Math Foundation

INFORMATION KIT
Information Kit Number: Allied /IK/FDN/MTH/01
Module: MATH FOUNDATION
Chapter: ARITHMETIC Chapter: GEOMETRY
Sub-chapter Level Sub-chapter Level

Number 1 Prepared by
Graphical Representation 1
Ahmad
Fraction & Decimal 1 Types of Graphs 1 Syazwan
Factors & Multiply 1 Nature and Use of Graphs 1 Husin
Ratio & Proportion 1 Graphs of Equation & 1
Average & Percentage 1 Functions
Review by
Chapter: ALGEBRA Zulkurnain
Salim
Sub-chapter Level
Addition & Subtraction 1
Multiplication 1
Division 1
Validate by
Use of brackets 1
Azrizal
Simple algebraic fraction 1 Arshad
Module: Math Foundation
Table of Content
Subject preference Date
Lecture class
Chapter Page
Tutorial/ Quiz
ARITHMETIC 4
Assignment/ Presentation ALGEBRA 32
Practical GEOMETRY 47
Validation
Examination
Assessment
This Training Kit is a property of Allied trainee and used for training purpose only. Not to be sold.
With reference Number: Allied/FDN/IK/MTH/01 Page 2
1.1 Number
A number is a mathematical object used to count, measure and label. The original examples are the natural numbers 1, 2, 3, and so
forth.
1.1.1 Types of number
Natural Numbers - the set of numbers, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,....., that we see and use every day. The natural numbers are
often referred to as the counting numbers and the positive integers.
Whole number: the natural numbers plus the zero.
Integers: Integers are like whole numbers, but they also include negative numbers ... but still no fractions allowed!
So, integers can be negative {-1, -2,-3, -4, -5, ... }, positive {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... }, or zero {0}
We can put that all together like this:
Integers = {..., -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ...}
Even and Odd Numbers
Even Numbers
Any integer that can be divided exactly by 2.

The last digit is 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8
Example: 24, 0, 6 and 38 are all even numbers
Odd Numbers
Any integer that cannot be divided exactly by 2 is an odd number.

The last digit is 1, 3, 5, 7 or 9
Example: 3, 1, 7 and 35 are all odd numbers
Odd numbers are in between the even numbers.
Prime Number and Composite Number
A Prime Number can be divided evenly only by 1 or itself and it must be a whole number greater than 1.
Example: 7 can only be divided evenly by 1 or 7, so it is a prime number.
6 can be divided evenly by 1, 2, 3 and 6 so it is NOT a prime number (it is a composite number).
Order of operations
Mathematics define a precise order in which all operations must be performed. This hierarchy is listed below. Where more than one case exists
the HIGHEST must be treated first
Order of Operations
Do things in Brackets First. Example:
6 (5 + 3) = 6 8 = 48
6 (5 + 3) = 30 + 3 = 33 (wrong)
Exponents (Powers, Roots) before Multiply, Divide, Add or Subtract. Example:
5 22 = 5 4 = 20
5 22 = 102 = 100 (wrong)

Multiply or Divide before you Add or Subtract. Example:
2+ 53 = 2 + 15 = 17
2+53 = 73 = 21 (wrong)
Otherwise just go left to right. Example:
30 5 3 = 6 3 = 18
30 5 3 = 30 15 = 2 (wrong)
Example
(3 + 6) 2 =
Brackets first:
First (3 + 6) = 9, then 9 2 = 18
12 / 6 3 / 2 ?
Multiplication and Division rank equally, so just go left to right:
First 12 / 6 = 2, then 2 3 = 6, then 6 / 2 = 3
Fraction and Decimal
FRACTIONS
5
A fraction is another way of writing a quotient "5 divided by 12" is written in fractional form as 12
and read " 5 over 12"
The divisor is placed below the line and is called denominator
A vulgar fraction is a fraction having the numerator above and the denominator below
5 numerator
12 denominator
A fraction is called a proper fraction when the numerator is smaller than denominator
A fraction is called an improper fraction when the numerator is greater than the denominator
12 5
i.e is an improper fraction is a proper fraction
5 12
improper fractions may be expressed as a combination of a whole number and a proper fraction
When expressed this form, they are called mixed numbers
1
4 is a mixed number
3
Adding Fractions
There are 3 Simple Steps to add fractions:
Step 1: Make sure the bottom numbers (the denominators) are the same
Step 2: Add the top numbers (the numerators), put the answer over the denominator
Step 3: Simplify the fraction (if needed)
Example 1:
1 1
+
4 4
Step 1. The bottom numbers (the denominators) are already the same. Go straight to step 2.
Step 2. Add the top numbers and put the answer over the same denominator:
1 1 2
4
+4= 4
Step 3. Simplify the fraction:
2 1
=
4 2
Another example:
5 1 6 3
/8 + /8 = /8 = /4
Adding Fractions with Different Denominators
3 1
/8 + /4 =
Step 1: Make sure the bottom numbers (the denominators) are the same
In this case we multiply denominator 4 by 2 (4 2 = 8 )
3 2 5
/8 + /8 = /8
Subtract fractions
There are 3 simple steps to subtract fractions
Step 1. Make sure the bottom numbers (the denominators) are the same
Step 2. Subtract the top numbers (the numerators). Put the answer over the same denominator.
Step 3. Simplify the fraction (if needed).
Example 1:
3 1
-
4 4
Step 1. The bottom numbers are already the same. Go straight to step 2.
Step 2. Subtract the top numbers and put the answer over the same denominator:
3 1 31 2
- = =
4 4 4 4
2 1
=
4 2
Example 2:
Step 1. The bottom numbers are different. See how the slices are different sizes? We need to make them the same before we can continue, because
we can't subtract them like this:
1 1
/2 /6
To make the bottom numbers the same, multiply the top and bottom of the first fraction (1/2) by 3 like this:
1 3
=
2 6
3
/6 1/6
Step 2. Subtract the top numbers and put the answer over the same denominator:

-=
Multiplying Fraction
There are 3 simple steps to multiply fractions
1. Multiply the top numbers (the numerators).
2. Multiply the bottom numbers (the denominators).
3. Simplify the fraction if needed.
Example:
1 2
2 5
Step 1. Multiply the top numbers:
1 2 12 2
= =
2 5
Step 2. Multiply the bottom numbers:
1 2 12 2
= =
2 5 25 10
2 1
=
10 5
Dividing Fraction
There are 3 Simple Steps to Divide Fractions:
Step 1. Turn the second fraction (the one you want to divide by) upside down (this is now a reciprocal).
Step 2. Multiply the first fraction by that reciprocal
Step 3. Simplify the fraction (if needed)
Example:
1 1

2 6
Step 1. Turn the second fraction upside down (it becomes a reciprocal):
1 6
becomes
6 1
Step 2. Multiply the first fraction by that reciprocal:
1 6 16 6
= =
2 1 21 2
6
= 3
2
Converting fraction to decimals
Remember that a fraction can be regarded as a division. To convert a fraction to decimal we simply perform that division
3
= 3 4 = 0.75
4
Decimals
A decimal is any number in our base-ten number system. Specifically, we will be using numbers that have one or more digits to the right of the
decimal point in this unit of lessons. The decimal point is used to separate the ones place from the tenths place in decimals. (It is also used to
separate dollars from cents in money.) As we move to the right of the decimal point, each number place is divided by 10
Examples:
7/10 is a decimal fraction and it can be shown as 0.7
Place Value
Addition of Decimals
The most important thing about adding decimals is that when you write them in column you keep numbers of the same place value in the same
column.
This can be done easily with decimals by ensuring that decimal points are in a column one under the other
Examples:
25.2 + 3.546 + 0.31 + 16.02 becomes
25.2
3.546
0.31
+ 16.02
45.076
Subtraction
This is done in the same way as subtracting whole numbers and again we ensure the correct place value of the numbers by
putting the decimal point under one another.
Examples: 28.37 - 9.526
Can be expressed as.
29.37
-9.526
18.844
Note: If the decimal points are lined up, a zero is implied if there is no number in a column
Multiplication of decimals
To multiply numbers which have a decimals point , first carry out the multiplication as if neither number had a decimal point, for example to
multiply 7.962 by 2.14 you would multiply 7962 x 214
Example: 7962 7.962 has three figures after the decimal point and 21.4
X 214 has one figure after the decimal point so the answer must
31848 be (3 + 1) figures that decimal point. Hence the answer is
79620 170.3868
1592400
1703868
Division of Decimals
Step 1: Count the number of decimal places in divisor
Step 2: Move the decimal points to the right in both the divisor and the dividend as the results of step 1 : that is, the number of decimal places required
to have the decimal point after the last digit in the divisor
Step 3: write the divisor and the dividend in long division form and divide as if they were whole number
Step 4: the decimal points in the results should be aligned with the decimal point of the dividend
Factors and Multiply
Factors and multiples are both to do with multiplication:
Factors are what we can multiply to get the number
Multiples are what we get after multiplying the number by an integer (not a fraction).
Factors
"Factors" are the numbers we can multiply together to get another number:
2 and 3 are factors of 6
A number can have many factors.
Example
3 4 = 12, so 3 and 4 are factors of 12
Also 2 6 = 12, so 2 and 6 are also factors of 12,
And 1 12 = 12, so 1 and 12 are factors of 12 as well.
AND because multiplying negatives makes a positive 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12 are also factors of 12:
(1) (12) = 12
(2) (6) = 12
(3) (4) = 12
So ALL the factors of 12 are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12

AND 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12
Multiples
A multiple is the result of multiplying a number by an integer (not a fraction).
Example: Multiples of 3:
..., 9, 6, 3, 0, 3, 6, 9, ...
So we know that 12 is a multiple of 3, as 3 4 = 12
But 7 is NOT a multiple of 3
Example: Multiples of 5:
..., 15, 10, 5, 0, 5, 10, 15, ...
So we know that 30 is a multiple of 5, as 5 6 = 30
But 11 is NOT a multiple of 5
The multiples of a whole number are found by taking the product of any counting number and that whole number. For example, to find the
multiples of 3, multiply 3 by 1, 3 by 2, 3 by 3, and so on. To find the multiples of 5, multiply 5 by 1, 5 by 2, 5 by 3, and so on. The multiples are
the products of these multiplications. Some examples of multiples can be found below. In each example, the counting numbers 1 through 8 are
used. However, the list of multiples for a whole number is endless. The multiplication at the end of each list below lets us know that the list
really goes on forever.
Example 1: Find the multiples of the whole number 4.

Multiplication: 4x1 4x2 4x3 4x4 4x5 4x6 4x7 4x8
Multiples of 4: 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
Solution: The multiples of 4 are 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32,...

Multiples of 5: 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Multiples of 7: 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56
Measurement
Every measurement requires a number, and a unit.

Fundamental quantities
A fundamental quantity is one which does not depend on any other measurement, and the unit size was selected in an arbitrary fashion.
Fundamental units
These are the basic units of measurement, and are the units of length, mass and time
There are in general two widely used sets of units:
1. Metric, or SI (systme internationale),
2. Imperial or British
DERIVDERIVED QUANTITIES
A derived quantity has units which are defined in terms of the basic (or fundamental) units.
For example, volume and density, below
QUANTITY SI UNIT IMPERIAL UNIT

Length meter,, (m) foot (ft.) , inch (in) , mile
Time second (s) , hour (h) second (s) , hour (h)

Area square meter (m2), area (a), square foot (ft2 or sq. ft.) square inch (sq.
in)
Volume cubic meter (m3) , liter (L) cubic foot (cu ft. or ft3) ,cubic inch (cu in
or in3) ,gallon (gal) pint (pt.)
Mass kilogram (kg) ton (t) , gram (g) pound (lb.) slug
Speed meter/second (m/s) mile/hour (mph)

kilometer/hour (km/h) foot/second (ft./s)
Force Newton (N) pound weight (lb. wt.)
pound force (lb. f)
Pressure Pascal (Pa), pound/square foot
(lb./sq. ft.) pound/square inch
(psi or lb./sq. in)
Density Kilograms/cubic meter Pounds/cubic foot
(kg/m3 (lb./ft. 3)
CONVERSION OF UNITS (Converting Units to a Different Prefix)
Many of the basic units will be either too large or too small for normal usage. To overcome this problem, we use multiples of the basic units.
In the Table aside, we prefix the basic unit as shown in the following table. Each prefix is based on a certain power of 10, which can be either
positive or negative
Example:
1. Convert 2000 g to kg.
1 kg = 1000 g; so 2000 1000 = 2kg
2. Convert 3600 V to kV
Ratio and Proportion
Ratio
A "ratio" is just a comparison between two different things. For instance, someone can look at a group of people, count noses, and refer to the
"ratio of men to women" in the group. Suppose there are thirty-five people, fifteen of whom are men. Then the ratio of men to women is 15 to
20.
Notice that, in the expression "the ratio of men to women", "men" came first. This order is very important, and must be respected: whichever
word came first, its number must come first. If the expression had been "the ratio of women to men", then the numbers would have been "20
to 15".
Expressing the ratio of men to women as "15 to 20" is expressing the ratio in words. There are two other notations for this "15 to 20" ratio:
odds notation: 15 : 20
fractional notation: 15/20
I had expressed the ratio as a fraction, namely, 15/20. This fraction reduces to 3/4. This means that you can also express the ratio of men to
women as 3/4, 3 : 4, or "3 to 4".
This points out something important about ratios: the numbers used in the ratio might not be the absolute measured values. The ratio "15 to
20" refers to the absolute numbers of men and women, respectively, in the group of thirty-five people. The simplified or reduced ratio "3 to 4"
tells you only that, for every three men, there are four women. The simplified ratio also tells you that, in any representative set of seven people
(3 + 4 = 7) from this group, three will be men. In other words, the men comprise 3/7 of the people in the group. These relationships and
reasoning are what you use to solve many word problems:
Proportions
Proportion says that two ratios (or fractions) are equal.
Example:
So 1-out-of-3 is equal to 2-out-of-6
The ratios are the same, so they are in proportion.
Example: Rope
A ropes length and weight are in proportion.
When 20m of rope weighs 1kg, then:
40m of that rope weighs 2kg
200m of that rope weighs 10kg
So:
201 = 402
Sizes
When shapes are "in proportion" their relative sizes are the same.
Average and Percentage
Definition of Average
A calculated "central" value of a set of numbers.

To calculate: add up all the numbers, then divide by how many numbers there are.
Example: what is the average of 2, 7 and 9?

Add the numbers: 2 + 7 + 9 = 18
Divide by how many numbers (i.e. we added 3 numbers): 18 3 = 6
So the average is 6
Percentage (%)
When we say "Percent" we are really saying "per 100"
One percent (1%) means 1 per 100.
1% of this line is shaded green: it is very small isn't it?
50% means 50 per 100

(50% of this box is green)
25% means 25 per 100

(25% of this box is green)
Examples:
100% means all.
Example:
100
100% of 80 is 80 = 80
100
50% means half.
Example:
50
50% of 80 is 80 = 40
100
5% means 5/100ths.
Example:
5
5% of 80 is 80 = 4
100
ALGEBRA
Algebraic Expressions- Introduction to Algebra
- 2 = 4
So we write:
x - 2 = 4
And when we solve it we write:
x = 6
Algebra is just like a puzzle where we start with something like "x 2 = 4" and we want to end up with something like "x = 6".
But instead of saying "obviously x=6", use this neat step-by-step approach:
Work out what to remove to get "x = ..."
Remove it by doing the opposite (adding is the opposite of subtracting)
Do that to both sides
To remove it, do
We want to
the opposite, Do it to both sides: Which is ... Solved!
remove the "-2"
in this case add 2:
An equation says that two things are equal. It will have an equals sign "=" like this:
x + 2 = 6
That equation says: what is on the left (x + 2) is equal to what is on the right (6)
So an equation is like a statement "this equals that"
Parts of an Equation
Here we have an equation that says 4x 7 equals 5, and all its parts:
A Variable is a symbol for a number we don't know yet. It is usually a letter like x or y
A number on its own is called a Constant.
A Coefficient is a number used to multiply a variable (4x means 4 times x, so 4 is a coefficient)

Sometimes a letter stands in for the number:
Example: ax2 + bx + c
x is a variable
a and b are coefficients
c is a constant
An Operator is a symbol (such as +, , etc) that shows an operation (ie we want to do something with the values).
A Term is either a single number or a variable, or numbers and variables multiplied together.
An Expression is a group of terms (the terms are separated by + or signs)
Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Expressions
Before we see how to add and subtract integers, we define terms and factors.
Terms and Factors
A term in an algebraic expression is an expression involving letters and/or numbers (called factors), multiplied together.
Example 1
The algebraic expression:
5x
is an example of one single term. It has factors 5 and x.
The 5 is called the coefficient of the term and the x is a variable.
Example 2
5x + 3y has two terms.

First term: 5x, has factors 5 and x
Second term: 3y, has factors 3 and y
The 5 and 3 are called the coefficients of the terms.
Example 3
The expression 3x 7ab+2e4

has three terms.
First term: 3x2 has factors 3 and x2
Second term: 7ab has factors 7, a and b
Third Term: 2e; has factors 2,e, and
The 3, 7 and 2 are called coefficients of the terms.
Like Terms
"Like terms" are terms that contain the same variables raised to the same power.
Example
3x2 and 7x2 are like terms.

-8x2 and 5y2 are not like terms, because the variable is not the same.
Adding and Subtracting Terms
Important: We can only add or subtract like terms.
Example 6
Simplify 13x + 7y 2x + 6a
Answer
13x + 7y 2x + 6a
The only like terms in this expression are 13x and 2x. We cannot do anything with the 7y or 6a.
So we group together the terms we can subtract, and just leave the rest:
(13x 2x) + 6a + 7y
= 6a + 11x + 7y
We usually present our variables in alphabetical order, but it is not essential.
Algebra Multiplication
4 = 8
1. So we might write:
x 4 = 8
2. We put the number next to the letter to mean multiply:
4x = 8
3. And the answer is written:
2
x =
How to Solve
Remove it by doing the opposite

Do that to both sides
And what is the opposite of multiplying? Dividing!
Have a look at this example:
To remove it, do
We want to
the opposite, in Do it to both sides: Which is ... Solved!
remove the "4"
this case divide by 4:
Multiplication of Algebraic Expressions
Example 1
Multiply x3(x4 + 5a)
Algebra Division
Solve this one:
x / 3 = 5
Start with: x/3 = 5
What we are aiming for is an answer like "x = ...", and the divide by 3 is in the way of that!
If we multiply by 3 we can cancel out the divide by 3 (because 3/3=1)
So, let us have a go at multiplying by 3 on both sides: x/3 3 = 5 3
A little arithmetic (3/3 = 1 and 53 = 15) becomes: 1x = 15
Which is just: x = 15
Solved!
(Quick Check: 15/3 = 5)
Example of division of algebraic expressions involve simplifying and cancelling.
Simplify 3ab(4a2b5)
8a2b3
How do we solve this?
x /3 + 2 = 5
We solve it in stages.
First let us get rid of the "+2":
Start with: x/3 + 2 = 5
To remove the plus 2 use minus 2 (because 2-2=0) x/3 + 2 -2 = 5 -2
A little arithmetic (2-2 = 0 and 5-2 = 3) becomes: x/3 + 0 = 3
Which is just: x/3 = 3
Start with: x/3 = 3
If we multiply by 3 we can cancel out the divide by 3: x/3 3 = 3 3
A little arithmetic (3/3 = 1 and 33 = 9) becomes: 1x = 9
Which is just: x=9
Solved!
(Quick Check: 9/3 + 2 = 3+2 = 5)
Multiplying out brackets
Remember that a term outside the bracket is multiplying everything inside the bracket.
You also need to remember some basic algebra shorthand:
2a means 2 times a.
ab means a times b.
a2 means a times a.
Example:
Multiply out: 3(4x - 7)
1. First multiply: 3 4x = 12x

2. Then multiply: 3 -7 = - 21
3. Therefore: 3(4x - 7) = 12x - 21
Multiply out 2(9y + 5)
Every term in the brackets gets multiplied by 2.

2 9y = 18y
2 5 = 10
2(9y + 5)= 18y + 10
Algebra Expanding
"Expanding" means removing the ( )

Whatever is inside the ( ) needs to be treated as a "package".
So when multiplying: multiply by everything inside the "package".
Example: Expand 3 (5+2)
3 (5+2) = 3 5 + 3 2
It is now expanded.
We could also go on to calculate that it equals 15 + 6 = 21
In Algebra putting two things next to each other usually means to multiply.
So 3(a+b) means to multiply 3 by (a+b)
Algebraic Fraction
We can add, subtract, multiply and divide fractions in algebra in the same way we do in simple arithmetic.
Adding Fractions
To add fractions there is a simple rule:
Example:
x y (2)(y)
(2)(5) + = (x)(5) +
2 5 (2)(5)
5x+2y
=
10
Example:
x+4 x3
(3)(4) + = (x+4)(4) + (3)(x-3)
3 4
4x+16+3x9
=
12
7x+7
=
12
Subtracting Fractions
Subtracting fractions is very similar to adding, except that the + is now -
Example:
x+2 x (x)(x)
- = (x + 2)(x 2) -
x x2 x(x2)
x
= (x2 22)
x2x
4
=
x2x
Multiplying Fractions
Multiplying fractions is the easiest one of all, just multiply the tops together, and the bottoms together:
Example:
3x x 3x
=
x2 3 3(x2)
x
=
x2
Dividing Fractions
To divide fractions, first "flip" the fraction we want to divide by, then use the same method as for multiplying:
Example:
3y y 3y 2
=
x+1 2 x+1 y
(3y)(2)
=
(x+1)(y)
6y
=
(x+1)(y)
6y
=
x+1
Geometry
Geometry is all about shapes and their properties.
Geometry can be divided into:
Plane Geometry is about flat shapes like lines, circles and triangles ... shapes that can
be drawn on a piece of paper
Solid Geometry is about three dimensional objects like cubes, prisms, cylinders and
spheres.
Point, Line, Plane and Solid
A Point has no dimensions, only position

A Line is one-dimensional
A Plane is two dimensional (2D)
A Solid is three-dimensional (3D
Graphical Representation
Graphs
Graphs are a pictorial method of displaying numerical data that enables you to quickly visualize certain relationships, complete complex calculations
and predict trends.
Types of graph
There are four basic types of graphs.
1. The pictograph
2. Pie chart
3. The bar graph
4. The line graph
Pictograph
Each image stands for a certain number of things.
Example: Apples Sold
Here is a pictograph of how many apples were sold at the local shop over 4 months:
Note that each picture of an apple means 10 apples (and the half-apple picture means 5 apples).
So the pictograph is showing:
In January 10 apples were sold

In February 40 apples were sold
In March 25 apples were sold
In April 20 apples were sold
But it is not very accurate: in the example above we can't show just 1 apple sold, or 2 apples sold etc.
Pie Chart
Pie Chart: a special chart that uses "pie slices" to show relative sizes of data.
Imagine you just did a survey of your friends to find which kind of movie they liked best.
Here are the results:
Table: Favorite Type of Movie
Comedy Action Romance Drama SciFi
4 5 6 1 4
You could show that by this pie chart:
How to Make the pie chart ?
1. First, put your data into a table (like above), then add up all the values to get a total:
Comedy Action Romance Drama SciFi TOTAL
4 5 6 1 4 20
2. Next, divide each value by the total and multiply by 100 to get a percent:
4 5 6 1 4 20
4/20 = 20% 5/20 = 25% 6/20 = 30% 1/20 = 5% 4/20 = 20% 100%
3. Now you need to figure out how many degrees for each "pie slice" (correctly called a sector).
A Full Circle has 360 degrees, so we do this calculation:
4 5 6 1 4 20
4/20 = 20% 5/20 = 25% 6/20 = 30% 1/20 = 5% 4/20 = 20% 100%
4/20 360 5/20 360 6/20 360 1/20 360 4/20 360
360
= 72 = 90 = 108 = 18 = 72
4. Draw a circle.
5. Then use your protractor to measure the degrees of each sector.
Bar Graphs
A Bar Graph (also called Bar Chart) is a graphical display of data using bars of different heights.
Imagine you just did a survey of your friends to find which kind of movie they liked best:
Comedy Action Romance Drama SciFi
4 5 6 1 4
We can show that on a bar graph like this:
Line Graphs
A graph that shows information that is connected in some way (such as change over time)
You are learning facts about dogs, and each day you do a short test to see how good you are. These are the results:
Table: Facts I got Correct
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4
3 4 12 15
And here is the same data as a Line Graph:
Let's draw a Line Graph for this data:
Table: Ice Cream Sales
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
$410 $440 $550 $420 $610 $790 $770
1. And let's make the vertical scale go from $0 to $800, with tick marks every $200
2. Draw a vertical scale with tick marks
3. Label the tick marks, and give the scale a label
4. Draw a horizontal scale with tick marks and labels
5. Put a dot for each data value
6. Connect the dots and give the graph a title
Make sure to have:
1. Vertical scale with tick marks and labels

2. Horizontal scale with tick marks and labels
3. Data points connected by lines
4. A Title
Nature and Use of Graph
Graph Interpretation
Interpretation
In the above figures blue M & M has the most, about 18 candies , Red M & M has the least about 5 candies
The orange candies is the 2nd most with 12 candies.
The Green candies is about half the blue candies with 7 candies as suggested by relative length of the respective bars
Histogram:
In some cases, the horizontal axis represents a continuous variable but it is grouped into intervals. A bar graph can then be constructed representing
the frequency with which numbers in each interval occur.
In this case, no space is left between the bars. The resulting graph is called a HISTOGRAM.
NUMBER SCORE ON
OF STUDENTS FINAL
5 0-20
9 20-40
20 40-60
40 60-80
20 80-100
The Line Graph
Both bar graphs and line graphs have a vertical axis and a horizontal axis.
The most appropriate use of the line graph is to display data that is continuous along both axes.
While the data may be available only at certain intervals, the connecting line segments suggest continuity of pattern - which may in fact be accurate or
only approximate.
Example:
Interpretation: In Figure 18, the dots represent the temperatures recorded at each hour, (e.g. 38 at 9am, and 43 at noon), and the
connecting line segments approximate the temperatures between recording times.
Overall, the line suggests a gradually rising temperature during the hours reported. This is an example of a trend.
Graphs of Equations and Functions
Graph of an Equation
The set of points where the equation is true
Equation of a Straight Line
The equation of a straight line is usually written this way:
y = mx + c
"y = mx + c"
y = how far up
x = how far along
m = Slope or Gradient (how steep the line is)
c = the Y Intercept (where the line crosses the Y axis)
m = change in y
change in x
Example 1
m = = 2
c = 1 (where the line crosses the Y-Axis)
So: y = 2x + 1
With that equation you can now choose any value for x and find the matching value for y
For example, when x is 1:
y = 21 + 1 = 3
Check for yourself that x=1 and y=3 is actually on the line.
Or we could choose another value for x, such as 7:
y = 27 + 1 = 15
And so when x=7 you will have y=15
Example: y = x2-5
We can plot some points where

the equation is true:
x y = x2-5
-2 -1
0 -5
1 -4
3 4
And now the set of all points:

Here we have a lot more points:
(within the range of the graph)
Example: y = x3 - 5x
With these calculated points:
x y = x3-5x
-2 2
0 0
2 -2
We might think this is the graph:
But this is the real graph:

Math Foundation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Math Foundation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

INFORMATION KIT

Information Kit Number: Allied /IK/FDN/MTH/01

Module: MATH FOUNDATION

Chapter: ARITHMETIC Chapter: GEOMETRY

Sub-chapter Level Sub-chapter Level

1.1.1 Types of number

Whole number: the natural numbers plus the zero.

We can put that all together like this:

Integers = {..., -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ...}

Even and Odd Numbers

Any integer that can be divided exactly by 2.

Any integer that cannot be divided exactly by 2 is an odd number.

Prime Number and Composite Number

Do things in Brackets First. Example:

5 22 = 102 = 100 (wrong)

Multiplication and Division rank equally, so just go left to right:

First 12 / 6 = 2, then 2 3 = 6, then 6 / 2 = 3

Fraction and Decimal

There are 3 Simple Steps to add fractions:

Step 3: Simplify the fraction (if needed)

Step 3. Simplify the fraction:

Adding Fractions with Different Denominators

In this case we multiply denominator 4 by 2 (4 2 = 8 )

There are 3 simple steps to subtract fractions

Step 3. Simplify the fraction (if needed).

Step 3. Simplify the fraction:

There are 3 simple steps to multiply fractions

1. Multiply the top numbers (the numerators).

2. Multiply the bottom numbers (the denominators).

3. Simplify the fraction if needed.

Step 2. Multiply the bottom numbers:

Step 3. Simplify the fraction:

There are 3 Simple Steps to Divide Fractions:

Step 3. Simplify the fraction (if needed)

Step 2. Multiply the first fraction by that reciprocal:

Step 3. Simplify the fraction:

25.2 + 3.546 + 0.31 + 16.02 becomes

Examples: 28.37 - 9.526

Can be expressed as.

31848 be (3 + 1) figures that decimal point. Hence the answer is

Step 1: Count the number of decimal places in divisor

Factors and multiples are both to do with multiplication:

Factors are what we can multiply to get the number

2 and 3 are factors of 6

A number can have many factors.

3 4 = 12, so 3 and 4 are factors of 12

Also 2 6 = 12, so 2 and 6 are also factors of 12,

And 1 12 = 12, so 1 and 12 are factors of 12 as well.

So ALL the factors of 12 are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12

A multiple is the result of multiplying a number by an integer (not a fraction).

So we know that 12 is a multiple of 3, as 3 4 = 12

But 7 is NOT a multiple of 3

..., 15, 10, 5, 0, 5, 10, 15, ...

So we know that 30 is a multiple of 5, as 5 6 = 30

But 11 is NOT a multiple of 5

Example 1: Find the multiples of the whole number 4.

Example 2: Find the multiples of the whole number 5.

Example 3: Find the multiples of the whole number 7.

Every measurement requires a number, and a unit.

QUANTITY SI UNIT IMPERIAL UNIT

Time second (s) , hour (h) second (s) , hour (h)

Speed meter/second (m/s) mile/hour (mph)

CONVERSION OF UNITS (Converting Units to a Different Prefix)

Ratio and Proportion