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2016 : veekshanam2003@gmail.com, www.veekshanam.wordpress.com 67
VEEKSHANAM Telugu Monthly Journal of Political Economy and Society - 178 - May 2016  ISSN 2231-6892
 RNI Regn.No.APTEL/2003/11482  Published on 27/04/2016  Postal Regn. No. L II/RNP/HD/1100/2014-16

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With Best Compliments

P. Poleswara Rao
RETIRED POST MASTER
TENALI
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and Published at 3-6-394, Mythri Residency, Street No. 3, Himayatnagar, Hyderabad 500 029. Editor : N. Venugopal Rao

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