERBOS CORTOS CON UNA SOLA VOCAL

(consn vocal consn),
REPITE LA ULTIMA CONSONANTE :

RUN RUNNING / SIT SITTING / SWIM SWIMMING

HAY QUE APRENDERSELOS DE MEMORIA:

LIE LYING / DIE DYING

LOS TERMINADOS EN Y : SE LES AADE ING

STUDY STUDYING / PLAY PLAYING

 LOS VERBOS DE POSESION,NO SON USADOS
EN PRESENT CONTINUOUS :

WANT, LIKE, LOVE, HATE,

NEED, PREFER, DEPEND, KNOW,
MEAN, UNDERSTAND, BELIEVE,
REMEMBER, FORGET

GOING TO (VOY A...)

SE EMPLEA EN UN FUTURO MAS LEJANO QUE EL PRESENTE
CONTINUO,

SE FORMA AS:

SUBJET+VB TO BE+GOING TO+VERBO EN INFINITIVO

AFIRMATIVO:
YOU ARE GOING TO...

NEGATIVO:
YOU ARENT GOING TO LEARN...

INTERROGATIVO
WHY IS SHE GOING TO LEARN... ?
TAMBIEN USAMOS GOING TO,CUANDO NOSOTROS PODEMOS VER
ALGO AHORA QUE SEGURAMENTE SUCEDER EN EL FUTURO:

ITS GOING TO RAIN=VA A LLOVER

IM GOING TO SNEEZE=VOY A ESTORNUDAR

WERE GOING TO MISS THE BUSS=VAMOS A PERDER EL AUTO..

THEYRE GOING TO HAVE A PARTY=VAN A HACER UNA ...

IM GOING TO FAIL THE EXAM=VOY A SUSPENDER EL...

HES GOING TO PASS THE EXAM=EL VA A APROBAR EL...

YOURE ARE GOING TO DROP THE PLATES=VAS A TIRAR LOS...

THEYRE GOING TO KISS=ELLOS VAN A BESARSE

 CUANDO APARECEN LOS VERBOS TO GO Y TO COME SE USA
GOING Y COMING

IM GOING TO GO TO HOLLAND TOMORROW

SHES GOING TO COME THIS EVENING

HE WENT TO STATION TO CATCH THE TRAIN

SHE TURNED ON THE TV TO WATCH THE FILM

ARE YOU GOING TO THE PUB TO HAVE A BEER ?

DID YOU OPEN THE DOOR TO GET SOME FRESH AIR

I PHONED BILL TO TELL THE NEWS

ARE YOU LEARNING ENGLISH TO GET A BETTER JOB ?

THEYRE STUDYING HARD TO PASS THEIR EXAM

IM GOING HOME EARLY TO FINISH MY HOMEWORK

PRESENT PERFECT OR PAST SIMPLE?

PRESENT PERFECT + FOR/SINCE

SINCE= DESDE

SINCE + UN PUNTO FIJO EN EL TIEMPO

FECHA (6TH JUNE) - A MONTH (JULY) A YEAR (1998)

SHES LIVED IN SPAIN SINCE 1991

FOR= DESDE HACE...

FOR + UN PERIODO DE TIEMPO

10 MINUTOS 2 HORAS 4 DIAS 3 AOS

SHES LIVED IN SPAIN FOR 8 YEARS

USAMOS EL PRESENT PERFECT PARA HABLAR DE ACCIONES
QUE EMPEZARON EN EL PASADO Y AUN SIGUEN

PARA RESPONDER A LA PREGUNTA HOW LONG ?

USAMOS FOR + UN PERIODO DE TIEMPO

SINCE + UN PUNTO FIJO EN EL TIEMPO

RECORDAR LA DIFERENCIA ENTRE ...

EL PRESENTE PERFECT Y EL PAST SIMPLE:

IVE BEEN A TEACHER FOR THREE YEARS..: IM A TEACHER NOW

I WAS A TEACHER FOR THREE YEARS ..: IM NOT A TEACHER NOW

1. SE USA EL PRESENT PERFECT PARA HABLAR GENERALMENTE SOBRE EXPERIENCIAS

PASADAS.
IVE BEEN ABROAD A LOT HE IDO AL EXTRANJERO MUCHO

HAVE YOU BEEN TO ROME? HAS ESTADO EN ROMA?

2. SE USA EL PASADO SIMPLE ,PARA HABLAR ACERCA DE CUANDO

I SAW YOUR SISTER YESTERDAY V A TU HERMANA AYER

WHEN DID SHE ARRIVE? CUANDO LLEG ELLA?

PREGUNTAS EN PRESENT PERFECT ( HAVE YOU EVER?...+ VERBO 3 COLUMNA) ALGUNA

VEZ?

PREGUNTAS RESPUESTAS

HAVE YOU EVER BEEN TO PARIS? YES,I WENT THERE 10 YEARS AGO

HAVE YOU EVER BROKEN A BONE YES,I BROKE MY LEG LAST YEAR

NO,IVE NEVER BROKEN A BONE

PRESENT PERFECT + ALREADY / YET

PRESENT PERFECT + ALREADY
SIGNIFICA YA CON ORIENTACION AFIRMATIVA,POR LO QUE SE
EMPLEA EN:
 FRASES AFIRMATIVAS:

THEYVE ALREADY FINISHED..:YA HAN TERMINADO

THEYVE FINISHED ALREADY..: HAN TERMINADO YA

FRASES INTERROGATIVAS A LAS QUE SE ESPERA UNA RESPUESTA

AFIRMATIVA :

HAVE YOU FINISHED ALREADY?..:HAS TERMINADO YA?

(SABEMOS QUE ES AS Y ESPERAMOS UNA CONFIRMACIN)

PRESENT PERFEC + YET

SIGNIFICA :
TODAVA EN FRASES NEGATIVAS
I HAVENT FINISHED YET...: NO HE TERMINADO TODAVA

YA EN FRASES INTERROGATIVAS
HAVE YOU FINISHED YET?..:HAS TERMINADO YA?

NORMALMENTE SE COLOCA AL FINAL DE LA FRASE

LAS DOS SIGNIFICAN YA EN FRASES INTERROGATIVAS, PERO SE

UTILIZA:

ALREADY:

EN PREGUNTAS A LAS QUE SE ESPERA UNA RESPUESTA AFIRMATIVA:

HAVE YOU FINISHED ALREADY?

SABEMOS QUE ES AS Y ESPERAMOS UNA CONFIRMACIN

YET:

EN PREGUNTAS CUYA RESPUESTA PUEDE SER LO MISMO AFIRMATIVA

QUE NEGATIVA:
HAVE YOU FINISHED YET?

NO LO SABEMOS Y PEDIMOS INFORMACIN

JUST
EL ADVERBIO JUST,TIENE LOS SIGUIENTES SIGNIFICADOS Y
USOS PRINCIPALES:

EXACTAMENTE JUSTAMENTE
 THATS JUST WHAT I WANTED:ESO ES EXACTAMENTE LO
QUE QUERA

SOLAMENTE

WE HAVE JUST ENOUGH FOR US:TENEMOS SOLAMENTE LO

SUFICIENTE PARA NOSOTROS

ACABAR DE

CON EL PRESENT PERFECT; SE INTERCALA ENTRE EL

VERBO TO HAVE Y EL PARTICIPIO:

IVE JUST SEEN HER: ACABO DE VERLA

NO SE TRADUCE EN:

COMO REFUERZO DEL IMPERATIVO:JUST LISTEN TO ME!

ESCUCHAME!
Present En frases del tipo .... Significa:
Perfect +
ALREADY - Afirmativas YA
- Interrogativas (esperamos que la respuesta YA
sea afirmativa)
YET -Negativas TODAVA
Interrogativas (No sabemos si la respuesta sera YA
afirmativa o negativa, pedimos apinion)
JUST - Afirmativas ( Se intercala Just entre el ACABAR DE:
verbo To Have y el Participio

AS & LIKE

USAMOS LIKE O AS PARA DECIR COSAS QUE SON SIMILARES

LIKE:
ES UNA PREPOSICION

HE RAN LIKE THE WIND

ADEMAS DE USARLO COMO PREPOSICION,TAMBIEN SE USA

 PARA DAR EJEMPLOS;
BEAUTIFUL LIKE A RAINBOW

AS:
ES UNA CONJUNCION

ON FRIDAY AS ON TUESDAY ,THE MEETING WILL BE AT 8:30

ADEMAS DE USARLO COMO CONJUNCION,LO USAMOS EN

LAS PROFESIONES:
HE WORKED AS A WAITER FOR TWO YEARS
LIKE VERSUS AS

LIKE

COMO PREPOSICION SIEMPRE VA SEGUIDO DE UN NOMBRE

SIGNIFICA:

SIMILAR A ..: THEIR HOUSE IS LIKE A ZOO

IGUAL QUE...: IM GEMINI,LIKE YOU

COMO EJEMPLO....: WHY DO YOU SAY THINGS LIKE THAT?

AS

PUEDE SER USADA COMO PREPOSICION SEGUIDA DE UN NOMBRE

PERO EXPRESA:

TRABAJO...: I WORKED AS A WAITER

FUNCION O USO DE PERSONA O COSA....:WE USE OUR GARAGE AS KITCHEN

CUANDO SE USA COMO CONJUNCION ES SEGUIDA DE UN SUJETO Y UN VERBO

 AS YOU KNOW, WERE LEAVING TOMORROW

LA USAMOS TAMBIEN EN COMPARACIONES

MY DAUGHTER IS AS TALL AS ME

ANOTHER
1.USAMOS ANOTHER + NOMBRE EN SINGULAR

WOULD YOU LIKE ANOTHER POTATO?

2.USAMOS ANOTHER + FEW/NUMBER + NOMBRE EN PLURAL

IM STAYING FOR ANOTHER FEW WEEKS

VERB PATTERNS
VERB + ING
LIKE
LOVE
ENJOY
FINISH VERBS OF
MIND EMOTION
SUGGEST
STOP

VERB + TO + INFINITIVE
AGREE
CHOOSE
DECIDE
EXPECT
FORGET
HELP
HOPE
MANAGE
PROMISE
REFUSE VERBS OF
 TRY INTENTION
WANT
WOULD LIKE
WOULD LOVE
WOULD PREFER
NEED
OFFER
PLAN
LEARN

PHRASAL VERBS
LOS VERBOS FRASALES,SON VERBOS QUE VAN ACOMPAADOS DE UNA
PARTICULA (ON,OFF,DOWN,IN...ETC.) QUE ADQUIEREN UN NUEVO
SIGNIFICADO,

CON LA MAYORA DE LOS VERBOS FRASALES,SI EL OBJETO ES UN

NOMBRE,EL OBJETO SE PUEDE PONER ENTRE EL VERBO Y LA
PARTICULA.
EJEMPLO:
PUT ON YOUR COAT / PUT YOUR COAT ON
HE TOOK OUT HIS WALLET / HE TOOKHIS WALLET OUT

CUANDO EL OBJETO ES UN PRONOMBRE,ESTE SIEMPRE

VA ENTRE EL VERBO Y LA PARTICULA.
EJEMPLO:
PUT IT ON.

VERB TAKE OUT PARTICLE

OBJECT OBJECT

HE TOOK OUT HIS WALLET HE TOOK IT OUT

CAN I TRY ON THIS DRESS ?

CAN I TRY THIS DRESS ON ?
CAN I TRY THEM ON

VERBOS FRASALES (I) :

TURN OFF APAGAR TURN ON ENCENDER
TURN UP SUBIR TURN DOWN BAJAR
TAKE OFF QUITARSE ROPA PUT ON PONERSE ROPA
GO IN ENTRAR GO OUT SALIR
GO UP SUBIR GO DOWN BAJAR
GO BACK REGRESAR GO ON SEGUIR
STAND UP PONERSE DE PIE STAND DOWN AGACHARSE
GET UP LEVANTARSE GET IN SUBIR (CAR)
GET OUT BAJAR (CAR) PICK UP RECOGER
SWITCH ON ENCHUFAR SWITCH OFF DESENCHUFAR
RING UP TELEFONEAR TAKE AWAY RETIRAR
TAKE OUT SACAR BRING IN METER

SOME PHRASAL VERBS

PHRASAL VERB EXAMPLE TRANSLATION

BE ON THERES A GOOD FILM ON TV PONER (TV,CINE)

BE OVER THE MATCH IS OVER ACABAR

BREAK DOWN MY CAR HAS BROKEN DOWN ROMPER

BREAK UP HE BROKE UP WITH HIS GIRLFRIEND TERMINAR (UNA

RELACION)

FALL OVER HE FELL OVER AND BROKE HIS LEG CAERSE

FILL IN FILL IN THE FORM,PLEASE RELLENAR

FIND OUT FIND OUT WHAT IT MEANS DESCUBRIR

GET AROUND THE BEST WAY TOGET AROUND IS BY CAR VIAJAR (POR LA
CIUDAD)

GET IN (TO) GET OUT (OF) GET INTO THE CAR.WERE LEAVING ENTRAR/SALIR DE
UN COCHE

GET ON/ FF GET OFF THE BUS AT THE NEXT STOP ENTRAR /SALIR
OCHE,BUS...

GET ON WITH I GET ON WELL WITH MY SISTER LLEVARSE BIEN

GET UP SHE GETS UP AT 7 EVERY MORNING LEVANTARSE

GIVE AWAY HE GAVE AWAY ALL HIS MONEY DAR (DINERO)

GIVE BACK GIVE ME BACK MY BALL DEVOLVER

GIVE UP IVE DECIDED TO GIVE UP SMOKING DEJAR

GO AWAY WE WENT AWAY FOR A WEEKEND SALIR DE LA CIUDAD

GO OUT WE WENT OUT LAST NIGHT SALIR DE LA CASA

GO BACK HE WENT BACK TO WORK VOLVER

GO DOWN THE TEMPERATURE HAS GONE DOWN BAJAR

GO/CARRY ON HE WENT ON SPEAKING FOR TWO HOURS SEGUIR,CONTINUA
R

GO UP PRICES ARE GOING UP SUBIR

HOLD ON PLEASE HOLD ON A MOMENT ESPERAR

HARRY UP HURRY UP.WERE LATE DARSE PRISA

LIE DOWN HE LAY DOWN ON THE BED TENDERSE

LOOK AFTER HES LOOKING AFTER THE CHILDREN VIGILAR

LOOK FOR IM LOOKING FOR A JOB BUSCAR

LOOK FORWARD TO IM LOOK FORWARD TO SEEING YOU TENER GANAS QUE

SUCEDA ALGO

LOOK UP CAN YOU LOOK UP THIS WORD IN THE BUSCAR

DICTIONARY? INFORMACION EN
UN LIBRO

PAY BACK ILL PAY YOU BACK TOMORROW DEVOLVER DINERO

PRESTADO

PICK UP ILL PICK YOU UP AT YOUR HOUSE AT 7 RECOGER A

ALGUIEN O ALGO
DEL SUELO

PUT ON PUT ON YOUR COAT .ITS COLD VESTIR

PUT OFF LETS PUT OFF THE MEETING UNTIL MONDAY POSPONER,ATRASA
R

RUN OUT OF OH.NO! WERE RUNNING OFF PETROL QUEDARSE SIN

AGO

RUN OVER HE WAS RUN OVER BY A BUS ATROPELLAR

SET OFF THEY SET OFF EARLY IN THE MORNING PONERSE EN

CAMINO

SWITCH / TURN OFF PLEASE SWITCH /TURN OFF THE LIGHTS APAGAR/DESCONEC
TAR

SWITCH / TURN ON FIRST SWICHT /TURN ON THE ENGINE ENCENDER

/CONECTAR

TAKE BACK IM GOING TO TAKE THIS SWEATE BACK DEVOLVER /

CAMBIAR

TAKE OFF THE PLANE TOOK OFF DESPEGAR UN

AVION /
HE WAS HOT SO HE TOOK OFF HIS JACKET
QUITARSE UNA
PRENDA
TAKE OUT SHE TOOK SOME MONEY OUT OF THE BANK SACAR

THROW AWAY HE THROW THE SHOES AWAY TIRAR A LA

BASURA

TRY ON CAN I TRY THESE JEANS ON? PROBARSE ROPA

TURN UP /DOWN CAN YOU TURN UP THE TV? I CANT HEAR IT SUBIR (EL
VOLUMEN)

WAKE UP I WAKE UP AT 8 EVERY MORNING DESPERTAR

WASH UP ILL COOK IF YOU WASH UP LAVAR

PUT OFF APLAZAR FILL IN RELLENAR IMP.

GIVE UP DEJAR SEE OFF DESPEDIR
LOOK AFTER VIGILAR LOOK FOR BUSCAR

VERBOS FRASALES

FED UP ALIMENTAR
FILL IN FIRMAR
GET BACK VOLVER
GET IN SUBIR EN UN COCHE
GET OUT SALIR DE UN COCHE
GET UP LEVANTARSE
GIVE UP IRSE
GO DOWN BAJAR
GO IN ENTRAR
GO ON VOLVER
GO OUT SALIR
GO UP SUBIR
HELD UP ESTAR ATRAPADO
KNOCK ON LLAMAR
LOOK AFTER VIGILAR
LOOK AT MIRA!
LOOK OUT! CUIDADO!
LOOK FORWARD TENER GANAS
LOOK UP BUSCAR INF.EN UN LIBRO
PUT ON VESTIRSE
 RING UP TELEFONEAR
STAND UP PONERSE DE PIE
SWITCH OFF DESENCHUFAR
SWITCH ON ENCHUFAR
TAKE AWAY LLEVAR
TAKE CARE TENER CUIDADO
TAKE OFF DESVESTIRSE
THROW INTO IRRUMPIR
TURN DOWN BAJAR VOLUMEN
TURN DOWN BAJAR EL VOLUMEN
TURN UP SUBIR VOLUMEN
TURN UP SUBIR EL VOLUMEN

HAY CUATRO TIPOS DE VERBOS FRASALES

TIPO EJEMPLOS NOTAS/PROBLEMAS

1-VERBO FRASAL SIN UN The meeting went on for EL VERBO Y LA PARTICULA NO SE
OBJETO PUEDEN SEPARAR
hours
2-EL VERBO FRASAL PUEDE Take off your shoes SI EL OBJETO ES UN NOMBRE ,ESTE
ESTAR SEPARADO OR UN PUEDE IR O DESPUES DE AMBAS
Take your shoes off
OBJETO PARTICULAS DEL VERBO FRASAL O
Take them off ENTRE ELLAS.SI EL OBJETO ES UN
PRONOMBRE ESTE DEBE DE IR
ENTRE LAS DOS PARTES NO TAKE
OFF THEN
3-VERBOS FRASALES QUE NO I looked through the NO I LOOKED THE MAGAZINE
PUEDEN ESTAR SEPARADOS THROUG
magazine when i was at the
POR UN OBJETO
hairdresser
4-VERBOS FRASALES CON DOS Weve run out of petrol LAS TRES PALABRAS NO PUEDEN
PREPOSICIONES /ADVERBIOS SER SEPARADAS.
NO WEVE RUN OUT OF PETROL

ALGUNAS VECES EL SIGNIFICADO DE LA PARTICULA DE LA

PARTICULA (PREPOSICION O ADVERBIO) NOS AYUDA A ENTENDER EL
VERBO FRASAL.EJ.BACK CASI SIEMPRE SIGNIFICA: VOLVER.

ALGUNAS PREPOSICIONES PUEDEN TENER DIFERENTES

SIGNIFICADOS:

UP A) AUMENTO B) COMPLETAMENTE
 DOWN A) PONER EN PAPEL B) DISMINUCION
B) C) PARAR COMPLETAMENTE

ON A) CONTINUACION B) VESTIR C) CONECTAR

OFF A) DESCONECTAR B) SALIR

OUT A) HACER DESAPARECER B) PARA GENTE DIFERENTE

WORDS AND PHRASES THAT JOIN IDEAS

(INCREASED)
ACTUALLY ACTUALMENTE / DE HECHO
AFTER ALL DESPUES DE TODO
AFTERWARDS DESPUES
ALSO / AS WELL TAMBIEN
ALTHOUGH AUNQUE
ANOTHER ADVANTAGE IS OTRA VENTAJA ES
ANOTHER ASPECT OF THE ISSUE IS OTRO ASPECTO DE ESTE TEMA ES
AS I SEE IT SEGN YO LO VEO
AS OPPOSED TO MAS QUE / OPUESTO
AT FIRST LO PRIMERO
AT LAST POR ULTIMO
AT LEAST POR LO MENOS
AT THE MOMENT EN ESTE MOMENTO
BECAUSE PORQUE
BECAUSE OF A CAUSA DE
BUT PERO
CONSEQUENTLY POR CONSIGUIENTE
CURRENTLY ACTUALMENTE
DESPITE A PESAR DE
DUE TO DEBIDO A
EITHER TAMPOCO
ENOUGH PRETTY BASTANTE BONITO
EVEN INCLUSO
EVENTUALLY FINALMENTE
FINALLY POR ULTIMO
FOR EXAMPLE /FOR INSTANCE POR EJEMPLO
FURTHERMORE ADEMAS
HOWEVER SIN EMBARGO
I (STRONGLY) BELIEVE CREO
I (STRONGLY) FEEL TENGO LA SENSACION
I AGREE WITH ESTOY DE ACUERDO CON
I BELIEVE CREO
I DISAGREE WITH NO ESTOY DE ACUERDO CON
I DONT FEEL THAT YO NO SIENTO QUE
IM AGAINST ESTOY EN CONTRA
IM IN FAVOUR OF ESTOY A FAVOR DE...
IN ADDITION EN SUMA
IN CONTRAST TO EN CONTRASTE CON
IN MY OPINION EN OPINION MIA
IN SPITE OF /DESPITE A PESAR DE
IN THE END EN EL FINAL/ AL FINAL
IN THE PAST EN EL PASADO
IT IS CLEAR TO ME THAT ESTA CLARO PARA MI QUE...
LATER MAS TARDE
MEANWHILE MIENTRAS TANTO
MOREOVER LO QUE ES MAS
NEARLY CERCA
OBVIOUSLY EVIDENTEMENTE
OF COURSE POR SUPUESTO
ON THE OTHER HAND POR OTRO LADO
ONCE UNA VEZ
ONE ADVANTAGE IS UNA VENTAJA ES
ONE ASPECT OF THE ISSUE IS UN ASPECTO DE ESTE TEMA ES
ONLY SOLO
OTHER PEOPLE BELIEVE OTRA GENTE CRE
PERHAPS QUIZAS
PERSONALLY PERSONALMENTE
POSSIBLY POSIBLEMENTE
PROBABLY PROBABLEMENTE
SINCE DESDE HACE
SO ASI QUE
SOME PEOPLE BELIEVE ALGUNA GENTE CREE
SPECIALLY ESPECIALMENTE
SUDDENLY DE REPENTE
THEN ENTONCES
THEREFORE POR CONSIGUIENTE
THOSE WHO ARE IN FAVOUR AQUELLOS QUE ESTAN A
FAVOR
THOSE WHO ARE AGAINST AQUELLOS QUE ESTAN EN
CONTRA
THOUG AUNQUE
TO BEGIN WITH PARA EMPEZAR CON
WHEREAS MIENTRAS QUE
WHILE MIENTRAS /CUANDO
 LOOK (MULTI WORDS)
look forward to vt (gen): I'm looking forward to the
weekend

tengo muchas ganas de que llegue el fin de semana; I'm

really looking forward to her coming estoy deseando que llegue,
me hace mucha ilusin que venga; she's not looking forward to
the interview no le apetece para nada ir a la entrevista; (frml: in
a letter): We look forward to hearing from you. Yours sincerely...
A la espera de sus noticias lo saluda atentamente....

to look out vt (to search for) buscar: he promised to

look out the books for me prometi buscarme los
libros.

vi (to take care): look out, there's a car coming! ojo ,

cuidado, que viene un coche!
to look up vi (to improve) mejorar: employment
prospects are looking up las perspectivas de trabajo
estn mejorando.

vt 1. (to search for) buscar informacion en un

libro: we looked it up in the encyclopedia/dictionary
lo buscamos en la enciclopedia/en el diccionario.

2. (to visit) visitar: she looked us up when she was in London

vino a vernos, a visitarnos cuando estuvo en Londres.

look forward to........: tengo muchas ganas

o look out..: buscar / ojo , cuidado, que viene un
coche!
to look up...........: buscar informacion en un libro

PHRASAL VERBS
LOOK FORWARD ESTAR ENCANTADO

BRING IN METER
BURST INTO IRRUMPIR EN

CATCH ON COGER

FED UP ESTAR HARTO

FELT OFF CAERSE

FILL IN RELLENAR IMP.

GET IN SUBIR (CAR)
GET OUT BAJAR (CAR)
GET UP LEVANTARSE
GIVE UP DEJAR
GO BACK REGRESAR
GO DOWN BAJAR
GO IN ENTRAR
GO ON SEGUIR
GO OUT SALIR
GO TO OUT SALIR FUERA

GO UP SUBIR
HELD UP QUEDAR ATRAPADO

ITS OFF ESTA ESTROPEADO

KNOCK ON LLAMAR

LOOK AFTER CUIDAR

LOOK AFTER VIGILAR

LOOK AT ! MIRA !

LOOK FOR BUSCAR ALGO

LOOK FOR BUSCAR

LOOK OUT ! CUIDADO!

LOOK UP BUSCAR INFORMACION EN UN LIBRO

PICK UP RECOGER
PUT OFF APLAZAR
PUT ON PONER (ROPA)

PUT ON PONERSE ROPA

RING UP TELEFONEAR
RUSH IN ENTRAR CORRIENDO

SEE OFF DESPEDIR

 SET OFF PARTIR A...

STAND DOWN AGACHARSE

STAND UP PONERSE DE PIE
SWITCH OFF DESENCHUFAR
SWITCH ON ENCHUFAR
TAKE OFF QUITARSE ROPA
TAKE AWAY RETIRAR
TAKE CARE TENER CUIDADO

TAKE OUT SACAR

TO BE AWAY ESTA FUERA

TO BE IN ESTA EN

TO BE OFF SALIR

TURN DOWN BAJAR

TURN OFF APAGAR
TURN ON ENCENDER
TURN UP SUBIR
WHATS ON ? QUE DAN ?

WHATS UP? QUE PASA

PHRASAL VERBS
Back up Respaldar
Bump into Encontrarse con
Call off Cancelar
Carry out Llevar a cabo
Cut down Reducir
Frown on Desaprobar
Get across Hacer entender
Knock down Atropellar
Leaf through Hojear
Live on Vivir de
Live up to Estar a la altura
Look down on Despreciar
Make out Distinguir
Pick out seleccionar
Pick up Recoger
Put off posponer
Rely on Confiar en
Rip off Timar
Run up acumular
Set off Encender
Set off Salir
Set up Montar un negocio
Stand out Destacar
Take on Coger un empleo
 Take up Llevar / ocupar
Talk Sb into Convencer a alguien
Tie up Atar
Track down Localizar
Turn up Aparecer

SEPARABLES O INSEPARABLES?

NORMALMENTE,SI LA PARTICULA ES UP,SE PUEDE SEPARAR ,Y SI ES AFTER,NO SE PUEDE

VERBO TRADUCCION VERBO TRADUCCION

BRING IN METER PUT AWAY GUARDAR ALGO
BRING UP CRIAR A ALGUIEN PUT OFF APLAZAR / APLAZAR
BURST INTO IRRUMPIR EN PUT ON PONERSE ROPA
CATCH ON COGER PUT OUT APAGAR
CLEAR UP RECOGER,LIMPIAR PUT UP SOPORTAR
FED UP ESTAR HARTO RING UP TELEFONEAR
FED UP ALIMENTAR RUN OUT OF TERMINAR / ACABAR
FELT OFF CAERSE RUSH IN ENTRAR CORRIENDO
FILL IN RELLENAR IMP. SEE OFF DESPEDIR
FIND OUT ENTERARSE DE ALGO SET OFF PARTIR A...
GET BACK VOLVER SOLUCIONAR
GET IN SUBIR EN UN COCHE SORT OUT
STAND DOWN AGACHARSE
GET ON WITH LLEVARSE BIEN CON STAND UP PONERSE DE PIE
GET OUT SALIR DE UN COCHE SWITCH OFF DESENCHUFAR
GET OVER PASAR POR ENCIMA SWITCH ON ENCHUFAR
GET UP LEVANTARSE TAKE OFF QUITARSE ROPA
GIVE UP DEJAR DEFINITIVAMENTE TAKE AFTER PARECERSE A
GIVE UP IRSE TAKE AWAY LLEVAR
GO BACK REGRESAR TAKE BACK DEVOLVER ALGO
GO DOWN BAJAR TAKE CARE TENER CUIDADO
GO IN ENTRAR TAKE OFF DESVESTIRSE
GO ON VOLVER TAKE OUT SACAR
GO OUT SALIR TAKE UP PRACTICAR
GO OUT WITH SALIR CON THROW INTO IRRUMPIR
GO TO OUT SALIR FUERA TO BE AWAY ESTA FUERA
GO UP SUBIR TO BE IN ESTA EN
HELD UP ESTAR ATRAPADO TO BE OFF SALIR
ITS OFF ESTA ESTROPEADO TRY ON PROBARSE ALGO
KNOCK ON LLAMAR TRY ON PROBARSE ALGO
LOOK AFTER VIGILAR TRY OUT ENSAYAR, PROBAR
LOOK AT MIRA! TRY OUT ENSAYAR, PROBAR
LOOK FOR BUSCAR TURN DOWN BAJAR EL VOLUMEN
LOOK FORWARD ESTAR ENCANTADO TURN OFF APAGAR
LOOK TENER GANAS TURN ON ENCENDER
LOOK OUT !
FORWARD CUIDADO! TURN UP SUBIR EL VOLUMEN
LOOK UP BUSCAR INF.EN LIBRO WHATS ON ? QUE DAN ?
MAKE UP INVENTARSE WHATS UP? QUE PASA
PICK UP RECOGER GIVE AWAY DAR
MAKE UP DECIDIR GET OVER RECUPERARSE
HANG ON ESPERAR HANG ON RESISTIR
 WORK OUT CALCULAR WORK OUT ENTENDER
PUT OFF QUITAR LAS GANAS GO ON PASAR/SUCEDER

ID RATHER ......PREFERIRIA

I WOULDNT MIND......NO ME IMPORTARIA

I DONT LIKE STUDYING.ID RATHER BE OUTSIDE PLAYING TENNIS

I WOULDNT MIND A CUP OF TEA

NO ME IMPORTARIA UNA TAZA DE TE

WILL AND WOULD

WIL...: UNA CERTEZA DE QUE SUCEDA ALGO Y/O ALGO POSIBLE

WOULD ...: PROBABLEMENTE NO SUCEDERA .ALGO IMAGINARIO

BORED OR BORING?
BORED FOR PEOPLE
BORING FOR THINGS

MODISMOS

SORRY I GOT HELD UP IN THE TRAFFIC. NEVER MIND ,COME AND SIT DOWN

LO SIENTO ME QUEDE ATRAPADA EN UNA CARAVANA . NO IMPORTA, PASA Y SIENTATE

IM OFF TO SCHOOL NOW. TAKE CARE MY LOVE

SALGO YA PARA EL COLEGIO. TEN CUIDADO CARIO

JENNYS GOING TO OUT WITH PETE I DONT KNOW WHAT SHE SEES IN HIM

JENNY VA A SALIR CON PETE. NO SE ELLA QUE VE EN EL

HOW LONG DID IT TAKE... AGES

CUANTO TARDASTES... SIGLOS!

 IM FED UP WHIT THIS WEATHER. MEE TOO,IM JUST LONGING FOR SOME SUNSHINE

ESTOY HARTO DE ESTE TIEMPO. YO TAMBIEN.ESTOY ANSIOSO POR ALGO DE SOL

WHO WAS THAT I SAW YOU WITH LAST NIGHT?. MIND YOUR BUSINESS!!

QUIEN ERA EL QUE ESTABA CONTIGO ANOCHE ? MTETE EN TUS ASUNTOS!!

IM HAVING NEXT WEEK OFF. O.K. THE BREAK WILL DO YOU GOOD

LA PROXIMA SEMANA TOMARE VACACIONES. O.K. EL DESCANSO TE SENTAR BIEN

LETS GO FOR A TEN MILES JOG. YOU MUST BE JOKING

VAMOS A CORRER DIEZ MILLAS . DEBES DE ESTAR BROMEANDO

LET ME BUY YOU A DRINK. NO,NO ITS MY ROUND

DEJAME INVITARTE ESTA COPA. NO,NO ESTA ES MI RONDA

SHALL WE MEET THIS AFTERNOON AT 3.00 SORRY, I CANT MAKE IT THEN

PODRIAMOS VERNOS ESTA TARDE A LAS 3: LO SIENTO NO PEDO

WAS IT EXPENSIVE ? IT COST AN ABSOLUTE FORTUNE

TE COST CARO ? COST UNA VERDADERA FORTUNA

SHOULD / SHOULDNT +INFINITIVO (SIN TO)

DEBERA / NO DEBERA
IGUAL PARA TODAS LAS PERSONAS !
EJEMPLOS:

I SHOULD GO TO THE E.O.I.

I SHOULDNT GO ON HOLIDAYS

I SHOULD REST
I SHOULDNT DRIVE MY CAR
 YOU SHOULD WEAR A TIE
YOU SHOULDNT

TO BE OBSSESED WITH...
ESTAR OBSESIONADO CON...

GO UP MORE
SALIR MAS

TO FILL THE TANK

LLENAR EL DEPOSITO

GET

RECEIVE (RECIBIR)

+ ADJETIVE =BECOME LLEGAR A SER/ESTAR

GET
ARRIVE (LLEGAR A CASA,LLEGAR AL TRABAJO)

PHRASAL VERB

AUXILIARES

VERBO INFINITIVO PRESENTE PASADO PART.

I AM
BE TO BE WE,THEY,YOU..ARE WAS BEEN
HE,SHE,IT...IS

HAVE TO HAVE I,WE,THEY,YOU..HAVE HAD HAD

HE,SHE,IT....HAD

DO TO DO I, WE,THEY,YOU,...DO DID DONE

HE,SHE.IT.....DOES
CAN TO BE ABLE CAN COULD BEEN ABLE

WILL WILL WOULD AUX.FUTURO

SHALL SHALL AUX.FUTURO

SO / NEITHER DO I
PARA FORMA R ORACIONES PARA ESTAR / NO ESTAR DE ACUERDO:
 TO AGREE:
SO + AUXILIARY + SUJETO
CON ORACION AFIRMATIVA

I SAW THE FILM YO HE VISTO LA PELICULA

SO DID I YO TAMBIEN
(AQU SO SUSTITUYE AL VERBO PREVIAMENTE MENCIONADO)

NEITHER + AUXILIAR+SUJETO
CON ORACION NEGATIVA

I DIDNT SEE THE FILM

NO ME GUST LA PELICULA
NEITHER DID I A M TAMPOCO
TO DISAGREE:

I DONT LIKE CARTOONS

N O ME GUSTAN LAS PELICULAS DE DIBUJOS
NEITHER DO I NI AMI

SUJETO + AUXILIAR
SI NO ESTAS DE ACUERDO,ES LO CONTRARIO;LO
AFIRMATIVO A NEGATIVO Y LO NEGATIVO A AFIRMATIVO

I DONT LIKE NO ME GUSTA

NEITHER DO I A MI TAMPOCO
NEITHER AM I YO TAMPOCO SOY
SO DO I YO TAMBIEN
ME TOO YO TAMBIEN
NEITHER TOO YO TAMPOCO
I DONT YO NO !
SO+AUX.+SUBJ. (ORAC. POSITIVAS)

NEITHER+AUX+SUBECT (ORAC.NEGATIV.)

AGREEE DISAGREE

1. I REALLY LIKE POP MUSIC SO DO I I DONT

2.I DONT LIKE CHICKEN NEITHER DO I I DONT

3.I HAVE GOT A COMPUTER SO HAVE I I HAVENT

4.I CANT SPEAK DUTCH NEITHER CAN I I CANT

5.I WENT TO THE CITY SO DID I I DIDNT

6.I DIDNT GO TO THE CIRCO NEITHER DID I I DIDNT

7.I HAVENT BEEN TO BRAZIL NEITHER HAVE I I HAVENT

8.IM GOING TO THE PARTY TONIGHT SO AM I I M NOT
WILL / WONT
1. OFRECIMIENTOS DE AYUDA SHALL I CARRY YOUR BAGS
ILL OPEN THE DOOR FOR YOU
2. PROMESAS WE WONT BE LATE
ILL ALWAYSLOVE YOU
3. UNPLANNED DECISIONS ILL HAVE THE STEAK,PLEASE
ILL DOIT NOW
4. PREDICTIONS / OPINIONS I THINK LIVERPOOL WILL WIN
I DONT THINK ILL ENJOY IT.
5. 1st CONDITIONAL IF YOU EAT A LOT OF
CHOCOLATE YOULL FALL IN
LOVE

GOING TO

WHAT ARE YOU GOING TO DO

1. PLANNED FUTURE TONIGHT?
2. PREDICTION FROM EVIDENCE THIS TEAM ARE GOING TO WIN

THE PASSIVE
EL PRESENTE PASIVO

SE FORMA CON:AM / IS / ARE + PAST PARTICIPLE

EL PASADO PASIVO

SE FORMA CON : WAS / WERE + PAST PARTICIPLE

SI QUEREMOS INDICAR QUIEN HIZO LA ACCION USAMOS EL BY

USAMOS LA PASIVA CUANDO NO ESTAMOS INTERESADOS EN QUIEN

REALIZA LA ACCION
 LA VOZ PASIVA(II)

1 REGLA DE LA PASIVA:

LA PASIVA, SIEMPRE TIENE QUE TENER UNA

REGLA VERBAL MS QUE LA FRASE EN ACTIVA.
e.g.

Activa ..: Everybody remembers Casablanca

Pasiva..: Casablanca is remembered by everybody

2 REGLA DE LA PASIVA:

EN LA FRASE PASADA A PASIVA, LA PRIMERA

REGLA VERBAL,SIEMPRE CONSERVA EL MISMO
TIEMPO VERBAL.
e.g.

Activa..: Everybody remembers (Present Simple) Casablanca

Pasiva..: Casablanca is (Present Simple) remembered by everybody

3 REGLA DE LA PASIVA:

EN LA FRASE EN PASIVA,LA REGLA

VERBAL,SIEMPRE ACABAR EN PAST PARTICIPLE
 e.g.
Casablanca is remembered by everybody

OTRAS:

Cuando poner Being o Been ? (cuando la regla verbal consta de 3

elementos)
Cuando el verbo es TO BE es Being

Cuando el verbo es TO HAVE es Been

Nunca ing detrs de have has being

Usamos el PAST SIMPLE para hablar acerca de acciones consecutivas en

el pasado

She bought a newspaper and then she had a coffee in a small caf

(ella se tomo un caf despues de comprar el periodico)

Usamos el PAST PERFECT para hablar acerca de algo que sucedi antes
del tiempo del cual estamos hablando

When she went to pay, she saw that they had made a mistake in the bill

(Ellos cometieron el error antes de que ella pagara)

Usamos el PAST CONTINUOUS (was/were + verb + ing) para describir

una accion mas larga en continuo.
 The sun was shining when she left the caf

(La accion de continuo mas larga es que el sol estaba brillando.

Ella dej el caf es una accion mas corta que sucede en mitad de la
accion mas larga de continuo)

MUST / MUSTNT
USAMOS EL MUST / MUSTNT PARA CONSEJOS SERIOS Y
OBLIGACIONES

LA FORMA NEGATIVA DE MUST ES MUSTN'T, PERO EN

CONTEXTOS FORMALES O ENFTICOS SE SUELE USAR
MUST NOT. CUANDO MUST EXPRESA OBLIGACIN,
EQUIVALE A FORMAS DE DEBER O TENER QUE:

YOU MUST TELL HER

DEBES DECRSELO
TIENES QUE DECRSELO
SHE TOLD HIM HE MUSTN'T TOUCH IT
LE DIJO QUE NO DEBA TOCARLO
EL VERBO TO HAVE TO SUSTITUYE A MUST EN LOS
TIEMPOS VERBALES EN QUE STE NO SE USA:
YOU'LL HAVE TO GO TENDRS QUE IR
I HAD TO STAY ME TUVE QUE QUEDAR

CUANDO MUST EXPRESA INTENCIN, EQUIVALE A

FORMAS DE TENER QUE O AL USO DEL SUBJUNTIVO EN
ESPAOL:
I MUST REMEMBER TO RING HIM

tengo que acordarme de llamarlo

HEY MUSTN'T FIND OUT
 QUE NO SE ENTEREN

CUANDO EXPRESA CONJETURA, EQUIVALE A FORMAS

DE DEBER (DE):

IT MUST BE ABOUT TEN O'CLOCK

DEBEN (DE) SER ALREDEDOR DE LAS DIEZ

EN ESTA ACEPCIN MUST TAMBIN SE USA SEGUIDO DE

HAVE + PARTICIPIO:

SHE MUST HAVE LEFT EARLY

DEBE (DE) HABER SALIDO TEMPRANO

THEY MUST HAVE MISSED THE TRAIN

DEBEN (DE) HABER PERDIDO EL TREN

BOTH / EITHER / NEITHER

BOTH....and... (A and B)...: Ambos / Los dos

Both Auxi and I are studying english

EITHER .... or... (A or B)....:Uno u otro / cualquiera

Either Auxi or lvaro have blue eyes

NEITHER ...nor... (A nor B )....: Ni lo uno ni lo otro / Ninguno de los dos

Neither Auxi nor lvaro have curly hair

ONE OF US...: Uno de los dos

One of us are fatter than other one

- Despues de BOTH y NEITHER el verbo debe ser positivo

- Pueden llevar detrs un sustantivo
-
- Si el sustantivo va precedido de The, These, This, My...se aade Of
 Both of the .../ Neither of these ...

-Con pronombres personales, tambin se aade Of

Both of them Both of us Neither of you
Niether of us was ungry

- Con un verbo negativo, se usa Either en vez de Neither.

I dont know either of them

- Neither puede usarse solo o al principio de la frase

QUANTIFIERS
(CANTIDADES)

PARA GRANDES CANTIDADES:

MANERA CONTABLE INCONTABLE

POSITIVO A LOT /LOTS OF A LOT/ LOTS OF

NEGATIVO (NOT) MANY (NOT) MUCH
INTERROGATIVO HOW MANY? HOW MUCH?

PARA PEQUEAS CANTIDADES:

MANERA CONTABLE INCONTABLE

POSITIVO A FEW A LITTLE
VERY FEW VERY LITTLE
INTERROGATIVO HOW MANY? HOW
MUCH?

I HAVE GOT A LOT OF ( + I ) BOOKS, BUT I HAVENT GOT MANY ( -

C) CDs, AND IVE HAVE ONLY GOT A FEW TAPES.

THEY DRANK A LOT OF ( + I ) WINE,NOT MUCH ( - I ) BEER , AND

VERY LITTLE LEMONADE.

HOW MUCH ( I ) COKE DID THEY DRINK? HOW MANY ( I )

CRISPS DID THEY EAT?
(RECORDAR : LOS NOMBRES QUE TERMINANEN S SON CONTABLES)
MISMOS SIGNIFICADOS
MORE THAN OVER

THE NOUN FROM UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYEMENT

TOO FULL OF PEOPLE OVER POPULATION

COVERED WITH SNOW CAPPED (CUBRI)

SMOKE AND FOG TOGETHER POLLUTION/ OR SMOG

A LINE OF CARS WHICH HAVE STOPPED JAMS

TAKING THE AIR BREATHING

GETTING BETTER IMPROVING

TOO / TOO MUCH / TOO MANY /ENOUGH / NOT ENOUGH

PARA DECIR QUE HAY MAS DE LO QUE NECESITO,USAMOS:

TOO + ADJETIVO
TOO MUCH +NOMBRE INCONTABLE
TOO MANY + NOMBRE CONTABLE

ENOUGH
PARA DECIR QUE TENGO TODO LO QUE NECESITO,USAMOS:

ENOUGH =SUFICIENTE

ONE / ONES
USAMOS EL ADJETIVO + ONE / ONES EN LUGAR DEL ADJETIVO + EL
NOMBRE:

THE RED BAG = THE RED ONE

THE BIG CAR = THE BIG ONE

BUYING CLOTHES
HAVE YOU GOT THOSE JEANS IN MY SIZE ?
WICH ONES ?
THE RED ONES
WHAT SIZE ARE YOU?
IM 42
LETS SEE. HERE YOU ARE
 CAN I TRY THEM ON?
YES THERES A CHANGING ROOM OVER THERE
THEYRE A BIT TOO SMALL.HAVE YOU GOT A BIGGER SIZE?
THESE ARE A 44 ONES
YES,THESE ARE FINE .OK,ILL TAKE THEM
ANYTHING ELSE?
NO THANKS.HOW MUCH ARE THEY?
THEYRE 49,96 $
THANK YOU

SPORTS

GO / PLAY / DO
GO + VERB+ ING..:
GO SAILING,GO DIVING,GO WINDSURFING

PLAY + SPORTS WITH A BALL..:

PLAY FOOTBALL, PLAY TENNIS, PLAY BASKETBALL
DO + EXERCISE+ AND MARTIAL ARTS...:
DO KARATE, DO GIMNASTICS, DO JOGGING

SPORT/ACTIVITY PLAY/GO/DO PEOPLE PLACE EQUIPEMENT

FOOTBALL PLAY GOALKEEPER REFEREE: STADIUM BALL,BOOTS

FOOTBALL PITCH

TENNIS PLAY SPECTATOR COURT RACKET;NET

CYICLING GO CYCLIST ROAD HELMET;

ELBOW PATCH

BADMINTON PLAY BADMINTON PLAYER COURT RACKET

BASKETBALL PLAY BASKET PLAYER COURT BALL

FISHING GO FISHERMAN THE RIVER , FISHING ROD.

 BAIT.

THE SEA BOBBIN REEL

HANG-GLIDING GO AIR,SKY PARACHUTE,

HANG-GLIDER HELMET.
ROSARY

VOLLEYBALL PLAY ...PLAYER COURT NET, BALL

HOCKEY PLAY ...PLAYER ON ICE COURT STICK,

ROLLER SKATES

ICE SKATES

RACE DO RUNNER STADIUM SHORTS

T.SHIRT

MARATHON DO RUNNER COUNTRY AND CITY TRAINERS

CAP

HURDLE RACE DO RUNNER STADIUM HURDLE

TENNIS PLAY SPECTATOR COURT RACKET;NET

BALL BOY GRASS COURT

REFEREE

SKIING GO SKIER, SKI SLOPE SKI, GLOVE, SKI

POLE, SLALOM
long-distance SKI runneR.

GIMNASTICS DO HIGH JUMPER SPORT HALL HOOP.BALL

EXERCICES POLE VAULT SPORTS CENTRE BAR

LONG JUMPER

VOLLEYBALL PLAY UMPIRE COURT NET, BALL

LINESMAN

FISHING GO FISHERMAN THE RIVER , FISHING ROD.

BAIT.
SCUBA DIVER THE SEA
BOBBIN REEL
 GOALKEEPER:GUARDAMETA

REFEREE:ARBITRO

PITCH:CAMPO

HELMET:CASCO

ELBOW PATCH:CODERA

BAIT:CEBO

FISHING ROD:CAA DE PESCAR

BOBBIN REEL:CERRETE DE PESCAR

HANG-GLIDING: ALA DELTA

SKI SLOPE: PISTA DE ESQUIAR

SKI POLE: BASTON DE ESQU

SLALOM:CARRERA DE ESQU

SKI GLOVES: GUANTES DE ESQUIAR

LONG-DISTANCE SKI RUNNER.:ESQUIADOR DE FONDO

HOOP : ARO

BALL BOY:RECOGEPELOTAS

UMPIRE:JUEZ DE SILLA

HIGH JUMPER: SALTADOR DE ALTURA

LONG JUMPER: SALTADOR DE LONGITUD

POLE VAULT:SALTO DE PERTIGA

LINESMAN: JUEZ DE LINEA

 FISHING ROD:CAA DE PESCAR

BOBBIN REEL:CARRETE DE PESCAR

ULTIMAS ANOTACIONES DEL CURSO

WHAT WAS THE WEATHER LIKE IN.... QUE TIEMPO HACE

EN....

IT WAS SUNNY AND WARM.18 DEGREES CELSIUS

IM AGREE.....ESTOY DE ACUERDO

I DONT AGREE....NO ESTOY DE ACUERDO

I THINK SO ....... PIENSO QUE SI

I DONT THINK SO.....PIENSO QUE NO

I GONNA= IM GOING TO
I WANNA= I WANT YOU
TO = HACIA (MOVIMIENTO)

HOME

WORK

TO = HACIA (ESTATICO) SCHOOL

UNIVERSITY

RESTAURANTES

AT LUGARES PEQUEOS CASA

ARRIVE TRABAJO...

CIUDADES

IN LUGARES GRANDES

PAISES

FUTURO

PRESENTE CONTINUO:
COSAS QUE VAN A SUCEDER INMEDIATAMENTE,POR
EJEMPLO LAS COSAS QUE SE APUNTAN EN UNA AGENDA:
IM MEETING HER TOMORROW

GOING TO:
FUTURO ALGO MAS LEJANO Y COSAS QUE VEMOS
AHORAY QUE VAN A SUCEDER:
IT GOING TO RAIN

WILL=IWILL=ILL:
ESPRESA UN FUTURO CON DECISION! ILL+INFINITIVO SIN
TO
ILL RAIN !
EL FUTURO DE INTENCION (GOING TO)
SE FORMA CON EL PRESENTE DEL VERBO TO BE SEGUIDO DE GOING
TO +UN INFINITIVO.

I AM GOING TO BUY
WHERE ARE YOU GOING TO SEE HER TOMORROW?

SHALL:

ES UN VERBO AUXILIAR QUE SE USA PARA SUGERENCIAS:SE

USA EN PREGUNTAS+ SUJETO EN 1 PERSONAL +INFINITIVO
SIN TO.
WHAT SHALL WE DO? QUE PODEMOS HACER
SENTENCES TENSE NEGATIVE SENTENCES

HE LIVES NEAR HERE PRESENT SIMPLE HE DOENST LIVE NEAR HERE

SHES(HAS) BEEN TO USA PRESENT PERFECT SHE HASNT BEEN TO USA

WERE GOING TO BUY A CAR FUTURE(GOING TO) WE ARENT GOING TO BUY...

HES LOOKING FOR A JOB PRESENT CONTIN. HE ISNT LOOKING FOR A JOB

THEYRE OFTEN LATE FOR CLASS P.SIMPLE(TO BE) THEY ARENT OFTEN LATE...

I WENT TO THE CINEMA PAST SIMPLE I DIDNT GO TO THE CINEMA

SHE WAS TIRED LAST NIGHT PAST SIMPLE (BE) SHE WASNT TIRED LAST NIGHT

ON SUNDAY HES FLYING TO...P.CONTINUOUS (FUTURE) ON SUNDAY HE ISNT ..

HE WAS READING A BOOK PAST CONTINUOUS HE WASNT READING A BOOK

SE USA EL PAST SIMPLE Y NO EL PRESENT PERFECT EN LAS

PREGUNTAS QUE COMIENZAN POR

WHEN? O WHAT TIME?

GONE Y BEEN

HES GONE TO SPAIN HES BEEN TO SPAIN

SE HA IDO (Y ESTA ALL) HA ESTADO ( Y HA VUELTO)

 RESUMEN CONCISO Y FINAL DEL
PRESENTE,PASADOY FUTURO
TIEMPO ACCION FORMACION EJEMPLO TRADUCCI
ON
PRESENT ACCIONES NORMALES LA PROPIA I PLAY TENNIS YO
SIMPLE QUE SE REALIZAN JUEGO AL
HABITUALMENTE TENIS

PRESENT ESTA PASANDO TO BE +ING ITS RAINING ESTA

CONTINUOUS AHORA. LLOVIEND
ESTAR + O
GERUNDIO

PRESENTE ACCION PASADA SIGUE AHORA. TO HAVE + I HAVE ME ROMP

PERFECT PARTICIPIO BROKEN... UN
CUANDO NO SE PUEDE DECIR O HUESO.
PREGUNTAR CUANDO TENER + 3
COLUMNA

PAST SIMPLE EN EL PASADO Y TERMIN YA. SE AADE ED HE LIVED IN EL VIVIO

AL POSITIVO PARIS EN PARIS
PARA DECIR O PREGUNTAR
EXACTAMENTE CUANDO HA Y SE USA EL
SUCEDIDO ALGO AUXILIAR DID
CON PREGUNTAS
Y NEGACIONES

ED EN (+)
DID EN (-) (?)

PAST ACCIONES EN PROGRESO: EMPEZ WAS/WERE I WAS YO

CONTINUOUS EN EL PASADO Y SEGUA + WORKING ESTABA
SUCEDIENDO LA ACCION. VERB+ING TRABAJA
HABIA,ESTABA,CONTANDO,HABLA NDO
NDO..

FUTURE ACCIONES FUTURAS ILL = ILL MISS THE PERDER

WILL (+) TRAIN EL TREN

WILL NOT = I WONT CATCH

WONT (-) IT NO LO
COGER

ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present simple Make Is made
Past simple Made Was made
Present continuous Is making Is being made
Past continuous Was making Was being made
Present perfect Has made Has been made
Past perfect Had made Had been made
Future (will) Will make Will be made
Future (going to) Is going to make Is going to be made
Infinitive (with to) To make To be made

TIEMPOS VERBALES DE INGLES Y SUS CORRESPONDIENTES

EN ESPAOL

TO PLAY
GERUND
JUGANDO
PLAYING
IMPERATIVE
JUEGA! JUGAD !
PLAY!
PRESENT
JUEGO,JUEGAS,JUEGA,JUGAMOS,JUGAIS,JUEGAN
I PLAY
PAST SIMPLE
JUGU,JUGASTE,JUG,JUGAMOS,JUGASTEIS,JUGARON
I PLAYED
FUTURE
JUGAR,JUGARS,JUGAR,JUGAREMOS,JUGAREIS,JUGARAN
ILL PLAY
SUBJUNCTIVE
JUEGUE,JUEGUES,JUEGUE,JUGUEMOS,JUGUEIS,JUEGUEN

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
JUGARA,JUGARAS.JUGARA,JUGARAMOS,JUGARAIS,JUGARAN

PRESENT PERFECT
 HE JUGADO, HAS JUGADO, HA JUGADO,,HEMOS JUGADO,HABEIS
JUGADO HAN JUGADO
I HAVE PLAYED
PAST CONTINUOUS
JUGABA,JUGABAS,JUGABA,JUGABAMOS,JUGABAIS,JUGABAN
I WAS PLAYING

FIRST CONDITIONAL
USAMOS EL FIRST CONDITIONAL PARA HABLAR ACERCA DE

POSIBLES SITUACIONES FUTURAS:

SI YO TE PRESTO MI PERIODICO,EMPEZARAMOS A
HABLAR...

IF I LEND MY NEWSPAPER,WELL START TALKING.

IF WE START TALKING,WELL BECOME FRIENDS.
IF WE BECOME FRIENDS,ILL INVITE YOU TO MY HOUSE.
IF I INVITE YOU TO MY HOUSE,YOULL MEET MY
DAUGHTER,YVETTE.
IF YOU MEET YVETTE,YOULL FALL IN LOVE WITH HER.
IF YOU FALL IN LOVE WITH HER,YOULL RUN AWAY TOGETHER.
IF YOU RUN AWAY TOGETHER WITH HER,ILL FIND YOU.
IF I FIND YOU,ILL KILL YOU.
SO,THATS WHY I DONT WANT TO LEND YOU MY
NEWSPAPER.

FORMACION:
IF + SUBJECT + PRESENT SIMPLE, AND...
WILL/WONT + INFINITIVE
POSITIVO
ILL MISS THE TRAIN.
YOULL MISS THE TRAIN.
IF IT RAINS,WELL STAY IN.
IF IT RAINS, WE WONT GO OUT.
NEGATIVO
I WONT CATCH IT.
YOU WONT CATCH IT.
INTERROGATIVO
WILL YOU TELL HIM?
YES I WILL/NO I WONT.
THIRD CONDITIONAL
EXPRESA UNA CONDICIN QUE YA NO SE PUEDE
CUMPLIR:
En este caso es IMposible que se cumpla la condicin
expresada.

(PARA ESPECULAR SOBRE ALGO QUE SUCEDI EL EL PASADO Y

PODRA HABER SIDO DIFERENTE)

IF + PAST PERFECT...WOULD+ HAVE + PAST

PARTICIPLE (conditional perfect)

If she had taken a taxi, she would have been here in ten minutes
She would have been here in ten minutes ,If she had taken a taxi

Si hubiera tomado un taxi, habra estado aqu en diez minutos

Ella habria estado aqu si hubiera tomado un taxi

PODEMOS USAR COULD MIGHT EN VEZ DE WOULD

If Id worked harder, I could have passed the exam

I could have passed the exam If Id worked harder

Si yo hubiera trabajado mas duro, podria haber aprobado el examen

Podria haber aprobado el examen si hubiera trabajado ms duro

ZERO CONDITIONAL
if + two present tenses
 if you boil water, it evaporates
cuando hierves agua,se evapora
EXPRESA UNA CONDICIN QUE SIEMPRE ES VERDAD.
If significa when o whenever (cuando)

ESTRUCTURA RESUMIDA DE LAS CONDICIONALES

ZERO CONDITIONAL...: IF + TWO PRESENT TENSES

EXPRESA UNA CONDICIN QUE SIEMPRE ES VERDAD.

if you boil water, it evaporates
cuando hierves agua,se evapora

FIRST CONDITIONAL...: IF + PRESENT....FUTURE WILL

EN ESTE CASO ES POSIBLE QUE SE CUMPLA LA CONDICIN

EXPRESADA.
if she takes a taxi, she'll be here in ten minutes
si toma un taxi, estar aqu en diez minutos

SECOND CONDITIONAL...:IF+ PAST...CONDITIONAL WOULD

En este caso es menos probable que se cumpla la condicin expresada

if she took a taxi, she would be here in ten minutes

si tomara un taxi, estara aqu en diez minutos

THIRD CONDITIONAL...:IF+ PAST PERFECT...PERFECT CONDITIONAL WOULD

+(HAVE+ PAST PARTICIPLE)

Expresa una condicin que ya no se puede cumplir

 if she had taken a taxi, she would have been here in ten
minutes
si hubiera tomado un taxi, habra estado aqu en diez minutos

INVERSION ( CONDICIONALES)

PRIMER CONDICIONAL
(NECESITAMOS EL AUXILIAR SHOULD PARA INVERTIR EL
CONDICIONAL)

A) If you see him , beat him up (Imposible Inversion)

B) If you should see him, beat him up (Posible Inversion para enfatizar)

C) If should you see him , beat him up (inversion realizada)

SEGUNDO CONDICIONAL

(NECESITAMOS WERE PARA INVERTIR EL CONDICIONAL)

A) If he became famous, he wouldnt even greet you

B) If he were to became famous, he wouldnt even greet you
C) If were he to became famous, he wouldnt even greeet you.

TERCER CONDICIONAL

(NO NECESITAMOS AUXILIAR PUES YA LO TENEMOS EN LA

PROPIA FRASE)
 A) If he had been here, he would have seen it.

B) (No necesito el paso B para construir la inversion)

C) If had he been here, he would have seen it

NOTAR QUE LA SEGUNDA PARTE DE LA ORACION EN

NINGUNO DE LOS TRES CASO SUFRE NINGUN CAMBIO

EN LAS AFIRMACIONES ES USUAL QUE EL SUJETO VAYA

SEGUIDO DEL VERBO.

SIN EMBARGO A VECES ESTE ORDEN DE PALABRAS ES CAMBIADO.

ESTO ES LO QUE LLAMAMOS INVERSION.

INVERSION EN EXPRESIONES ADVERBIALES DE DIRECCION Y

LUGAR

(usada particularmente en estilo formal o literario o para enfatizar)

CUANDO PONEMOS UNA EXPRESION ADVERBIAL (ESPECIALMENTE

DE DIRECCION O LUGAR) AL PRINCIPIO DE LA FRASE,

PONEMOS EL VERBO DELANTE DEL SUJETO

I have never eaten such a good paella

Never have I eaten such a good paella

You will nowhere come across a more hospitable people

Nowhere will you come across a more hospitable people

INVERSION EN EXPRESIONES ADVERBIALES NEGATIVAS

NEVER (BEFORE) NUNCA ANTES

RARELY CASI NUNCA

SELDOM RARAS VECES

HARDLY/SCARCELY/BARELY.. APENAS..CUANDO/ANTES

WHEN/BEFORE

NO SOONER...THAN TAN PRONTO....CUANDO

SEGUIMOS PONIENDO EN LA FRASE INVERTIDA EL VERBO

DELANTE DEL SUJETO,PERO DELANTE DEL ADVERBIO

DEBEMOS DE PONER: NOT

I didn't allow myself a rest until I arrived home

Not until I arrived home did I allow miself a rest

As soon as she saw him,she shot at him

No sooner had she seen him than she shot at him

BASIC RULES
LOS ADJETIVOS NUNCA LLEVAN S
LOS ADJETIVOS SIEMPRE VAN DELANTE DEL
NOMBRE

EN LAS FRASES, LAS PALABRAS TIENEN UN ORDEN

FIJO:
SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT + MANNER (HOW) + PLACE + TIME

I FOUND THE BOOK EASILY AT THE LIBRARY YESTERDAY

LOS ADJETIVOS NO VARAN NI POR GENERO NI POR
NUMERO:
TALL: ALTO ,ALTA, ALTOS, ALTAS
NO SEPARAR EL VERBO DE SU OBJETO

I ENJOYED THE FILM VERY MUCH

SI UNA FRASE TIENE OBJETO DIRECTO Y OBJETO

INDIRECTO, NORMALMENTE EL INDIRECTO VA
PRIMERO:

SHE WROTE HIM A LETTER

VERB PATERNS(1)

Verbs + -ing ...: (We loved driving through the countryside)

Like
Love
Adore Doing

Enjoy
Cooking
Prefer
Hate Sightseen
Cant stand
Dont mind
Finish
Look forward to

Like,Love, Adore, Prefer, Hate a veces son usados con To,

pero ing es mas usual y tiene mas significado en general :
I like cooking
I like to cook beef on Sundays
 VERB PATERNS(2)

Verbs + To + Infinitive...: (I hope to see you soon)

Agreee
Choose
Dare
Decide
To do
Expect
Forget
To come
Help
Hope
To cook
Learn
Manage
Need
Offer
Promisse
Refuse
Seem
Want
Would like
Would love
Would prefer
Would hate
1- Help y Dare pueden se usados sin To .: We helped tidy the kitchen
2- Have to para obligaciones.....: I have to wear a uniform
3- Used to = costumbres pasadas .: I used to smoke but i gave up last

VERB PATERNS(3)
Verb +Somebody + To + Infinitive (They invited us to have a
Meal)
Advise
Allow
Ask
Beg To do
Me
Encourage (animar)
Expect To go
Him
Help
Need To come
Them
Invite
Order
Someone
Remind (recordar)
Tell
Want
Warn (+not) (avisar)
Would like
Would love
Would prefer
Would hate

Verb+ somebody+ infinitive (no To) Let us know if youre in the area

Let Her
Make Do
Help Us

1- To es usado con Make en la pasiva We were made to work hard

2- Let no puede ser usado en la pasiva, en vez de Let usamos Allowed to
She was allowed to leave

VERB PATERNS(4)

Verbs + -ing or to + infinitive (sin cambiar el significado)

Begin Raining
Start To rain
Continue

Verbs + -ing or to + infinitive (con cambio de significado)

Remember
Stop Doing
Try To do

1- A) I remember posting the letter (futuro) = tengo ahora en la

memoria una accion pasada: posting the letter.

Recuerdo que tengo que echar la carta.

B)I remembered to post the letter (pasado) =
me recuerdo el echar la carta

2- A) stopped smoking = yo par de fumar

B) I stopped to smoke = yo par de hacer algo, para fumar (to= para)

(To siempre delante del verbo y For con sustantivos)

3- I tried to sleep = yo quera dormir pero era dificil

I tried counting sheep and taking sleeping pills =

habia diferentes maneras de coger el sueo

 4- -ing = after preposition

5- -ing = cuando el verbo es el sujeto o una oracin

Verbs + -ing ...: (We loved driving through the countryside)
Like Gustar

Love Amar

Adore Adorar

Enjoy Disfrutar Doing

Prefer Preferir Cooking

Hate Odiar Sightseen

Cant stand No soportar

Dont mind No importar

Finish Acabar

Look forward to Tener ganas de

Verbs + To + Infinitive...: (I hope to see you soon)
Agreee Estar de acuerdo

Choose Escoger

Dare Desafiar

Decide Decidir

Expect Esperar

Forget Olvidar

Help Ayudar To do

Hope Esperar

Learn Aprender To come

Manage Poder
 Need Necesitar To cook

Offer Ofrecer

Promisse Prometer

Refuse Negar

Seem Parecer

Want Querer

Would like Gustara

Would love Querra

Would prefer Preferira

Would hate Odiara

Verb +Somebody + To + Infinitive (They invited us to have a Meal)
Advise Aconsejar

Allow Permitir

Ask Preguntar

Beg Pedir limosna

Encourage) Animar

Expect Esperar

Help Ayudar

Need Necesitar Me

Invite Invitar To do

Order Ordenar Him

Remind Recordar To go

Tell Decir Them

Want Querer To come

 Warn (+not) Avisar/no Someone

Would like Gustara

Would love Querra

Would prefer Preferira

Would hate Odiara

Verb+ somebody+ infinitive (no To) Let us know if youre in the area
Let Make Help Her Us Do
Verbs + -ing or to + infinitive (sin cambiar el significado)
Begin Start Continue Raining To rain
Verbs + -ing or to + infinitive (con cambio de significado)
Remember Stop Try Doing To do

TIME EXPRESSIONS

PAST SIMPLE PRESENTPERFECT

FOR
JUST
BEFORE
NEVER
SINCE X
YET X
ALREADY X
IN(1.960) X
AGO X
AT(8.00) X
SET PHRASES = FRASE HECHAS
THE SAME AS IGUAL QUE

DIFERENT FROM DIFERENTE DE

AS MUCH AS TANTO

AS MANY AS TANTOS

DOES IT SOUND TO YOU ? TE SUENA?

ARE YOU FAMILIAR WITH IT ? TE RESULTA FAMILIAR?

FROM THE MOST TO THE LEAST DE MAS A MENOS

TO GIVE SPEECHES DAR DISCURSOS

ACTUALLY... ESTOO... BUENOO...

I CANT STAND YOU ! NO TE SOPORTO!

HOLD ON,HOLD ON,HOLD ON. ESPERA,TRANQUI TRONCO.

HAVENT YOU NO ES AS.

OF COURSE NOT POR SUPUESTO QUE NO!

WASNT IT ? NO FUE AS ?

DOES IT NO ES AS ?

FOR AGES MUCHO TIEMPO

REQUEST

RESUME

CAN YOU...? O COULD YOU..?

SE USAN PARA PEDIR A LAS PERSONAS QUE HAGAN ALGO

 (PUEDES, PODRAS?)

CAN I...?

SE USA PARA PEDIR PERMISO (PUEDO?)

CAN I HAVE...?

SE USA PARA PEDIR COSAS (QUISIERA..DESEARIA.. ME DA..?)

WHOULD YOU LIKE...?

QUIERES...? (LITERALMENTE: TE GUSTARA? )

BECAUSE Y BECAUSE OF

LA DIFERENCIA ENTRE ES QUE

BECAUSE OF NO VA ACOMPAADO DE VERBO

He didnt come BECAUSE he was ill

He didnt come BECAUSE OF his illness

I WORK (sus prepocisiones de lugar)

IN.....: a city / country / region

AT....: (Inside of) Hospital / chemists / market

FOR ....: Big Companies

 ACONTECIMIENTOS QUE VAN O PUEDEN SUCEDER

1 SEGURO QUE VA A SUCEDER:

Youre going to have an accident

2 PREDICCION (CON EL CONDICIONAL IF):

Youll have an accident if...

3 POSIBILIDAD DE QUE OCURRA:

You might / may have an accident

(Might : menos posible / May : ms posible)

WILL........: DECISION EN EL MOMENTO

SHALL..........: OFRECIMIENTOS

MIGHT/MAY ...........: NO ESTAS SEGURO QUE SUCEDA

GOING TO...........: DECISION PREMEDITADA

PRESENT CONTINUOUS............: PLANES FUTUROS CERCANOS

MIGHT / MAY

QUIZAS... / ES POSIBLE.../ PUEDE

SE USA PARA DECIR ALGO QUE NO ESTAMOS SEGURO QUE SUCEDA

You havent decided if you really want to go to the party: I might go .Im not sure
Youre not sure if you want to go to the cinema tonight:I might see a film this evening

MIGHT Y MAY VAN SEGUIDOS DE UN INFINITIVO SIN TO

MIGHT ES MAS COMUN EN INGLES HABLADO

Take your umbrella . It migth rain /Quizas llueva
Ann may phone tonight / Es posible que Ann llame esta noche

LA NEGACION

MIGHT NOT / MAY NOT

QUIZS NO
I might not go to work / Quizas no vaya a trabajar
Sue may not come to ... / Quizas Sue no venga a ....

PARA PEDIR PERMISO

MAY I ?

PUEDO?
May I smoke? / Puedo fumar?
May I sit here? / Puedo sentarme aqu?

LIVING IN THE MATERIAL WORLD

MUST + Inf (Seguro que es verdad)
MIGHT/COULD + Inf (Posiblemente es verdad)
CANT + Inf (Es imposible)

Usamos MUST+ Inf para decir que estamos SEGUROS que algo (logicamente) es
verdad. El contrario es CANT BE
 He must be out. All the lights are off.

They must be Italian.Theyre speaking Italian

Usamos MIGHT / COULD + inf para decir que algo es POSIBLEMENTE verdad.

She might be working. Im not sure.

He might be at home or he might be at the gym.

Usamos CANT para decir que algo es IMPOSIBLE

It cant be true! I dont believe it.

They cant be in New York! I saw them this morning.

CUAL ES LA DIFERENCIA ENTRE.... ?

LEND...: DEJAR PRESTADO / BORROW...:PEDIR PRESTADO

WIN...: GANAR UN PREMIO / EARN...: GANAR DINERO TRABAJANDO
SPEND...: GASTAR / WASTE...: DERROCHAR
INHERIT...: HEREDAR / INVEST...: INVERTIR
WEALTHY ...: ADINERADO / BROKE...: ARRUINADO
VOCABULARY IN REFERENCE TO THE "MONEY"

BANK LOAN PRESTAMO BANCARIO

BANKRUPT ARRUINADO
BROKE SIN UN DURO
CANT AFFORD NO PODERSELO PERMITIR
DEBT DEUDA
EXCHANGE RATE TIPO DE CAMBIO

FOOTBALL POOLS QUINIELAS

FOREING CURRENCY MONEDA EXTRANJERA

GIVE AWAY DAR, DONAR

INCOME INGRESOS (POR SUELDO)
INHERIT HEREDAR
INVEST INVERTIR
LIKELIHOOD PROBABILIDAD
MORTGAGE HIPOTECA
NOTE BILLETE

OWE DEBER DINERO / UN FAVOR...

SAFE CAJA FUERTE

SHARES ACCIONES DE BOLSA

SPEND GASTAR DINERO
TO SHOW OFF ALARDEAR
WASTE (MONEY) DERROCHAR
WEALTHY ADINERADO,RICO
WILL TESTAMENTO
YIELD RENDIMIENTO

FIRST CONDITIONAL
PARA HABLAR DE POSIBILIDADES FUTURAS Y SUS
CONSECUENCIAS
IF + PRESENT... FUTURE + INFINITIVE

If she takes a taxi, she'll be here in ten minutes

she'll be here in ten minutes, If she takes a taxi
Si toma un taxi, Estar aqu en diez minutos

Estar aqu en diez minutos, si toma un taxi

EN ESTE CASO ES POSIBLE QUE SE CUMPLA LA

CONDICIN EXPRESADA.

SECOND CONDITIONAL
 PARA HABLAR DE UN PRESENTE IMAGINARIO O UNA
SITUACION FUTURA Y SUS CONSECUENCIAS
IF + PAST...CONDITIONAL (WOULD / WOULDNT)+

INFINITIVE

If she took a taxi, She would be here in ten minutes

She would be here in ten minutes, If she took a taxi
Si tomara un taxi, estara aqu en diez minutos

Estara aqu en diez minutos, si tomara un taxi

If I had any money, I would lend it to you

I would lend it to you, If I had any money
Si tuviera dinero, te lo prestara (pero no tengo dinero)
Te lo prestara, si tuviera dinero,

EN ESTE CASO ES MENOS PROBABLE QUE SE CUMPLA

LA CONDICIN EXPRESADA.
En las oraciones condicionales a menudo se utiliza were en lugar de
was, sobre todo en la expresin if I were you (yo que t):
If I were you, I would go and see a doctor

PUNTUALIZACIONES

EL SUBJUNTIVO EN ESPAOL ES PRESENT SIMPLE EN INGLS

Ill do It if....I have time

Ill do It when ....I have time
Ill do It as soon as ....I have time

Lo har si....tengo tiempo

Lo har cuando....tenga tiempo
Lo har tan pronto como....tenga tiempo

EN LOS EJEMPLOS ANTERIORES: I WILL HAVE TIME :

NUNCA WILL !!!

Ill do It if....I will have time

Ill do It when ....I will have time
Ill do It as soon as ....I will have time

IF + NEGATIVE = UNLESS + AFFIRMATIVE

If he doesnt arrive earlier , Ill sack him

Si no llega mas pronto, le despedir
Unless he arrives earlier , Ill sack him
A menos que llegue mas pronto,le despedir

VERBOS MODALES DE OBLIGACION

VERBO NEGATIVO CONTRACCION TRADUCCION

MODAL AFIRM.

MUST MUST NOT MUSTNT DEBER,TENER QUE

NO DEBER ,NO
TENER QUE
PERSONAL PROHIBITION
OBLIGATION

HAVE TO DO NOT HAVE TO DONT HAVE TO TENGO /NO TENGO

QUE

EXTERNAL ABSENCE OF
OBLIGATION OBLIGATION

ITS NO NECESSARY

SHOULD SHOULD NOT SHOULDT TENDRIAS / NO

 TENDRIAS

CONSEJO

RECOMENDACION

EJEMPLOS

MUST: OBLIGACION PERSONAL (impuesta por uno mismo)

I must remember her birthday

MUSTNT: PROHIBICION
You mustnt park here

HAVE TO: OBLIGACION EXTERNA (impuesta por ley u otros)

You have to drive on the lef

DONT HAVE TO: AUSENCIA DE OBLIGACION

Its free. You dont have to pay

SHOULD: CONSEJO, RECOMENDACION

You should drive more slowly

SHOULDNT: CONSEJO, RECOMENDACION

You shouldnt eat so much

RELATIVE CLAUSES

Las frases de relativo, son usadas para ampliarnos la informacion

y decirnos sobre QUIEN o DE QUE cosas estamos hablando

WHO/THAT WHICH /THAT WHERE WHOSE

QUIEN /QUE CUAL/QUE DONDE CUYO /CUYA

The boy as gone into hospital (Wich boy?)

the boy who lives next door has gone into hospital

the book is very good (Wich book?)

The book that I bought yesterday is very good

WHO/THAT...QUIEN /QUE

WHO lo usamos para referirnos a personas

THAT lo usamos para referirnos a cosas

The book is about a girl who marries a millonaire

What was the name of the horse that won the race?

Si WHO o THAT es el sujeto de la oracion deben de usarse:

I like people who are kind and considerate

Si WHO o THAT es el objeto de la oracion deben quitarse:

The person you need to talk to is on holiday

(Sujeto: you)

WHICH / THAT.....CUAL / QUE

 Puede ser usado para referirnos a toda oracion o idea anterior

Jane cant come to the party,wich is a shame

WHERE...DONDE

WHERE lo usamos para referirnos a lugares

The hotel where we stayed was right on the beach

WHOSE...CUYO /CUYA

Usamos WHOSE para referirnos a la posesion de alguien

Thats the woman whose son won the lottery

DEFINING RELATIVES

The actor WHO/THAT won The Oscar ir from New Zealand

The film WHICH/THAT won The Oscar was about gladiators

The film WHERE/IN WHICH the ceremony took place was in L.A.

The film WHOSE direction won The Oscar was Gladiator

This is the person WHO works for me

Esta es la persona que trabaja para mi
(La persona : sujeto)
This is the person WHO I work for
Esta es la persona para la que trabajo
(Yo : sujeto)

That is the car WHICH cost 1 million Pounds

Este es el coche que cuesta 1 milln de Libras
(El coche : sujeto)

That is the car WHICH I like

Este es el coche que me gusta
(A m: sujeto)

WHO / WHICH SON OMITIDOS A MENUDO CUANDO EL VERBO DESPUES DEL PRONOMBRE RELATIVO

(WHO / WHICH )TIENE UN SUJETO DIFERENTE

NON-DEFINING RELATIVES

Se usan para dar informacion extra sobre una persona , lugar o cosa.

LA FRASE QUE CONTIENE EL RELATIVO,

VA SIEMPRE ENTRE COMAS. ( COMA Y PUNTO)

En este tipo de uso del relativo,

NO PODEMOS OMITIR WHICH /WHO, WHERE AND WHOSE
como antes que se daba el caso al cambiar el sujeto.
NO PODEMOS USAR THAT
The house ,which has a large garden, was just what they had always wanted
My mother ,who is 65, has just retired
Finally I arrived home, where my mother was waiting for me
Chester,where my parents live, is a beautiful town
 ELLOS PENSABAN QUE.... THEY THOUGHT THAT....
ELLOS ESTABAN PENSANDO SOBRE... THEY WERE THINKING ABOUT...
ELLOS HABIAN PENSADO QUE... THEY HAD THOUGHT THAT...
ELLOS HABIAN ESTADO PENSANDO THEY HAD BEEN THINKING THAT...ABOUT...

QUE../SOBRE...

TRAVEL AROUND

DISTINTOS SIGNIFICADOS DE VIAJAR:

TO TRAVEL

SE USA EN LITERATURA PARA REFERIRSE A LOS VIAJES EN GENERAL.

THE MARCO POLOS TRAVELS

THE ODISSEUM TRAVELS

TRIP

ES EL VIAJE QUE HACEMOS NOSOTROS MISMOS EN EL QUE VISITAMOS LUGARES ,HACEMOS

FOTOS.ETC...

JOURNEY

SE REFIERE AL DESPLAZAMIENTO EN SI, ENTRE DOS PUNTOS

VOYAGE

VIAJE EN BARCO

HACER UN VIAJE: TO TAKE A TRIP/GO ON A TRIP

EL AUTOBUS TARDA: THE BUS ITS LATE / THE BUS TAKES A LONG TIME