Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Class of 2016
Trachealis Muscle Contain few alveoli that start to function for gas
o Join free ends of the rings posteriorly exchange; alveoli increase in number
o Contraction reduces tracheal diameter Divide to form alveolar ducts
and assists in raising intrathoracic
pressure during coughing Alveolar Ducts
With numerous alveoli along their length
Primary Bronchus End in alveolar sacs which open into several
Respiratory epithelium is less tall and contains alveoli
fewer goblet cells Smooth muscle component appear knob-like
Lamina Propria is separated from submucosa by
a layer of smooth muscle (smooth muscle more Alveoli
prominent) Surface Epithelium
Submucosa contains fewer seromucinous glands Type I Pneumocytes (Small Alveolar Cells)
Cartilage exist as flattened plates rather than o About 40% of epithelium
distinct rings o Large, squamous cells
Has Bronchus Associated Lymphoid Tissue o Alveolar lining cells that is part of the
(BALT), component of diffuse MALT thin gaseous diffusion barrier
Type II Pneumocytes (Great Alveolar Cells)
Tertiary (Segmental) Bronchus o About 60% of epithelium
Respiratory epithelium has little o Rounded cells with large nuclei
pseudostratification with greatly diminished (dispersed chromatin and dispersed
goblet cell number nucleoli)
Lamina Propria is thin, elastic, and completely o Lamellar Bodies
encircled by smooth muscle disposed in a spiral Fine vacuoles in cytoplasm
manner that contain phopholipid
Submucosa has sparce seromucinous glands palmityl
Cartilage disposed to few irregular plates and phosphatidylcholine)
does not extend beyond the tertiary bronchi Storage and release site of
MALT are present in the adventitia surfactant
o Functions:
Secrete surfactant (tubular
Bronchiole myelin) which serves to
Ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells reduce surface tension,
o In the terminal and respiratory preventing alveolar collapse
bronchioles, goblet cells are replaced during expiration
by clara cells (tall columnar cells with Surfactant has
apical secretory granules) aqueous
< 1mm in diameter with no cartilage or hypophase and
submucosal gland components lipid monolayer
Smooth muscle and neuroendocrine cells are Retain capacity for cell
present division and can differentiate
to Type I Pneumocytes as
Terminal Part of the Respiratory Tree needed
Terminal Bronchioles
Smallest diameter passages of purely conducting Supporting Tissue
portion of respiratory tree Fine reticular, collagenous and elastic fibers with
Further divide to form respiratory bronchioles occasional fibroblasts
Elastin and septal collagen of the alveolar wall
Respiratory Bronchioles are continuous with those of adjacent alveoli
Ciliated cuboidal epithelium with clara cells (no Alveolar septum
goblet cells) o Composed of 3 laminar structures
o Clara cells are non-ciliated cells that constituted by a central basement
function to produce one component of membrane and 2 very thin cytoplasmic
surfactant, act as stem cells, and layers
detoxify noxious substances o Septa contains small openings called
alveolar pores of Kohn, which allow
Alveolar Macrophage
Found within alveolar spaces and septa
Function in the phagocytosis and removal of
unwanted material that gains access to the air
spaces
After phagocytosing particles:
o Most become trapped in mucus and
coughed up as sputum
o Others stay in septa
o Others gain access to lymphatic system
Pulmonary Vasculature
Large Elastic Pulmonary Artery
Pulmonary trunk, main right and left pulmonary
arteries, major lobar branches
Similar to the aorta with prominent elastic
lamellae as part of the tunica media
Layers are thinner and less substantial than the
aortic counterpart since intravascular pressures
are much lower
o Myoepithelial Cells
Force secretion from acinar
lumen into duct system on
contraction
Located between basal
plasma membranes of
secretory cells and basement
membrane
Minor Salivary Glands
o Secrete continuously under local
control
o Scattered throughout oral mucosa
Major Salivary Glands
o Secrete in response to
parasympathetic activity
o Parotid Gland
Composed mainly of serous
secretory units
Divided into numerous
lobules with supporting
tissue septa that convey
blood vessels, nerves, and
large excretory ducts
Main duct: Stensens
o Sublingual Gland
Composed mainly of mucous
secretory units
Large excretory duct lined by
stratified cuboidal epithelium
is present in tissue septum
As ducts merge to form
major excretory duct, lining
transforms into stratified
squamous epithelium
Contains occasional
adipocytes
Main ducts: Bartholin and
Rivinus
o Submandibular Gland
Composed of a mix of serous
and mucous secretory units
Mixed secretory units are
composed of mucous acini
with serous demilunes
Mucous cell nuclei are
condensed and flattened
Serous cell nuclei are
rounded and centrally-
positioned
Main duct: Whartons
Gallbladder
Muscular sac lined by simple columnar
epithelium (basal nuclei) with microvilli
Submucosa is loose and contains many elastin
fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics, which
drain water reabsorbed from bile during the
concentration process
Muscular layer has oblique, longitudinal, and
transverse orientations but no distinct layers
Rokitansky-Aschoff Bodies
o Normal feature that may be mistaken
for malignant proliferating gland in the
gallbladder
Pancreas
Lobulated gland covered by a thin collagenous
capsule which extends as delicate septa between
the lobules
Exocrine pancreas
Consists of closely packed secretory acini
Acinar Cells
o Each acinus is made up of an irregular
cluster of pyramid-shaped secretory
cells
o Apices of the cells project towards the
central lumen of a minute duct
o With basal nuclei and basophilic
cytoplasm
Centroacinar Cells
o Terminal lining cells of intercalated
ducts
o Located at the centers of the acini
Intercalated Ducts
o Simple low cuboidal epithelium
o Smallest of the tributaries that drain
into intralobular ducts interlobular
ducts
Endocrine pancreas
Forms islets of langerhans most numerous in the
tail of the pancreas
Main secretory products are insulin and
glucagon
Islets of Langerhans
o Composed of up to 3000 secretory
cells supported by fine collagenous
network with fenestrated capillaries
each enclosed by a capsule
o Each islet is supplied by three
arterioles and drained by six venules
o Secretory cells
Alpha cells (25%): glucagon
Beta cells (60%): insulin
Delta cells: somatostatin
Pineal Gland
Small spherical gland that lies in the midline of
the brain
Synthesizes melatonin that induces rhythmical
changes in the endocrine activity of the
hypothalamus, pituitary, ovaries, and testes in
response to light changes received by the retina
Secretory Cells
o Pinealocytes (Pineal Chief Cells)
Highly modified neurons
Round nuclei with granular
cytoplasm
Granules contain melatonin
and serotonin
o Neuroglial Cells
Similar to astrocytes
Pineal Sand
o Basophilic extracellular bodies
consisting of concentric layers of
calcium and magnesium phosphate in
an organic matrix
o Characteristic of aging pineal gland