April June 2017 Final

GLOBAL JOURNAL OF
MULTIDISCIPLINARY AND
MULTIDIMENSIONAL STUDIES
Dr. N.M.Lall
B.com, M.A.(Eco), Ph.D.
FRAS (LONDON)
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M.A.(Eco), Ph.D., PGDM
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Dr. Suresh Sachdeva Dr. Brajesh Mishra

M.A.(Eco), Ph.D., D.Lit., MBA MOT
Prof. of Economics HOD (OT)
Govt. SLP College Smt.K.P.P.I.P.O
Gwalior (M.P.) Annand (GUJRAT)
Editor Editor
ISSN No.2394-8965
SHRUTAAYUSH PUBLICATION
GREATER NOIDA
i
Member of Editorial Board
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Gen. Secy, Rashtriya Shaikshik Mahsangh (University Campus)
VBS Purvanchal University Jaunpur-222003 (UP)
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Ibra College of Technology, IBRA,
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Department of Global Strategy & Management 2010
presentWestern Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC
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iv
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v
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vi
Editorial
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GJMMS
vii
GLOBAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL STUDIES
Vol. 3 Issue No. 2 April- June 2017
1. ROLE OF SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENT (SLAS) IN CLOUD 1

BASED APPROACH TO BUSINESS SERVICE MANAGEMENT (BSM)
ABDUL MANAZIR
2. ECONOMIC THOUGHTS OF Dr. AMBEDKAR & THEIR 13
RELEVANCE
DR.V.D.SHARMA
3. A COMPARISON OF SOCIO-CULTURAL VALUES IN JAPAN 19
AND IRAN BASED ON SOCIAL MEDIA COMMUNICATIONS
NADER GHOTBI
4. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE INFORMATION USE 33
PATTERN BY THE RESEARCH SCHOLARS OF ARABIC
STUDIES IN BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY AND
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA
TABASUM BEGUM
5. TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION AND ITS IMPACT ON 48
BANKING INDUSTRY IN INDIA
Dr. A. K. JHA
viii
Role of Service Level Agreement (SLAs) in Cloud based approach to Business
1 Service Management (BSM)
ISSN NO. 2394- 8965 GJMMS

Vol. 3, Issue 2, April-June-2017
Role of Service Level Agreement (SLAs) in Cloud based approach to

Business Service Management (BSM)
Abdul Manazir
CMS, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
Abstract
Introduction: Business service management (BSM) is an approach used to manage
Information Technology service of Businesses. A BSM approach can be used to
understand the impact of business needs on Information Technology Services and
infrastructure. This approach also helps to understand how technology, including
incidents, changes and new developments, impact the business and customers.
The Quality of Service (QoS) as provided in SLAs are related to the availability of
the system CPU, data storage and network for efficient execution of the applications
at peak loads.
Implications: The Information Technology team of the enterprise should perform the
capacity planning and the providers procure the same. Newer challenges such as
application performance and the security regarding the co-localized application
should be addressed as priority.
Keywords: Business Service Management (BSM), Service-Level Agreement (SLA),

Managed Service Providers (MSPs), Cloud Computing.
Introduction
Business Service Management (BSM) is an application of service management
principles to manage the Service levels for a business functions, where service
management is defined as the a management of an IT infrastructure of hardware,
software, communications equipment and facilities, documentation and
skills used to provide the required service at the required level of quality. Thus we
can say that the Business Service Management (BSM) is an enabling technology at
the intersection of business and IT alignment. This approach also helps to understand
how technology, including incidents, changes and new developments, impact the
business and customers. BSM can provide a dynamic method for linking key service
components and capabilities to the goals of the business. It can help prioritize the
activity and response of IT staff and service providers based on business priorities,
and identify the impact and cost of service outages. The benefits of adopting a BSM
approach will vary for different organizations, but typically include: improved
Abdul Manazir
2
relationships with customers, suppliers and colleagues; service quality

improvements; cost reductions through improved efficiency; and a reduction in
service outages and the impact of outage. A business service may be supported by
one or more IT Service(s), and may consist almost entirely of IT Services especially
where the IT Service is directly customer-facing. Examples include online banking
and online shopping. BSM is a set of management software tools, processes and
methods to manage IT via a business-centered approach BSM technology tools are
designed to help IT organizations view and manage technology environments to
better support and maintain the main services they provide to the business.. BSM
consists of both structured process and enabling software. The Information
Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL), a set of IT management frameworks and
concepts, has recently identified BSM as a best practice for IT infrastructure
management and operations
Touching on all the lifecycle processes within the Information Technology

Infrastructure Library, BSM is a way to bring together many disparate processes and
tools, and creating quantifiable improvement in efficiency and the ability to view
technology as it is relevant to business process.
Basic Components of Business Service Management (BSM)

The components of Business Service Management (BSM) include the following
components:
1. Business: It represents the process or processes that someone has stake in it.
The term business process has relative scope depending on the person that
uses it.
2. Service: Service means that there is guarantee that the business process is
there when it is needed or to be used. It is the level of service that needs to
be maintained for the business so it can operate optimally.
3. Management: It indicates that the various processes should plan, monitored,
measured and maintained for greater efficiency.
With business Service Management (BSM) the value of IT can be communicated to
line of business executives to enabale them to know how well their business
functions performs from IT perspective.
ThefollowingprincipleswillhelpyousuccessfullyachieveyourITobjectivesandgainmore
ITmaturity:
1. Understand what your organization needs from IT
2. Deploy a platform to manage IT and break down silos
3. Manage the entire service life cycle
4. Build a process-oriented culture
5. Become a service advisor to the business
6. Make IT governance an outcome of culture and process
7. Use automation to improve control, agility, and deficiency of change
8. Integrate IT information to make data-driven decisions
9. Be transparent
10. Be proactive
Cloud Computing Environment

Buyya et al (2010) have defined cloud computing as a Cloud is a parallel and
distributing computing system consisting of a collection of inter connected and
virtualized computers that are dynamically provisioned and presented as one or more
unified computing resources based on Service Level Agreements(SLA) established
through negotiation between the service provider and consumers. While there are
countless other definitions there seems to be common characteristics between the
most notable ones which is cloud should have
(i) Pay per use on ongoing commitment and utility processes
(ii) Elastic capacity and illusion of infinite resources
(iii) Self service interface
(iv) Resources that are abstracted or virtualized
Cloud computing services are divided into three classes, according to the abstraction
level of the capability provided and the service model of the providers
(i) Infrastructure as a service (IaaS): Offering virtualized resources
such as computation, storage and communications on demand. a cloud infrastructure
enables on demand provisioning of servers running several choices of operating
systems and a customized software stack. Infrastructure services are considered to be
bottom of the bottom layer of cloud computing.Eg Amazon Web Services mainly
offers IaaS.
(ii) Platform as a Service(PaaS): another approach is to offer a higher
level of abstraction to make cloud easily programmable known as Platform as a
Service (PaaS).A cloud platform offers an environment on which developers create
and develop applications and do not necessarily need to know how
many processors or how much memory that applications will be using .In addition
multiple programming models and specialized services such as data access,
authentication and payments etc are offered as building blocks to new applications.
Google App Engine is an example of Platform as a Service (PaaS) and offers
environment for developing and hosting Web applications ,which should be written
in specific programming languages such as Python or JAVA
(iii) Software as Service (SaaS): Applications reside on the top of the
cloud stack .Services provided by this layer can be accessed by end users through
Web portals. Users or consumers are increasingly shifting from locally installed
computer programs to on-line software services that offer the same functionality
.This model of delivering applications is known as Software as a Service(SaaS)
which alleviates the burden of software maintenance for customers and simplifies
development and testing for providers. For example Salesforce.com relies on this
model and offers applications like CRM.
Abdul Manazir
4
Figure No.1 represents the Cloud stack representing the cloud services.
Cloud Deployment Models

The deployment models with variations have been adopted .Armrest et al proposed
definitions for Public, Private, Community and Hybrid clouds as discussed below:
Public Cloud: It is a Cloud made available in pay as you go manner to the general
public
Private Cloud: It is defined as a internal data centre of a business or other
organization not available to general public.
Community cloud: It is shared by several organizations and supports a specific
community that has the shared concerns.
Hybrid Cloud: It is takes shape when a private cloud is supplemented with
computing capacity from public clouds.
Migrating to Clouds
The main rationale of Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is the creation of
business environments in which providers and consumers can trade services. The
emergence of cloud computing technologies has fostered the need to monetize the
services provided including Software as a Service (SaaS),Platform as a Service
(PaaS) and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS ) There are certain techniques such as
Wide-Band Delphi Techniques to make decisions whether to migrate to cloud or not.
In this a weight age matrix is made and decision is taken although a much simplified
variant of this method is there in Dargah. There are various risks and mitigation of
these risks has been proposed.
Service Level Agreement (SLA)

The Service Level Agreement (SLA) is the key factor in Business Service
Management (BSM). It address the business consumer of IT resource and also
dictates the scope of IT systems management. It is an agreement or contract between
a service provider and a customer with to availability, performance and other
objectives. SLA is not concerned with the intentional aspect of an agreement .It is
only concerned with modeling the
physical document that serves as the format concrete representation of an agreement
.The SLA is therefore a document model.
Basic concepts for understanding the architecture of Service Level Agreement

(SLA)
Service Level Agreements (SLA) are s the agreements that formally specify the exact
conditions under which the services are to be delivered. These services may reside in
the domain of the service provider or provided through some external service
provider. Such services include Business services, Software services and
Infrastructure services. There are some notions used in Service Level Agreement
(SLA) freely and the relationship among them
a. Service Hierarchy: There is refinement of services into three categories
(i) Service Type
(ii) Service Implementation
(iii) Service Instance
b. SLA Management
SLA Management is the management of the services delivery systems to
meet the quality of Service (QoS) and goals specified in SLAs such as:
(i) SLA template design ensures that offered QoS guarantees are
realistic
(ii) SLA negotiation ensures that agreed QoS guarantees are realizable
(iii) SLA runtime ensures that agreed QoS guarantees are satisfied
(iv) SLA (template) archiving ensures that previous experience
is available to future cycles.
c. Service Life Cycle
(i) Design and Development: It is the development of artifacts needed
for service implementation
(ii) Service Offering (including SLA templates):It offers a service to
customers
(iii) Service Negotiation (including parts of SLA negotiation): Actual
negotiation between customer and the provider that results in an agreed SLA
(iv) Service provisioning (including parts of SLA negotiation: All
activities required in system preparation and setup for allowing service operations.
(v) Service Operations(Including SLA runtime) An actual service
instance is up and running
(vi) Service decomposition: The service instance is stopped and can no
more be accessed by the service customer.
d. Management Domains:
(i) Administrative Domains : These are the areas of organizational
coherence
(ii) Technical Domains: These are the areas where certain kinds of
resourses can be coherently managed.
Generic Architecture to Manage SLA Life Cycle:
Abdul Manazir
6
The Generic SLA Manager, also known as G-SLAM, provides a generic architecture
that can be used across different domains and use cases to manage the entire SLA life
cycle. Each concrete Service Level Agreement Manager (SLAM) implementation
can customize or reuse components, integrate new components or replace others with
minimal effort, and even swap components at runtime. The G-SLAM kernel contains
the general purpose components, which are the SLA Template Registry, SLA
Registry, Syntax Converter, Moniter Manager and Protocol Engine. This set of
generic components is referred to as the Generic Components or G-Components. The
SLA is designed to be extensible by mechanisms called plug-ins or
bundles that can be dynamically added to and removed from any SLA framework
instance. The target platform for G-SLAM support is based on the OSGi (Open
Service Gateway Initiative) R4 reference implementation-SLAM defines a set of
generic components, known as G-Components, which are collected into an entity
named SLA Manager Context.
G-SLAM architecture
The G-SLAM is collection of the generic components and creates on-demand new
instances of these components for the DS-SLAM.(Domain Specific SLAM) as
shown in the figure No.The SLA framework uses the OSGi platform. This allows a
modular and pluggable way of implementing each of the G-Components. The G-
SLAM takes special advantage of the OSGi framework.
The architecture of GSLAM in shown in the figure No.4.The generic components are
(a) Protocol Engine: It is the integral component of GSLAM and is
therefore available to all concrete implementations of GSLAM. The Protocol Engine
establishes the communication between the negotiation parties by using the
negotiation protocol which refers to high level interaction mechanism that is
employed by the negotiating parties under a unique context. This context is called the
negotiation session and is managed by the Protocol Engine at each negotiation end.
The functionality of the Protocol Engine is broken up into three tiers as shown in the
figure No.5.
(b) Message Management: This layer acts as the Protocol Engines
interface to the outside world. All negotiation request and responses are handled
here.
(c) Negotiation Management: This layer allocates a negotiation manager
for each negotiation. The negotiation manager maintains the negotiation session
identifiable by a unique identifier.
(d) State Management: This layer implements a state engine that maintains
the state of negotiation based on the execution of the state machine as defined in the
negotiation protocol. The protocol is encoded using rules. The state management
layer acts as a cover over the rule engine. It passes events to the rule engine
corresponding to the invoked operations and receives the processed results
a) Syntax Converter: The syntax converter is the component of
GSLAM that provides Interoperability and separates the SLAMS from the specific
representations of an SLA or SLA (T).The syntax-converters purpose is to convert

between various SLA representations. Internally, the G-SLAM uses a Java-based
representation of SLA, while external parties use either a direct XML representation
of SLA or the WS-Agreement. The syntax-converters external interface provides the
means for the SLAMs internal components to communicate with external
components.
b) SLA Registry: It is the persitant store for SLA and historical SLA
information. It is maintained directly by the Protocol Engine and can be queried by
all internal SLA Manager components.
c) SLA Template Registry: It is the persistent store for SLA
Templates. There is one registry for customer s SLAT and another for providers
SLAT
d) Monitoring Manager: The Monitoring Manager (MM) It
coordinates generation of a monitoring configuration for the Monitoring system. The
Monitoring System has three types of monitoring feature
i. Sensors: They collect information from the service instance and their design and
implementation is very much domain specific.
ii. Effectors: They are components for configuring service instance behavior and
their design is also very much domain specific.
iii. Reasoning Component Gateway (RCG) : It provides interface for accessing a
Reasoning Engine or a Reasoned .It performs computation based upon a series of
inputs provided by events or massages sent from sensors or effectors.
e) Authorization: During the negotiation interaction, parties involved on the
negotiation need to be identified. If validation and negotiation has been finished
successfully, the customer signs the products SLA (or orders a product).there should
be another economic check of the order before the SLA is signed and returned.
Advertisements System:
To address the service discovery and remote issue, G-SLAM architecture includes
universal publish/subscribe system. The advertisements system is a Java message
system (based on the Apache Message Broker) for the exchange of SLATs among
several SLA managers in a distributed environment. Apache Active MQ is an open
source message broker which fully implements Java Message Services (JMS).
The system supports very fast persistence using JDBC along with a high performance
journal, pluggable transport protocols such as in-VM, TCP, SSL, NIO, UDP,
multicast, JGroups and JXTA transports, and a collection of JMS brokers, to which
clients will connect. It also provides load balancing of templates across consumers,
supports master/slave configuration to provide high availability, and fault tolerance
of brokers for delivering SLATs.
Abdul Manazir
8
A broker component in the Advertisements System allows the exchange of templates

between two or more SLA managers. A broker can be aligned with others into cluster
or
hierarchy, allowing the configuration of complex structures for increasing reliability
and redundancy of the Advertisements Systems in the SLA@SOI framework.
Planing and Optimizing Component (POC):
It is responsible for assessing and customizing a customer a customers SLA. It is an
intelligent component that evaluates the feasibility of provisioning the requested
service by considering the availability of the service and other Quality of Service
(QoS) terms and it also plans optimal service provisioning and monitoring strategies.
Provisioning and Adjustment Component(PAC):
It has two missions first it plays a crucial role at provisioning time ,effectively
executing the optimized provisional plans provided by POC .secondly SLA
enforcement ensures continual identification, monitoring and reviewing of the
optimally agreed service levels required by the business.
Main Building blocks of SLA Framework:

Role of Service Level Agreement (SLAs) in Cloud based approach to Business Service
9 Management (BSM)
The main building blocks of SLA framework are shown in Figure No.2 and 3 and are
as follows:
(i) Business Manager: It is responsible for asserting overall business
constraints on the system to meet business objectives and maintain customer and
provider relations.
(ii) Business SLA Manager: This component is responsible for
managing a set of SLA templates and SLAs in the domain .It also captures
knowledge about negotiating and planning goals.
(iii) Service Manager: This component is in charge of managing the
elements necessary to instantiate a service.
(iv) Manageability agent: This component acts as gateway to actual
resources. it knows about the available sensors and effectors that can be used for a
managing a certain service and its resources.
(v) Service Evaluation: This component is to support proactive
management decisions at all levels.
Various Innovative Considerations in SLA
1. Penalty management in SLA : Penalties are as essential to SLAs as gurantees , a

notion essential to the very concept of using SLAs as instruments for providing
some level of determinism in business relations. Thus SLA also describe what must
must happen when something goes wrong and the
SLA cannot be honored and is violated .The section of an SLA that describes thses
penalties isd typically of concern to businesses and company legal departments.
2. Monitoring Infrastructure: Monitoring Manger (MM) coordinated the
generation of a monitoring configuration for the system. The MM uses configurable
selection criteria to determine the most appropriate monitoring configuration for each
SLA specifications. The Monitoring Manager (MM) is supported by a number of
implementation packages and in particular the Monitoring Manager (MM)
component is available as OSGI enabled JAVA package and can also be hosted as a
web service..The Mentoring Manager (MM) module is split onto a number of
packages. The core package implementation supports the Monitor Configralgorithm.
Other packages are such as (a) Parser Package (b) Implementation Package and
finally Configuration package.
3. Reporting: In SLA platform the BSLAM reporter is responsible for generating
report BSLAM reports. Its main functionality is to get basic monitoring results from
the SLA monitoring subsystem and use them to generate and provide BSLAM
reports to the business intelligence component of Business Manager.The BSLAM
Reporting Manager is functionally divided into five components:
i. The Manager Coordinates reporting activities
ii. The Scheduler Manager create jobs and executes them at the specific
time points
Abdul Manazir
10
iii. The Communication component provides the means for retrieving data
required to create reports
iv. The storage component stores job results to be subsequently fetched for
report generation
v. The parser converts XML to java Objects.
Runtime and Reliability Prediction:

Mentoring the preservation of quality of service properties during the operation of
service based systems at runtime is an important verification measure for
determining whether current service usage is complaint with agreed SLAs actions
against violations, as it only detects violations after they occur .EVEREST is a
generic monitoring engine for runtime checking of violations of software system
properties expressed in an Event Caslculus based language called as EC-Assertion.
MTTR CITY QoS predictor depends on MTTR and TTF distribution models. Since
EVEREST does not know how to monitor MTTR term values.
QoS Predictor: TheQoS predictor is the framework compoinent that implements a
prediction alogirithm it is triggered by the prediction manger once all other
componen4ts have been configured .EVEREST+ has its own default set odqoS
predictors for predicting MTTR ,Mean time to Failure and other QoS terms.
Conclusion:
BSM is a set of management software tools, processes and methods to manage IT via
a business-centered approach. BSM technology tools are designed to help IT
organizations view and manage technology environments to better support and
maintain the main services they provide to the business. Service Level Agreements
(SLA) are s the agreements that formally specify the exact conditions under which
the services are to be delivered. The G-SLAM kernel contains the general purpose
components, which are the SLA Template Registry, SLA Registry, Syntax
Converter, Monitor Manager and Protocol Engine. This set of generic components is
referred to as the Generic Components or G-Components. The plug in based design
of G-SLAM requires the declaration of its service via JAVA interfaces. There is
Planning and Optimization Component (POC) and Provisioning and Adjustment
Component (PAC) which are responsible for assessing and customizing a customers
SLA and optimizing and executing plans provided by POC respectively. Various
innovative consideration in SLA such as penalty management, Monitoring, reporting,
Runtime and reliability prediction.
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framework for cloud computing. In Digital Ecosystems and Technologies
(DEST), 2010 4th IEEE International Conference on (pp. 606-610). IEEE.
Wu, L., Garg, S. K., & Buyya, R. (2011, May). Sla-based resource allocation
for software as a service provider (saas) in cloud computing environments.
In Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing (CCGrid), 2011 11th IEEE/ACM

International Symposium on (pp. 195-204). IEEE.
Andrzejak, A., Kondo, D., & Yi, S. (2010, August). Decision model for
cloud computing under sla constraints. In Modeling, Analysis & Simulation
of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS), 2010 IEEE
International Symposium on (pp. 257-266). IEEE.
So, K. (2011). Cloud computing security issues and
challenges. International Journal of Computer Networks, 3(5), 247-55.
Wang, M., Wu, X., Zhang, W., Ding, F., Zhou, J., & Pei, G. (2011,
December). A conceptual platform of SLA in cloud computing.
In Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing (DASC), 2011 IEEE
Ninth International Conference on (pp. 1131-1135). IEEE.
Tsai, W. T., Sun, X., & Balasooriya, J. (2010, April). Service-oriented cloud
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management for revenue maximisation in cloud computing markets.
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Conference on (pp. 354-357). IEEE.
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(2011). NIST cloud computing reference architecture. NIST special
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C. A. (2010, October). DeSVi: an architecture for detecting SLA violations
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(2011). Service level agreements for cloud computing. Springer Science &
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automation of SLA establishment for cloud computing services.
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ECONOMIC THOUGHTS OF Dr. AMBEDKAR & THEIR RELEVANCE
13

ECONOMIC THOUGHTS OF Dr. AMBEDKAR & THEIR

RELEVANCE
Dr.V.D.Sharma
ABSTRACT
Bharat Ratn Baba Sahib Dr. BR Ambedkar had been a great, historical & notable
socio-economic & political thinker of not only Bharat but the entire world. He was
the follower of Buddhism. He went for extensive studies for socio-economic issues of
downtrodden communities, discriminated & oppressed societies, marginalized
farmers & agrarian reforms, small holdings and agricultural productivity problems
regarding Bharatiyan currency, problem of provincial finance and planning. He
contributed immensely to financial Economics, Economics of Socialism and
Agricultural Economics. He presented a true picture of provincial finance in Bharat.
He also focused on major defects in it and suggested probable measures to resolve
them. Though the economic problems were political in nature, they were basically
social. Dr. Ambedkar pointed out that the government should plan its economic
activities properly, so that private entrepreneurship could not be hampered and
productivity could be encouraged. His economic thoughts about social- inclusion,
oppressed communities particularly about the day to day devaluation of Bharatiyan
Currency in present era are still relevant since the problems undertaken by him are
still not addressed. The paper intends to discuss various socio-economic & political
(burning & panic to the common people) thoughts of Dr Ambedkar.
Introduction:
Its well known fact that Bharat Ratn Baba Sahib Dr.BR Ambedkar was the great
architect of the Constitution of Bharat. He was also a great custodian of social
justice, a champion of socialism, equality and state planning. Though Dr. Ambedkar
analyzed various socio-political problems, the thoughts were based on economic
dimensions. Dr. Ambedkar studied economic issues like agrarian reforms, problems
of marginalized farmers, farm laborers, and small holdings & their remedies,
problems regarding Bharatiyan currency, problem of provincial finance and
planning. He wrote various books such as, 'Ancient Bharatiyan Commerce', 'National
Dividend of Bharat: A Historical and Analytical Study', 'The evolution of provincial
finance in British Bharat', 'Provincial Decentralization of Imperial Finance', The
Problem of Rupee' Partition of Bharat & Pakistan, Who were Shudras etc. In the
present paper, efforts have been made to deal with various economic thoughts of
Baba Sahib Dr. Ambedkar & their relevance in present context since the issues
Dr.V.D.Sharma 14
undertaken by Baba Sahib are still unaddressed & ignored by the so called
democratic & socialistic system or political rulers. Dr. Ambedkar's contribution to
economic thoughts is extremely important. He highlighted some issues and options in
respect of socio-economic conditions of people in Bharat. His economic thoughts are
relevant even today. The present paper intends to consider the same. His socio-
economic thoughts were ignored during Congress Rule of nearly 60 years. But now
after 2014, the new PM NaMo ji the true follower of Baba Sahib and he is committed
to implement the Vision of Baba Sahib in Government Policy.
Objectives:-
1. To discuss the economic thoughts of Bharat Ratn Baba Sahib Dr. B.R.
Ambedkar.
2. To study the relevance of economic thoughts of Dr. Ambedkar in present
or modern era.
3. To understand various aspects of Economic Analysis undertaken by Dr.
Ambedkar.
Research Methodology:
The research paper is based on almost secondary data. While preparing the paper,
various references- journals, magazines, books & Ambedakarist including Buddhist
Scholars & like minded thinkers related to the socio-economic & political thoughts
of DrAmbedkar have been consulted and discussed very intensively.
Dr. Ambedkars Advocacy for True & Real Freedom:

Baba Sahib viewed racial, colour and caste difference as obstacle in the way of the
development of Bharatiyan Society. He needed a great, drastic & revolutionary
change in the society. Man is the centre in his philosophy. He started the reform
movement in Bharat based on humanitarian for the real human rights. He advocated a
new social war against untouchability and exploitation. He fought for their rights and
social equality. He was of firm view that those who want freedom and liberty should
give freedom and liberty to others and those who want human rights should give
human rights to others. He considered human rights to live as human being. He was
the chief exponent of humanity. He maintained that a man should treat other man as a
man not as material. The Present PM NaMo is trying best at his level to materialize
the Socialistic dreams of Baba Sahib & Bapuji to uplift the socio-economic status of
Dalit & Backward communities.
The Problem of Bharatiyan Currency i.e. Rupee:
Dr.BR Ambedkar wrote a book entitled "The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and
Its Solution". According to him, at the close of the Mughal Empire Bharat was
economically not only an advanced country but world super power (Economic Tiger
popularly known as Golden Bird and Vishwa-Guru) for thousands of years. Dr.
Ambedkar opined that Bharat had a large
trade (25% share of world trade before British Rule , now which has fallen to 1% at
present) and also well developed banking system. The credit played crucial role in
15
the development. The exchange rate of our currency Rupees was several times
precious than dollar & pounds since we were the biggest exporters in the world.
Later on, the management of Bharatiyan Currency (Rupees) at the hands of the
British Authorities became very irresponsible. The performance in respect of foreign
exchange management was dismal. The Fowler Committee recommended gold
exchange standard for Bharat. But Dr. Ambedkar opposed it. He expressed the view
that it would not stabilize the rupee unless we stabilize its general purchasing power.
The gold exchange standard system was unable to do this. Dr. Ambedkar also
expressed concern at the decline in the external value of the rupee. The Former UPA
Government led by the Congress of Bharat was functioning worse than Imperial/
Colonial or British Government possessing anti-national attitudes especially
devaluation of Rupee. It was equal to dollar ($1=Re.1) in 1947 but at the time of
Congress led UPA Rule it was nearly Rs.65=$ 1. Baba Sahib has advocated that to
make the economy corruption free, government should demonetize the big currencies
after each 10 years and we are proud of present PM NaMo ji that he followed the
Vision & Mission of Baba Sahib and demonetize the big currencies.
Dr. Ambedkars Thoughts about Industrialization:

Dr. Ambedkar did not oppose the industrialization process. He supported modern
type of industrialization. However, he opined that such industrialization should not
pave the way to the problems like concentration of economic power, monopoly,
discrimination, socio-economic inequality etc. He was not an opponent to
government undertakings. He believed that some basic industries should be
undertaken by the government. Moreover, the government should take a lead to make
an attempt in this direction. He also expressed that corporations should be established
to initiate new industries in government sector. He also believed in the
nationalization of insurance industry in Bharat. Dr. Ambedkar's views on
industrialization are still relevant to current prevailing situation of our mother
country Bharat. The public sector enterprises have been playing very important role
in our national economy even after the execution of new economic policy. Still they
may do better but corruption & lack of strong desire/ will & decision making power
in national & social interest are the big barriers to achieve the goal. These evils are
creating hindrances in socio-economic development in real sense & inclusive growth.
Dr. Ambedkar advocated not only nationalization but the ruralization & socialization
of the industries for the well being of the country as well as the common people
belonging to the downtrodden, discriminated & oppressed societies of the nation.
Baha Saheb struggled throughout the life for his mission to empower the
downtrodden communities where, he was born & indebted.
Dr. Ambedkars Views over Finance:
Baba Sahib Dr. Ambedkar expressed his valuable views on finance mostly during his
stay in abroad during 1913 to 1923. He contributed to Financial Economics. He
undertook a pioneering study of the evolution of provincial finance in Bharat. He
focused primarily on provincial decentralization of imperial finance. The thesis
Dr.V.D.Sharma 16
entitled "National Dividend of India: A Historical and Analytical Study" which is

written by Dr. Ambedkar is the best example of his work on Public Finance. He
described the economic relationship between British Government and the state
governments during 183 executive parts were run by state governments. Dr.
Ambedkar highlighted the loophole in this system. The right to prepare the budget of
expenses was with state government and the responsibility of raising requisite funds
was with the central government. Hence, the demands by state governments were
steeply rising. There was no mechanism in existence to control and to see whether
the demands of state governments were reasonable or not. Sometimes central
government had to accept the excessive demands of state governments. This resulted
in rising budgetary deficit of the central government. Therefore, for the first time
since 1871 the practice of presenting different budgets for central government and
state governments came into force. Dr. Ambedkar was of the opinion that inadequacy
of imperial finance was basically due to an unsound fiscal policy. The government
depended on taxes like land tax, customs and sales tax. Of course, this affected
agriculture, trade and industry and poor. Under the revenue system of the imperial
government, the taxing capacity of people declined so notwithstanding the various
resources of revenue, the imperial government was not able to meet both ends.
Moreover, there were some internal charges on war debts. In the words of Dr.
Ambedkar "The bulk of the money raised by injurious taxes were spent in
unproductive ways." A noteworthy point was that education formed no part of the
expenditure incurred. The public works were lamentably few. In order to overcome
the shortcomings in the Imperial finance, some officials advocated on full federal
system. A new arrangement was made in which though the revenues and charges
remained imperial in their status, the management was provincialzed. Dr. Ambedkar
described this system as "Imperial finance without imperial management." To say
more precise, this was the origin of the scheme of provincial budgets.
Dr. Ambedkars Financial Analysis:-

Baba Sahib Dr. Ambedkar analyzed the changes in the administration and finance of
East India Company. He also focused on how such changes affected most of the
people of Bharat. East India Company came to Bharat, basically in the name of so
called trading. But gradually it took entire state governance. The East India Company
and later British Government exploited Indian people. The land revenue was
hiked considerably during 1792 to 1858. The total revenue of the government rose
from 55 lakh pounds to 317 lakh pounds during this period, the share of income from
land revenue constituted about 54 %. This indicates the extreme exploitation & legal
loot of farmers & common people of Bharat by the British Govt.
(C) Women Rights (Socio-Economic Upliftment of the Women) :

Dr. Ambedkar's contribution to socio-economic & political development and
progress of women is noteworthy, as that of the down trodden-women's participation
in economic activities and economic empowerment according to him, its impossible
without improving their socio-economic & political status and equality. Women have
17
immense power, potentials & courage to contribute to economic development. But

India's economic progress is hampered due to bad socio-economic conditions of
Dalits & women particularly Dalit women - hence it is essential to improve their
socio-economic conditions and to give them equal economic rights like right to
wealth, equality of opportunity, freedom of occupation.
(d) Concept of Dr. Ambedkar about Human Capital :

Baba Sahib Dr. Ambedkar argued that concept of human capital in the Indian context
is useless; the poorer and down trodden untouchable Dalits are recognized by other
classes as human being without equal social prestige & religious basis. It is therefore
worthless & impossible to use this human capital in the economic development of
Bharat. Human beings have the sentiments & emotions they should not be treated
like materials. Its against the humanity to consider human beings as capital to
exploit them in the interest of so called elite or ruling class. He was deadly against
the monarchy system. He had humanitarian approach. This is why, he is known as
MAHAMANAV (Superman in real sense) like Gandhi Mahatma & Lord Buddha.
Baba Sahib opposed to Hindu Economy:

Baba Sahib Dr. Ambedkar denounced the Indian Economy as Hindu dominated
Economy in which Hindu Religion (consisting of castic society) is the end and
individuals are its means. He came out with hard hitting critique of this Hindu
Economy. He showed logical flaws in it. Caste System is not merely the division of
labour but a division of labourers also. It is not based on natural aptitudes or skills. It
is a major obstacle to economic development. It reduces mobility leading to
inefficient production. Untouchability is worse than slavery. It is a system of
exploitation, ignorance & discrimination. The latest survey has proven the opinion of
Baba Sahib that caste system has been the biggest hurdle in the socio-economic
development of Bharat.
Conclusion:
Baba Sahib Dr. Ambedkar presented a true picture of provincial finance in Bharat.
He also focused on major defects in it and suggested probable & effective measures
to resolve them. Though the economic problems were political in nature, they were
basically social. Dr. Ambedkar pointed out that the government should plan its
economic activities properly, so that private entrepreneurship could not be hampered
and productivity could be encouraged. His economic thoughts about socio-economic
inclusion discriminated & oppressed communities especially about the day to day
devaluation of Indian Currency in present era are still relevant since the problems
undertaken by him are still not addressed. He struggled throughout the life for his
various socio-economic & political thoughts, Dalit Rights, Dalit Woman & Child
Rights, untouchability, Hindu Economy, caste system, burning & panic to the
common people particularly to neglected Dalit Communities). We find that his
Dr.V.D.Sharma 18
thoughts explore philosophy of human rights, individual development and fraternity.

If we go through the thoughts of Baba Sahib, we find that he had studied and viewed
the social system of Bharat to the
very nearness to it. He was of the opinion that poverty, unemployment and illiteracy
are the major concerns in Indian society. He was in favor of planning, mix
economical policy, industrialization, modernization and group development
programmes. His policy for the development in Bharat was associated with equality
& quality based opportunity for labourers.
Now we hope that the present visionary PM NaMo ji will take the country toward the
path enlightened by Baba Sahib & Bapuji to bring back the Glorious Past of Bharat
i.e. Golden Bird (now Golden Tiger) and Worlds Super Power ( World Leader/Jagat
Guru) for the upliftment & wellbeing of the common & marginalized people and
downtrodden societies.
Reference:
The Economic Challenger l No 14 l Issue 54 l January-March 2012
The Economic Challenger l No 14 l Issue 54 l January-March 2012
Dr. Ambedkar B.R. : "History if Indian Currency and Banking" - 1947
Bhagwands : Edited: "Thus spoke Ambedkar" Selected Lecturers Vol.1.
Dongre M.K.: Economic thoughts of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
Dhavalikar Shriram : Dr. Ambedkaranche Arthchintan, Dainik Lokmat" 11th
April 2004.
7. Education Department, Govt. of Maharashtra, "Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar,
writings and speaches" Vol. 1,2,5,6 & 10.
Jadhav Dr Milind : DrAmbedkaranche Arthashasriya vichar, Dainik Lokmat
6 Dec. 1994.
9. Jadhav Narendra:"Neglected Economic Thought of Dr. Babasaheb

Ambedkar"- Economics & political Weekly, 13th April 1991.
10. Jadhav Narendra, Vice Chancellor, Pune University : Bahujan Hitaya,
Bahujan Sukhaya, Dainik Lokmat, 14th April 2008.
11. Kuber Dr. V.N.: ( i ) Dr. Ambedkar - a Crtitical Study ( ii ) Dr.
Ambedkar Vicharmanthan.
12. Kamble Dr. B.V.: Bhartiya Arthik Vikasachya Sandarbhat Dr.
Babasaheb yanche Arthik Vichar, YOJNA, March 1993.
13. Mungekar Bhalchandra : "Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Ani Bhartiya Sheti"
ARTHSANVAD - January - March 1991.
14. Pagare Dr. M.S. : North Maharashtra University, Bhasha Vibhag,
Jalgaon "Dr. Ambedkar Yancha Rajya Samajwad & Shetichi Samasya"
DanikDeshoot - 14 April 2007.
15. DrAglawe Pradip : Dr. Ambedkaranche Shetisambhandi Vichar - Dainik
Lokmat, 6 Dec. 2005
A COMPARISON OF SOCIO-CULTURAL VALUES IN JAPAN AND IRAN
19 BASED ON SOCIAL MEDIA COMMUNICATIONS

A comparison of socio-cultural values in Japan and Iran based on

social media communications
Nader Ghotbi, MD, PhD
Professor,
College and Graduate School of Asia Pacific Studies (APS),
Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University (APU),
Oita 874-8577, Japan
Abstract
The core socio-cultural values of a nation may have a significant influence on the
pace of its socioeconomic development and adaptation to a globalized community of
nations. Max Weber was the first sociologist to conduct a comparative study of two
belief systems and their impact on socioeconomic development. This study examines
the social values of contemporary Iran in comparison with the developed nation of
Japan to investigate whether there are meaningful differences that could be
responsible for the shortcomings in the socioeconomic development of Iran. Besides
the review of literature regarding core social values in both Iran and Japan, data was
collected from Internet-based discussion forums run by a few hundred educated
Iranians over a period of 8 months. Data was examined through a qualitative method
to refine and update the findings in literature and through debates over the cultural
aspect of social change in Iran in the years following the 1979 revolution. The study
provides a cluster-based system for exploration of the core social values in Japan
and Iran, and compares the typical Japanese and Iranian character prototypes. The
discussion includes a description and an analysis of these
values, and concludes that a number of traditional values in Iranian society
including individualism and societal division particularly into religious (mazhabi) vs.
national/ethnic classes may have played a role in the slow pace of development in
Iran
Keywords: Iran, Japan, Social change, socioeconomic development, Socio-cultural
values.
Introduction
The motivation for this paper came from the exchange of messages and other
communication through Internet-based social media shared by hundreds of my
university alumni, including a few friends and relatives, all living in Iran. During a
period of 8 months, I realized a common preoccupation of this large group of
Iranians, based on their observations of daily life in Iran, was that a gradual cultural
Nader Ghotbi 20
decline had been in progress over the last 30 years. Because I grew up and lived in
Iran till graduation and followed a career there for a few years before moving to
Japan in my early 30s, I was familiar with many of the social changes, but some
recent ones were surprising even to me. Therefore I decided to review a few already
published papers on the subject, gather the groups observations, and use a
sociological analytic method to describe, analyze and then explain the cultural
aspects of social change in contemporary Iran in a way that helps with its
understanding to anyone interested in this debate.
However, without a point of comparison, such a study would suffer from being one-
sided, interpreted wrongly and would probably appear as a subjective stereotyping of
Iranians and an attempt to connect a false cultural image to the myriad of
socioeconomic problems. Therefore I decided to use my familiarity with Japanese
society and ethical values, related to my research career in Japan, by conducting
comparative studyof core cultural values in contemporary Japanese vs. Iranian
society to reveal their differences, as well as any similarities that Japanese social
values have with Iranian values. A comparative method would thus help avoid
unfettered stereotyping and non-deserved criticism, while demonstrating whether
there were any significant differences in sociocultural values that could be associated
with socioeconomic problems in Iran.
Before attempting an analysis, we need to review some basic concepts in sociology

for our discussion and describe our main assumptions to help simplify the task.
Values of a culture define what is desirable or considered good, right and/or
worthwhile in that culture. The norms in a society develop out of its cultural values.
We assume that social behavior, including the norms of a society, is significantly
influenced by sociocultural values that are learned directly and indirectly through
living in a society. The core values of a society are values that are commonly
adhered to, or acknowledged as fundamental by most members of that society. It is
assumed that these values influence social behavior and the norms of the society.
Some of these values are so closely related to one another that they can be grouped as
a cluster value, while others may contradict one another to some degree and appear
as value contradictions. This is different from another possible situation where the
core values of a large number of people in a society clash with the core values of
another growing number of people supporting an opposing value. Such a situation is
common during social change.
Max Weber (1864-1920) was probably the first sociologist to use cross-cultural
material to examine social change and to explain how differences in social groups
could affect their socioeconomic orientation. He realized that followers of the
Catholic belief system would preserve their traditional way of life, while followers of
the Protestant belief system searched for financial success. In a comparison of
capitalism in Catholic and Protestant countries he showed that capitalism had
flourished in the latter (Henslin, 2011). Here we adopt from Max Webers theory in
forming the hypothesis that a comparison of core social values between Iran and
Japan may provide clues as to the radically different directions in socioeconomic
development between the two nations. World Bank data (2014) show that Japan has
the third largest GDP in the world (4.6 trillion US dollars) compared with Iran at 29th
(415 billion US dollars).
After the 1979 revolution in Iran substituted the kingdom rule with an Islamic
republic government,a social change started that has been promoting shia Islamic
values in Iranian society ever since. Here we limit the study to the sociocultural
aspect of change and exclude the political process so that we can have a sharper
focus on the role of core cultural values. It is worthwhile to note that ideal culture
refers to values and norms that are considered as ideal in a society while in reality
many people may not follow and/or achieve them, hence real culture. So perhaps
one question this paper attempts to answer is whether the real culture in Iran
conforms to its ideal culture. This will be further explained in the discussion part.
Methodology
This research is partly based on a review of the literature including published
academic papers and books about Iranian society and cultural values (Beeman 1976;
Hillman 1990; Bar 2004) and Japanese society and cultural values (Wierzbicka 1991;
Yoshino 1992; Morishima 1982; Hofstede 1988; Soutar 1999; Davies 2002; Hendry
2012). Moreover, an analytical tool for qualitative research was used to examine
information collected through Internet-based social media, as well as observations of
Japanese and Iranian societies by the author and the focus group members,
respectively. The analytical tool used was the three- layer structural analysis after
Takao Takahashi (Takahashi 2011) who refined this method for use in ethics
research after John Rawls (1921-2002) in A Theory of Justice. The so-called
three-layer structure in sociological research as used here refers to the fundamental
or core values as the 3rd level, the existing social directives as the 2nd level, and
the social norms of behavior as the 1st level.
Figure 1 shows a scheme of the relationships between the three levels of analysis and
where deductive, inductive and abductive reasoning is used in the course of analysis
(Figure 1). Takahashi made a distinction between intrapersonal and interpersonal
reflective equilibrium; these processes represent the working out of data and
information in the brain of a researcher (intrapersonal), vs. the analysis of the
information among a group of researchers (interpersonal). Takahashi made the
distinction following the work cited as Reflective Equilibrium: Essays in Honor of
Robert Heeger edited by W. van der Burg, T. van Willigenburg (1998). He used
deductive, inductive and abductive reasoning to position data in different layers of
this structure, as seen in Figure 1.
Nader Ghotbi 22
Figure 1: A scheme of three-level structural analysis, after Takao

Takahashi, showing the steps where deduction, induction and abduction are used, as
well as the associated feedbacks. There are two pathways to identify the components
at the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd level. One uses abduction (with feedback used as a check)
between the 1st and 3rd levels, and the other uses induction and deduction between 1st
and 2nd, and between 2nd and 3rd levels, respectively.
The data for the qualitative study was collected from social media during a period of
8 months from January to August 2015, with the participation of the author in
Internet-based discussion forums where a few hundred Iranians participated in
sociocultural discussions. A wide range of social issues were put forward for
discussion; tentative hypotheses to help explain them were sought and formed step
by step, using the three-layer structural analysis as the framework of research.
Observations from the society (1st level) were used in abduction to reach a potential
core value, and each value found in literature was traced to see if members of the
society were observed or known toact (3rd level) according to it. These findings were
double checked by the other path which uses induction to arrive from social norms
(1st level) to social directives (the 2nd level) and uses deduction to trace core values
(3rd level) to social directives (the 2nd level).
For example, the observation of increased violence in Iranian society at 1st level
was correlated to the values of strength and bravery (shoja-at), zeal and honor
(gheyrat) and emotionalism at the 3rd level. The social directive at the 2nd level would
be: vigorously fight a man who insults you and your family; this was corroborated
with the participants in social media. Also, the observation of cleanliness of public
spaces despite a lack of garbage cans in Japanese cities at 1st level was correlated
with the value of concern for the environment at the 3rd level. The social directive
at the 2nd level would be: do not throw away garbage in public space; this was also
corroborated with Japanese subjects. Such a process was conducted for all the values
listed in the two forthcoming tables.
To avoid biased criticism, negative attributes were not presumed to be sociocultural
values. This aspect makes our study different from many critical writings which
associate socioeconomic problems with negative cultural characteristics. Our
approach has been different as we assume no society would promote a negative
value; thus if a problem seems to be associated with a sociocultural attitude, it may

be because of the lack of a positive value, as compared with the other society where
it exists, rather than existence of a negative one. The comparative nature of our
study between Iran and Japan facilitated this approach.
Findings
Although Iran and Japan are both located in Asia, they are culturally very different
and it may be wrong to assume that they share an Eastern (as opposed to Western)
characteristic. For the most part, Japanese society is quite secular, as opposed to the
strong role of religion in Iranian society. Japanese people are also much more
homogenous, as compared with the multiethnic society in Iran with a multitude of
ethnic groups who share many values but also have their own different tunes. It is
Table 1- Values in Japanese society arranged in clusters (produced by

author as explained in methodology)
A-1 Respect to social obligations & social conformity
(collectivism)
A-2 Self-control (avoid confrontation)
A-3 Group conformity (seek consensus)
A-4 Concern for Fairness
A-5 Deep respect for law & regulations
B-1 Politeness and social manners (such as
consideration for others, friendliness)
B-2 Gratitude
B-3 Ability to apologize
B-4 Modesty
B-5 Avoid shame & embarrassment
C-1 Honesty & seriousness (majime)
C-2 Effort (gambari) & hard work
C-3 Endurance (gaman)
C-4 Stay safe
D-1 Reliance on science & technology for betterment
of life
D-2 Reliance on evidence & professional advice for
D-3 decision-making
Concern for the (natural) environment
E-1 Individuality (have/keep/value ones unique
features)
E-2 Respect to ones ancestors
F-1 Strive for health & physical fitness
F-2 Youthfulness
Nader Ghotbi 24
thus nave to consider oneaverage Iranian prototype for comparison with the
average Japanese prototype; for the purposes of this paper, we simplified the
differences among Iranian people to the level of two typical Iranian characters in
order to examine their shared values and differences with those of a typical Japanese
character. Also, for simplicity, we did not consider gendered characters in this
study while we should acknowledgethe existence of differences between values
common to men and women, particularly in Iranian society. It is hoped that other
studies look into the important gender issues especially in Iran.
Lets start by listing the core values of Japanese society. Table 1 shows a list of these
values as well as clusters (A to F) that group some of them together. It should be
noted that this table is not an attempt to stereotype the Japanese society but
rather to recognize a series of (positive) sociocultural values that can then be
compared with the core values of the Iranian society.
The typical Japanese character described in Table 1 usually behaves as a responsible
member of the community and the society at large, tries not to stand out among
others, controls his emotions to avoid direct confrontation, consults group members
to reach a consensus decision, believes in fairness, and shows deep respect to the law
and regulations in public and at work (cluster A). Values in cluster B imply that the
Japanese prototype behaves politely towards everyone especially his/her seniors,
shows consideration to others by trying not to cause them any trouble, has friendly
manners, says thank you when anybody does him a little favor, is apologetic
whenever he feels others might be constrained because of him, does not show off and
is humble especially to his seniors, and takes good care not to embarrass himself by
wrong actions; many researchers (Befu 1990; Hendry 2012) have emphasized on the
significance of feeling shame which is more of an outward emotion compared with
the feeling of guilt which is more inward. It is also worth noting that some of the
mentioned values involve a consideration of the hierarchical system of Japanese
society The next cluster (C) may be considered the work ethic of the Japanese
character. He is typically honest, follows his job seriously, shows a lot of effort at
hard work, and endures difficult work conditions for a long time while paying
particular attention to the safety of everyone including himself (safety is first as a
Japanese motto).
Cluster D includes values that imply the roadmap to the development and betterment
of society by relying on science and technology, relying on evidence for decision-
making, and respecting the value of nature and its protection. Thusour Japanese
prototype believes that using science and technology can help solve most problems,
understands that decisions should be supported by (scientific) evidence and seeks the
advice of professionals in each area, while trying not to disturb the nature and to keep
the environment clean.
The individuality value in Cluster E may be seen as relatively contradictory to
collectivism in Cluster A but in fact it
Helps reduce the pressure of collectivism in Japanese society by allowing people to
enjoy a series of individual characteristics that can make one feel unique (Hoffmann
2000). Thus our Japanese character has a strong sense of his own individuality and
believes such unique features can help differentiate him from others, features he has
received from his line of ancestors and are in his blood. In other words, he commonly
values being a unique individual at the personal level.
Finally cluster F is about the value of preserving ones health and fitness. The
average Japanese emphasizes a healthy lifestyle with healthy food and exercise,
appreciates youth and tries to preserve his stamina and appearance as he ages. The
youth are seen as enjoying their best years of life, and are admired for their youth;
people want to preserve youth by leading a healthier lifestyle. These cultural values
haveprobablyinfluenced the choice of universal healthcare through social-community
coverage in Japan. On the other hand, this may underlie the common fear of getting
old and losing social significance after retirement.
The common values of Iranian society are presented in Table 2; however, we propose
two Iranian character variants that represent average prototypes that belong to two
opposite sides of a spectrum with a wide range of characteristics in between. We thus
describe two typical Iranian characters to grasp the wider heterogeneity of Iranian
sociocultural styles of behavior; lets call them N for national (melli) and R for
religious (mazhabi). We assume that social change after the 1979 revolution resulted
in the demarcation of two typical Iranian characters that probably already existed but
instead of moving closer over time gradually moved more apart. However, there are
strong cultural similarities between the two which still bind them together. The main
difference may appear as having a more religious/conservative character, but there
are other differences including pursuing leisure vs. wealth, and using humor vs. a
more serious appearance. Still, the two prototypes share many core values though
they may apply them differently when adopting social norms that are influenced by
these values. One observer said: the religious character colors the social and public
activities of those who are defined as such.
It is not simple to define what religious (mazhabi) means in the Iranian context; the
most common feature of this group is that they want to be identified as such! For this
reason, physical appearance plays an important role such as by wearing a beard
among men, the dress code (quite well defined for men and women), and manners of
speech. Next in relative frequency, is the observance of shia Islam rituals, mourning
customs, and following Islamic celebrations as well as visiting mosques for group
prayers. Only next would be adherence to Islamic requirement of daily prayers and
fasting in Ramadan, paying zakat and etc. Under the current political system, being
identified as mazhabi would be advantageous in respect with power connections and
may also provide some extra protection and a higher chance of getting public and
governmental employment.
The other group (N) would be identified by observing a relatively free dress code
within limits of public, faithful observance of Iranian ancient celebrations such as
Nowruz (the Iranian New Year), Yalda, Mehregan, and Chahar-Shanbe Suri, paying
respect to national heroes, poets, novelists, etc., and enjoying Iranian music, singing
and dance. This group simply identifies itself as non-religious (not mazhabi) even if
Nader Ghotbi 26
they observe Islamic daily prayers and fast in Ramadan! Iranians with a strong ethnic
affiliation (such as the Kurdish, etc.) are also included here. Table 2 summarizes the
core values of the two typical characters in todays Iranian society.
Table 2- Values in Iranian society and the associated clusters(produced by

author as explained in methodology)
N(national) Prototype R(religious) Prototype
A-1 Individualism, with some emphasis on relations with the extended

family & close friends
A-2 Stronger National (melli) or Stronger Religious (mazhabi)

ethnic identity identity
A-3 Loyalty to ones family and group, skepticism of others
B-1 Cleverness (zerangi) for success & achievement (outwitting

others)
B-2 Pragmatism (practical rationalism)
B-3 Sophistication (through formal or self-education)
B-4 Iranian etiquette in speech called taarof (pleasantry)
C-1 Bravery & strength (shoja-at)
C-2 Zeal & honor (gheyrat)
C-3 Emotionalism (rage, sadness, sensitivity to insult, )
C-4 Frequent use of humor Conservative (more serious, less

(playful & fun-loving) humor)
D-1 Concern with material comfort:
More inclined to pursue More inclined to increase wealth

leisure
D-2 Aestheticism (beauty, art, poetry, ...)
E-1 Valuing friendship and its code (marefat, maram)
E-2 Hospitality to guests (mehman-navazi)
E-3 Altruism and assistance to the poor and needy (kar-e kheyr)
The two typical Iranian characters, N and R prototypes, both firmly prioritize their
individual wants and needs, and consider themselves, their immediate and extended
family and a few close groups they associate with as having priority over the rest.
They highly value family relations and demonstrate a lot of respect to their closest
relatives. The two prototypes of N and R both value loyalty to the groups they are
close to, and may be skeptic of other groups. However, prototype N is less religious
and considers his nationality or ethnicity to be a more significant factor in defining
who he is, while R has a relatively stronger religious (mazhabi) identity in which
certain religious characteristics are as significant as, or even more important than,
national/ethnic characteristics. Thus by being identified differently, they may already
feel somehow skeptictowards one another and may have reservations on whether
they can get along in a shared project. Indeed, some groups have tried to bridge the
gap by calling themselves melli-mazhabi, but they risk coming under the suspicion of
both main groups! In summary, Cluster A shows the strong role of individualism in
Iranian society plus familial (as well as small group) bonds that grow around it.
However, a considerable amount of skepticism and suspicion of others exists that
may complicate cooperation and solidarity. The stronger the loyalty to ones bonded
group is, the more skepticism towards others may be expected. In a sense, people
may envy to see close relations of one of their members to another group.
Cluster B defines a series of values common to most Iranians; they believe in using
various strategies to outwit others (called zerangi) in order to succeed in life, and are
quite pragmatic about it (Bar 2004). This implies that the purpose of behavior can be
more important than the actions composing the behavior. Therefore they may
rationalize unfair actions to other groups as necessary and justified; these may
include a certain amount of trickery and deception, such as white lies. However,
people must demonstrate a sort of sophistication in how they commit themselves to
their purpose and avoid acting in a lame manner (Hillman 1990). When dealing with
others in social situations, this requires following a unique Iranian etiquette called
taarof (pleasantry); it is an exaggerated form of nicety in manners that would be
taken with a grain of salt by a wise listener who may respond only with more of the
same etiquette!
Cluster C includes a number of values that are in relative contradiction to the

previous cluster (B). The two Iranian prototypes both value strength and bravery
(shoja-at) to the point that safety, reason and manners may all be sacrificed. They
also value a unique code of zeal and honor (gheyrat) though it may mean different
things to different people. Prototype N, for example, may find it honorable to do
sacrifice for the sake of ones family or nation while prototype R may put
considerable value on religious symbols especially protecting the chastity and
innocence of women in their family or group. People in both groups may act quite
stubbornly (ta-assob) and show strict adhesion/resilience in changing their position.
Doing so, Iranians commonly express strong emotions that they barely try to control,
such as rage, anger and sensitivity to insult. The N prototype however may have a
Nader Ghotbi 28
happier mood compared with R. The N prototype shows more desire to fun activities
and commonly uses humor (shukh, shukhi) in his vision of life and in speech, while
the R prototype is more serious-looking and conservative; in extreme situations, one
may describe N as acting like a maniac while R appears as suffering from depression.
Cluster D describes the interest of both of our Iranian characters in material
comfort with this difference that the N prototype is especially on a pursuit of leisure
while the R prototype is more conservative and may seek more comfort in
accumulating wealth/property. They both appreciate beauty such as in art, poetry and
music; however, the R prototype may limit the vision of beauty to more conservative
forms such as mystic poetry and traditional music without female singers. However,
the N character enjoys working on the beauty of appearance including fashion, and
shows an appreciation for art including traditional and modern music and dance.
Cluster E describes the very warm and sympathetic values common to most Iranians.
They value friendship and have close friends who observe a strong code of support
and assistance (marefat, maram), warmly welcome even strangers as guest to their
home (mehman-navazi)and commonly engage in altruistic donations, financial aid
and assistance with the needs of those who seek help (kar-e kheyr).
In spite of all the differences existing between the N and R prototypes (and the two
spectrums of Iranian characters they represent), there is no constant clash between
them. It appears as they are well familiar with one another and have accepted the
reality of life under one banner. Although they may sometimes try to compete by
pushing their community in one direction or the other, there are also many instances
that they show an appreciation for the opposing norm as long as it helps avoid a
direct confrontation. Still many find the existing differences in values too big for true
reconciliation and usually stay away in separate groups.
Discussion
A comparison of the listed core values between Japanese and Iranian society in
Tables 1 and 2 demonstrates the lack of certain key values in each of the two
compared with the other, as well as a few opposing values, most importantly
collectivism in Japanese society vs. individualism in Iranian society. In the context of
our paper, we especially differentiate whether a typical individual demonstrates in
his/her behavior a priority for group goals over his/her individual goals, or vice
versa. Lets analyze some of the observed differences between the two and the
potential impact and implication for the whole society.
The first observation is the dominance of collectivism in Japan versus individualism
in Iran. Iranians have traditionally been known as especially loyal to their family (as
a social group); however, this has been changing with the changing form and size of
the families in recent times and their breakup into smaller units because of millions
of people who migrated to larger cities or to abroad. The Japanese, however,
commonly emphasize on the goals of the larger groups they are a member of,
whether at work, in the community they live in, and in the wider society and nation
that they strongly associate themselves with. The implications of this difference for
economic development are not too hard to elaborate.
Moreover, Iranians are not as homogenous as the Japanese; we limited the wide
variety of typical Iranian characters into two common prototypes to simplify our
comparison. The size of a truly secular population inside Iran is still limited but a
large population of non-religious Iranians commonly identify themselves as
nationalist (melli or mihan-parast) or ethnic centered (especially common among
Kurdish and Azeri people). However, those identifying themselves as religious
(mazhabi) have the wider support of the government as compared with nationalists or
the ethnic-centered. This situation may especially intensify the rivalry between the
two sides and/or obstruct their cooperation; people from both sides sometimes try to
reduce friction by softening their stance in public and inclining towards the middle.
Although this tactic helps avoid a direct clash, it may also aggravate the existing
skepticism to others because in the start of a negotiation, people are sure of the true
affiliation of a person they do not know, and thus it takes a long time to acquire
somebody trust. Some people may tend to only trust and work well with those who
they already know well, such as their relatives. This situation leads to nepotism
which is a very common observation in Iran. On the other hand, Japanese society can
benefit from values in its B cluster to increase cooperation between all members of
the society, though the hierarchical system in Japan puts some pressure on less senior
members to conform and give in to the demands of more senior members. Iranians,
however, depend on their unique etiquette in manners (taarof) which although nice is
mostly skin-deep and cannot prevent from rivalry, infighting and enmity when a
conflict exists.
Another significant difference is the lack of a strong work ethic in Iranian society as
compared with Japanese society (cluster C). In fact, values in cluster B of Iranian
society include cleverness and outwitting (zerangi) which may imply the value of
success with less effort. A person who tries very hard to earn a living may be
considered as less clever and a person who can outwit others and succeed with the
least amount of physical effort may be considered as cleverer.
The Iranian values in cluster C as well as individualism itself may provide a source
of pride and motivation for individual growth. However, the excessive use of these
values in the context of an already existing skepticism, heterogeneity, and pragmatic
competition centered on outwitting rivals cannot be helpful for the growth of the
society as a whole. There are also certain disadvantages such as the higher rates of
social violence in Iranian society associated with emotionalism and a strong sense of
personal or family honor. In comparison, Japanese society showsa significant value
for controlling ones emotions to reduce confrontation. Thus Japanese society values
encourage cooperation.
Nader Ghotbi 30
Likewise, the lack of strong values in Iranian society similar to those in Japanese
clusters D, E and F may explain the weak pace of economic development in Iran
despite having rich natural resources; the assignment of related but unqualified
people in sensitive positions in policy-making, etc.which has led to mismanagement
at the industry; a significantly higher incidence/prevalence of death, illness and
injuries among Iranians because of unhealthy lifestyles such as risky driving; and
higher levels of environmental degradation and overuse of natural resources to the
point that the natural environment and water resources in Iran are currently at critical
levels.
Values in Iranian Cluster E are probably the nicest qualities that foreigners travelling
to Iran recognize among Iranians. Also, Iranians in general show significant
solidarity to the poor, the needy, and people who they feel are oppressed. They also
develop warm friendships that may last a long time. There area lot of observations to
support the strength of these values among Iranians; from common low interest loan
systems and charity donations to the poor, to tourism hospitality and personal
sacrifice there exists so much among Iranian people, whichis not observed commonly
within the Japanese society, in comparison.
Iranians, however, do not demonstrate the strong sense of individuality that can be
observed among the Japanese. An observation was the huge interest in cosmetic
surgery among Iranians to acquire the same beauty that others have; however, the
stronger sense of individuality existing among the Japanese discourages them from
losing their unique qualities. Many Iranians do not attempt to preserve their own
unique form and instead, they envy the beauty of others and want to become like
them.
Reviewing the turbulent history of Iran and its conquest over the centuries by many
armies including the Greek, Arabs, Turks and Mongolians, one may suggest that
many of the existing social values could have evolved as a response to invasion or an
attempt to adapt to life under the ruling armies. However, it can be debated that this
traditional system of values (Beeman 1976) is no longer helpful in the modern era
when Iranians need to cooperate with one another and be less skeptic about relations
with other nations.
One of the strong influences remaining after the Islamic conquest of Iran is the
religious affiliation which has been further reinforced under the more recent Islamic
republic government. While the government has been busy promoting Shia Islam to
its people, the promotion of other values such as a strong work ethic, observance of
law, reliance on science and evidence-based decision-making, respect to environment
and etc. has not received due attention and support. The currently increasing rates of
social problems in Iran can be ascribed to many factors including the pressure of
economic sanctions, mismanagement by the ruling government, lack of agreement
between traditional socioeconomic practices and modern economics, increasing
urbanization, and overcrowding of the cities. However, we believe that the
comparative lack of certain socio cultural values among Iranians plays a significant
role in slowing the pace of socioeconomic development. This relative lack of positive
values, as compared with Japanese society, may act primarily through channeling the
human resources away from constructive social development and rather on individual
goals. Following individual (or limited group) goals does not help overcome the
existing barriers in societal cooperation based on fairness, rule of the law, and
improved management of national resources by the experts.
Fortunately, the increasing usage of Internet-based social media in Iran by a growing

number of people and the younger generation may provide a means for Iranians to
engage in discussions over social issues whereby they may get to know each other
better, find trust, and organize shared activities that may improve solidarity and
cooperation in the nation and thus to a stronger socioeconomic development in the
future.
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A Comparative Study of the Information Use Pattern by the Research Scholars of
Arabic Studies in Banaras Hindu University and Jamia Millia Islamia
33

A Comparative Study of the Information Use Pattern by the Research

Scholars of Arabic Studies in Banaras Hindu University and Jamia Millia
Islamia
Tabasum Begum
Research Scholar,
Library and Information Science Department, Mizoram University (Central
University) Mizoram 796004
Abstract
This Paper study deals with the information Use Pattern by the Research Scholars of
Arabic Studies in Banaras Hindu University and Jamia Millia Islamia. Although
literature on information use pattern is abundant, there is a lack of research on the
information needs of users in universities. Against such a backdrop the present study
has been undertaken to examine the research scholars of Arabic Studies in Banaras
Hindu University and Jamia Millia Islamia. The overall purpose of the study is to
determine what their information requirements and also to determine their awareness
of library services available to them. The study finds out the position of different
information sources in their information use and recognizes the role that information
services and sources play in their information activities. This study provides some
recommendations on how the university academics can be encouraged to make use of
available libraries resources for the benefit of the research scholars. Findings revel
that guidance in the use of library resources and services is necessary to help
researchers meet some of their information requirements, there is a need of journal
specific to Arabic subjects and so also there is a need of lots of language collection
of books. There is a need of more Arabic literature collections, too. The researchers
need to be up-to-date with current information.
Keywords: Arabic studies, Banaras Hindu University, Collection, Dr. Zakir Husain,
Information, Jamia Millia Islamia, language, Library, literature, Ph.D Scholar, Use
Pattern.
1 Introduction:
Information has an important role in decision making, planning and every
developmental activity. Information is a powerful instrument to every aspect of
todays information society or human being. Information plays an important role in
teaching, research and development. Information is one of the fundamental resources
indispensable for development in all the vital spheres of the life of the civilized
Tabasum Begum
34
society. Information is known to all men in all languages, there may or may not be a
precise word in a language to describe the term information but surely it is there.
Information is part of every part of our lives. Information is a highly complex task
involving the interaction among users. Information is power, Where information is
concern. Now we live in the age of knowledge and information explosion. The user
study mainly focuses on users to measure their information needs, and use pattern.
We talk about information, we seek information, we exchange information and we
pay for information. Information is a critical resource in the operating and
management of organization. Information use studies over the years have attempted
the information to explain the information use phenomena, understand information
use behavior and improve information use by manipulating essential condition.
Arabic language:
Arabic belongs to the Semitic group of languages. Ya'rib bin Qahtan is popularly
known as the father of this language. Today, it is one of the official languages of the
UNO (United Nations Organisation) and is spoken by a large group of masses in
Asia and Africa. It is worth mentioning here in this connection that, study of the
Arabic language is essential from the viewpoint of socio-historical, cultural, job
opportunities as well as Indo-Arab relationship.
Banaras Hindu University:

Banaras Hindu University is a public central university located in Varanasi, Uttar
Pradesh Established in 1916 by Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya. BHU today has
nearly twenty thousand students including 2500 research scholars and 650 foreign
students from 34 nations, under one roof who are pursuing different academic
programmes at this campus as well as the newly established Rajiv Gandhi South
Campus.
Arabic studies:
The teaching of Arabic was started in 1917 and the department was established in
1973.The
Department has been conducting Research in the area of Arabic literature (modern
and classical) and Arab History and Culture and other allied subjects. The
Department plans to take up comparative studies with Indian culture and different
Indian languages.
The Banaras Hindu University Library:

The Banaras Hindu University Library system, the largest University Library System
in the country, germinated from a small but precious collection donated by Prof. P.K.
Telang in the memory of his father Justice K.T. Telang in 1917 and housed in the
Telang Hall of the Central Hindu College, Kamachha. Personal and family
collections from many eminent personalities and families like Lala Sri Ram of Delhi,
Jamnalal Bajaj of Wardha, Roormal Goenka, Batuk Nath Sharma, Tagore Family
collection, Nehru Family collection, etc. amongst a score of others and purchase of
books and journals out of the regular
35
fund with the result that it has a collection of around 60,000 volumes in 1931 itself.
The total collection exceeds 15.0 Lakhs.
Jamia Millia Islamia:
The Jamia Millia Islamia (JMI) is a central university based in New Delhi, India.
Originally, the University was established in 1920 in Aligarh, By a Special Act of the
Parliament, Jamia Millia Islamia was made a central university of India in December
1988.
Department of Arabic J.M.I.:
The Department of Arabic is one of the oldest Departments of Jamia Millia Islamia.
It enjoys a high reputaion not only in India but also in the Arab & Muslim world. The
Department of Arabic as an independent unit was established only in 1988. At
present the Department conducts different courses such as B.A. (Honors)., M.A. and
part-time evening courses namely Certificate, Diploma, and Advance Diploma in
modern Arabic language and translation. Besides, it also enrolls scholars for Ph.D.
course on a variety of subjects' relevant to Arabic language and literature.
Dr. Zakir Husain Central Library:
The Central Library of Jamia Milia Islamia is known as Dr Zakir Husain Central
Library named after the ex-President of India, (Late) Dr. Zakir Husain in 1973,
which includes the Faculty and Center Libraries. Library has about 3.28 Lacks books
, 2500 manuscripts, 200 microfilms, and subscribes to 440 journals. The library has
valuable source material on the history of freedom movement in the form of private
papers of the eminent leaders such as Maulana Mohd. Ali Jauhar, Hakim Ajmal.
1.2 Review of Literature:
The scholar has made an extensive survey of literature available in the relevant area
of the study. The scholar also has taken proper care to scan the published literature in
the subject concerned and some of them are included here. Devendra Kumar and
Akhtar Hussains (2012) book defines Information seeking behaviour is a
multifaceted activity, requiring access to varied information resources to deal with
work-related, personal, and social information problems. Most of the users are
satisfied with the services provided by the library and the study focuses that there is a
good application of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in the library.
Ruthven, lan and Diana L. Kelly (ed.), (2011) This book describes Information
Retrieval as a human activity supported by sophisticated systems. Information
Science has contributed much to the design and evaluation of previous generations of
IR system development and to our general understanding of how systems should be
designed and yet due to the increasing success and concentrate on IR systems
themselves. Tahir, Mohammad (2010) In this book the author explores the
information needs and information-seeking behaviour of humanities university
teachers. The study revealed that most of the humanities teachers preferred to
'consult with experts in their subject field' to get their required information. Ajiboye,
J.O.,& Tella, A. (2007). In another study Ajiboye and Tella examined the
information seeking behaviour of undergraduate students in the University of
Botswana. The result of the study revealed that the internet is the most consulted
Tabasum Begum
36
source, followed by students class notes and handouts. This finding is also further
confirmed by the scholars who conducted a similar study and found out that
undergraduates looked for the fastest way that would lead to satisfactory results when
doing research by going for electronic information sources first. In their book Mary
K. Chelton and Colleen Cool (2007) offer a snapshot of the current research agenda,
and provide a useful starting place for exploring the information seeking behavior of
young adults. The authors also include four chapters that address the information
seeking of youth in their role as students. These studies are a must-read for
researchers in the field and for those with an interest in the information seeking
behaviors of youth. Meho, L., & Tibbo, H. (2003) There article is found to be
appropriate are for the information-seeking group of scholars as the authors brought
up a number of issues impacting on this user group. The authors identified four new
information-seeking behavior features in their study. They included: accessing,
networking, verifying, and information managing. Wilson, T.D. (1999) According to
Wilson information-seeking behavior includes "those activities a person may engage
in when identifying their own needs for information, searching for such information
in any way, and using or transferring that information. The need for information is
often understood as evolving from a vague awareness of something missing and as
culminating in locating information that contributes to understanding and meaning,
notes, that the execution of an individuals information-seeking. Sharma , Ravindra
Nath (1986) in his book studied thousands of colleges and hundreds of universities
along-with several Institutes of higher learning and Centers in India Academic
libraries are considered to be the nerve centers of academic institutions, and must
support teaching, research, and other academic programmes. Academic Library plays
a vital role in development of society.
1.3 Statement of the problem:
Information Use Pattern by the Research Scholars in Banaras Hindu University and
Jamia Millia Islamia in the Arabic Departments are expect to maximally utilize the
Universities Library as one of their major sources of information. The studies
conducted on library use in this University reveal that students use most of the library
information resources. Information is a vital resources needed by students to perform
well in their academic pursuit. However, the type of information sought, the purpose
of seeking information, accessibility to the required information and problems
encountered during information seeking remains largely unknown. This unknown
phenomenon affects the library and the user (students) in the sense that the library
may not effectively meet the information needs of the students, and as such, students
waste time in unfruitful search that would have been used for study. In the light of
this, the present study investigates the Information Use Pattern by the Research
Scholars in Banaras Hindu University and Jamia Millia Islamia in the Arabic
Departments
1.4 Objectives
Library information resources are expensive. The librarians needed to manage these
resources and make them accessible are also costly in terms of recruitment, and
37
retention. To attain cost effectiveness in the university library services and promote
the use of library information resources, this study sought to establish ways of
improving the Information use pattern in Arabic language among research scholars.
The general objective of this study is to examine Information use pattern in Arabic
language among research scholars in Banaras Hindu University and Jamia Millia
Islamia. However the objectives for the present study are concern to:
1. To study the purpose for information use by Research scholars.
2. To examine the information use pattern of the Research Scholars in
Banaras Hindu University and Jamia Millia Islamia in the Arabic
Department.
3. To ascertain the problems encountered by Researchers while using
information.
1.5 Methodology
The present study is based on the Information Use Pattern by the Research Scholars
in Banaras Hindu University and Jamia Millia Islamia in the Arabic Department. The
method adopted for the study would be based on structured questionnaire followed
by interview method. Scholar would try to collect the
information from the students of Arabic studies in the Banaras Hindu University and
Jamia Millia Islamia.
A. Questionnaire: A set of structured questionnaire is designed to
collect data from the users of the library under study. Questionnaire method is
adopted in order to make the proper assessment of the users needs, use of the library
and the services provided by the library.
B. Interview: Interview method would be adopted to recognize the
information use Pattern by the Research Scholars in Arabic language in the Banaras
Hindu University and Jamia Millia Islamia and to know the real life situation of the
library in providing information to the users. After obtaining the filled-in
questionnaire, the data is classified, tabulated and analyzed so as to make a study of
the services, the status of collections including, practices being followed in
university library and inferences have been drown in the form of suggestions.
1.6 Data Analysis:

This section is concerned with the analysis of data relating to the Information use
Pattern by the Research Scholars in Banaras Hindu University and Jamia Millia
Islamia in the Arabic Department. Data is collected from 96 respondents by
administering questionnaire to the researchers in Arabic languages at the Banaras
Hindu University and Jamia Millia Islamia. The data so collected from the
researchers through observation and interview methods were analysed in order to
draw inferences.
1.6.1 Frequency of visit to the Library:
The library disseminates information as well as reading materials to its users
to explore knowledge. User uses the library for many purposes such as
Tabasum Begum
38
reading books, journals, browsing on internet etc. The Frequency of visit to

the Library under study has been depicted in table 1. The following table
gives the information about the frequency of visit of respondents using
library.
Table: 1 Frequency of visit to the Library
Name of Responses
the
Respondents
Universi
Monthly
Weekly
Rarely
ty
Daily
%
Library
Banaras
Hindu 54 55.1 11 11.4 5 6.3 5 6.1
Universi
75
ty
Central
Library
Dr.
Zakir 75 55 56.3 10 11.1 6 7.2 4 5.4
Husain
Central
Library
Fig 1: Frequency of visit to the Library

Table 1 indicates that responses are received 75 from BHU and 75 form JMI
respondents. 55.1 % from BHU and 56.3% from JMI students are found to be using
library daily. Followed by 11.4% (weekly), 6.3% (Monthly), 6.1% rarely for BHU
students and 11.1% (weekly), 7.2 (Monthly) and 5.4% rarely in JMI.
Thus it can be concluded that the most of the respondents are using library daily.
60
40
20
0
39
1.6.2 Computer Knowledge:

Advance in technology gave birth to many new interdisciplinary fields
including computer knowledge which is one of the most important factors
in shaping the present societies and formulating technologies for the
future. Table -2 depicts respondents of the information about the students
computer knowledge.
Table 2 shows that 35.2 % from BHU and 37.1% respondents JMI are having good
computer knowledge. So can conclude that most of the respondents are well versed
with computer.
1.6.3 Main source of Information available in the Library:
There are different sources of information available in the library such as
books, journals, articles, manuscripts, visual elements, electronic documents etc
which provide its users their
Table 2: Computer knowledge
Name of Responses
the
Respondents
University
Library Excellent
Good
Poor
Fair
%
%
Banaras
Hindu 4 5.1 25 25. 34 35.2 12 13.1
University 75 4
Central
Library
Dr. Zakir
Husain 75 5 6.3 23 24. 36 37.1 11 12.4
Central 2
Library
required information. Table 3 deals with the main source of information in the library
as perceived by the respondents.
Fig 2: Computer knowledge
50
0
Poor5
Fair25
Good
6.30%
Excell
24.20%
37.10%
12.40%
Tabasum Begum
40
Table 3: Main source of Information available in the Library

Name of Responses
the
Respondents
Proceedings
University
Periodicals
On-line
Library Books
%
Banaras
Hindu 29 30.1 23 23.4 5 6.2 18 18.1
University 75
Central
Library
Dr. Zakir
Husain 75 30 31.3 21 22.1 7 8.3 17 18.9
Central
Library
Table 3 shows that 30.1 % from BHU and 31.3% respondents from JMI are
respondents the main source of information is books.
Followed by Periodicals (23.4%) for BHU and 22.1% form JMI, On-line materials
(18.1%) for BHU and 18.9 form JMI, proceedings (8.3%) for BHU and 6.2% from
JMI in that order. Visit library to the study books.
1.6.4 Journals Frequently Demanded and Used by Researchers of
Arabic:
There are different kinds of consulted resources in the library such as
documents, books, journals, etc. There is a vast array research and inquiry into the
nature and process of human social stratification. Table 4 depicts information about
Fig 3: Main source of Information available in the Library
40
30
20
10
0
41
the most demanded journals in the library according to respondents.
Table 4 shows library information resources used by library users, here I have
observed 21% of respondents use Al- Raad journals, 17.2 % of respondents use Al-
Nida, followed by 18.7% respondents for Sautul Islamia, 22.1% of respondents
Saqafatul Hind journals from BHU and 22.4% of respondents use Al- Raad journals,
19.3% of respondents use Al- Nida, followed by 18.2% respondents for Sautul
Islamia, 20.5% of respondents Saqafatul Hind journals from JMI.
1.6.5 Relevancy of library collection for the courses:
The library is a place where all kinds of information are stored in a different
kind of container. The collection comprises different types of resources, different
types of books according to different courses. The table 5 gives the information about
the relevancy of library collection for the courses offered by the university according
to respondents.
Table 5 shows that 31.2% respondents from BHU with the relevancy of library
collection for the courses are
Table 4: Journals Frequently Demanded and Used by Researchers of Arabic
Responses
Name of the University
% % % as %
aq
Sa
af
utu ut
Respondents
l
l

Library

Banaras
Hindu 20 21.3 16 17.2 18 18.7 21 22.1
Univers
75
ity
Central
Library
Dr.
Zakir 75 21 22.4 18 19.3 17 18.2 19 20.5
Husain
Central
Library
found to be overall good and 32.4% from JMI. Thus most of the respondents are
found to be good with the relevancy of library collection for the courses offered by
the universities.
Tabasum Begum
42
1.6.6 Researcher Satisfaction of Library Services:

The different types of library services are available in the Banaras Hindu University
Library and
Fig 4: Journals Frequently Demanded and Used by Researchers of Arabic
25
20
15
10
5
0
Fig 5: Relevancy of library collection for the courses
40
30
20
10
0
Table 5: Relevancy of library collection for the courses

Name of the Responses
Respondents
University
Satisfactory
Library
Good
Poor
Fair
%
Banaras
Hindu 6 7.3 10 11.5 30 31.2 29 30.1
University 75
Central
Library
Dr. Zakir
Husain 75 5 6.2 11 10.1 31 32.4 28 29.3
Central
Library
43
Dr. Zakir Husain Library. The respondents were asked to indicate their satisfaction
level with the services provided by the Library in getting their required documents.
Table 6 shows the satisfaction level of the respondents with library services
Table no. 6 shows that 58.3 % respondents from BHU Research Scholars and 56.1
from JMI Research Scholars satisfied with the Library services provided to them.
Thus most of the users are found to be So satisfied with the library services and
revels all the respondents unanimously opined that they have used all the resources in
the library.
1.7 Findings :
The present study is aimed to examine the Information Use Pattern by the Research
Scholars of Arabic Studies in Banaras Hindu University and Jamia Millia Islamia.
The data were collected through questionnaire and interview method. The
Table 6: Researcher Satisfaction of Library Services
Name of the Responses
Respondents
University Yes % No %
Library
Banaras Hindu
University 75 57 58.3 18 19.5
Central Library
Dr. Zakir
Husain Central 75 55 56.1 20 21.2
Library
Fig 6: Researcher Satisfaction of Library Services
sample of study comprises 150 Arabic Ph.D scholars of the Banaras Hindu
University and Jamia Millia Islamia .Thos who are users of the central libraries.
1. The frequency of Library visit by the scholars and users are as follows:
55.1 % from BHU and 56.3% from JMI students are found to be using
library daily. Followed by 11.4% (weekly), 6.3% (Monthly), 6.1% rarely
for BHU students and 11.1% (weekly), 7.2 (Monthly) and 5.4% rarely in
Tabasum Begum
44
JMI respectively. This shows that the this two Universities central Library
are provides right information or literature as per the students requirements.
2. The computer knowledge of the respondents are found to be 35.2 % from
BHU and 37.1% respondents JMI are having good computer knowledge
followed by 25.4% fair, 5.1% poor and 13.1 % excellent from BHU,
24.2% fair, 6.3% poor and 12.4 % excellent from JMI. So this is because
some of the respondents are not aware with the information available on
computer or do not access to it.
3. As far as the main source of information in the Library is concerned, it is
observed that most of the respondents 30.1 % from BHU and 31.3%
respondents from JMI are respondents is books as their main source of
information in the central Library followed by the use of On-line materials
(18.1%) for BHU and 18.9 form JMI, proceedings (8.3%) for BHU and
6.2% from JMI. Thus it can conclude that most of the Banaras Hindu
University and Jamia Milia Islamia libraries users use the books.
4. User pattern of library resources revels that 21% respondents mostly
consulted and demanded library information resources used by library users
use Al- Raad journals, 17.2 % of respondents use Al- Nida, followed by
18.7% respondents for Sautul Islamia, 22.1% of respondents Saqafatul
Hind journals from BHU and 22.4% of respondents use Al- Raad journals,
19.3% of respondents use Al- Nida, followed by 18.2% respondents for
Sautul Islamia, 20.5% of respondents Saqafatul Hind journals from JMI.
Thus uses of is founded to be most popular among the respondents.
5. The relevancy of library collection for the courses in the BHU and JMI
library according to respondents shows that 31.2% respondents from BHU
with the relevancy of library collection for the courses are found to be
overall good and 32.4% from JMI. Thus it seems that the development
process
6. may take some more time to develop the collection materials in the library.
7. The data on the level of satisfaction of library services that 58.3 %
respondents of the users of BHU and 56.1 from JMI are satisfied with the
library services while 19.5% from BHU and 21.2% from JMI are
unsatisfied with the library services. This shows that the library is not
providing adequate support with regard to computer, internet use etc. to the
students as a result of which they are dissatisfied with the library services.
1.8 Suggestion from Users:
1 The library staff should provide library instruction to maximum use of the
collection. Most of the users are not aware with the functions and services
of library, they have to search for their
2. required documents in the library directly from the rack.
3. Proper evaluation of existing collection, users needs is to be conducted
before starting the collection.
4. With the change of course or with the introduction of new course, all the
recomended books must be made available in sufficient numbers.
45
5. Reference collection should be provided in a proper way. Most of the users

have no knowledge about the information collection.
6. There must be suggestion box in departmental library where students can
put their request for books and suggestion relating to the library collection
and services .
7. The Library should keep a register for collecting the request for new books
from the users.
8. There is a need of journal specific to Arabic subjects.
9. There is a need for a lot of language collection of books. There is a need of
more Arabic literature collection.
10.
1.9 CONCLUSION:
Information use pattern in Arabic language results from the recognition of some
need experienced by the user. This information use may take several forms. In
analyzing the Information user studies to draw interrelationship among concepts used
in the field. Research scholars almost always rely on the work of others working
within the some field. Scholars not actively involved in research also frequently
search for information to update professional information in order to perform best.
Information use is a basic activity indulged in by all people and manifested through a
particular behavior. It is also an aspect of scholarly work for academic librarians who
strive to develop collections, services, and organizational structures that facilitate
information seeking. Research suggests that when seeking information at work,
people rely on both other people and information repositories. The conscious need is
the need once it has been recognized by the users. Banaras Hindu University and
Jamia Millia Islamia Libraries needs to have facilities that promote and use of
information resources for all users. The Central Library of BHU and Dr. Zakir
Husain Library requires more and more collections and periodical collection related
to Arabic in particular subjects , with special attention being paid to reserve
collections.The library need to prepare well framed rules and guidelines with regard
to hours of access, circulation policies and other regulations to offer better services to
the users. A balances collection comprising the textbooks and reference books is to
be developed. To conclude, the BHU and JMI libraries needs good quality of
collection in Arabic subjects. The results of the study indicate that guidance and
training is required for the use of library resources and services.
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Sankaracharya University, Kalady: A Case Study, International Journal
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Dr. A. K. Jha
48

Technological innovation and its impact on banking industry in

India
Dr. A.K. JHA
ABSTRACT
Banking industry is backbone of Indian financial system and it is afflicted by many
challenging forces. One such force is technological innovation. In this Globalized
era, technology support is very important for the successful functioning of the
banking sector. This research paper focuses on the impact of technological
innovation in Indian banking industry. Technological innovation has enlarged the
role of banking sector in Indian economy. These innovation is comes into the reality
through the changes in the information technology. Information technology refers to
the acquisition, processing, storage and communication of all types of information by
using computer technology and telecommunication system. Information technology is
an integrated framework for acquiring and evolving of IT to achieve certain strategic
goal. For creating an efficient banking system, which can respond adequately to the
needs of growing economy, technology has a key role to play. In past one and a half
decade, banks in India have invested heavily in the technology such as Tele banking,
mobile banking, net banking, automated teller machines (ATMs), credit cards, debit
cards, smart cards, customer relationship management (CRM) software, electronic
payment systems and data warehousing and data mining solutions, to bring
improvements in quality of customer services and the fast processing of banking
operation. Heavy investments in IT have been made by the banks in the expectation
of improvement in their performance. But
improvement in the performance depends upon, differences in the deployment, use
and effectiveness of IT.
Keywords: Innovation, IT (Information- Technology); Banking Industry; CRM;

ATM
INTRODUCTION
Technological innovation in banking sector refers to the use of sophisticated
information and communication technologies together with computer science and
information technology to enable banks to offer better services to its customers in a
secure, reliable and affordable manner and sustain competitive advantage over other
banks. Banks are no longer restricted themselves to traditional banking activities, but
explore newer avenues to increase business and capture new market by implementing
the technological innovation.
In the development of Indian Economy, Banking sector plays a very important and
crucial role. With the implementation of technological innovation there had been an
Technological innovation and its impact on banking industry in India
49
increase in penetration, productivity and efficiency in the banking operation.

Technological innovation has not only increased the cost effectiveness but also has
helped in making small value transactions viable. Banking sector always stand at the
forefront of the economy and innovation has paramount concern to the application of
modern technical devices. Electronic delivery channels, ATMs, variety of cards, web
based banking, and mobile banking are the names of few examples which outcomes
with the implementation of technological innovation in Indian banking sector.
The customers have high expectations and have become more demanding now as
they are also more techno-savvy as compared to their counterparts of the yesteryears.
They demand instant, anything and anywhere banking facilities. Reserve Bank of
India has formulated many policies on adoption of technological innovation and
Information Technology in the overall working of the commercial banks in India.
OBJECTIVE
a) To analyze the role of Technological Innovation in Indian banking industry.
To examine the extent of use of the Technological Innovation enabled
services in Indian banking.
b. To assess various aspects of Technological Innovation based services
provided by Indian banks.
c. To review the implementation of Technological Innovation in Indian
Banking industry.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The present study is based on the secondary data collected from different journals,
magazines, sites and published data from various issues of RBI and different Public
sector banks. Various studies on this subject have also been referred in this study.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The Pioneer research work on impact of technological innovation in banking sector

and related literature has been reviewed for the purpose of this paper:
KPMG, Technology enabled transformation in Banking, The Economic Times
Banking Technology, Conclave 2011, this article has concluded that banking will be
transformed by new technology by 2015. Customer friendly products, delivery
channel, easy and accessible services and competitive pricing would be driving
forces-and technology shall pay a dominant role in all these.
Sobol and Cron (2006) Impact of information Technology on Indian banks,
this article has conducted the study to find the relationship between computerization
and several measures of overall firm performance. Three performance comparisons
are presented: users versus non-users of computers, three levels of usage, and class of
computer usage. Results indicate that computerization is related to overall
performance. Non-users tend to be small firms with about average overall
performance.
M.C.Sharma and Abinav Sharma Role of Information Technology in Indian
banking Sector This paper concludes that Indian public sector banks that hold
Dr. A. K. Jha
50
around 75 % of market share do have taken initiative in the field of IT. They are
moving towards the centralized database and decentralize decisions making process.
They posses enviable quality manpower. Awareness and appreciation of IT are very
much there. What is needed is a big push the way it was given in the post
nationalization period for expansionary activities.
Dr. Satish Tanaji Bhosale, Dr. B.S Sawant, Technological Developments in
Indian Banking Sector This paper talks about the role of banking sector in the
development of Indian Economy, So banks need to optionally leverage technology to
increase penetration, improve their productivity and efficiency, deliver cost-effective
products and services, provide faster. Efficient and convenient customer service and
thereby, contribute to overall growth and development of the country.
Narasimhan Committee (1998) The committee dealt with the issues on technology
up gradation and observed that the most of the technology that could be considered
suitable for India in some form or the other has been introduced in some diluted form
or as a pilot project, but the desired success has not been achieved because of the
reasons inter-alia lack of clarity and certainty on legal issues.
Technological Innovation in Indian banking industry

The technological Innovation of the Indian banking industry has been largely
directed by the various committees set up by the RBI and the government of India to
review the implementation of technological change. No major breakthrough in
technology implementation was achieved by the industry till the early 80s, though
some working groups and committees made stray references to the need for
mechanization of some banking processes. The early 1980s were instrumental in the
introduction of mechanization and computerization in Indian banks. This was the
period when banks as well as the RBI went very slow on mechanization, carefully
avoiding the use of computers to avoid resistance from employee unions. However,
this was the critical period acting as the icebreaker, which led to the slow and steady
move towards large scale technology adoption.
a) Important dates for the implementation of technology innovation in
Indian banking
b) The introduction of MICR based cheque processing a first for the region,
during the years 1986-88.
c) Arrival of card-based payments- Debit/ Credit card in late 1980s and 90s.
d) Introduction of Electronic Clearing Services (ECS) in late 1990s.
e) In 1994 RBI constituted a committee for technical up gradation of bank
Based on the recommendations of the committee the Institute for
Development and Research in Banking Technology (IDRBT) was
established in 1996.
f) In 1999 the collaborative efforts of IDRBT and RBI developed a satellite
based wide area network known as Indian Financial Network
(INFINET).The network is restrictive to be used by banks and financial
institutions only.
51
g) Introduction of Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT) in early 2000s.

h) Introduction of RTGS in March 2004.
i) Introduction of National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT) as a replacement
to Electronic Fund Transfer/Special Electronic Fund Transfer in 2005/2006.
j) Cheque Truncation System (CTS) or Image-based Clearing System (ICS), in
India, is a project undertaken by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in 2008,
for faster clearing of cheques.
Recent Trends of technological innovation in Indian banks

The banking industry in India is going through a period of rapid change to meet
competition, challenges of technology and the demand of end user. Clearly
technology is a key differentiator in the performance of banks. Banks need to look at
innovation not just for product but for process also.
The RBI has assigned priority to the up gradation of technological infrastructure in
financial system. Technology has opened new product and services, new market and
efficient delivery channels for banking industry. IT also provides the framework for
banking industry to meet challenges in the present competitive environment. IT
enables to cut the cost of global fund transfer. The recent trends of the
implementation of technological innovation are discussed as follows:
1. Use Of MICR Technology- Among the most important improvement in
paper based clearing system was the introduction of MICR (Magnetic Ink Character
Recognition) in the mid 1980s. MICR overcomes the limitation of clearing the
cheques within banking hours and thus enables the customer to get the credit quickly.
These are machine-readable codes added at the bottom of every cheque leaf which
helped in bank and branch-wise sorting of cheques for smooth delivery to the
respective banks on whom they are drawn. This no doubt helped in speeding up the
clearing process, but physical delivery of cheques continued even under this partial
automaton.
2. Automated Teller Machine (ATM) - ATMs were introduced to the
Indian banking industry in the early 1990s initiated by foreign banks. It is perhaps
most revolutionary aspect of virtual banking. The facility to use ATM is provided
through plastic cards with magnetic strip containing information about
the customer as well as the bank. In today's world ATMs are the most useful tool to
ensure the concept of "Any Time Banking" and "Any Where Banking.
The total number of ATMs installed in India by various banks as of end June 2012
was 99,218.The new private sector banks in India have the most offsite ATMs,
followed by off-site ATMs belonging to SBI and its subsidiaries and then by
nationalized banks and foreign banks, while on-site is highest for the nationalized
banks of India.
3. Core banking Solutions (CBS): Core banking system CBS refers to the
software applications for recording transactions, storing customer information,
calculating interest and completing the process of passing entries in a single
Dr. A. K. Jha
52
database. It means all branches are connected with a single network. Old generation
banks initially were hesitant about this but with the advent of new generation private
Branches and ATMs of scheduled commercial bank as on Dec-2014
Bank Type No. of On Site Off Site Total
Branches ATMS ATMs ATMs
Nationalized
Banks 33,627 38,606 22,265 60,871
State Bank of
India 13,661 28,926 22,827 51,753
Old Private
Sector Banks 4,511 4,761 4,624 9,385
New Private
Sector Banks 1,685 12,546 26,839 39,385
Foreign Banks 242 295 854 1,149
TOTAL 53,726 85,134 77,409 162,543
Sources: Wikipedia
sector banks in India during 1994-1996, the real era of bank marketing
started and these banks started to offer any-where and any-time banking facilities to
its customers.
4. Electronic Clearing Services (ECS) The ECS introduced by RBI in
1995 which is similar to automated clearing houses that are operational in other
countries like US. The ECS was the first version of Electronic Payments in India. It
is a mode of electronic funds transfer from one bank account to another bank account
using the mechanism of clearing house. It is very useful in case of bulk transfers
from one account to many accounts or vice- versa.ECS facility available at more than
74 Centers in India. The beneficiary has to maintain an account with the one of bank
at ECS centre. There are two types of ECS (Electronic Clearing Service):
(a) ECS- Credit - ECS credit clearing operates on the principle of single
debit multiple credits and is used for transactions like payment of salary, dividend,
pension, interest etc
(b) ECS-Debit- CS debit clearing service operates on the principle of single
credit multiple debits and is used by utility service providers for collection of
electricity bills, telephone bills and other charges and also by banks for collections of
principal and interest repayments.
Settlement under ECS is undertaken on T+1 basis. Any ECS user can
undertake the transactions by registering themselves with an approved clearing
house.
5. Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT) - The EFT System was implemented in
1995 covering 15 centers where the Reserve Bank managed the clearing houses.
Special EFT (SEFT) scheme, a variant of the EFT system, was introduced with effect
from April 1, 2003, in order to increase the coverage of the scheme and to provide
for quicker funds transfers. SEFT was made available across branches of banks that
were computerized and connected via a network enabling transfer of electronic
messages to the receiving branch in a straight through manner (STP processing). In
53
the case of EFT, all branches of banks in the 15 locations were part of the scheme,
whether they are networked or not.
6. Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) - RTGS was launched by RBI in
2004 which enabled a real time settlement on a gross basis. RTGS system is a funds
transfer mechanism where transfer of money takes place from one bank to another on
a real time and on gross basis. This is the fastest possible money transfer system
through the banking channel. Settlement in real time means payment transaction is
not subjected to any waiting period. The transactions are settled as soon as they are
processed. Gross settlement means the transaction is settled on one to one basis
without bunching with any other transaction. RTGS system is used only for large
value transactions and retail transactions take an alternate channel of electronic funds
transfer, a minimum threshold of one lakh rupees was prescribed for customer
transactions under RTGS on January 1, 2007.
7. NEFT: A new variant of the EFT called the National EFT (NEFT) was
decided to implemented (November 2005) so as to broad base the facilities of EFT.
This was a nationwide retail electronic funds transfer mechanism between the
networked branches of banks. NEFT provided for integration with the Structured
Financial Messaging Solution (SFMS) of the Indian Financial Network (INFINET).
The NEFT uses SFMS for EFT message creation and transmission from the branch
to the banks gateway and to the NEFT Centre, thereby considerably enhancing the
security in the transfer of funds. The commencement of NEFT led to discontinuation
of SEFT, and EFT is now available only for government payments.
8. National Electronic Clearing Service (NECS): The RBI has recently
launched the National Electronic Clearing Service (NECS), in September 2008,
which is an improvement over the ECS. Under NECS, all transactions shall be
processed at a centralized location called the National Clearing Cell, located in
Mumbai, as against the ECS, where processing is currently done at 74 different
locations. ECS system has a decentralized functioning, and requires users to prepare
separate set of ECS data centre-wise. Users are required to tie-up with local sponsor
banks for presenting ECS file to each ECS Centre. As on September 2008, 25000
branches of 50 banks participate in the NECS. Leveraging on the core banking
system, NECS is expected to bring more efficiency into the system.
9. CTS (Cheque Truncation System)- The CTS was launched on pilot
basis in new Delhi in 2008 with the participation of 10 Banks. Truncation means
stopping the flow of the physical cheques issued by a drawer to the drawee branch.
The physical instrument is truncated at some point en route to the drawee branch and
an electronic image of the cheque is sent to the drawee branch along with the
relevant information like the MICR fields, date of presentation, presenting banks etc.
This would eliminate the need to move the physical instruments across branches,
except in exceptional circumstances, resulting in an effective reduction in the time
required for payment of cheques, the associated cost of transit and delays in
processing, etc., thus speeding up the process of collection or realization of cheques.
Every bank customer is expected to obtain new cheque books from their respective
Dr. A. K. Jha
54
banks as early as possible preferably before the end of December 2012. All bank
customers should use only CTS 2010 cheques, which have more security features
with effect from 1 January 2013.
10. Development of Distribution Channels- The major and upcoming
channels of distribution in the banking industry, besides branches are ATMs, internet
banking, mobile and telephone banking and card based delivery systems.
11. Phone Banking- Customers can now dial up the banks designed
telephone number and he by dialing his ID number will be able to get connectivity to
banks designated computer. By using Automatic voice recorder (AVR) for simple
queries and transactions and manned phone terminals for complicated queries and
transactions, the customer can actually do entire non-cash relating banking on
telephone: Anywhere, Anytime.
12. Tele Banking-Tele banking is another innovation, which provided the
facility of 24 hour banking to the customer. Tele-banking is based on the voice
processing facility available on bank computers. The caller usually a customer calls
the bank anytime and can enquire balance in his account or other transaction history.
Tele banking is becoming popular since queries at ATMs are now becoming too
long.
13. Internet Banking-Internet banking enables a customer to do banking
transactions through the banks website on the Internet. It is a system of accessing
accounts and general information on bank products and services through a computer
while sitting in its office or home. This is also called virtual banking.
14. Mobile Banking-Mobile banking facility is an extension of internet
banking. Mobile banking services are provided to the customers having the credit
card accounts with bank. In mobile banking, the services are provided by the
association of banks and cellular service providers through SMS or WAP enabled
mobile instruments.
15. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) - (CRM) refers to the
methodologies and tools that help businesses manage customer relationships in an
organized way-finding, getting and retaining customers. CRM processes that help to
provide employees with the information they need to know their customers' wants
and needs and build relationships between the company and its customers.
CONCLUSION
Technological Innovation offers enormous potential and various opportunities to the
Indian banking sector. It provides
cost-effective, rapid and systematic provision of services to the customer. The
efficient use of technology has facilitated accurate and timely management of the
increased transaction volumes of banks which comes with larger customer base.
Indian banking industry is greatly benefiting from Technological revolution all over
the world.
The Indian banks lag far behind the international banks in providing online banking.
In fact, this is not possible without creating sufficient infrastructure or presence of
sufficient number of users. Technology is going to hold the key to future of banking.
55
So banks should try to find out the trigger of change. Indian Banks need to focus on
swift and continued infusion of technology. Indian banks may not be as
technologically advanced as their counterparts in the developed world, but they are
following the majority of international trends on the technological front.
REFERENCES
1. Chang Y., (2003), "Dynamics of Banking Technology Adoption: An
Application to Internet Banking, Department of Economics, University of
Warwick, January 2003.
2. Kaur Rupinder (2012) Impact of information Technology on customer
services with reference to selected banks in Chandigarh I.J.E.M.S, Vol.
3(4) 444-449
3. Kulkarni R V (2000), Changing Face of Banking from Brick and Mortar
Banking to E - Banking, IBA Bulletin (January)
4. Karimi, J., Somers, T. M., Gupta, Y. P. (2001), Impact of information
technology management practices on customer service, Journal of
Management Information Systems, Vol. 17 (4), pp. 125-158.
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GLOBAL JOURNAL OF

Dr. Suresh Sachdeva Dr. Brajesh Mishra

Dr. Mwafaq M. Dandan

Managing and Chief Editor

1. ROLE OF SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENT (SLAS) IN CLOUD 1

ISSN NO. 2394- 8965 GJMMS

Role of Service Level Agreement (SLAs) in Cloud based approach to

Keywords: Business Service Management (BSM), Service-Level Agreement (SLA),

relationships with customers, suppliers and colleagues; service quality

Touching on all the lifecycle processes within the Information Technology

Basic Components of Business Service Management (BSM)

Cloud Computing Environment

Cloud Deployment Models

Service Level Agreement (SLA)

Basic concepts for understanding the architecture of Service Level Agreement

representations of an SLA or SLA (T).The syntax-converters purpose is to convert

A broker component in the Advertisements System allows the exchange of templates

Main Building blocks of SLA Framework:

Various Innovative Considerations in SLA

1. Penalty management in SLA : Penalties are as essential to SLAs as gurantees , a

Runtime and Reliability Prediction:

In Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing (CCGrid), 2011 11th IEEE/ACM

Buyya, R., Broberg, J., & Goscinski, A. M. (Eds.). (2010). Cloud

ISSN NO. 2394- 8965 GJMMS

ECONOMIC THOUGHTS OF Dr. AMBEDKAR & THEIR

Dr. Ambedkars Advocacy for True & Real Freedom:

Dr. Ambedkars Thoughts about Industrialization:

entitled "National Dividend of India: A Historical and Analytical Study" which is

Dr. Ambedkars Financial Analysis:-

(C) Women Rights (Socio-Economic Upliftment of the Women) :

immense power, potentials & courage to contribute to economic development. But

(d) Concept of Dr. Ambedkar about Human Capital :

Baba Sahib opposed to Hindu Economy:

thoughts explore philosophy of human rights, individual development and fraternity.

9. Jadhav Narendra:"Neglected Economic Thought of Dr. Babasaheb

ISSN NO. 2394- 8965 GJMMS

A comparison of socio-cultural values in Japan and Iran based on

Before attempting an analysis, we need to review some basic concepts in sociology

Figure 1: A scheme of three-level structural analysis, after Takao

value; thus if a problem seems to be associated with a sociocultural attitude, it may

Table 1- Values in Japanese society arranged in clusters (produced by

Table 2- Values in Iranian society and the associated clusters(produced by

N(national) Prototype R(religious) Prototype

A-1 Individualism, with some emphasis on relations with the extended

A-2 Stronger National (melli) or Stronger Religious (mazhabi)

A-3 Loyalty to ones family and group, skepticism of others

B-1 Cleverness (zerangi) for success & achievement (outwitting

B-2 Pragmatism (practical rationalism)

B-3 Sophistication (through formal or self-education)

B-4 Iranian etiquette in speech called taarof (pleasantry)

C-1 Bravery & strength (shoja-at)

C-2 Zeal & honor (gheyrat)

C-3 Emotionalism (rage, sadness, sensitivity to insult, )

C-4 Frequent use of humor Conservative (more serious, less

D-1 Concern with material comfort:

More inclined to pursue More inclined to increase wealth

D-2 Aestheticism (beauty, art, poetry, ...)

E-1 Valuing friendship and its code (marefat, maram)

E-2 Hospitality to guests (mehman-navazi)

Cluster C includes a number of values that are in relative contradiction to the

Fortunately, the increasing usage of Internet-based social media in Iran by a growing

Hoffman, Diane M. 2000. Individualism and Individuality in American and

Morishima, Michio. 1982. Why Has Japan Succeeded? Western

ISSN NO. 2394- 8965 GJMMS