COVENANT UNIVERSITY

CANAANLAND, KM 10, IDIROKO ROAD

P.M.B 1023, OTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA.
TITLE OF EXAMINATION: TEST 1
COLLEGE: COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT: CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
SESSION: 2015/2016 SEMESTER: ALPHA
COURSE CODE: 517 CREDIT UNIT: 3
COURSE TITLE: INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
INSTRUCTION: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS TIME: 1 HOUR 30 MINS

1. (a) Define waste (2 marks)

(b) Discuss the four typical properties that define a hazardous waste giving at least one waste
material exhibiting such property. (8 marks)
2. (a) What are hazards that affect workers called? (2 marks)
(b) Discuss the four categories of such hazards giving at least one example of each.( 8 marks)
(c ) List five commandments of work place (2marks)
3. Discuss HAZOP (10 marks)
4. Discuss any of the four cases below (10 marks)
a) Flixborough Disaster [1974]
b) Bhopal Gas Tragedy [1984]
c) Chernobyl Disaster [1986]
d) Tokyo Nuclear/Tsunami disaster [2012?]

(a) Define waste

(8) (b) Discuss the four typical properties that define a hazardous waste giving at least one
waste material exhibiting such property.

1 (a) Waste: object - the holder discards, intends to discard or is required to discard (EU,
UNEnvP)

1(b) Ignitability e.g. petroleum distillates, Ethyl ethers

Corrosivity e.g. Acids, Conc Bases
Reactivity e.g. Acids, Conc Bases, chlorine bleach, ammonia
Toxicity e.g. Sodium cyanide
2. (2) (a) What are hazards that affect workers called?
(8) (b) Discuss the four categories of such hazards giving at least one example of each.

2(a) Occupational health Hazards, which may be divided into four categories:

i. Physical Hazards e.g noise, vibration, temperature and radiation.

ii Chemical Hazards e.g. noise, vibration, temperature and radiation.

iii Biological Hazards, as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi

iv Psychological Hazards e.g. Monotonous work, poor inter-personal relationship at work,

bad management practice, under (or over) promotion, and many more are examples of such
stresses that can cause psychological hazards

3. A hazard and operability study (HAZOP) is a procedure for the systematic, critical, examination of the operability
of a process. It is applied to either a process design or an operating plant to indicate potential hazards that may
arise from deviations from the intended design conditions. (2)

A formal procedure is to study the design, vessel by vessel and line by line using Guide Words to help generate
thought about the way deviations from the intended operating conditions can cause hazardous situations.
There are seven basic guide words used as outlined in the table below though they may be more than that in a
more advanced HAZOP study, depending on the complexity of the process. In addition to the guide words the
following definitions are important at this stage.

Intention: defines the intention of the designer; how the particular part of the process was intended to operate.
Deviations: these are departures from the designers intention which are detected by the systematic application of
guide words.
Causes: reasons why and how, the deviations occur. Only when deviation can be shown to have a realistic cause is
it treated as meaningful.
Consequences: the results that follow from the occurrence of a meaningful deviation.
Hazards: consequences that can cause damage and/or loss/injury. (2.5)

GUIDE WORDS (3.5)

No or Not
More
Less
As well as
Part of
Reverse
Other than

EAXAMPLE (2.5)

4. NARRATION (3.0)
CAUSES (2.0)
CONSEQUENCE (2.0)
PREVENTIVE MEASURES (3.0)
To avoid industrial accidents, the following rules must be strictly adhered to:
Everyone (management, employee, customers) should be responsible and
accountable for the safe conduct of their own activities.
There should be clear roles and lines of responsibility, authority and
accountability at all levels of the organization. And everyone has the right to tell
someone to stop a potentially dangerous or environmental threatening activity.
Everyone in the workforce must have adequate experience, knowledge, skills
and abilities to perform their work safely and competently.
Management must allocate adequate resources (money, time, effort) to ensure
work can be performed safely.
Hazards should be evaluated and appropriately controlled before work is
performed to provide adequate protection to staff, public and environment.
No work should be performed unless it can be done safely.
Working environment must be safe enough for operation.
Training of staff, at all levels and at regular time interval, must not be
compromised.