Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PUBLIC DRAFT
NOVEMBER 2017
This study was prepared
under contract with
Development Authority of
the North Country, New
York, with financial support
from the Office of Economic
Adjustment, Department
of Defense. The content
does not necessarily reflect
the views of the Office of
Economic Adjustment.
PUBLIC DRAFT BACKGROUND REPORT
Prepared for:
Prepared by:
November 2017
This study was prepared under contract with the Development Authority of the North Country, New York, with financial support from the
Office of Economic Adjustment, Department of Defense. The content reflects the views of the Development Authority of the North Country
and the jurisdictions, agencies, organizations, and other stakeholders involved in the development of this study and do not necessarily
reflect the views of the Office of Economic Adjustment.
TheFortDrumJointLandUseStudy(JLUS)wasdevelopedthroughacollaborativepartnershipof
representativesfromvariedstakeholdersincludinglocalcommunities,conservationgroups,industrial
windenergydevelopers,FortDrum,andotherregionalentities.TwoJLUScommitteestheSteering
CommitteeandtheTechnicalWorkingGroupprovideddirectionandtechnicaloversightonthe
documentandwerecomposedofrepresentativesfromthestakeholdergroups.WhiletheFortDrum
JLUSwasdevelopedthroughacollaborativeeffort,notallofthestakeholdersagreedwitheach
individualfindingwithinthedocument.Thefollowingpagesidentifytheindividualsthatformally
participatedinthedevelopmentoftheFortDrumJLUS.
Steering Committee
TheSteeringCommittee(SC)servedanactiveandimportantroleinprovidingpolicydirectionduring
thedevelopmentoftheFortDrumJLUS.TheSCwascomposedofthefollowingindividuals:
ScottAllen,TownSupervisor StephenJennings,Councilman
TownofPamelia CityofWatertown
JoelBartlett,TownSupervisor COLBryanLaske,FormerGarrison
TownofWatertown Commander
FortDrum
MichaelCappellino,TownSupervisor
TownofFowler DavidParow,TownSupervisor
TownofDiana
MaryCorriveau,Chair
FortDrumRegionalLiaisonOrganization FranzPhillipe,FormerPlans,Analysis,
andIntegration
GaryEddy,TownSupervisor
FortDrum
TownofRutland
LTCToddPolk,Plans,Analysis,andIntegration
BruceFerguson,TownSupervisor
FortDrum
TownofChampion
RobertRitchie,TownSupervisor
JulieHalpin,PublicAffairsOffice
TownofGouverneur
FortDrum
JohnShaw,TownSupervisor
COLKennethDeanHarrison,
TownofAntwerp
GarrisonCommander
FortDrum PaulH.Smith,TownSupervisor
TownofWilna
KurtHauk,PublicWorks
FortDrum RonTaylor,TownSupervisor
TownofLeRay
CherylHorton,TownSupervisor
TownofPhiladelphia HarryTurnbull,TownSupervisor
TownofRossie
SteveHunt,RegionalDirector,NorthCountry
EmpireStateDevelopment EricWagenaar,Deputytothe
GarrisonCommander
FortDrum
BrianAshley,ExecutiveDirector PeggyMurray,FarmBusinessManagement
FortDrumRegionalLiaisonOrganization Educator
CornellCooperativeExtension
MichaelBourcy,DirectorofPlanning
JeffersonCounty AndyNevin,SeniorPlanner
JeffersonCounty
JennyBriot,Manager,Renewables
DevelopmentNY&NE MikeNuckols,EnvironmentalCompliance
AvangridRenewables BranchChief
FortDrum
LindaGarrett,ExecutiveDirector
TugHillTomorrowLandTrust DougOsborne,GISManager
FortDrum
JessicaJenack,CommunityDevelopment
Coordinator FrankPace,DirectorofPlanning
TownofLeRay LewisCounty
KristopherJohnson,RegionalNetwork JasonPfotenhauer,DeputyDirectorofPlanning
InfrastructureDivisionChief St.LawrenceCounty
FortDrum
BobQuinn,Chairman
DerekKallen,AirTrafficManager TugHillTomorrowLandTrust
FortDrum
EdQuates,Archaeologist
DaveKalynycz,LMRAdministratorand FortDrum
SeniorEngineer
CarrieTuttle,DirectorofEngineering
FortDrum
DevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountry
PeterLister,MaintenanceManager
JenniferVoss,SeniorPlanner
ReEnergy
CityofWatertown
KatieMalinowski,ExecutiveDirector
JasonWagner,NaturalResourcesBranchChief
TugHillCommission
FortDrum
JimMiller,PublicWorksEnvironmental
JeanWaterbury,SeniorPlanner
DivisionChief
TugHillCommission
FortDrum
Development Authority of the North Country
TheDevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountry(DANC)servedastheoverallJLUSprojectmanagementagency
andtheadministratoroftheOfficeofEconomicAdjustmentgrantthathelpedtofundthestudy.
JamesW.Wright,ExecutiveDirector
MichelleCapone,DirectorofRegionalDevelopment
HartleyBonisteelSchweitzer,CommunityPlanner,RegionalDevelopment
MikeHrapla,ProjectManager BrenCox,AICP,LeadPlanner
CelesteWerner,AICP,DeputyProjectManager KurtWaldier,Planner
Special Appreciation
TheDevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountrywishestorecognizeandthankalltheresidents,propertyowners,
communityleaders,andotherstakeholdersfortheirparticipationintheworkshopsandpublicmeetings.
Pleaseseethenextpage.
Acronyms............................................................................................................................v
1 Introduction.............................................................................................................. 1-1
1.1. What Is a Joint Land Use Study? ...................................................................... 1-3
1.2. Why Prepare a Joint Land Use Study?.............................................................. 1-4
1.3. JLUS Study Area ............................................................................................... 1-4
1.4. Why is it Important to Partner with Fort Drum? .................................................. 1-7
1.5. Public and Stakeholder Outreach ...................................................................... 1-8
1.6. JLUS Implementation ...................................................................................... 1-13
1.7. JLUS Organization .......................................................................................... 1-13
AB AssemblyBill
ACS AmericanCommunitySurvey
ACUB ArmyCompatibleUseBuffer
ADNL Aweighteddaynightaveragesoundlevel
AFI AirForceInstruction
AGL abovegroundlevel
AGM airtogroundmissile
AIRFA AmericanIndianReligiousFreedomAct
AMC ArmyMaterialCommand
AP3 ArmyPowerProjectionPlatform
APZ AccidentPotentialZone
APZI accidentpotentialZoneI
APZII accidentpotentialzoneII
APZ2 AccidentPotentialZone2
APZs AccidentPotentialZones
AQ AirQuality
AQI AirQualityIndex
AR ArmyRegulation
ARAC ArmyRadarApproachControl
ASOS AirSupportOperationsSquadron
ASP AmmunitionSupplyPoint
AT AntiTerrorism/ForceProtection
AT/FP AntiTerrorismForceProtection
ATC airtrafficcontrol
EMS ArmyEnvironmentalManagementSystem
BAH BasicAllowanceforHousing
BASH Bird/WildlifeAircraftStrikeHazard
BEA BureauofEconomicAnalysis
BHWG BirdHazardWarningGroup
BIO BiologicalResources
BLS BureauofLaborStatistics
BO BiologicalOpinion
BRAC BaseRealignmentandClosure
BWG BASHWorkingGroup
D
DASR DigitalAirportSurveillanceRadar
DASR11 FortDrumsDigitalAirportSurveillanceRadar
dB decibel
dBP dBPeak
DD DevelopingDistrict
DEC NewYorkDepartmentofEnvironmentalConservation
DES DirectorateofEmergencyServices
DMV DepartmentofMotorVehicles
DNL daynightaveragesoundlevel
DNL daynightaveragesoundlevel
DOD DepartmentofDefense
DOE DepartmentofEnergy
DPTMS DirectorateofPlans,Training,Mobilization&Security
DSS Dust/Smoke/Steam
E
EA EnvironmentalAssessment
ED EnergyDevelopment
EIS EnvironmentalImpactStatement
EMS ArmyEnvironmentalManagementSystem
EPA USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency
ESA EndangeredSpeciesAct
FAA FederalAviationAdministration
FCC FederalCommunicationsCommissions
FDRHPO FortDrumRegionalHealthPlanningOrganization
FDRLO FortDrumRegionalLiaisonOrganization
FES FireandEmergencyServices
FICUN FederalInteragencyCommitteeonUrbanNoise
FONSI FindingofNoSignificantImpact
FSC FrequencySpectrumCapacity
FSI FrequencySpectrumImpedance/Interference
FY fiscalyear
PM2.5 fineparticles
geographicinformationsystem(GIS
GroundbasedMidcourseDefense(GMD
GuideBombUnit(GBU
HousingandUrbanDevelopment(HUD
HousingAvailability(HA
ICRMP IntegratedCulturalResourcesManagementPlan
ICUZ InstallationCompatibleUseZone
IE InfrastructureExtensions
IED improvisedexplosivedevice
IFR InstrumentFlightRules
INRMP IntegratedNaturalResourceManagementPlan
INRMPs IntegratedNaturalResourcesManagementPlans
IR instrumentroute
ITAM IntegratedTrainingAreaManagement
ITC InvestmentTaxCredit
IWFMP IntegratedWildlandFireManagementPlan
JLUS JointLandUseStudy
L
LAS Land/Air/SeaSpaceCompetition
LEG LegislativeInitiatives
LG LightandGlare
LI LightInfantry
LU LandUse
LUPZ LandUsePlanningZone
M
MAR MarineEnvironments
MDA MissileDefenseAgency
MED MixedEconomicDevelopmentDistrict
MEDDAC USArmyMedicalDepartmentActivity
mm millimeter
MOA militaryoperatingarea
MOAs memorandumsofagreement
MOAs MilitaryOperatingAreas
MOG MaximumontheGround
MOUT militaryoperationsinurbanterrain
MPO MetropolitanPlanningOrganization
MRT MitigationResponseTeam
MSA metropolitanstatisticalarea
MSL meansealevel
MTRs militarytrainingroutes
MW megawatts
MWR Morale,Welfare,andRecreation
N
NAAQS NationalAmbientAirQualityStandards
NACo NationalAssociationofCounties
NEC NetworkEnterpriseCenter
NEXRAD NextGenerationRadar
NGOs nongovernmentalorganizations
NHPA NationalHistoricPreservationAct
NLR noiselevelreduction
NM NauticalMiles
NMFS NOAAMarineFisheriesService
NOAA NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration
OE/AAA ObstructionEvaluation/AirportAirspaceAnalysis
OEA OfficeofEconomicAdjustment
ONMP OperationalNoiseManagementPlan
OTC OzoneTransportCommission
PAO PublicAffairsOffice
PIF DODPartnersinFlight
PILOT PaymentsinLieuofTaxes
PM ParticulateMatter
ppb partsperbillion
PS PublicServices
PT PublicTrespassing
PTC ProductionTaxCredit
PV photovoltaic
RC RoadwayCapacity
REPI ReadinessandEnvironmentProtectionIntegration
ROC RadarOperationsCenter
ROD RecordofDecision
RPTL RealPropertyTaxLaw
SRM SustainableReadinessModel
SA Safety
SARNAM SmallArmsRangeNoiseAssessmentModel(
SB SenateBill
SC SteeringCommittee
SDWA SafeDrinkingWaterAct
T
TBD tobedetermined
THTLT TugHillTomorrowLandTrust
TWG TechnicalWorkingGroup
U
UAS UnmannedAerialSystems
UAV unmannedaerialvehicle
UFC UnifiedFacilitiesCriteria
US UnitedStates
USFWS UnitedStatesFishandWildlifeServices
USFWS USFishandWildlifeService
V
V Vibration
VFR VisualFlightRules
VO VerticalObstructions
VOCs volatileorganiccompounds
VR visualroutes
W
WJCTC WatertownJeffersonCountyAreaTransportationCouncil
WQQ WaterQuality/Quantity
WSAAF WheelerSackArmyAirfield
WSR88D KTYXWeatherSurveillanceRadar1988Doppler
WWA WeatherWatches,WarningsandAdvisories
Militaryinstallationsarecriticaltolocaleconomies,generatingthousandsofjobsandmillionsof
dollarsineconomicactivityandtaxrevenueannually.Thegrowthofincompatibledevelopment
aroundmilitaryinstallations,oftenreferredtoasencroachment,hasbeenaleadingfactorinthe
lossoftrainingoperationsatmilitaryinstallationsacrossthecountryandhasresultedin
realignmentofmissioncriticalcomponentsbetweenmilitaryinstallations.Existinglevelsand
typesofencroachmentarekeyfactorsthatareevaluatedbytheDepartmentofDefenseand
federalgovernmentwhenconsideringfuturemissionsandrealignmentofassetsfromone
installationtoanother.Toprotectthemissionsofmilitaryfacilitiesandthehealthofeconomies
andindustriesthatrelyonthem,encroachmentmustbeaddressedthroughcollaborationand
jointplanningbetweeninstallationsandlocalcommunities.ThisJointLandUseStudy(JLUS)
attemptstomitigateexistingissuesandpreventfutureissueswhilestrengtheningcoordination
betweenFortDrumandthesurroundingcommunities.
FortDrumissituatedinnorthcentralNewYork,sevenmilesnortheastofdowntownWatertown
androughly40milesfromtheCanadianborder(seeFigure11).Theinstallationcomprises
108,733acresofland,primarilyinnortheastJeffersonCounty,withasmallportioninnorthwest
LewisCounty.St.LawrenceCountybordersFortDrumsnortheasternedge.
Thereare14communitiessurroundingFortDrumthatparticipatedaspartnersinthisJLUS.In
total,thereare113municipalitiesinthethreecountiesofJefferson,Lewis,andSt.Lawrence.The
14localcommunitiessurroundingFortDrumthatparticipatedintheJLUSaretheCityof
Watertown,andtownsofAntwerp,Philadelphia,LeRay,Pamelia,Rutland,Champion,
Watertown,andWilna;theTownofDianainLewisCounty;andthetownsofRossie,Gouverneur,
Pitcairn,andFowlerinSt.LawrenceCounty.AlthoughtheTownofPitcairnparticipatedinthe
JLUS,theydidnothavestaffresourcesavailabletoserveasamemberontheTechnicalWorking
GrouporSteeringCommittee.ThisJLUSwasdevelopedasameanstopromoteandcoordinate
thecompatibilityoffuturegrowtharoundFortDrumwithmilitarymissionactivitiesthroughan
organizedcommunicationeffortbetweenFortDrum,thepartnercommunities,andother
stakeholderentitiesthatownormanagelandand/orresourcesintheregion.
TheFortDrumJLUSadvocatesaproactiveapproachtoencourageincreasedcommunication
aboutdecisionsrelatingtolanduseregulation,conservationandnaturalresourcemanagement
issuesaffectingboththecommunityandthemilitary.Thisstudyseekstoavoidconflicts
previouslyexperiencedbetweentheUnitedStates(US)militaryandlocalcommunitiesinother
areasoftheUSandthroughouttheworldbyengagingthemilitaryandlocaldecisionmakersina
collaborativemultiagencyplanningprocess.
November2017 PublicDraft Page11
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Legend
Fort Drum Interstate Water Body
County Boundary US Highway Stream / River
City / Village / Hamlet State Highway
Railroad
Source: Fort Drum 2016. Development Authority of the North Country 2016.
Figure 1-1
0 5 10
Miles
Fort Drum Regional Location
Theintentoftheprocessistoestablishand
Encroachmentreferstothedevelopmentofconflicting encourageaworkingrelationshipamongmilitary
usesofland,air,water,andotherresourcesthatmay installationsandtheirneighboringcommunitiesto
individuallyorcumulativelyimpactthemilitarys workasateamtopreventand/orreduce
abilitytocarryoutitstestingandtrainingmission. encroachmentissuesassociatedwithfuture
missionexpansionandlocalgrowth.
ThisJLUSeffortisfundedthroughagrantfromtheDOD,OfficeofEconomicAdjustment(OEA),andcontributions
bytheDevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountry.WhileOEAprovidesthegrantfunding,thecontentofthe
JLUSisproducedbyandforthelocalstakeholders.TheDevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountryistheproject
managemententityfortheFortDrumJLUS.
AJLUSresultsinasetofrecommendationsorpotentialstrategiesthatcanbeimplementedbyidentified
stakeholderstopromotecompatibledevelopmentandrelationshipsbetweenthemilitaryandneighboring
communitiesforthepresentandfuture.Assuch,aJLUSmaybecomeanadoptedplanforestablishingcompatible
landuseregulations,butdoesnotitselfenactanynewregulationsorpolicies.
JLUS Goal
ThegoaloftheFortDrumJLUSistoprotecttheviabilityofcurrentandfuturetrainingoperationsatFortDrum,
whilesimultaneouslyguidingcommunitygrowth,sustainingtheenvironmentalandeconomicvitalityoftheregion,
andprotectingpublichealth,safety,andwelfare.
JLUS Objectives
Tohelpmeetthisgoal,threeprimaryJLUSobjectiveswereidentified.
1. Understanding.Convenecommunityandmilitaryrepresentativestoidentify,confirm,and
understandthecompatibilityissuesinanopenforum,takingintoconsiderationbothcommunityand
FortDrumperspectivesandneeds.Thisincludespublicawareness,education,andinputaspartofa
cohesiveoutreachprogram.
2. Collaboration.EncouragecooperativelanduseandresourceplanningbyFortDrumandsurrounding
communitiessothatfuturecommunitygrowthanddevelopmentarecompatiblewiththetrainingand
operationalmissionsatFortDrum,whileatthesametimeseekingwaystoreducemilitaryoperational
impactsonadjacentandnearbylandsintheStudyArea.
Actions.Provideasetofmutuallysupportedtools,activities,andstrategiesthatlocaljurisdictions,
agencies,andFortDrumcanimplementtoavoidandreducecompatibilityissues.Theactions
proposedincludebothoperationalmeasurestomitigateinstallationimpactsonsurrounding
communities,andlocalgovernmentandagencyapproachestoreducecommunityimpactsonmilitary
operations.Theseactionswillhelpdecisionmakersresolvecompatibilityissuesandprioritizeprojects
withintheannualbudgetingprocessoftheirrespectiveentity/jurisdiction.
Recognizingthecloserelationshipthatmustexistbetween
installationsandadjacentcommunities,theOEA TheFortDrumJLUSisaproactiveapproachto
implementedtheJLUSprogramtohelpmitigateexistingand encourageincreasedcommunicationand
futureconflictsandenhancecommunicationand fosterrelationshipsamongallJLUS
coordinationamongallaffectedstakeholdersandthepublic. stakeholdersandpartners.
Thisprogramaimstohelppreservethesustainabilityoflocal
communitieswithintheJLUSStudyAreawhileprotecting
currentandfutureoperationalmissionsatFortDrum.
ThisJLUSiskeytopreservinglongtermlandusecompatibilitybetweenFortDrumandthesurrounding
jurisdictionsandtobetterprotectthehealth,safety,andwelfareofsurroundingcommunitiesandthecivilianand
militarycommunityatFortDrum.ThisJLUSwillbenefitbothcommunitiesandFortDrumby:
Protectingthehealthandsafetyofproximateresidentsandworkers;
PreservinglongtermlandusecompatibilitybetweencommunitiesandFortDrum;
Endorsingcomprehensivecommunityplanningthatpromotessoundplanningpracticesandaddresses
compatibilityissues;
EnhancingacooperativespiritbetweencommunityofficialsandFortDrum;and
Coordinatingsurroundinglocaljurisdictiongrowthpolicyplanswiththeinstallationsplans.
TheJLUSStudyAreaencompasseslandwithina30mileradiusaroundtheFortDrumIraqiFreedomGate,and
extendstoadistanceof60milestoassessalternativeenergydevelopmentimpacts.The60mileradiusisto
accountforWheelerSackArmyAirfieldsairtrafficcontrolradaroperatingarea.TheStudyAreaonlyincludesland
withintheUnitedStatesanddoesnotextendintoCanada.Figure12illustratestheFortDrumJLUS30mileStudy
AreaandFigure13illustratesthe60mileStudyArea.
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Legend
30-mile Study Area Interstate Water Body
Fort Drum US Highway Stream / River
County Boundary State Highway
Town Railroad
City / Village / Hamlet
Source: Fort Drum 2016. Development Authority of the North Country 2016.
Figure 1-2
0 5 10
Miles
Fort Drum JLUS 30-mile Study Area
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Constantia
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Annsville
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Trenton Cold Brook
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Huron Red Creek
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Granby
Lysander Brewerton Oneida 49
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Rome 365 Poland Norway
Deerfield Newport
Stratford
Cicero Marcy F u l to n
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O n o n d a g a C o u n ty Sullivan 31
Verona
Whitestown
Newport
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Westmoreland 790
Middleville
Schuyler Fairfield
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Montezuma Brutus Camillus Onondaga Lincoln Stockbridge Kirkland Paris Frankfort Ilion Little Falls St Johnsville
Legend
60-mile Study Area Interstate Water Body
30-mile Study Area US Highway Stream / River
Fort Drum State Highway
County Boundary Railroad
Town
City / Village / Hamlet
Source: Fort Drum 2016. Development Authority of the North Country 2016.
0 5 10 20
Figure 1-3
Miles
Fort Drum JLUS 60-mile Study Area
Inadditiontobeingasignificanteconomicgeneratorfortheregion,FortDrumisastrategicassetinthenations
defense.ThehostunitatFortDrumisthe10thMountainDivision.Thebaseprovidescompletetrainingand
supportto11statesandpartsofCanada.
FortDrumengagesinadiversesetoftrainingactivities,including:
Infantrysmallarms
Lightandheavyartillery
Airoperations
Droneandunmannedaircrafttraining
Nighttraining
FortDrumengagesinmanypublicoutreacheffortstomaketheinstallationpartofthelocalandregional
community,includingFortDrumpersonnelspeakingatcommunityevents,ColorGuarddemonstrations,Military
WorkingDogdemonstrations,bandperformances,paradeparticipation(bandandemergencyvehicles),toursof
FortDrumandtheairfieldforcivilians,supporttofirepreventionorganizationswithtrainingtrailerand
demonstrations,Chaplainsupport,andstaticdisplays.TheGarrisonCommanderatFortDrumparticipatesasa
militaryliaisonfortheFortDrumRegionalLiaisonOrganizationandtheGreaterWatertownNorthCountry
ChamberofCommerce.TheUSArmyMedicalDepartmentActivity(MEDDAC)FortDrumCommanderservesasa
militaryliaisontotheFortDrumRegionalHealthPlanningOrganization,CarthageHospital,SamaritanMedical
Center,andRiverHospital.
DuetothesizeofFortDrum,andmeasuresthatweretakenduringitsgrowthinpopulationtointegrateintothe
localcommunity,FortDrumreliesonthecommunityforavarietyofservices,includingschools,hospitalsand
healthcare,housing,andretailshopping.Aspartofthis,FortDrummaintainsmemorandumsofunderstanding
andagreementswithregionalcommunitiesforavarietyofservices,suchasmutualaidagreements,education,
andemergencyservices.
SomeofthemajoreventsthatFortDrumhostsforthecommunity,orthatthecommunityhostsforFortDrum
personnel,areasfollows:
FortDrumhostsMountainfest,whichisfreeandopentothepublic.Thiseventfeatureschildrensgames,
Militaryequipmentdisplays,AmeriCUSalutetotheTroopsTributeConcert,andfoodandbeverage
concessions.AllowingthepublictocomeonbaseenablesthecommunitytoseewhatFortDrumisdoing
andfostersstrongerrelationshipswithcommunitymembers.
FortDrumhoststheExtremeColdWeatherSymposiumduringevenyears(FortWainwright,Alaskahosts
theeventduringoddyears).FortDrumistheonlymilitarybaseoutsideoftheStateofAlaskatohostthis
eventduetotheharshwintersintheNorthCountry.Thissymposiumattractsexpertstothelocalarea
fromacrossthecountry,aswellasCanada.
RiverfestisanannuallocaleventcosponsoredbyFortDrumMorale,WelfareandRecreationand
NorthernNewYorkFortDrumChapteroftheAssociationoftheUnitedStatesArmythatisoffered
offinstallationinAlexandriaBay.Thisannualeventincludesapicnicandaboatridethroughthe
ThousandIslandsforFortDrumsoldiersandtheirfamilyandfriends.
TakeaSoldierFishingisanannualeventwherevolunteerstakesoldiersouttoOneidaLakeforafishing
competition.
Stakeholders
Anearlystepinanyplanningprocessistheidentificationofstakeholders.Informingorinvolvingthemearlyinthe
projectisinstrumentalintheidentificationoftheirmostimportantcompatibilityissuestoaddressandresolve
throughthedevelopmentofintegratedstrategiesandmeasures.Stakeholdersincludeindividuals,groups,
organizations,andgovernmentalentitiesinterestedin,affectedby,oraffectingtheoutcomeoftheJLUSproject.
StakeholdersidentifiedfortheFortDrumJLUSincluded,butwerenotlimitedto:
Localjurisdictions(City,townsandcounties)
DODofficials(includingOEAandArmyrepresentatives)andFortDrumpersonnel
Local,regional,andstateplanning,regulatory,andlandmanagementagencies
Federallandholdingandregulatoryagencies
Thepublic(includingresidentsandlandowners)
Environmentaladvocacyorganizations
Nongovernmentalorganizations(NGOs)
Otherspecialinterestgroups
AweeklongsitevisitwasconductedbetweenOctober31,2016andNovember4,2016tocollectdataand
interviewstakeholders.ThissitevisitoccurredduringthestartoftheJLUSprocessandalsoservedtointroduce
stakeholderstotheJLUSprocessandobtaintheirinputoncurrentlevelsofcoordinationbetweenthemilitaryand
thecommunitiesandidentifyexistingorpotentialcompatibilityissues.Thestakeholdersthatwereinterviewed
were:
AdirondackParkAgency
CityofWatertown
DevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountry
FortDrum
FortDrumRegionalLiaisonOrganization
JeffersonCounty
JeffersonCountyIndustrialDevelopmentAgency
LewisCounty
Page18 PublicDraft November2017
NewYorkDepartmentofEnvironmentalConservation,Region6
RiverAreaCouncilofGovernments
St.LawrenceCounty
TownofAntwerp
TownofDiana
TownofFowler
TownofGouverneur
TownofLeRay
TownofPamelia
TownofPhiladelphia
TownofRutland
TugHillCommission
TugHillTomorrowLandTrust
JLUSSteeringCommittee:TheSCconsistedofelectedofficialsanddecisionmakersfromparticipating
jurisdictions,militaryinstallationleadership,andrepresentativesfromotherinterestedandaffectedagencies.The
SCwasresponsibleforguidingthedirectionoftheJLUS,preparingandapprovingthestudydesign,approving
policyrecommendations,andapprovingthedraftandfinalJLUSdocuments.
JLUSTechnicalWorkingGroup:TheTWGwasresponsibleforidentifyingandstudyingtechnicalissues.
Membershipincludedrepresentativesfromlocaljurisdictions,agencies,andFortDrumwithtechnicalexpertisein
oneormoreofthecompatibilityfactorslistedinChapter5,CompatibilityAssessment.TheTWGidentifiedand
addressedtechnicalissues,providedfeedbackonreportdevelopment,andassistedinthedevelopmentand
evaluationofimplementationstrategiesandtools.
TheSCandTWGservedasliaisonstotheirrespectivestakeholdergroups.SCandTWGmemberswerecharged
withconveyingcommitteeactivitiesandinformationtotheirorganizationsandconstituenciesandrelayingtheir
organizationscommentsandsuggestionstobothcommitteesforconsideration.SCmemberswereencouragedto
setupmeetingswiththeirorganizationsand/orconstituenciestofacilitatethisinput.Theresponsibilitiesandlist
ofparticipantsfortheJLUSsponsors,theSC,andtheTWGareidentifiedinTables11,12,and13,respectively.
Table11. JLUSSponsorResponsibilitiesandParticipants
Responsibilities Participants
Coordination DevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountry
Accountability OfficeofEconomicAdjustment
Grantmanagement
Financialcontribution
Table13. JLUSTechnicalWorkingGroup(TWG)ResponsibilitiesandParticipants
Responsibilities Participants
Identifyissues CityofWatertown
Provideexpertisetoaddresstechnicalissues CornellCooperativeExtensionofLewisCounty
Evaluateandrecommendimplementationoptions FortDrum
totheSC FortDrumRegionalLiaisonOrganization
Providedraftandfinalreportrecommendationsto AvangridRenewables
theSC JeffersonCounty
LewisCounty
ReEnergy
St.LawrenceCounty
TownofLeRay
TugHillCommission
TugHillTomorrowLandTrust
CommitteemeetingswereheldthroughouttheJLUSprocesstoensuretheissueswereidentifiedandaddressed.
Themeetingsconductedarehighlightedasfollows:
ProjectKickOff/Meeting#1(September20,2016):Theprojectkickoffmeetingwasheldasajoint
meetingwithboththeSteeringCommitteeandTechnicalWorkingGroup.Thepurposeoftheproject
kickoffmeetingwastooutlinetheJLUSprocessandgoals,educateallstakeholdersabouttheFortDrum
JLUSandtheirrolesandresponsibilitiesintheprocess,andidentifypreliminarycompatibilityissues.
AdditionaltopicsdiscussedincludedtheprojectStudyArea,refinementoftheprojecttimeline,andreview
lessonslearnedfromotherJLUSprojects.
TWGMeeting#3(August25,2017):thethirdTWGmeetingfocusedonthedevelopmentofstrategiesto
addresstheidentifiedcompatibilityissues.Adraftsetofstrategieswasdevelopedpriortothemeeting
andwasimprovedupon,addedto,andrevisedduringthecourseofthemeetings.Thesestrategieswere
furtherrefinedafterthemeeting.
TWGMeeting#4/SCMeeting#3(October12,2017):Thissetofcommitteemeetingshadtwomain
purposes.ThefirstonewastoreviewtheDraftJLUSReportbasedoncommitteecommentsandrevisions.
ThesecondwastosolicitinputfromtheSCandTWGmembers.
SCMeeting#4(December18,2017):Duringthismeeting,allpubliccommentsthatwerereceivedduring
thepubliccommentperiod(November625,2017)werereviewedandfinalchangesfortheJLUS
documentswereagreedupon.ThefinalJLUSandBackgroundReportwereapprovedduringthismeeting.
Lastly,themeetingincludedadiscussionofthenextstepsaftertheJLUSprocessandoptionsfor
implementingtheJLUSstrategies.
Public Workshops
InadditiontotheSCandTWGmeetings,aseriesofpublicworkshopswereheldthroughoutthedevelopmentof
theJLUS.Theseworkshopsprovidedanopportunityfortheexchangeofinformationwiththegreatercommunity,
assistedinidentifyingtheissuestobeaddressedintheJLUS,andreceivedinputontheproposedstrategies.Each
workshopincludedatraditionalpresentationandafacilitatedexerciseprovidingahandson,interactive
opportunityforthepublictoparticipateinthedevelopmentofthestudy.Thepublicworkshopsconductedare
highlightedasfollows:
PublicWorkshop#1(March28,2017attheEvansMillsFireHall,8615LerayStreet,EvansMills,NY
13637;andMarch29,2017atLowvilleAcademyCentralSchool,7668NStateStreet,Lowville,NY
13367):ThefocusoftheseworkshopswastoexplainthepurposeandfunctionoftheJLUS,providean
overviewofthemilitaryoperationsatFortDrum,introduceprojectparticipants,sharetheJLUSapproach
anddiscusstheJLUSgoals.Theformatoftheseworkshopsincludedapresentationtothepublicfollowed
byaninteractiveworkingsessionwhereattendeeswereencouragedtosharetheirinputonpotentialJLUS
issues.TheJLUSOverviewFactSheetwasdistributedatthisworkshoptoprovidethepublicatoolin
completingacompatibilityissuesexercise.Participantswereabletoprovideinputthroughaninteractive
audienceresponsesystemthatallowedforimmediateresponseviewingandtracking.Duringthis
exercise,participantswereaskedvariousquestionsrelatingtocompatibilitytogetagaugeofwhatsome
ofthecompatibilityissuesarefromapublic/resident/propertyownerviewpoint.Theworkshopended
withaquestionandanswerperiodforattendeestoaskquestionsorgivecommentsontheprojector
compatibilityissues.
PublicWorkshop#2(October10,2017attheLowvilleAcademyElementary,7668NStateStreet,
Lowville,NY13367;andOctober11,2017atWatertownHighSchool,1335WashingtonStreet,
Watertown,NY13601):Thesecondsetofpublicworkshopsprovidedachancetoreviewandcomment
onthecompatibilityissuesthathavebeenidentifiedforevaluationaspartoftheJLUSandprovideinput
ontheimportanceoftheissuesidentified.Theissuesthatwerepresentedweredevelopedbasedon
inputsfromtheSCandTWGandpublicinputsprovidedatthefirstpublicworkshop.
StrategyToolsBrochure:The
StrategyToolsBrochurewas
preparedforthesecondpublic
workshop.JLUSstrategies
constituteavarietyofactionsthat
localgovernments,military
installations,agencies,andother
stakeholderscantaketopromote
compatiblelanduseplanning.Thisbrochureprovidesanoverviewofthe
strategytypesthatcouldbeappliedtoaddresscompatibilityissuesaround
FortDrum.
JLUS Report
TheJLUSReportisacondensedportfolioofthekeyissuesandstrategiesidentifiedthroughtheFortDrumJLUS
process.ThereportincludesauserfriendlyreferenceoftheJLUSthatisaccessibleandeasytouseforall
stakeholders.ThisreportprovidesabriefdiscussiononthepurposeandobjectivesofaJLUS,describesthebenefit
ofaJLUS,andprovidesanoverviewofthevariousJLUSpartnersthatassistedindevelopingtheFortDrumJLUSto
beausefultoolforallpartnerstakeholders.Finally,thisdocumentoutlinestherelevantcompatibilityissues
accompaniedbyapplicablestrategiesidentifiedintheImplementationPlanandprovidessummariesofthe
strategiesseparatedbystakeholder.
Background Report
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter1providesanintroductionandoverviewoftheFortDrumJLUS.Thischapterdescribesthestrategicand
localimportanceofFortDrum,theworkingrelationshipsbetweenFortDrumandlocalcommunities,the
backgroundandintentoftheJLUS,theStudyArea,theobjectivesusedtoguidedevelopmentoftheJLUS,the
stakeholdersinvolvedindevelopingtheJLUS,publicoutreachmethods,implementationpremise,andthe
organizationofthedocument.
AirQuality(Section5.2)
Antiterrorism/ForceProtection(Section5.3)
BiologicalResources(Section5.4)
Coordination/Communication(Section5.5)
CulturalResources(Section5.6)
Dust/Smoke/Steam(Section5.7)
EnergyDevelopment(Section5.8)
FrequencySpectrumCapacity(Section5.9)
FrequencySpectrumImpedance/Interference(Section5.10)
HousingAvailability(Section5.11)
InfrastructureExtensions(Section5.12)
Land/Air/SeaSpaces(Section5.13)
LandUse(Section5.14)
LegislativeInitiatives(Section5.15)
LightandGlare(Section5.16)
MarineEnvironments(Section5.17)
Noise(Section5.18)
PublicServices(Section5.19)
PublicTrespassing(Section5.20)
Pleaseseethenextpage.
2.1. RegionalOverview............................................................................................................22
2.2. StudyAreaGrowthTrends................................................................................................27
2.3. RegionalEconomy...........................................................................................................217
2.4. CurrentDevelopmentOverviewAroundFortDrum.......................................................220
2.5. StudyAreaTransportation..............................................................................................221
Thischapterprovidesinformationaboutthesurroundingcommunitiesthatparticipatedinthe
FortDrumJointLandUseStudy(JLUS).Capturinganddescribingcertaindemographic
characteristicsofthesecommunitiesprovidesabaselinecontextfromwhichinformeddecisions
canbemadewhenassessingcompatibilitystrategies.Thegoalistoprovideinformationthat
enablesstakeholderstounderstandpopulationanddevelopmenttrendsthathavethepotential
toaffectFortDrumsfuture.Thisinformationisintendedtobeconsideredwithotherfactorsto
helpdecisionmakersgeneratecoherent,informedplanningpoliciesanddecisionsaboutfuture
developmentandeconomicgrowthofthecommunitiestheyrepresentbeforecompatibility
issuesarise.
Informationpresentedinthischapterincludespopulationgrowth,housing,economic
development,andtransportationwithintheregiontobetterunderstandtheimpactsonandfrom
FortDrum.
ThischapterisalsointendedtoinformFortDrumaboutthetypesofactivitiesoccurringoutside
thefencewhenconsideringfuturemissionsandoperations.
TheJLUSStudyAreaislocatedinthenorthcentralportionofNewYork,directlyeastofwheretheSt.Lawrence
RiverflowsoutofLakeOntarioanddirectlywestoftheAdirondackMountainsandTugHillPlateau.Thisregionis
wellknownforitsscenicplacesandoutdoorrecreationalactivitiesduetothevaststateownedconservationland
andnaturalfeatures.
Theregionalclimateseeshumidsummersandlongcoldwinters.Theaveragetemperaturerangesfrom22to
69degreesFahrenheit,withtemperaturesoftenfallingbelowfreezingduringwintermonths.Theregionsmean
annualprecipitationisapproximately41inches,andtypicallyreceivesover100inchesofsnowannually.
Source:FortDrumIntegratedNaturalResourcesManagementPlan,2011
TheregionsterrainisheavilyforestedandthetopographyrangesfromgeneralflatvalleystotheAdirondack
foothillsandmountains.
Jurisdictions
Jefferson County
YearIncorporated: 1805
2015EstimatedPopulation: 118,947
Projected2040Population: 130,677
MajorIndustries: Military,StateandLocal
Government,RetailTrade,and
Agriculture
JeffersonCountyislocatedinnorthcentralNewYork,covering1,293squaremiles.ItisborderedbyCanadaand
St.LawrenceCountytothenorth,LewisCountytotheeast,OswegoCountytothesouth,andLakeOntariotothe
west.ThemajorityofFortDrumislocatedwithinJeffersonCounty.JeffersonCountycontains23,350acresofstate
andcountyforest,plusanadditional17,121acresofwildlifemanagementareasthatofferoutdoorrecreational
opportunitiesthroughoutthecounty.
Thecountyhashaddeepagriculturalrootssinceitwasfirstsettledinthelate1700s.DuringtheIndustrial
Revolution,theBlackRiverscurrentsupportednewmillsandotherindustrialmanufacturingopportunities
throughoutthecounty,creatingatradingcenterbetweentheUnitedStatesandCanada.Althoughthe
manufacturingindustryisstillprevalentinJeffersonCounty,thecountysresidentscontinuetoembracetheir
agriculturalroots,andnowhasagrowingtourismindustrysupportedbytheoutdoorrecreationalamenities
locatedwithinthecounty.
TheCityofWatertownisthecountyseatandmostpopulousmunicipalityinthecountywithapopulationof
27,250peopleasofthe2015AmericanCommunitySurvey(ACS).Thetowns,villages,andcitythatmakeup
JeffersonCountyareshownasfollows(an*designatesatownthatwasontheSteeringCommitteeforthe
FortDrumJLUS).
JeffersonCountyisgovernedbyaBoardofLegislatorsthatdeveloppoliciesandlegislationforcountyoperations
andadministration.Thisboardconsistsof15electedofficials,oneofficialperdistrict.Eachlegislatoriselected
throughapopularvoteandservesatwoyeartermuponwinningtheelection.TheBoardofLegislatorsappointsa
CountyAdministratortooverseedaytodayoperationsofthecountygovernmentanddepartments.
Themedianhouseholdincomecountywidein2015was$48,613,severalthousanddollarslessthanNewYork
State($59,269)andtheUnitedStates($53,889)average.
Interstate81travelsnorthsouththroughJeffersonCounty.Thiscorridorisalsoaprimaryaccesspointbetween
theUnitedStatesandCanadaonthecountysnorthernborder.UnitedStates(US)Route11travelsnorthsouth
throughthecounty,connectingJeffersonCountywithSt.LawrenceCountytothenorthandOswegoCountytothe
south.TheothermajorroadsthattravelthroughJeffersonCountyareStateRoutes(SR)3,12,26,and177.
Lewis County
YearIncorporated: 1805
2015EstimatedPopulation: 27,124
Projected2040Population: 23,148
MajorIndustries: StateandLocalGovernment,
Manufacturing,RetailTrade,and
Agriculture
LewisCountyislocatedinnorthcentralNewYork,covering1,270squaremiles.LewisCountyisdirectly
eastofJeffersonCounty,withbothJeffersonCountyandOswegoCountyformingitswesternborder.
St.LawrenceCountybordersLewisCountytothenorth,withHerkimerCountyandOneidaCountybordering
LewisCountytotheeastandsouthrespectively.AsmallportionofFortDrumlayswithinLewisCountysborders
onthenorthwestedge.
LewisCountywasfoundedin1805followingtheconstructionofthetransportationrouteknowntodayasNew
YorkSR26.AdditionaltransportationsystemscontinuedtohelpLewisCountygrowthroughthe1800s,including
railroads.TheBlackRiverCanalwascompletedin1855andconnectedLewisCountytotheErieCanalintheCityof
Rome.Thiscanal,alongwithitslocationneartheBlackRiver,supportedagriculturalandmanufacturingindustries.
Source:LewisCountyComprehensivePlan,2009
Over50percentofthelandinLewisCountyisdesignatedasWild/Forest.Agriculturalisthesecondlargestland
usethroughoutthecounty,utilizingnearly20percentoftheland.
Source:UpdatedComprehensiveEconomicDevelopmentStrategy,2012
TheMapleRidgeWindFarmislocatedwithinLewisCounty,about15milesfromFortDrumsborder.This
industrialwindenergydevelopmentcontains195turbines,andhasthecapacitytoproduce322megawattsof
cleanenergy.Eachturbinestandsroughly350feettall.
TheVillageofLowvilleisthecountyseatandthemostpopulousmunicipalityinthecountywith3,506peopleasof
the2015ACS.ThetownsandvillagesthatmakeupLewisCountyareshownasfollows(an*designatesatown
thatwasontheSteeringCommitteefortheFortDrumJLUS).
Towns Villages
Croghan Martinsburg Castorland
Denmark Montague Constableville
Diana* NewBremen Copenhagen
Greig Osceola Groghan
Harrisburg Pinckney Harrisville
Lewis Turin Lowville
Leyden Watson LyonsFalls
Lowville WestTurin PortLeyden
Lyonsdale Turin
LewisCountyisgovernedbyaCountyBoardofLegislators.Thisboardconsistsof10electedofficials,oneofficial
perdistrict.Eachlegislatoriselectedthroughapopularvoteandservesatwoyeartermuponwinningthe
election.TheBoardofLegislatorsappointsaCountyManagertooverseedaytodayoperationsofthecounty
governmentanddepartments.
Themedianhouseholdincomecountywidein2015was$46,990,lessthanNewYorkState($59,269)andthe
UnitedStates($53,889)average.
TherearenointerstatehighwaysthattraverseLewisCounty.Themajorhighwaysthattravelthroughthecounty
consistofSR12andSR26,whichintersectinLowvilleandconnectLewisCountytoJeffersonCounty.Stateroutes
177and812bothbegininLowville.StateRoute177travelswesttowardsInterstate81inJeffersonCounty,and
SR812travelsnorthintoSt.LawrenceCounty.StateRoute3crossesthenorthernportionofthecounty.
YearIncorporated: 1802
2015EstimatedPopulation: 112,011
Projected2040Population: 99,887
MajorIndustries: StateandLocalGovernment,RetailTrade,
Manufacturing,Agriculture,andPost
SecondaryEducation
St.LawrenceCountyislocatedinnorthcentralNewYork,andisthelargestcountyintheStatecoveringatotalof
2,822squaremiles.St.LawrenceCountyissituatedjustnorthofbothJeffersonCountyandLewisCounty,aswell
asHerkimerCountyandHamiltonCounty.TheSt.LawrenceRiverseparatesSt.LawrenceCountyfromCanada,and
forms70milesofthenorth/northwestborder.FranklinCountyformsSt.LawrenceCountyseasternborder.
FortDrumdoesnotextendintoSt.LawrenceCounty,butdoesshareitsnortherborderwiththecountyssouthern
edge.
St.LawrenceCountywasfoundedin1802whenitseparatedfromClintonCounty.Thelandthattodaymakesup
St.LawrenceCountywashistoricallypartofseveralothercountiesbeforeSt.LawrenceCountywasfinally
established.Theareaservedsettlersasitgrew,andwhenSt.LawrenceCountywasestablished,Ogdensburgwas
thecountyseat.Asthecountycontinuedtogrow,residentsinthecentralandsouthernpartscomplainedabout
thedistanceandsafetyrisksoftravelingtoOgdensburg,sothecountyseatwasmovedtoCantonin1828andhas
remainedsincethen.
TheSt.LawrenceRiverdrawsmanyvisitorsandtouriststothecountyforbothitsnaturalbeautyandhistory.
Supportingthetourismandoutdoorrecreationaleconomyistheabundanceoflakesandstateparks,notably
AdirondackStatePark,whichispartlylocatedalongSt.LawrenceCountyseasternedge.
ThemostpopulousmunicipalitywithinthecountyistheCityofOgdensburgwithapopulationof10,996asofthe
2015ACS;however,thecountyseatistheVillageofCanton.Thetowns,villages,andcitythatmakeup
St.LawrenceCountyareshownasfollows(an*designatesatownthatwasontheSteeringCommitteeforthe
FortDrumJLUS).
St.LawrenceCountyisgovernedbyaBoardofLegislatorsthatdeveloppoliciesandlegislationforcounty
operationsandadministration.Thisboardconsistsof15electedofficials,oneofficialperdistrict.Eachlegislatoris
electedthroughapopularvoteandservesafouryeartermuponwinningtheelection.TheBoardofLegislators
appointsaCountyAdministratortooverseedaytodayoperationsofthecountygovernmentanddepartments.
Themedianhouseholdincomecountywidein2015was$44,454.Thisisthelowestincomeinthethreecounty
FortDrumJLUSStudyArea.ItisalsolessthanNewYorkState($59,269)andtheUnitedStates($53,889)average.
TherearenointerstatehighwaysthattravelthroughSt.LawrenceCounty.USRoute11isthehighesttrafficked
corridorthroughthecounty,connectingittoJeffersonCountytothesouthandFranklinCountytotheeast.Three
stateroutestravelthroughthecounty:SR3,37,and812.StateRoute3crossesthesouthernportionofthecounty
andgoesthroughAdirondackStatePark.StateRoute37followstheSt.LawrenceRiver.StateRoute812travels
throughSt.LawrenceCounty,totheSt.LawrenceRiverandtoanaccesspointwithCanada.
City of Watertown
YearIncorporated: 1816
2015EstimatedPopulation: 27,250
Projected2040Population: N/A
MajorIndustries: Military,StateandLocalGovernment,and
RetailTrade*
*Source:BureauofEconomicAnalysis:WatertownFortDrumMetropolitanStatisticalArea
TheCityofWatertownisgovernedbyaCityCouncil.Thiscouncilconsistsoffourelectedcouncilmembersandone
electedmayor.Eachcouncilmemberandmayoriselectedthroughapopularvoteandservesafouryearterm
uponwinningtheelection.
Thecitywasincorporatedin1816asanindustrialtownpoweredbytheBlackRiver.Watertownquicklybecame
knownthroughoutthenationforitspapermanufacturingindustry.Whilemuchofthemanufacturingindustryisno
longeroperational,thecityhasretainedsomeofthehistoricfabricthatgivesthecityitscharacter.Watertown
experienceditspeakpopulationfollowingWorldWarII,withroughly34,500people,butsteadilydecreaseduntil
1984whentheDepartmentofDefensedecidedtoreactivatethe10thMountainDivisionatFortDrum.This
decisionhasledtonewgrowthinWatertown,bothinpopulationandhousing,andthecityishometomany
personnelwhoworkatFortDrum.AsthelargestcityintheFortDrumJLUSStudyAreaandthecountyseatof
JeffersonCounty,theCityofWatertownhasbecomeahubfornotonlygovernmentactivity,butalsofinancial
bankingandhealthservicesintheNorthCountry.
Source:CityofWatertownLandUsePlan,1987
Interstate81bypassesthecityalongitswesternedge,andtravelsnorthtotheUSborderwithCanadaandsouth
toSyracuse.USRoute11travelsnorthsouththroughWatertownsdowntown.StateRoute3andSR12bothtravel
eastwestthroughdowntownWatertown.StateRoute3thenturnsnorthtoFortDrum.
Duetoitspopulationgrowththatexceeded50,000peopleidentifiedthroughthe2010Census,theUSCensus
BureaudeclaredtheWatertownFortDrumregionasanurbanizedareainOctober2012.Inearly2013,the
WhiteHouseOfficeofManagementandBudgetdeclaredtheWatertownFortDrumurbanizedareaasa
metropolitanstatisticalarea(MSA).AnMSAisageographicalregionthatcentersonarelativelyhighpopulation
densityandhascloseeconomictiesthroughoutitsarea.Throughthesedesignations,federalmandatesrequire
thecreationofaMetropolitanPlanningOrganization(MPO),developmentofaregionaltransportationplan,and
implementationofseparatemunicipalstormsewersystempermitstobeeligibleforcertainfederalfunding
programs.TheWatertownJeffersonCountyAreaTransportationCouncilwasestablishedastheMPOandis
responsiblefordevelopingandmaintainingaRegionalTransportationPlanandaTransportationImprovement
Program.ThesetwoplansarecurrentlybeingdevelopedatthetimethisJLUSwaswritten.Thedesignationsof
urbanizedareaandMSAwillalsochangethewayfederalfundingisreceivedsuchasthroughtheCommunity
DevelopmentBlockgrantprogramandfederalhousingfunding.Itislikelytohaveapositiveimpactfortheareato
bemoreattractiveandenticingtobusinesses,manufacturers,andothereconomicsectorstotakeadvantageof
theregion.
ThepopulationfiguresrepresentthepermanentpopulationintheStudyArea,butdonotconsiderthetemporary
populationsurgesassociatedwiththetourismindustryandmigrationfromseasonalemploymentortransient
workerswithinthearea.
Table21showsthe2000and2010USCensuspopulationtotals,and2015ACSpopulationtotals.Thetablealso
compareseachjurisdictionspopulationchangefrom20002015.
Table21. PopulationChange20002015fortheFortDrumJLUSStudyArea
Number
Change PercentChange
Jurisdiction 2000 2010 2015 20002015 20002015
NewYorkState 18,976,457 19,378,102 19,673,174 696,717 3.7%
JeffersonCounty 111,738 116,229 118,947 7,209 6.5%
CityofWatertown 26,705 27,023 27,250 545 2.0%
TownofAntwerp 1,793 1,846 1,693 100 5.6%
TownofChampion 4,361 4,494 4,619 258 5.9%
TownofLeRay 19,836 21,782 22,385 2549 12.9%
TownofPamelia 2,897 3,160 3,194 297 10.3%
TownofPhiladelphia 2,140 1,947 1,786 354 16.5%
TownofRutland 2,959 3,060 3,156 197 6.7%
TownofWatertown 4,482 4,470 4,813 331 7.4%
TownofWilna 6,235 6,427 6,477 242 3.9%
LewisCounty 26,944 27,087 27,124 180 0.7%
TownofDiana 1,661 1,709 1,509 152 9.2%
St.LawrenceCounty 111,931 111,944 112,011 80 0.1%
TownofFowler 2,180 2,202 2,206 26 1.2%
TownofGouverneur 7,418 7,085 7,027 391 5.3%
TownofPitcairn 783 846 733 50 6.4%
TownofRossie 787 877 777 10 1.3%
Source:2000and2010USCensus,2015AmericanCommunitySurvey
Note:TheUSCensusisasurveyconductedevery10yearstoENCOMPASSallamericanstodeterminethenumberof
Congressionalappointeesforeachstate.TheAmericanCommunitySurvey(ACS)isamultiyearestaimationthatusesasampleof
thepopulationtomakeestimations.ACSinformationisusedduringtheyearsinbetweenthedecennialcensustoprovidean
estimationofpopulation,demographics,andothersocialinformation.
WhileLewisCountyandSt.LawrenceCountyhaveseenlittlegrowthsince2000,JeffersonCountyspopulation
increasedby6.5percentfrom2000to2015.JeffersonCountyspopulationinitiallydecreasedfrom2000to2004,
butstartedtoincreasebetween2004and2015.ThisisinlargepartduetoFortDrumsgrowth,expandingits
militaryandcivilianworkforce27%between2003and2015accordingtotheFY2015FortDrumEconomicImpact
Statement.ThetownsofLeRayandPameliahaveexperiencedthemostgrowthbetween2000and2015,dueto
theirproximitytoFortDrumandtheeffectsofincreasedconstructionandhousingtosupportpersonnelworking
Identifyingwhereclustersofpopulationareisalsoimportantinplanningforfuturegrowthanddevelopment.
Figure21aillustratesthepopulationdensitythroughouttheStudyAreain2000,whileFigure21bshowsazoom
inclosertothemorepopulatedareas,andFigure22aillustratesthepopulationdensityin2010,whileFigure22b
showsazoominclosertothemorepopulatedareas.
Table22. FuturePopulationProjections
Jurisdiction 2010Census 2040Est. NumberChangeEst. PercentChangeEst.
NewYorkState 19,378,102 19,623,506 245,404 1.7%
JeffersonCounty 115,885 130,677 14,792 12.8%
LewisCounty 26,944 23,148 3,796 14.1%
St.LawrenceCounty 111,931 99,887 12,044 10.8%
Source:CornellUniversityProgramonAppliedDemographics,September8,2011
JeffersonCountyisprojectedtocontinueincreasingintotheforeseeablefuture,approximately500peopleper
year.Thisequatestoatotalgrowthof12.8percentinthat30yearspan,fargreaterthanthatofNewYorkStateas
awhole.Ontheotherhand,bothLewisCountyandSt.LawrenceCountyareexpectedtodecreaseover10percent
inpopulationbytheyear2040.Thesetwocountiescombinedareprojectedtodecreaseinpopulationnearlyas
muchasJeffersonCountyisexpectedtoincreaseinpopulation,roughlyeveningouttheFortDrumStudyAreas
populationgrowthbytheyear2040towhatitistoday.
Theseprojectedpopulationsarenotexpectedtobeexact;however,theyareestimatedtohelpcitiesandcounties
todeveloplanduseprioritiestoreduceimpactsoffuturegrowthchallenges.
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De Kalb
av
wa Hermon
ek
Be
pe Hammond
h ip
C Macomb Russell
Hammond
k
St Lawrence
r ee
37 County
dC
Richville Hermon
Crooke
A Alexandria
N AD Gouverneur
CA Bay Rossie
58
Edwards
Redwood
Gouverneur
Alexandria Edwards
Antwerp Fowler
Theresa
11
a
. L ve
en
wr r
ce k
81
Theresa
J e ff e r s o n
County
St Ri La Fargeville
ee
Clayton Antwerp
Cr
r
411 Pitcairn
ch
ve
Ri
n
Fort Drum
Fre
Bla ck
Depauville Ch r
Cape Vincent
180
Le Ray
Philadelphia
ian
R ive
Diana
Fine
re Ind
C
ek ek
sC
re Lyme Evans Mills
3
Ke
nt
12E Chaumont Brownville
Black River
iver
ay
P er
ch Glen
342 River 3A Bridge
Park Calcium
Dexter
Brownville 12F
283 Great Bend Carthage
Watertown Champion Croghan
La
ke Sackets Mill Creek Rutland West Carthage
On
tar Harbor
812
io Hounsfield
232 Watertown
Copenhagen Denmark
126
Croghan
Beaver River
Adams Center
410 Castorland
Cr ek
ndy e New Bremen
Sa
Adams
Creek Crystal Cree
ny Henderson Rodman Pinckney
26 k
r
Harrisburg
Sto
ive
Lowville
R
3 178 Adams r
e
177
De
Watson
Lowville
89
2 South Sand y
Cr e ek
Ind Ri
ve
r
epe
ce
Roaring B rook nd en
Mud
Br ook
11
193
Lorraine Worth
Ott r
Cr e ek
e
Ellisburg Montague Martinsburg 12
Ellisburg Le w is Greig
Mannsville
County
Sandy
Blind Boylston Turin
Creek Creek
O s w e g o Redfield Turin Lyons Falls
Lacona
County
ad River
Lyonsdale
Sandy Creek West Turin
r Creek
Pulaski
Osceola
Constableville
12D Port
e
Orwell Leyden
De
Sugar Riv
13 Richland
Albion Lewis
er Leyden
Boonville
Legend
Population Per Square Mile Fort Drum Interstate Water Body
0 - 500 County Boundary US Highway Streams
501 - 1,000 Town State Highway
1,001 - 2,000 City / Village / Hamlet Railroad
2,001 - 4,000
> 4,000
Source: US Census 2000. Fort Drum 2016. Development Authority of the North Country 2106.
Figure 2-1a
0 5 10
Miles
Population Density, 2000
411 Theresa
Ot ter C
r ee
k Antwerp
Orleans
180 Philadelphia
Black Creek
Depauville Philadelphia
k
tte Cree
Gille
Clayton Le Ray
11 Fort Drum r
r i ve
k
iv e I ndi a n R
ree
hR
37
C
e rc
P Diana
st
We
Evans Mills
81
Calcium
Natural
Pamelia
781
Bridge
Deferiet
Brownville
12
342
Black River
3A Wilna
Herrings
Glen Park Carthage
Brownville
12E
283
Great Bend
Black River
12F
3 West Carthage
Watertown Champion
Rutland
126
26 Croghan
Hounsfield
232 Watertown Denmark
eave
R iv
r
Castorland er
Copenhagen
New
11
Bremen
Adams Center
410
ek
Cre
Sand y
12
Adams G ulfSt r e am
Rodman
Pinckney Harrisburg
Lowville
812
ek
177 r Watson
ve
re Lowville
Ri
C
er
ey
e
nl
Cree
G
y Worth
South k
S an d Abijah Creek Montague
Martinsburg
Legend
Population Per Square Mile Fort Drum Interstate Water Body
0 - 500 County Boundary US Highway Streams
501 - 1,000 Town State Highway
1,001 - 2,000 City / Village / Hamlet Railroad
2,001 - 4,000
> 4,000
Source: US Census 2000. Fort Drum 2016. Development Authority of the North Country 2106.
Figure 2-1b
0 2 4
Miles
Population Density, 2000 (Zoom In)
Elm
ek
812
12
Cr
ee
k
184
er
Cr
e
Cre
De Kalb
av
wa Hermon
ek
Be
pe Hammond
h ip
C Macomb Russell
Hammond
k
St Lawrence
r ee
37 County
dC
Richville Hermon
Crooke
A Alexandria
N AD Gouverneur
CA Bay Rossie
58
Edwards
Redwood
Gouverneur
Alexandria Edwards
Antwerp Fowler
Theresa
11
a
. L ve
en
wr r
ce k
81
Theresa
J e ff e r s o n
County
St Ri La Fargeville
ee
Clayton Antwerp
Cr
r
411 Pitcairn
ch
ve
Ri
n
Fort Drum
Fre
Bla ck
Depauville Ch r
Cape Vincent
180
Le Ray
Philadelphia
ian
R ive
Diana
Fine
re Ind
C
ek ek
sC
re Lyme Evans Mills
3
Ke
nt
12E Chaumont Brownville
Black River
iver
ay
P er
ch Glen
342 River 3A Bridge
Park Calcium
Dexter
Brownville 12F
283 Great Bend Carthage
Watertown Champion Croghan
La
ke Sackets Mill Creek Rutland West Carthage
On
tar Harbor
812
io Hounsfield
232 Watertown
Copenhagen Denmark
126
Croghan
Beaver River
Adams Center
410 Castorland
Cr ek
ndy e New Bremen
Sa
Adams
Creek Crystal Cree
ny Henderson Rodman Pinckney
26 k
r
Harrisburg
Sto
ive
Lowville
R
3 178 Adams r
e
177
De
Watson
Lowville
89
2 South Sand y
Cr e ek
Ind Ri
ve
r
epe
ce
Roaring B rook nd en
Mud
Br ook
11
193
Lorraine Worth
Ott r
Cr e ek
e
Ellisburg Montague Martinsburg 12
Ellisburg Le w is Greig
Mannsville
County
Sandy
Blind Boylston Turin
Creek Creek
O s w e g o Redfield Turin Lyons Falls
Lacona
County
ad River
Lyonsdale
Sandy Creek West Turin
r Creek
Pulaski
Osceola
Constableville
12D Port
e
Orwell Leyden
De
Sugar Riv
13 Richland
Albion Lewis
er Leyden
Boonville
Legend
Population Per Square Mile Fort Drum Interstate Water Body
0 - 500 County Boundary US Highway Streams
501 - 1,000 Town State Highway
1,001 - 2,000 City / Village / Hamlet Railroad
2,001 - 4,000
> 4,000
Source: US Census 2010. Fort Drum 2016. Development Authority of the North Country 2106.
Figure 2-2a
0 5 10
Miles
Population Density, 2010
411 Theresa
Ot ter C
r ee
k Antwerp
Orleans
180 Philadelphia
Black Creek
Depauville Philadelphia
k
tte Cree
Gille
Clayton Le Ray
11 Fort Drum r
r i ve
k
iv e I ndi a n R
ree
hR
37
C
e rc
P Diana
st
We
Evans Mills
81
Calcium
Natural
Pamelia
781
Bridge
Deferiet
Brownville
12
342
Black River
3A Wilna
Herrings
Glen Park Carthage
Brownville
12E
283
Great Bend
Black River
12F
3 West Carthage
Watertown Champion
Rutland
126
26 Croghan
Hounsfield
232 Watertown Denmark
eave
R iv
r
Castorland er
Copenhagen
New
11
Bremen
Adams Center
410
ek
Cre
Sand y
12
Adams G ulfSt r e am
Rodman
Pinckney Harrisburg
Lowville
812
ek
177 r Watson
ve
re Lowville
Ri
C
er
ey
e
nl
Cree
G
y Worth
South k
S an d Abijah Creek Montague
Martinsburg
Legend
Population Per Square Mile Fort Drum Interstate Water Body
0 - 500 County Boundary US Highway Streams
501 - 1,000 Town State Highway
1,001 - 2,000 City / Village / Hamlet Railroad
2,001 - 4,000
> 4,000
Source: US Census 2010. Fort Drum 2016. Development Authority of the North Country 2106.
Figure 2-2b
0 2 4
Miles
Population Density, 2010 (Zoom In)
Table23. MedianHousingValue2000,2010,and2015
Number Percent
Change Change
Jurisdiction 2000 2010 2015 20002015 20002015
NewYorkState $147,600 $303,900 $283,000 $135,400 91.7%
JeffersonCounty $66,100 $116,800 $141,000 $74,900 113.3%
CityofWatertown $64,100 $112,600 $125,500 $61,400 95.8%
TownofAntwerp $52,800 $96,300 $123,900 $71,100 134.7%
TownofChampion $62,500 $110,000 $128,100 $65,600 105.0%
TownofLeRay $67,800 $155,000 $166,700 $98,900 145.9%
TownofPamelia $79,600 $142,600 $164,200 $84,600 106.3%
TownofPhiladelphia $60,400 $112,500 $133,600 $73,200 121.2%
TownofRutland $63,600 $108,200 $138,700 $75,100 118.1%
TownofWatertown $78,400 $144,200 $171,000 $92,600 118.1%
TownofWilna $58,000 $95,500 $129,700 $71,700 123.6%
LewisCounty $63,300 $100,700 $117,300 $54,000 85.3%
TownofDiana $47,100 $89,100 $97,400 $50,300 106.8%
St.LawrenceCounty $59,100 $79,600 $87,600 $28,500 48.2%
TownofFowler $65,600 $96,300 $104,400 $38,800 59.1%
TownofGouverneur $48,300 $69,400 $87,000 $38,700 80.1%
TownofPitcairn $39,400 $66,300 $92,300 $52,900 134.3%
TownofRossie $50,800 $53,300 $77,100 $26,300 51.8%
Source:2000USCensus,2010and2015AmericanCommunitySurvey
Housingvalueshavesignificantlyincreasedineachjurisdictionbetween2000and2015.Althoughhousingprices
aremuchgreaterstatewide,thecommunitiessurroundingFortDrumhavecontinuedtoincreasetheirmedian
homevaluesfrom2010to2015,unlikeNewYorksdecreasedmedianhomevalueduringthatsametimeperiod.
EachJLUScommunityinJeffersonCountyhasexperiencedapercentageincreaseinhomevaluesbyarategreater
thanthatofNewYorkStateasawholebetween2000and2015.TheTownofLeRay,aswellashavingthemost
populationgrowth,hadthelargestincreaseinmedianhomevalue,atalmost150percentbetween2000and2015.
CommunitiesinSt.LawrenceCountyexperiencedtheleastamountofpercentageincreaseinmedianhomevalue,
withthecountyhavingthelowestpercentincreaseoftheJLUSStudyAreacommunitiesat48.2percent,andthe
TownofRossiehavingthelowestincreasefortownsat51.8percent.However,theTownofPitcairnincreasedtheir
medianhomevaluesbyover130percentfrom2000to2015.
Table24. MedianGrossRent2000,2010,and2015
Number Percent
Change Change
Jurisdiction 2000* 2010 2015 20002015 20002015
NewYorkState $672 $977 $1,132 $460 68.5%
JeffersonCounty $486 $769 $947 $461 94.9%
CityofWatertown $457 $663 $816 $359 78.6%
TownofAntwerp $456 $685 $771 $315 69.1%
TownofChampion $439 $799 $1,104 $665 151.5%
TownofLeRay $547 $1,078 $1,276 $729 133.3%
TownofPamelia $519 $678 $848 $329 63.4%
TownofPhiladelphia $394 $740 $670 $276 70.1%
TownofRutland $533 $807 $949 $416 78.0%
TownofWatertown $490 $811 $989 $499 101.8%
TownofWilna $437 $730 $906 $469 107.3%
LewisCounty $444 $595 $699 $255 57.4%
TownofDiana $432 $658 $713 $281 65.0%
St.LawrenceCounty $428 $610 $700 $272 63.6%
TownofFowler $482 $718 $957 $475 98.5%
TownofGouverneur $437 $638 $692 $255 58.4%
TownofPitcairn $517 $721 $615 $98 19.0%
TownofRossie $390 $612 $598 $208 53.3%
Source:2000USCensus,2010and2015AmericanCommunitySurvey
Table25. FortDrums2015BAHRates
Grade Rank WithDependent WithoutDependent
E1 Private $1,383 $1,038
E2 PrivateSecondClass $1,383 $1,038
E3 PrivateFirstClass $1,383 $1,038
E4 ArmySpecialistand $1,383 $1,038
Corporal
E5 Sergeant $1,476 $1,206
E6 StaffSergeant $1,677 $1,305
E7 SergeantFirstClass $1,827 $1,389
E8 MasterSergeantandFirst $1,992 $1,518
Sergeant
E9 SergeantMajorand $2,130 $1,596
CommandSergeant
Major
W1 $1,680 $1,347
W2 $1,896 $1,515
W3 $2,097 $1,599
W4 $2,142 $1,716
W5 $2,196 $1,866
O1E SecondLieutenant $1,863 $1,476
O2E FirstLieutenant $2,067 $1,563
O3E Captain $2,151 $1,677
O1 SecondLieutenant $1,497 $1,290
O2 FirstLieutenant $1,674 $1,446
O3 Captain $2,088 $1,605
O4 Major $2,217 $1,845
O5 LieutenantColonel $2,304 $1,941
O6 Colonel $2,325 $2,097
O7+ ArmyGenerals $2,349 $2,139
Source:www.dodhousingnetwork.com,2015
Figure23showstheresidentialunitbuildingpermitsissuedbyeachcountyandtheCityofWatertownbetween
2006and2015.Housingunitbuildingpermitsasaregionhavefluctuatedoverthepast10years,peakingin2007
priortotherecessionanddecliningsharplyin2008and2009.However,theregionstotallargelyreflectsthatof
JeffersonCounty,asithadthemostresidentialunitbuildingpermitsissuedinalloftheprevious10yearsexcept
for2015.Duringthisyear,housingunitbuildingpermitsdeclinedfromafiveyearpeakofover500unitstoa
10yearlowoflessthan150units.Likewise,theCityofWatertowndidnothaveanyresidentialbuildingpermits
issuedin2014or2015.
800
700
600
NUMBEROFUNITS
500
400
300
200
100
0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
YEAR
Source:USDepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment(HUD)20062015
LewisCountysandSt.LawrenceCountysresidentialunitbuildingpermitshaveremainedrelativelyconsistent
throughoutthepast10years.Ontheotherhand,JeffersonCountyexperiencedamajordeclineinresidential
buildingpermitsbetween2007and2009,roughlyconsistentwiththenationalrecessionduringthattimeperiod.
Between2009and2012,thetotalnumberofbuildingpermitsremainedrelativelyconsistent,fluctuatingbetween
189and232permitseachyear.Thattotalmorethantripledbetween2012and2015,duringwhichthemost
buildingpermitswereissuedwithinthe10yearperiod(747).However,thefollowingyearin2016,thetotal
numberofbuildingpermitsissueddroppedtojustover100,theleastamountofbuildingpermitsissuedwithinthe
past10years.
UnemploymentRates
12.0%
10.0%
8.0%
6.0%
4.0%
2.0%
0.0%
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Source:BureauofLaborStatistics,20062015
Althoughitisaruralregionandalargeportionofthelandisdedicatedtofarming,agriculturecurrentlyonly
accountsforonlyaboutthreepercentoftheregionsemployment;however,thismaybemisleadingasitisoften
difficulttoaccuratelycaptureandaccountforagriculturalemploymentdata.Whileagriculturallandusesaccount
forlargeamountsofland,thenumberofemployeesisoftenmuchsmallerthanotherindustries,withsmaller
footprintsintermsoflandsize.ThegovernmentemploysthegreatestpercentofworkersintheFortDrumStudy
Areawithover30percentofthetotalemployees.Suchgovernmentjobsincludemilitarypersonnel,publicK12
teachers,andotherlocalandstategovernmentemployees.Twootherprominentsectorswithintheregioninclude
theretailtradeandthehealthcareandsocialassistanceindustries.
Source:USBureauofEconomicAnalysis2014
Countyeconomicdevelopmentagenciesidentifiedthethreecountyregionstop24employersin2015.FortDrum
isbyfarthetopemployer,comprisingnearly22,000employees.NewYorkState(includingregionalStateoffices
andcorrectionalfacilities)andSamaritanMedicalCenterarethenexttwolargestemployerswithintheregionwith
2,891and2,500employees,respectively.Table26liststhe25largestemployersinthethreecountyregion
surroundingFortDrum.
ThemedianhouseholdincomeinLewisCountyincreased45percentbetween2000and2015from$34,361to
$49,819asseeninTable27.SimilartoJeffersonCounty,themedianhouseholdincomeinLewisCountyisseveral
thousanddollarslessthanthestatewidemedianhouseholdincome.Also,theLewisCountycommunitywithinthe
FortDrumJLUSStudyAreatheTownofDianaexperiencedamedianhouseholdincomeincreasepercent
increaseof22.9%,oneofthelowestincreasesintheStudyArea.
TheMapleRidgeWindFarmisalsoacontributortoLewisCountyseconomy.ConstructionoftheMapleRidge
WindFarmbroughtover$55millionintothelocaleconomythroughthepurchaseoflocalmaterialsandsupplies
foraccessroadandturbinefoundationconstruction(e.g.,gravel,stone,concrete,etc.).Inaddition,constructionof
theindustrialwindenergydevelopmentcreatedover400temporaryconstructionjobs,thevastmajorityofwhich
werefilledbyNewYorkbasedemployees.
Operationoftheindustrialwindenergydevelopmenthascreatednearly35fulltimelocaljobsandbringsannual
revenuepaymentsofover$1milliontothelandownersinvolved.Forthefull322megawattsize,thetaxpayments
receivedbythemunicipalities,county,andschooldistrictsasaresultoftheindustrialwindenergydevelopment
areinthemillionsofdollarsannually,includingmorethan$2milliontothreelocalschools.
ThemedianhouseholdincomeinSt.LawrenceCountyincreased38.2percentbetween2000and2015,similarto
thestatewidegrowthrate.However,ithadthelowestmedianincomeofthethreecountiesintheFortDrumStudy
Areaat$44,705in2015.TheTownofGouverneurexperiencedthesmallestincreaseinmedianhouseholdincome
atjustover20percentin2015,andhadthelowestmedianhouseholdincomewithintheFortDrumStudyAreaat
$33,503inthesameyear.
East
EastofFortDrumsborderismostlyundevelopedforest,includingtheFrankE.JadwinMemorialStateForest.
DevelopmentinthisareaiswithintheTownofDianainLewisCounty.Thelargestportionofdevelopmentis
clusteredintheVillageofHarrisville,whichislocatedaboutfivemileseastofFortDrumsborder.TheVillageof
Harrisvilleismostlyresidentialwithsomelightcommercialandschoolstosupporttheresidents.LakeBonaparteis
amajorfeatureandattractionintheregion,sharingabouttwomilesofshorelinewithFortDrumsborder.Itis
accessiblethroughMudLakeandTrainingArea19C.Thislakeisusedforrecreationalfishingandboating,aswellas
campingaroundthelakesshore.Thereissomeresidentialdevelopmentsurroundingthislake,aswellasalongthe
majorroadways.
South
Similartotheentireregion,thereisastrongagriculturalpresenceonthesouthsideofFortDrumsborder.
DevelopmentinthisareaiswithintheJeffersonCountytownsofWatertown,Wilna,Champion,andRutland.The
BlackRiverflowsthroughthisareasouthofFortDrumandseveralcommunitieswerecreatedalongit.TheCityof
Watertownisamongthesecommunities,aswellasthevillagesofBlackRiver,FeltsMills,GreatBend,Deferiet,
Carthage,andWestCarthage.Eachofthesecommunitiesisprimarilyresidentialandcontainsschoolstosupport
theresidents.TheCityofWatertownandvillagesofCarthageandWestCarthagehavelargercommercialcores
thantheothercommunitiessurroundingFortDrum.Outsideoftheurbanizedareas,theprimarylandusesare
agricultural,forest,andundevelopedland.TheMapleRidgeWindFarmislocatedabout15milessouthof
FortDruminthetownsofLowville,Martinsburg,andHarrisburgandcontains195windturbineswithinits
boundaries.
West
DevelopmentinthisareaiswithintheJeffersonCountytownsofPamelia,LeRay,Philadelphia,andAntwerp.Most
developmentisclusteredinthevillagesthatformedalongtheUSRoute11corridor.ThesevillagesareEvansMills,
Philadelphia,andAntwerp.Eachofthesevillagesconsistsofmostlyresidentialdevelopment,aswellassomelight
commercialandschoolstoservetheresidents.TheVillageofEvansMillsisintheTownofLeRay,andisabout
threemilesawayfromFortDrumsmaingate.TheVillageofPhiladelphiaislocatedintheTownofPhiladelphia,
abouttwomilesfromFortDrumsborder.TheVillageofAntwerpislocatedintheTownofAntwerp,andis
adjacenttoFortDrumsborder.Outsideofdensevillageareas,theprimarylandusesareagricultural,forest,and
undevelopedland.
TheStudyAreaistraversedbyseveralstatehighways,asshownonFigure25,includingSR3,12,26,and37;allof
whicharetwolanehighways.StateRoute3isamajoreastwestcorridorthatconnectsLakeOntarioto
Plattsburgh,NewYorknearthestatesnortheasternborder,travelingthroughtheCityofWatertown.StateRoute
3isalsopartofNewYorksOlympicTrailScenicBywaythattravelseastandwestfor170milesfromLake
ChamplaintoLakeOntario,passingthroughAdirondackPark.BothSR12andSR26travelnorthsouththroughout
thestatefromnorthernJeffersonCountytotheNewYorkPennsylvaniabordernearBinghamton,NewYork.State
Route37runsfromintheCityofWatertownandgenerallyfollowstheSt.LawrenceRiveruntilitmeetsUSRoute
11inMalone,NewYorknearthestatesnorthernborder.StateRoute812startsinLowvilleandtravelsnorth
throughSt.LawrenceCountytotheCanadianborderwhereitcrossestheOgdensburgPrescottInternational
BridgeandconnectstoHighway16inOntario.StateRoute812servesaspartofNewYorksBlackRiverTrail
ScenicByway.
NewYorkDepartmentofTransportationisplanningtoconstructabridgeoverSR26theroadwaythattraverses
FortDrum.ThisbridgewillconnecttheinstallationscantonmentareatoWheelerSackArmyAirfield,allowing
personnelwhohavealreadygonethroughsecuritytotravelacrossSR26withoutgoingthroughanadditional
securitycheck.ConstructionisexpectedtobecompletedbyAugust2018.
Bus
TheCityofWatertownhaspublictransportationavailablewithinthecitylimits,whichdoesnotconnectto
FortDrum.CitiBuscurrentlyhasfiveroutestraversingthecitybetween7:00amto6:15pm:
RouteA1:StateEastMain
RouteA2:Washington
RouteB:ArsenalMall
RouteC1:NorthsideLoop
RouteC2:CoffeenJCC
Rail
Therearecurrentlynopassengerrailservicesintheregion.ThereareseveralraillinesoperatedbyCSXfor
transportingagriculturalandmanufacturedgoods.ThesefreightraillinesconnecttoFortDrum,andtothe
surroundingcommunitiestotheinstallationsnorthwestandsoutheastborder.
ek
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Watertown
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Black
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Carthage
Airport Watertown
La
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On
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Sackets
Harbor
126
812
io
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26
Beaver River Croghan
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and y Cr
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Duflo Airport
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ive
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R
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193
Ind
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Roarin g B rook ep e
Mud
Br ook
11 e
Ott r C re
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Mannsville
Lewis
County
Blind
Creek
Lacona Oswego
Sandy Creek County Lyons
Mad River
Turin Falls
12D
Legend o
Interstate
o Airport / Airfield 30-mile Study Area Water Body
US Highway Fort Drum Streams
State Highway County Boundary
Other Road City / Village / Hamlet
Railroad
0 2 4
Figure 2-5
Miles
Fort Drum JLUS Study Area Transportation
ButtervilleAirport.ButtervilleAirportisasmall,privatelyownedgrassairfield.ItislocatedinAdams,
NewYork,approximately23milessouthwestofWheelerSackArmyAirfield.Thisairporthasoneunpaved
runwaythatisapproximately2,100feetlong.
CountrymansLandingStrip.CountrymansLandingStripisasmall,privatelyownedgrasslandingstrip.It
islocatedinCarthage,NewYork,approximatelysixmileseastofWheelerSackArmyAirfield.Thislanding
striphasoneunpavedrunwaythatisapproximately1,800feetlong.
DufloAirport.DufloAirportisasmall,privatelyownedairportinLowville,NewYork.Itisapproximately
20milessoutheastofWheelerSackArmyAirfield.Thisairporthasonepavedrunwaythatisapproximately
2,800feetinlength.
HendricksField.HendricksFieldisasmall,privatelyownedairportinGouverneur,NewYork.Itis
approximately26milesnorthofWheelerSackArmyairfield.Thisairfieldhasonerunwaythatis
approximately2,500feetinlength.
JohnGonzalesField.JohnGonzalesFieldisasmall,privatelyownedgrassairfield.Itislocatedin
CapeVincent,NewYork,approximately29mileswestofWheelerSackArmyAirfield.Thisairfieldhasone
unpavedrunwaythatisapproximately1,850feetlong.
MaxsonAirfield.MaxsonAirfieldisasmall,privatelyownedairfield.ItislocatedinAlexandriaBay,
NewYork,approximately19milesnorthwestofWheelerSackArmyAirfield.Thisairfieldhasonepaved
runwayapproximately4,280feetlong.
RitchieAirfield.TheRitchieAirfieldisasmall,privatelyownedairportinClayton,NewYork.Itislocated
about20milesnorthwestofWheelerSackArmyAirfield.Thisairfieldhasoneunpavedrunway
approximately2,000feetinlength.
WatertownInternationalAirport.TheWatertownInternationalAirportisapublicairportlocatedinand
operatedbyJeffersonCounty,NewYork.Itisapproximately15mileswestofWheelerSackArmyAirfield,
and14milessouthofRitchieAirfield.Thisairporthastwopavedrunways.Oneisapproximately6,000feet
inlengthandtheotherisapproximately5,000feetinlength.AmericanAirlinesistheprimaryairlinethat
servicesthisairport,andhastwodailytripstoandfromPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania.
3.1. FortDrumHistory.............................................................................................................32
3.2. EconomicImpact...............................................................................................................32
3.3. InstallationSetting............................................................................................................33
3.4. MilitaryOperations...........................................................................................................37
3.5. NonMilitaryUseofFortDrum.......................................................................................313
3.6. UnitsatFortDrum..........................................................................................................313
3.7. MilitaryOperationsFootprints.......................................................................................316
ThischapterprovidesanoverviewofthemilitaryhistoryandcurrentoperationsatFortDrum.
Identifyinganddescribingthevariousactivitiesperformedonthemilitaryinstallationprovides
valuableinsightintotheimportanceofFortDrumasastrongcommunitypartnerandnational
strategicasset.Thisinformationhelpsstakeholderstomakeinformeddecisionsregardingthe
futuredevelopmentandeconomicgrowthoftheircommunities,whichmaybeinfluencedby
installationactivitiesduetotheirrelativeproximitytoFortDrum.Thesedecisionspotentially
impactthecontinuedexistenceandfutureroleoftheinstallation.
Source:FortDrumIntegratedNaturalResourcesManagementPlan,2011
PartofthelandcurrentlydesignatedasFortDrumwasoriginallyknownasCampHughesin1907,whichwas
establishedformodernmilitaryweaponrytraining.Thefollowingyear,UlyssesS.GrantsoldestsonGeneral
FrederickDentGrantbroughtseveralthousandsoldiersandmilitiamentoPinePlains.TheUSArmyestablished
thisasPineCampfortheNationalGuardtoconductsummertrainingoperations.In1935,trainingatPineCamp
expandedtoincludemaneuvertrainingtodefendagainstpotentialnortherninvasionfromCanada.Approximately
36,500soldiersparticipatedinthistraining.FollowingtheoutbreakofWorldWarII,PineCampexpandedfrom
9,000acrestoanadditional75,000acres.Between1941and1942,800buildingswereconstructedtofacilitate
trainingandhousemilitarypersonnel.
AnumberoftemporaryunitswerestationedatPineCamptotrain,takingadvantageofitsterrainandclimate.
FollowingtheoriginalNationalGuardunitsintheearly1900s,the45thInfantryDivision,4thArmoredDivision,and
5thArmoredDivisionwereactivatedatPineCampin1941.PrisonersofwarwerealsoheldatPineCampduring
WorldWarII.
PineCampwasrenamedtoCampDrumin1951afterLt.Gen.HughA.Drum,commanderoftheFirstArmyduring
WorldWarII.Afterthewar,the11th,82nd,and101stAirbornedivisionsconductedtacticalparachutedropsat
CampDrum.ApermanentgarrisonwasassignedtoCampDrumin1974,anditwasredesignatedasFortDrum.
Source:FortDrumGrowthManagementStrategy,2009;FortDrumStrategicPlan,2011
The10thMountainDivision(LI)movedtoFortDrumasitspermanenthomein1984,expandingthebasewithan
additional130buildings,35milesofroads,and4,272housingunitsbetween1986and1992.The10thMountain
Division(LI)hasbecomeoneofthemostdeployedunitswithintheUnitedStatesArmysince1990.FortDrumis
alsoamajortrainingcenterfortheNewYorkArmyNationalGuard,withseveralunitsstatewideusingFortDrum
facilitieseachweekendfortraining.
Source:http://www.drum.army.mil/AboutFortDrum/Pages/History_lv2.aspx
FortDrumisdesignatedasaRegionalCollectiveTrainingCenterbytheDepartmentoftheArmyandprovides
trainingandbaseoperationssupportto11states,aswellaspartsofCanada.Anadditional23,500Reserveand
NationalGuardmembersandpersonnelfromotherfederal,state,andlocalagenciesuseFortDrumfacilitiesfor
trainingannually.RegionallawenforcementandfiredepartmentunitsalsouseFortDrumfacilitiesfortrainingona
frequentbasis.
$1,600,000,000
$1,400,000,000
$1,200,000,000
$1,000,000,000
$800,000,000
$600,000,000
$400,000,000
$200,000,000
$0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Source:FortDrum,NewYorkEconomicImpactStatementFY2016
FortDrumislocatedwithinfivedifferentecoregions:EasternOntarioPlains,St.LawrenceValley,Western
AdirondackTransition,IndianRiverTransition,andBlackRiverValley.TheEasternOntarioPlainsecoregioncovers
mostofFortDrumssouthernedge,andischaracterizedbyhillocksandsmallplainswithsandysoils.The
St.LawrenceValleyecoregionislocatedalongmostoftheinstallationswesternedge,andspreadstowardsthe
centeroftheinstallation.Thisecoregionischaracterizedbyauniquesiltcompositionwithpoordrainage.The
WesternAdirondackTransitionecoregioncoversnearlytheentirenorthernportionofFortDrum.Thisecoregion
hasahigherelevationthanotherswithintheinstallation,aswellasvastforestsandbedrockoutcroppingswith
steepdropoffs.TheIndianRiverTransitionecoregionincludesasmallportionalongFortDrumsnorthwestern
border,andischaracterizedbyitsclaybasedsoil.Lastly,theBlackRiverValleyecoregioncoversonlyasmall
portionofFortDrumssouthernborder.ThisecoregiondiffersfromthesurroundingEasternOntarioPlains
ecoregionbyitsGalenandArkportsoils.
Source:FortDrumIntegratedNaturalResourcesManagementPlan,2011
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Cantonment Area Housing / Lodging Fort Drum Interstate
WSAAF Area Other Building County Boundary US Highway
Training Areas
_
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0 2 4
Figure 3-2
Miles
Fort Drum Installation Setting
The108,733acresthatcomposeFortDrumaredividedintothreemainareas:thecantonmentarea,WSAAF,and
thetrainingarea.
Cantonment Area
ExceptforWSAAF,mostofthedevelopmentonFortDrumiscontainedwithinthecantonmentarea.FortDrums
cantonmentareaislocatedinthesouthwesternportionofthebase.Itcontainstheinstallationshousingand
lodgingunitsandsupportfacilities,includingtheGarrisonheadquarters,administrativebuildings,vehicle
maintenancefacilities,barracks,classroomsandeducationalamenities,andrecreationalfacilities.Figure33
illustratesthevarioustypesoflanduseinthecantonmentareaandatWSAAF.Thecantonmentareacontains
10,434acresofland,roughly3,600acresofwhicharelocaltrainingareas.Itcontains7,900barracksroomsand
3,863housingunits.
Source:FortDrumIntegratedNaturalResourcesManagementPlan,2011
Source:FortDrumIntegratedNaturalResourcesManagementPlan,2011
Thisairfieldcurrentlyhasthreefixedwingrunways,andseverallocationsforrotarywingaircraft.Thethree
fixedwingrunwaysare3/21,15/33,and8/26.Runway3/21isthelongestrunwayat10,000feetinlengthby150
feetwideandiscapableofsupportinganyaircraftintheDepartmentofDefense(DOD)inventory.Runway15/33is
4,999feetlongandRunway8/26is4,482feetlong.ThereisalsoalaunchandrecoveryrunwayusedbyTactical
UnmannedAerialVehicles(UAV).Theairtrafficcontroltoweroperates24hoursaday,sevendaysaweekand
utilizesArmyRadarApproachControlforenhancedfunctionality.Theairfieldcansupportlargescaledeployment
activitywitha1,200Soldierpassengerterminal,alloftheaerospacegroundequipmentrequiredtosupportupto
sixwidebodyaircraft(suchasC5,C17,andB747aircraft)simultaneously,andcanparkatleastninelarge
framewidebodyaircraftatanygiventimewithoutimpactingtheoperationsofthe10thCombatAviationBrigade
andotheraviationoperations.Theairfieldcanoperateinallweatherconditionsandsupportsafullrangeof
aircraftservicescapabilities,includingfueling,deicing,andtransientalertfunctions.
Source:FortDrumInstallationCompatibleUseZoneStudy,April2016;andFortDrumGarrisonTrainingandAirfieldOperations
Update,September2015
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Land Use
Housing
Airfield Operations
Medical
_
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US Highway
WSAAF Area
Community Outdoor Recreation State Highway
Cantonment Area
Barracks Training Area/Ranges Railroad
Fort Drum
Industrial Undetermined Stream / River
County Boundary
Administrative Airfield Surface
City / Village / Hamlet
Source: Fort Drum 2016.
Figure 3-3
0 1
Miles
Fort Drum Land Use
A10Warthog
AH64Apache
C130Hercules
C17Globemaster
C5AGalaxy
CH47Chinook
F16Falcon
UH60Blackhawk
UnmannedAerialVehicles,includingMQ9Reaper,MQ1GrayEagle,RQ7Shadow,RQ11Raven,and
RQ20Puma(WSAAFistheonlyUSArmyairfieldthatsupportsMQ9livebombtrainingandcontiguous
airtogroundbombingrangesupportedbyonsiteForwardOperatingLocation)
Training Area
Thetrainingareacomprises78,077acresofFortDrumnortheastofthecantonmentareaandWheelerSackArmy
Airfield.TheImpactAreacoversanadditional20,222acresandissurroundedbytrainingarea.Thereareatotalof
70trainingareasthroughoutFortDrum,withthecapabilitytosupportamultitudeoftrainingoperationsand
missionsfortheUSArmy,USAirForce,andNationalGuard.Thetrainingareaisdedicatedtothreeprimarytraining
functions:rangesforweapontraining;maneuverareastotrainonvaryingterrainandlandscapes;andbuiltup
areastotraininanurbanenvironment.FortDrumhas47ranges,195surveyedfiringpoints,40smallcaliber
weaponsfiringranges,70trainingareas,andoneImpactArea.Inaddition,thereisaFirstUSArmyConvoyLive
Fire,LiveFireShoothouse,severalMilitaryOperationsUrbanTerrain,CombinedArmsCollectiveTrainingFacility,
andaHomeStationTrainer.Figure34providesanillustrationofthetrainingareasandrangesonFortDrum
Source:FortDrumInstallationCompatibleUseZoneStudy,2016
TeamDrumgenerates,rapidlydeploysandsustainsreadyforcestomeetnationalsecurity
requirementswhilecaringforSoldiers,FamiliesandCivilians.
FortDrumisaRegionalCollectiveTrainingCenter(oneof27suchinstallationsinthecontinentalUS)withanarea
ofmorethan108,000acres,andsupportsawidevarietyoftrainingandmilitaryoperations.Itservesboththe
ArmyandNewYorkArmyNationalGuard,aswellasNationalGuardunitsfromotherstatesinthenortheasternUS,
locallawenforcementagencies,andotherfederalorganizations.ThepurposeofaRegionalCollectiveTraining
Capabilityistoenabletheoperatingforcetoexecutetheemergingsustainablereadinessmodel.FortDrumhosts
classroomandeducationalfacilities,includingdigitalandvirtualtraininginflightsimulators,airtrafficcontrol
towersimulation,AviationCombinedArmsTacticalTrainer,EngagementSkillsTrainer,MedicalSimulationTraining
Center,fiberopticconnectivity,andvariousothertypesoftraining.
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12 De e r R
Legend
Training Area Cantonment Area Interstate
Impact Area WSAAF Area US Highway
Military Range Fort Drum State Highway
Firing Site County Boundary Local Road
City / Village / Hamlet Railroad
Stream / River
Source: Fort Drum 2016. Airfield Surface
Figure 3-4
0 1 2
Miles
Training Areas and Ranges
Dayandnightsmallarmstargetpractice
Shellandbombdetonation
Supplydeliveryandrapiddeploymenttraining
Airtogroundbombingandgunnerytraining
Droneandunmannedaircraftflightsandmaneuvers
Aircrafttraining
Nighttrainingwithvarioustypesofweaponssystems
Source:JeffersonCountyPlanningPrimers:FortDrumCompatibility,2011
AbriefoverviewofthetypeofactivitythatoccursatthevariousrangesatFortDrumisprovidedinTable31.
Table31. FortDrumRangesandOperations
Range RangeOperation
LiveFireManeuverRanges(Reconfigurable)
MultipurposeRangeComplexLight(AerialGunneryRange/CavalryGunnery/Mounted
Range23
Gunnery)
Range24 InfantryPlatoonBattleCourse/LiveFireVillage
Range25 HeavySniperRange/TankStationaryGunneryRange
Range37 AntiArmorLiveFireRange
Range39 InfantrySquadBattleCourse
OffsetSquadDefensiveLiveFireRange
Range41A
25MZero(M4/M16)
Range44 MultipurposeTrainingRange/QualificationTrainingRange
MultipurposeTrainingRange:
Range48 AerialGunneryRange(RotaryWing)
BombingRange(UAV/FixedWing)
Range51 FireandMovementRangeInfantrySquadBattleCourse
Range52 FireandMovementRangeInfantrySquadBattleCourse
SingularPurposeLiveFireRanges
Range17 HandGrenadeFamiliarizationRange
Range19 LightDemolitionArea
Range31 LightAntiArmorWeaponsRange
Range32A SACONLiveFireShootHouse
Range32B LiveFireExerciseBreachFacility
Range33 MOUTAssaultCourse
Range50 EngineerQualificationArea
FortDrumhasinteractiveurbanoperationsandtheaterbasedcombatsimulationareas.Therearemultiple
militaryoperationsinurbanterrain(MOUT)trainingvillages,thelargestofwhichisfullyinstrumentedtoscore
performanceandallowtheusertoreviewtheiractions,with33buildings,afunctionaltrainingsewer,andlivefire
andsimulatedweaponsusage.OthertheaterbasedtrainingamenitiesincludeBelvedereTacticalLandingStrip(as
shownonFigure34,a5,000footdirtrunwaywithparkingforuptosixC130aircraft,capableofsupportingC130
andC17aircraftfortakeoffandlanding,personnelloading,cargodeliverysystem,andequipmentdrops),
mosquesandhistoricandculturalawarenesssites,alivefireshoothouseandlivefirebreachfacility,a
22.2kilometer(13.8mile)convoylivefirelane,anaerialbombardmentrange,andanimprovisedexplosivedevice
(IED)CenterofExcellence.
Source:FortDrumGarrisonTrainingandAirfieldOperationsUpdate,September2015
FortDrumis328milesawayfromtheseaportofembarkationinPhiladelphia.Ithasextensiverailoperation
capabilitiesforthetransportationofequipmentandvehiclesfordeployment,withfourraillinesatthemain
loadingdockandasecondspurforloadingcontainers.Upto50railcarscanbeloadedwithoutblockingtraffic.
Therailhas24houroperationalcapabilitiesandmaterialscanbereadyformovementwithin12to48hours
dependingontheamountofequipment.
Source:FortDrumHomeofAmericasLightInfantryDivisionBriefing,FY17Q1
Source:JeffersonCountyPlanningPrimers:FortDrumCompatibility,2011
Range48istheprimaryaviationrangeusedatFortDrumforweaponstraining,suchasindividualpilotskillsand
collectivetraining.ItislocatedinthenortheasternpartofFortDrumneartheImpactAreaandismaintainedand
operatedbytheArmytosupportTotalArmyandJointForcetrainingrequirements.Itoffersimportanttraining
assetsforpilots,includinga300footscorablebombcircle,two2,000footstrafepanels,one3,000footstrafe
panel,andtacticaltargets.Therangeisusedbybothrotarywingandfixedwingaircraft,primarilybyAH64
Apache,UH60Blackhawk,A10Warthog,F16Falcon,F15Eagle,andMQ9Reaper(UAV)aircraft.Ammunition
typesusedatRange48include5.56mm,7.62mm,.50caliber,20mm,30mm,2.75inchrocket,practicebombs,
andMK82andMK84livebombs.
Source:FortDrumInstallationCompatibleUseZoneStudy,April2016
Future Missions
TherearetwoothersitesthatwheretheMDAsitemaybedevelopedCampRavennaJointTrainingCenterin
OhioandFortCusterTrainingCenterinMichigan.ThePentagonwillrecommendoneofthesitestoCongressfor
Congressionalapprovalbeforeanydevelopmentbegins.
Source:NCPR,2016andFDRLOMissileDefenseSystemLikelyaLongtermProject
ExtendingRunway1533
ConstructinganewGrayEaglefacility
Expandingaprons
ConstructingIRDeIcefacility
TherearealsoseveralotherculturalsitesatFortDrum,someofwhichpredatetheinstallation.TheLeRayMansion
islocatedonFortDrum,andwasbuiltintheearly1800s,andaddedtotheNationalRegisterofHistoricPlacesin
1974.ThemansiontodayismanagedbytheDirectorateofCommunityActivitiesandisusedforvisitorhousing.
Therearealso13cemeterieslocatedthroughoutFortDrum,withapproximately2,750peopleburiedinthem.
SomeofthesecemeteriesarehistoricallysignificantwithburialsdatingbacktotheWarof1812eraaccordingto
FortDrumhistoricalrecords.Privatecitizensmaybegrantedaccesstothesecemeteriesuponrequestingaccess
andreceivingapprovalfromFortDrumsPublicAffairsOffice(PAO).
DesertShield/Storm
HurricaneAndrewRelief
OperationRestoreHope
OperationContinueHope
OperationUpholdDemocracy
The10thMountainDivisionisdividedintoseveralsubunits,including:
1stBrigadeCombatTeam
2ndBrigadeCombatTeam
3rdBrigadeCombatTeam(locatedatFortPolk)
10thSustainmentBrigade
10thCombatAviationBrigade
LightFightersSchool
Tactical Units
91stMilitaryPoliceBattalion
The91stMilitaryPoliceBattalionmaintainscommand,control,andsupervisionoverallmilitarypolicing,aswellas
trainsmilitarypolicecompaniestoprepareanddeploythemworldwideforcombatandstabilityoperations.
Source:http://www.drum.army.mil/10thSBTB/Pages/91stMilitaryPoliceBn.aspx
63rdExplosiveOrdnanceDisposalBattalion
The63rdExplosiveOrdnanceDisposalBattalionisresponsibleforidentifyingandclearingexplosivematerial.This
BattalionalsohelpsclearanddisposeofexplosivematerialthroughoutNewYorkStateandseveralsurrounding
states.
Source:http://www.watertowndailytimes.com/article/20120419/NEWS03/704199846
630thEngineerBattalion
The630thEngineerBattalionsupportscombinedmilitaryoperationsbysustainingcombatengineeringand
providingengineermissioncommand.
USAirForce20thAirSupportOperationsSquadron(ASOS)
TheUSAirForce20thASOSintegratesairandlandmaneuverswiththeArmyatFortDrum.Thisunitalsoplaysan
integralroleincoordinatingandmanagingjointairoperationswithalliedairforces.
Source:http://www.drum.army.mil/20thASOS/Pages/20thASOS.aspx
18thWeatherSquadron
The18thWeatherSquadronDetachment1operatesandmanagestheDopplerradarlocatedroughly25miles
southofFortDrum.ThissquadroncommunicatesweatherbasedontheirpredictionstobothFortDrumanda
34countyregionacrossNewYorkandVermont.Theweatherreportprovidedbythe18thWeatherSquadron
Detachment1facilitatesFortDrumstraining,particularlyeffortstoensurethesafetyofairoperations.
Source:http://www.twcnews.com/nys/watertown/news/2016/03/14/airforceweatherteamkeepsfortdruminformed.html
ArmyFieldSupportBattalion
TheArmyFieldSupportBattalionsmissionistoserveasthesinglefacetothefieldforUSArmyMaterial
Command(AMC)bysynchronizingacquisition,logistics,andtechnologywhileembracingcontinuousimprovement
Source:http://www.drum.army.mil/AFSBN/Pages/Home.aspx
NewYorkArmyNationalGuardMobilizationandTrainingEquipmentSite(MATES)
MATESprovidesstorageandmaintenancesupportatFortDrumforNewYorkArmyNationalGuardequipment.
99thRegionalSupportCommand
The99thRegionalSupportCommandoffersadministrative,financial,andpersonnelsupporttosoldiers,allowing
commanderstofocusontrainingoperationsandreadiness.Someservicesthe99thRegionalSupportCommand
offersinclude:
EducationAssistance
FamilyCarePlans
Mentor&EducationSoldiers
MilitaryHRSupport
Retirements
479thEngineerBattalionHeadquarters
The479thEngineerBattalionisheadquarteredatFortDrum.Thisbattalionprovidesrapidengineeringsupportto
missions,includingclearingroadsideexplosivesandconstructingpatrolbases.
174thAttackWing
The174thAttackWingoftheNewYorkAirNationalGuardisstationedatHancockFieldinSyracuse,NewYork,but
theunitregularlyusesWheelerSackArmyAirfieldandFortDrumforMQ9Reapertraining.Suchtrainingincludes
launching,landing,recovering,strafingandlivefirescenarios,andbombingtrainingrunswith500pound
ordnance.
Source:https://www.facebook.com/174thAttackWing/
Support Units
ThefollowingisalistofsupportunitsatFortDrum:
USArmyGarrison
USArmyMedicalDepartmentActivity
USArmyDentalActivity
USArmyVeterinaryCommand
CivilianPersonnelAdvisoryCenter
NetworkEnterpriseCenter(NEC)
LogisticsReadinessCenter
USArmyCorpsofEngineers
FederalInvestigativeService
DefenseLogisticsAgency
MissileDefenseAgency
925thCombatCommandBattalion&MissionandInstallationContractingCommandFortDrum
62ndMilitaryPoliceDetachmentCriminalInvestigationDivision
Source:FortDrumHomeofAmericasLightInfantryDivisioncoreslides,FY17Q2
Conversely,themilitarymissionissusceptibletoimpactscreatedbynearbycivilianactivities,landuse
development,andenvironmentalconstraints.Understandingtheoverlappingspatialpatternsoftheseimpacts
aroundtheinstallationandrangesisessentialforpromotingcompatibleandfullycoordinatedlandusedecisions.
Theseoverlappingspatialpatternscreatethemissionfootprint,whichservesasacompatibilitytoolfor
surroundingcommunitiesinmakinginformedlandusedecisions.
ThemissionprofilecomprisesthemissionoperationalfootprintsthatextendbeyondtheboundariesofFortDrum.
Theseelementsareeithertangible,meaningtheyareeitherphysicallyseenand/orheard,orintangible,meaning
thattheyexistwithoutbeingseenorheard.
FortDrumsoveralloperationalfootprintiscomposedofthefollowingcomponents:
Noise
o SmallArmsNoiseZones
o Medium/LargeCaliberWeaponsandDemolitionNoiseZones
o AirfieldNoise
AirfieldSafetyZones
FlightRoutes
Part77VerticalObstructionCompliance
Bird/WildlifeAircraftStrikeHazardRelevancyArea(BASH)
SpecialUseandRestrictedAirspace
RadarViewshed
Figure35illustratesthecombinedoperationalfootprint,andthefollowingpagesdescribeeachindividual
footprintinmoredetail.
N
A
D Ogdensburg
11B
C
A
68 Potsdam
72
458
Heuvelton
Canton
Morristown Rensselaer
Falls
30
37
184
St Lawrence
F r a n k l in
Hermon
County
56
County
Hammond
Richville
86
186
Gouverneur Saranac
Alexandria Bay Edwards Lake
Redwood
11
58
3
Tupper
Je f fe r so n
Theresa C o u n t y Lake
La Fargeville Antwerp
Star
Fort Drum Harrisville
Philadelphia Lake
421
81 Evans
Mills
Natural
Calcium Bridge
Deferiet
Black River Great Bend E s se x
Glen Watertown
Carthage
28N
County
Park West Carthage 812
12
126
Croghan
Copenhagen
Castorland
177
Lowville
Lewis County
H e rk i m e r
28
26 County H a m i l to n
County
30
Lyons
Turin Falls
Port Leyden Speculator
Constableville
Oswego
12D
County
Boonville
294
13
O n e i d a C o u n ty
8
69
Camden Remsen
46 365
10
Prospect
274
Legend
Military Training Route Noise Footprint Fort Drum Railroad
Restricted Airspace Footprint Airfield Safety County Boundary Water Body
Military Operations Area Zone Footprint City / Village / Streams
Footprint Hamlet
FAA Part 77 Footprint Interstate
5-mile BASH Relevancy Area US Highway
Source: Fort Drum 2016, Matrix Design Group 2017. State Highway
Figure 3-5
0 5 10
Miles
Consolidated Fort Drum Mission Footprint
Noise Zones
Daynightaveragesoundlevel(DNL)isusedtorepresentanaveragesoundexposureovera24hourperiod.During
thenighttimeperiod(10:00p.m.to7:00a.m.),averagesareartificiallyincreasedby10decibels(dB).This
weightingreflectstheaddedintrusivenessandthegreaterdisturbancepotentialofnighttimenoiseevents
attributabletothefactthatcommunitybackgroundnoisetypicallydecreasesby10dBatnight.Aweighted
daynightaveragesoundlevel(ADNL)decibelsarecommonlyusedbytheFAAandDODtorepresentaircraftnoise
levelsandCweighteddaynightaveragesoundlevel(CDNL)decibelsarecommonlyusedbytheDODtorepresent
largearmsanddemolitionsnoiselevels.Apeakunweighteddecibel(orLinearPeakDecibel),identifiedasdBP,isa
unitdesignationforthepeakunweighteddecibellevelandisusedtoidentifysmallarmsweaponsnoise.
TheArmyusesaseriesofnoisezonestoidentifynoiselevelsassociatedwithmilitaryoperationsandwhattypesof
landusesareeithercompatibleornotrecommendedwithinthespecificzones.ArmyRegulation(AR)2001lists
housing,schools,andmedicalfacilitiesasexamplesofnoisesensitivelanduses,whichareidentifiedaslanduses
thatareacceptablewithintheNoiseZoneI,normallynotrecommendedinNoiseZoneII,andnotrecommendedin
NoiseZoneIII.TheArmyutilizesfournoisezones:
NoiseZoneIIIisthezonelocatedclosesttothesourceofnoise.ItincludesPeakdecibel(dBP)greaterthan
104,ADNLgreaterthan75,and/orCDNLgreaterthan70.Nonoisesensitiveusesshouldoccurwithinthis
areaduetotheseverityofnoise.
NoiseZoneIIincludesareaswherethedBParebetween87and104,theADNLisbetween65and75,
and/ortheCDNLisbetween62and70.Althoughlocalconditionssuchasavailabilityofdevelopableland
orcostmayrequirenoisesensitivelandusesinZoneII,thistypeoflanduseisstronglydiscouragedonthe
installationandinsurroundingcommunities.Allviablealternativesshouldbeconsideredtolimit
developmentinZoneIItononsensitiveactivitiessuchasindustry,manufacturing,transportation,
agriculture,andresourceprotection.
NoiseZoneIreferstolandaroundanoisesourceandoutsideoftheZoneIIcontourwherenoisecanbe
heard,anddoesnothaveanestablishedboundary.Noisesensitivelandusesaregenerallyacceptablebut
militaryoperationsmaystillbeloudenoughtobeheard,orevenjudgedtobeloudonoccasion.
ThereisalsoaLandUsePlanningZone(LUPZ)attheupperendofNoiseZoneIandincludesareaswhere
theCDNLisbetween57and62ortheADNLisbetween60and65.ItdoesnotincludelandfordBP.This
zoneaccountsforvariabilityinseasonaloperationswherecertaintimesoftheyearmayincludegreater
thannormalfrequencyinoperations.Noisesensitiveusesaregenerallyacceptablewithinthisarea;
however,thismayvaryonacasebycasebasis.
SmallArmsNoiseZones
Smallarmsweapons(weaponsof.50caliberorless)typicallyrefertothosethatarehandheld,manportable,and
primarilyusedagainstpersonnelandlightlyarmoredorunarmoredequipment.Smallarmsweaponsusedat
FortDrumare5.56millimeter(mm)rifles,7.62mmmachineguns,9mmpistols,.45caliberpistols,and.50caliber
machineguns.Fixedpoint(meaningfromadesignatedfiringpoint)smallarmsweaponsfiringoccursinthree
separateareasonFortDruminthesouthwestMorale,Welfare,andRecreation(MWR)Complexnearthe
cantonmentarea;inthesouthernportionatranges7,8,and9neartheairfield;andinthenorthernportionwithin
WhilethemajorityofthenoisezonesremainwithintheboundaryofFortDrum,somedoextendoutsidethe
installationintotheneighboringcommunities(seeFigure36).NoiseZoneIIfortheMWRComplexextends
outsideFortDrumsboundaryintoEvansMillsandresidentialproperties.TheMWRComplexisnotusedonadaily
basisasitisforrecreationalpurposesanddoesnotsupportthemissionsatFortDrum.NoiseZoneIIforthe
northernranges(2050)extendsbeyondthesoutheasternboundaryofFortDrumoverscatteredresidencesnear
NaturalBridge,tothenorthoverthecommunityofSpragueville,andtothenorthwestovertheTownofAntwerp.
Source:FortDrumInstallationCompatibleUseZoneStudy,April2016
Medium/LargeCaliberWeaponsandDemolitionNoiseZones
Medium/largecaliberweaponsarethosethatfireammunitionlargerthan20mmandtypicallyincludemountable
weapons,rockets,andweaponsdesignedtopenetratevehicle,orstructuralarmor,andmayalsoincludeweapons
thatcauseexplosions.Medium/largecaliberweaponstrainingoccursonadailybasisatFortDrum.Weapons
usedincludeartillery,mortars,aerialgunnery,rockets,grenadelaunchers,andexplosivecharges.
NoiseZoneIIIisalmostentirelycontainedwithinFortDrumsboundary,butasmallportionofitextends
approximately125metersoutsidetheeasternboundary,northofNaturalBridge.NoiseZoneIIextends
approximately80metersoutsideFortDrumsnorthernboundaryandapproximately1,200metersoutsidethe
easternboundary,northofNaturalBridge.Themajorityofthelandwithintheseareasiscurrentlyforestland.The
LUPZextendsapproximately1,000metersoutsidethenortheasternboundarynearAntwerp,600metersoutside
thenorthwesternboundary,and3,700metersoutsidetheeasternboundarynearNaturalBridge.Thereissome
residentialwithintheLUPZ,particularlyinAntwerpandNaturalBridge,butthemajorityofthelandisforestland.
Figure37illustratesthenoisezonesformedium/largecaliberweaponsanddemolitions.
Source:FortDrumInstallationCompatibleUseZoneStudy,April2016
AirfieldNoise
Aircraftnoisecancomefromflightoperations(overflight,takeoffs,landings,touchandgooperations)andengine
maintenancerunups.TheArmyconsidershowitsoperationsimpactthelocalcommunitybycalculatingan
averageweightednoiselevelmeasuredasadaynightaverageAweightedsoundlevel(ADNL).TheFortDrum
InstallationCompatibilityZonePlanusestheDODNOISEMAPprogramtoproducenoisecontoursindicatingnoise
exposurelevelsfromaircraftoperationsusinganaverageofalltypesofaircraftatFortDrum.
Thecontourlinesdevelopedinthemodelrangefrom60decibel(dB)ADNLto75dBADNLandincreasein
incrementsoffivedB.The75dBDNListheloudestcontourlinecomputedandthe60dBDNListhequietest.
TheADNLmeasurehasbeendeterminedbytheFAAandDODtobeareliablemeasureofcommunitysensitivityto
aircraftnoiseandhasbecomeastandardmetricusedtomapaircraftnoiseimpacts.Chapter5Section5.18ofthis
reportcontainsamoredescriptiveexplanationofnoiseandcharacteristicsofsound.
NoisecontoursaretypicallygeneratedduringtheInstallationCompatibleUseZone(ICUZ)Planprocess.
FortDrumsmostrecentICUZwasupdatedinApril,2016toreplacetheFortDrumInstallationNoiseManagement
Plancompletedin2009,reflectingamoreaccuratepictureofactivitiesoccurringatWSAAF.AnupgradedNoise
Modelthatcapturesrotarywingaircraftbladeslaphasincreasedthenoisezonessizesincethe2009Installation
OperationalNoiseManagementPlan.
Alexandria
Redwood
St Lawrence
26 County
Fowler
Theresa
Orleans
Philadelphia Bo L a ke
na p
Black Cree k
Philadelphia a rte
Je f fe r so n Fort Drum
reek County
tte C
Gille
Le Ray
11 Ri
ve
r Diana
k
ver
ree
Ri 37 In d ian
C
h
Per c
st
We
81 Evans Mills
Natural
3
Bridge
Pamelia 781
Black River
342
3A Wilna
Calcium Great
Brownville Bend
Glen
Black
River
26
Park
283
Carthage
Carthage Croghan
Rutland
Lewis County
r
ve
Ri
r River Croghan
Copenhagen
Castorland
ek
y re
nd C New Bremen
Rodman Sa Pinckney
Harrisburg Lowville
G
u l f Str e
am
Legend
Noise Zone Fort Drum Interstate Airfield /
Runway
Noise Zone III ( > 104 dB Peak) County US Highway
Boundary
Noise Zone II ( 87-104 dB Peak) State Highway
Town
Railroad
City / Village /
Hamlet Streams
Source: Fort Drum Installation Compatible Use Zone Plan, April 2016.
Figure 3-6
0 2 4
Miles
Small Caliber (Fixed Point) Noise Contours
12 Rossie Gouverneur
58
Alexandria
Redwood
St Lawrence
26 County
Fowler
Theresa
Orleans
Philadelphia Bo L a ke
na p
Black Cree k
Philadelphia a rte
Je f fe r so n Fort Drum
reek County
tte C
Gille
Le Ray
11 Ri
ve
r Diana
k
ver
ree
Ri 37 In d ian
C
h
Per c
st
We
81 Evans Mills
Natural
3
Bridge
Pamelia 781
Black River
342
3A Wilna
Calcium Great
Brownville Bend
Black
River
26
12E
283
Carthage
Carthage Croghan
Rutland
Lewis County
r
ve
Ri
r River Croghan
Copenhagen Castorland
Rodman Sa
y re
nd C
ek
410
New Bremen
Pinckney
Harrisburg Lowville
G
u l f Str e
am
Legend
Noise Zone Fort Drum Interstate
Noise Zone III ( > 70 CDNL dB) County Boundary US Highway
Noise Zone II ( 62-70 CDNL dB) Town State Highway
LUPZ (57-62 CDNL dB) City / Village / Hamlet Railroad
Streams
Airfield / Runway
Source: Fort Drum Installation Compatible Use Zone Plan, April 2016.
Figure 3-7
0 2 4 Medium / Large Caliber Weapons and
Miles
Demolition Noise Zones
Noiseexposurecanalsobeaconcernforcertainsensitivebiologicalresourcesthatmayexistneartheairfield.In
reviewingnoisecontours,itshouldbenotedthattheseareannualaverages,andnoiseexposureatanygiventime
willvarybasedonanumberoffactorsincludingweather.
Ineffortstominimizenoiseforcitizensinsurroundingpopulatedcommunities,FortDrumhasestablishedNoise
SensitiveAreas.AccordingtoFortDrumRegulation951,townsandvillagesdesignatedasNoiseSensitiveAreas
shouldbeavoidedbyatleastonenauticalmilewhenaircraftisoperatingbelow500feetabovegroundlevel(AGL),
andavoidoverflightsofsuchareaswhileoperatinglowerthan1,000feetAGLwheneverpossible.Figure5.187in
Chapter5CompatibilityAssessment,Section5.18Noiseillustratestheoverflightavoidanceareas.Certain
communitiesdesignatedasNoiseSensitiveAreasincludethetownsandvillagesofAntwerp,Philadelphia,Natural
Bridge,EvansMills,Theresa,andDeferiet,aswellaslocationssuchasLakeBonaparteandSylviaLakeQuarry.
Source:FortDrumInstallationCompatibleUseZoneStudy2016
Withinthesezones,therearerestrictionsontypes,densities,andheightsoflanduses.Forsafetyreasons,CZs
shouldbeentirelyclearofanyobstructions,whethertheyaremanmadeornatural,unlesstheyarenecessaryfor
aircraftlanding.ItisgenerallytheDODspolicytoeitheracquirethelandoralongtermleaseoreasement,when
possible,topreventanydevelopmentorgrowthwithinthesezones.TheguidelinesfordevelopmentwithinAPZI
arelessstringentthanintheCZ,butdevelopmentshouldbelimited,andresidencesaregenerallynot
recommended.EachoftherunwaysatWSAAFhaveanassociatedCZ,APZI,andAPZII.Onlyrunways3/21and
15/33haveCZsandAPZsthatgobeyondtheboundariesofFortDrum.TheCZsandAPZsfortheserunwaysare
describedasfollows.
TheCZistheareawhereismostlikelyforanaircraftmishapismostlikelytooccur.ForWSAAF,theCZ
measures3,000feetlongfromtheendoftherunway,withawidthof1,000feet.Permittedlanduses
withinthiszonearesubstantiallylimitedandincludetransportation,communication,andutilities
infrastructurenecessaryforairfieldoperations,aswellasunoccupiedopenspaceandlimitedagricultural.
12 Rossie Gouverneur
58
Alexandria
Redwood
St Lawrence
26 County
Fowler
Theresa
Orleans
Philadelphia Bo L a ke
na p
Black Cree k
Philadelphia a rte
Je f fe r so n Fort Drum
reek County
tte C
Gille
Le Ray
11 Ri
ve
r Diana
k
ver
ree
Ri 37 In d ian
C
h
Per c
st
We
81 Evans Mills
Natural
3
Bridge
Pamelia 781
Black River
342
3A Wilna
Calcium Great
Brownville Bend
Black
River
26
12E
283
Carthage
Carthage Croghan
Rutland
Lewis County
r
ve
Ri
r River Croghan
Copenhagen Castorland
Rodman Sa
y re
nd C
ek
410
New Bremen
Pinckney
Harrisburg Lowville
G
u l f Str e
am
Legend
Noise Zone Fort Drum Interstate Water
Body
Noise Zone III ( >75 ADNL dB) County US Highway
Boundary Streams
Noise Zone II ( 65-75 ADNL dB) State Highway
Town Airfield /
LUPZ (60-65 ADNL dB) Railroad Runway
City / Village /
Hamlet
Source: Fort Drum Installation Compatible Use Zone Plan, April 2016.
Figure 3-8
0 2 4
Miles
WSAAF Noise Zones
B lack Creek
11
Le Ray
26
Fort Drum
Wilna
Blac k River
3A
Deferiet
Herrings
3
Great Bend
283
Rutland
Champion
Black
River
26
Legend
Safety Zone Fort Drum US Highway
Clear Zone Town State Highway
APZ I City / Village / Hamlet Road
APZ II Railroad
Streams
Airfield / Runway
Source: Fort Drum 2017
Figure 3-9
0 1
Miles
WSAAF Safety Zones
APZIIbeginsattheoutboundaryofAPZIandextendsforalengthof7,000feetwithawidthof1,000feet.
TheAPZIIiswheredevelopmentistheleastrestrictedduetothelowerriskofaccidentsasitisfurther
fromtherunway.Warehouseandmaintenancefacilitiesarepermittedwithinthefootprint,aswellas
singlefamilyresidentialpropertiesuptotwodwellingunitsperacremaximum,asrecommendedbyDOD
guidelinesforAPZII.
AllClearZonesextendingfromWheelerSackArmyAirfieldrunwaysarecompletelycontainedwithinFortDrum
boundaries.
Runway3/21ssouthernAPZIextendsslightlysouthoftheinstallationboundaryacrosstheBlackRiverandtheAPZ
IIisentirelyoutsidetheinstallationboundary.ThesouthernAPZIforRunway15/33extendspartiallyoutsideof
FortDrumandtheentireAPZIIisoutsidetheinstallation,overaportionofDeferiet.PartofRunway15/33s
northernAPZIIextendsoutsidetheinstallationboundary.
DuetothesizeandusageofRunway8/26,theCZsaremuchsmalleranditonlyhasAPZsI,allofwhichare
containedwithintheinstallationboundary.TheUAVrunwayalsohassmallerCZsandonlyAPZsI,whicharewithin
theinstallationboundary.
Flight Routes
TherearetwotypesofflightroutesusedbyaircrafttrainingatFortDrum.Thefirstisgeneralflightroutesthatare
usedtoaccessRange48andWSAAF.TheflightroutestoandfromRange48,whereaerialgunneryandbombing
occurs,enterandexitFortDrumonthenorthernportionoftheinstallationandincludedifferentloopingroutes
basedontheactivitythatisoccurring.SinceWSAAFhasthreerunways,therearemultipleingressandegress
pointstotheairfield,dependingonwhichrunwayisbeingused.Therunwaythatisusedisdeterminedbya
varietyoffactorssuchastypeofaircraft,wind/weatherconditions,andoperationofotheraircraftnearthe
airfield.FlightroutesatWSAAFalsoincludeclosedpatternroutes,whichareusedforcirclingandtouchandgo
operations.TheflightroutesforRange48andWSAAFareshownonFigure310.Thelocationsoftheseflight
routesareapproximate,asthepreciseflighttrackusedmayvarybasedonfactorssuchasweatherconditions,air
trafficcontrol,anddecisionsmadebythepilotthatvaryslightlyfromtherouteshownonthefigure.
Source:FortDrumInstallationCompatibleUseZoneStudy,April2016
e lieu
Ri iv i re
c
re
n -La
A St
aw ver
ch
R
D . L i
A St R
N Rouses
A
C Point
Massena
11
Clinton
plain
Waddington Brasher Malone
ke
Norfolk Falls-Winthr Lyon C o u n t y La a
m
Mountain h
F r a n k l in
C
Norwood
Ogdensburg County Morrisonville Plattsburgh
Potsdam
Canton 00
St Lawrence VR
18
9
County Au Sable
Forks
Saranac
Gouverneur Lake
VR
Redwood
1
72
80
IR 4
La Fargeville
Fort Star
Depauville VR Mineville-Witherbee
Lake
Drum 72
y ont
Calcium 5 E s se x C o u n t y
au m
Ch B a
Great Bend
Sackets
Harbor Watertown Carthage
Je f fe r so n
C o u n t y Adams
Center
Lewis
County
87
rge
Wa rr e n C o u n t y
Lake
eo
81 H a m i l to n
eG
Ontario
C o u n t y Speculator
Lak
Oswego County Warrensburg
Sacand re
790 County ga
G
a
481
690
Syracuse
Oneida Sherrill
Utica
90
Gloversville
Saratoga
Springs
M o n t g o m e r y Amsterdam
Auburn Onondaga C o u n t y East Glenville
Madison
County
County
20 Mariaville Lake
Rotterdam
Schenectady
C a yu g a O t se g o C o u n ty Rensselaer
County C o rt l a n d Schoharie A l b a n y Troy
County
County County C o u n t y Albany
Legend
Aviation Route 30-mile Study Area Interstate Water Body
Instrument Route (IR) 801 Fort Drum US Highway
Visual Route (VR) 724 County Boundary State Highway
Visual Route (VR) 725 City / Village / Hamlet Railroad
Visual Route (VR) 1800
Visual Route (VR) 1801
Source: Fort Drum 2016.
Figure 3-10
0 10 20 30
Miles
Aviation Routes
TheseMTRsconnecttootherairspaceorinstallationsoutsideoftheJLUSStudyArea.Table32identifies
informationaboutthesegmentsoftheMTRsthatarewithintheJLUSStudyArea.
Table32. MilitaryTrainingRouteInformationforSegmentsintheJLUSStudyArea
FloorElevation MTRCorridorWidth
MilitaryTrainingRoute (FeetMSLorAGL) HoursofOperation (NauticalMiles[NM])
SegmentsEH100AGL 8:00tosunsetdaily SegmentsEH3nmon
VR724(SegmentsEH)
eithersideofcenterline
VR725(NotinStudy N/A N/A N/A
Area)
SegmentsGH500AGL 8:00tosunsetdaily SegmentsGH5nmon
VR1800(SegmentsGH)
eithersideofcenterline
SegmentsGH300AGL 8:00tosunsetdaily SegmentsGH5nmon
VR1801(SegmentsGH)
eithersideofcenterline
SegmentO3,500MSL Continuous SegmentsOP5nmleft
SegmentsPQ200AGL and3NMrightof
SegmentR3,500MSL centerline
SegmentsST6,000MSL SegmentsPR4nmleft
IR801(segmentsOTand
SegmentV14,000MSL and3nmrightof
VZ)
centerline
SegmentW7,000MSL
SegmentsRTandVZ
SegmentsXZ17,000MSL
4nmoneithersideofthe
centerline
Source:DODFlightInformationPublication,AreaPlanning,MilitaryTrainingRoutes,NorthandSouthAmerica,National
GeospatialIntelligenceAgency,Effective25June2015
AnotherimportantoutcomeoftheActisFAARegulationTitle14Part77commonlyknownasPart77,which
providesthebasisforevaluationofverticalobstructioncompatibility.Thisregulationprovidesinformationto
evaluatethepotentialforaverticalobstructionbasedontheelevationoftheairfield,theheightandresulting
elevationofthenewstructureorfacility,andthelocationofthestructureorfacilityrelativetotheairfieldin
question.Thisregulationdeterminescompatibilitybasedontheheightofproposedstructuresornaturalfeatures
relativetotheirdistancefromtheendsofarunway.Usingadistanceformulafromthisregulation,local
jurisdictionscaneasilyassesstheheightrestrictionsnearairfields.AdditionalinformationonPart77islocatedon
theFederalAviationAdministrationInternetsiteathttp://www.faa.gov/.
er
n Ri v
dia
In
Theresa
Philadelphia
37
Philadelphia
B
lack Creek
Le Ray
re
ke
11
tC
Je f fe r so n
es
W
781
Black River
Calcium
Deferiet
3A
3
Great Bend
Herrings
Black
342 River
283
26 Wilna
Pamelia
Carthage
Watertown Champion
Rutland
West
Carthage
Watertown
Croghan
Denmark
126 Lewis County
iver
rR
ee
Legend
FAA Part 77 Airfield / Runway Interstate Streams
Up to 200' @ 3NM Fort Drum US Highway
Up to 300' @ 4NM County Boundary State Highway
Up to 400' @ 5NM Town Road
Up to 500' @ 6NM City / Village / Hamlet Railroad
Source: Fort Drum 2016, Development Authority of the North Country 2016, Matrix Design Group 2017.
Figure 3-11
0 1 2
Miles
Part 77 Compliance Areas
Aheightof499feetAGLatthesiteoftheobject.
Aheightthatis200feetAGLorabovetheestablishedairportelevation,whicheverishigher,within
3nauticalmilesoftheestablishedreferencepointofanairport,excludingheliports,withitslongest
runwaymorethan3,200feetinactuallength.Thisheightincreasesintheproportionof100feetforeach
additionalnauticalmileofdistancefromtheairportuptoamaximumof499feet;seeFigure311foran
illustrationofthisportionoftheFAAPart77VerticalObstructionCompliance.
Aheightwithinaterminalobstacleclearancearea,includinganinitialapproachsegment,adeparture
area,andacirclingapproacharea,whichwouldresultintheverticaldistancebetweenanypointonthe
objectandanestablishedminimuminstrumentflightaltitudewithinthatareaorsegmenttobelessthan
therequiredobstacleclearance.
Aheightwithinanenrouteobstacleclearancearea,includingturnandterminationareasofafederal
airwayorapprovedoffairwayroutethatwouldincreasetheminimumobstacleclearancealtitude.
Thesurfaceofatakeoffandlandingareaofacivilianairportoranyimaginarysurfaceestablishedunder
77.19,DepartmentofDefense(DOD):77.21,andheliports:77.2.However,nopartofthetakeoffor
landingareaitselfwillbeconsideredanobstruction.
Exceptfortraversewaysonornearanairportwithanoperativegroundtrafficcontrolservicefurnishedby
anairporttrafficcontroltowerorbytheairportmanagementandcoordinatedwiththeairtrafficcontrol
service,thestandardsofparagraph(a)ofthissectionapplytotraversewaysusedortobeusedforthe
passageofmobileobjectsonlyaftertheheightsofthesetraversewaysareincreasedby:
o 17feetforanInterstateHighwaythatispartofthe
NationalSystemofMilitaryandInterstateHighwayswhereovercrossingsaredesignedfora
minimumof17feetverticaldistance.
o 15feetforanyotherpublicroadway.
o 10feetortheheightofthehighestmobileobjectthatwouldnormallytraversetheroad,
whicheverisgreater,foraprivateroad.
o 23feetforarailroad.
Forawaterwayoranyothertraversewaynotpreviouslymentioned,anamountequaltotheheightofthehighest
mobileobjectthatwouldnormallytraverseit.
ProjectswhichtriggerPart77reviewarerequiredtoundergoanObstructionEvaluation/AirportAirspaceAnalysis
(OE/AAA),inwhichtheFAAreviewsaproposalandidentifiespotentialhazardstoaviation.WhereFAAidentifies
concerns,itmayrequireavoidanceorminimization,lighting,orothermeasurestoensureairspacesafetyfor
militaryandcivilianpurposes.Ifpotentialimpactstomilitaryoperationsareidentified,theprojectmustalso
undergoformalorinformalreviewbytheUSDepartmentofDefenseSitingClearinghouse,toevaluatethe
compatibilityoftheproposedprojectwithmilitarymissions.48USC44718(f);32CFRPart211(Mission
TheFAAPart77ObstructionEvaluationareasforWSAAFareindicatedonFigure311.
BirdWildlifeAircraftStrikeHazard(BASH)constitutesasafetyconcernbecauseofthepotentialfordamageto
aircraft,property,andpotentialinjurytoaircrewand/orthegeneralpublicifacollisionoccurredinapopulated
area.Althoughaircraftmayencounterbirdsataltitudesof30,000feetAGLorhigher,mostbirdsflyclosetothe
ground,andover95percentofreportedbirdstrikesoccurbelow3,500feetAGL.Itisimportanttonotethat
helicoptersarelesslikelytoincurmajordamagefromBASHincidentsduetothelowerspeedsatwhichthey
operate.
TheprimaryrecommendationmadebytheFAAisaminimumseparationdistancebetweenanairfieldandwildlife
attractants.Theminimumseparationdistanceextendsfivemilesoutfromtheentireperimeteroftheairfield
operationsarea,includingpavedandunpavedareasassociatedwithaircraftmovementsuchasrunways,taxiways,
andaprons.
Thisnontangibleareawasdeterminedtoprotectapproach,departure,andcirclingairspace.Theminimum
separationdistancedoesnotincludeaheightrestrictionasitconcernsonlyterrestrialfeatures.
Certaintypesoflandusesattractbirdsandwildlife,suchasopenwaterareas,standingwater,andothernatural
areas.TheCantonmentAreahasexpandedtodeveloparoundWSAAF,howevertheairfieldisstillparty
surroundedbywoodlandsonthreesides.Additionally,thereareapproximately247acresofearlysuccessional
woodlandsandshrublandslocatedwithintheWSAAFperimeterswestside,alongwithroughly1,346acresof
grassland/rangelandareas.ThesenaturalareassurroundingWSAAFofferpotentialhabitatsforavarietyof
wildlife.
Source:FortDrumInstallationNaturalResourceManagementPlan
ABASHprogramhasalreadybeenadoptedbyFortDrumtoreducetheimpactofwildlifeonaircraftoperations.
Figure312showsafivemileradiusaroundtheWSAAFairfieldoperationsarea.BasedonFAAstatisticalanalysis,
thisistheprimaryareaofconcernforBASHincidentstooccur,andtheprimaryfocusofcompatibilityplanningfor
thisissue.
ia
Theresa In d
Philadelphia
Philadelphia
37 B
lack Creek
ek
e
Cr
11
Fort Drum
st
We
Evans
Mills
Le Ray
781
Black River
3A Wilna
Calcium
3
Great Bend
Herrings
283
342 Black
River
Je f fe r so n
County
Champion
26
Pamelia
Carthage
Watertown
Rutland
Watertown
West
Black
Carthage River
Denmark Croghan
126
Lewis County
Legend
5-mile BASH Relevancy Area Fort Drum Interstate Streams
Airfield Operations Area County Boundary US Highway Water Body
Airfield / Runway Town State Highway
City / Village / Road
Hamlet Railroad
Source: Fort Drum 2016, Development Authority of the North Country 2016, Matrix Design Group 2016.
Figure 3-12
0 1 2
Miles
BASH Relevancy Area
Aircombattactics
Airintercepts
Lowaltitudetactics
UAVoperations
FlightactivityintheMOAstypicallyoccursabove2,000feetabovegroundlevel,withthemajorityoftheactivity
takingplacebetween4,000and18,000feetabovegroundlevel,butcanoccuraslowas100feetindesignated
areas.
Thereare13MOAslocatedtothenorth,east,andsouthofFortDrum.TheseareAdirondackA,B,C,andD;
CarthageEastandWest;Cranberry;Drum;Lowville;andTupperCentral,East,West,andSouth.Thereisonemore
MOA(LakeOntarioR5203)locatedovertheSouthcentralLakeOntarioairspace.TheadjacentMOAsprovide
aircraftoperatingatFortDrumwithapproximately7,000squaremilesoftrainingairspace,withtheLakeOntario
MOAaddingapproximately4,000squaremilesofavailableairspace.
Source:FortDrumInstallationCompatibleUseZoneStudy,April2016
Table33identifiesthehoursofoperationandtheMSLoperatingfloorandceilingforeachMOAnearFortDrum.
Table33. MilitaryOperatingAreaHoursofOperation,Floors,andCeilings
MinimumAltitude MaximumAltitude
Military (FeetAbove (FeetAbove
OperatingArea HoursofOperation MeanSeaLevel) MeanSeaLevel)
AdirondackA 8:00amto10:00pmMondayFriday 6,000 18,000
AdirondackB 8:00amto10:00pmMondayFriday 2,500 18,000
AdirondackC 8:00amto10:00pmMondayFriday 100 18,000
AdirondackD 8:00amto10:00pmMondayFriday 5,000 18,000
CarthageEast 8:00amto10:00pmMondayFriday 100 18,000
CarthageWest 8:00amto10:00pmMondayFriday 6,000 18,000
Cranberry 8:00amto10:00pmMondayFriday 500 6,000
Drum 8:00amto10:00pmMondayFriday 500 5,000
Lowville 8:00amto10:00pmMondayFriday 100 18,000
TupperCentral 8:00amto10:00pmMondayFriday 8,000(May1Oct31)/6,000 18,000
TupperEast 8:00amto10:00pmMondayFriday 10,000 18,000
TupperWest 8:00amto10:00pmMondayFriday 8,000(May1Oct31)/6,000 18,000
TupperSouth 8:00amto10:00pmMondayFriday 8,000(May1Oct31)/6,000 18,000
Source:FortDrum,2016
TherearefourrestrictedairspaceareasatoraroundFortDrum.TheseareR5201,R5202A,R5202B,andR5203.
Table34identifiesthemeansealeveloperatingfloorandceilingofeach.
Table34. RestrictedAirspaceFloorsandCeilings
MinimumAltitude MaximumAltitude
RestrictedAirspace (FeetAboveMeanSeaLevel) (FeetAboveMeanSeaLevel)
R5201 0 23,000
R5202A 23,000 29,000
R5202B 6,000 29,000
R5203 0 500
Source:FortDrum,2016
Figure313illustratestheMOAsandrestrictedairspaceatandaroundFortDrum.
Radar Viewshed
TherearetwotypesofradarthatareoperatedatFortDrum.OneisoperatedbyWSAAFtomonitorand
coordinateairtrafficatFortDrumandintheairspacearoundtheinstallation.ThesecondistheNationalWeather
ServiceradarthatisoperatedbytheAirForces18thWeatherSquadron,locatedoffinstallationintheTownof
Montague,LewisCounty.Thetwofacilitieshaveverydifferentmissionsfromeachother,butbothrelyonhaving
clearunobstructedviewshedstooperateproperly,requiringclearlinesofsightinalldirectionssothattheycan
monitoraircraft,potentialthreats,andweatherconditions.Theequipmentineachradarisverysophisticatedand
canexperienceoperationalinterferencebyavarietyofobjectsincludingterrain,tallstructuresandtowers,and
windturbines,allbasedonelevationsandtopographydifferencesbetweenthelocationoftheradarandthe
potentialinterference.
FortDrumoperatesanArmyRadarApproachControl(ARAC),whichisoneofonlysixARACsinthecontinentalUS.
TheARACprovidesradarairtrafficcontrolwithinanapproximately40to60mileradiusaroundFortDrumfrom
groundleveltoanaltitudeof10,000feetmeansealevelandprovidesadvisories,sequencing,andseparationto
InstrumentFlightRulesaircraftandVisualFlightRulesaircraft.ItalsoallowsfortheintegrationoftheNational
AirspaceSystem,localmilitarytrainingairspace,andR5201,includingprovidingairtrafficservicestogeneral
aviationaircraftandcommercialaircarrierstraversingthroughitsareaofoperations.Figure314illustratesthe
ARACsoperationalarea.
D
Massena
11
A Malone
St Lawrence
C o u n t y Brasher Falls-Winthr
N Ogdensburg
Potsdam
Canton F r a n k l in
A ADIRONDACK
County
A MOA
TUPPER
C ADIRONDACK TUPPER EAST
B MOA WEST MOA
DRUM MOA MOA
La Fargeville ADIRONDACK
D MOA ADIRONDACK
Depauville R-5202B C MOA TUPPER
Calcium R-5201 CRANBERRY CENTRAL MOA
Great CARTHAGE MOA
Watertown H a m i l to n
Bend EAST MOA
County
Je f fe r so n Adams Center
Lewis
County CARTHAGE
WEST County
MOA LOWVILLE MOA TUPPER
SOUTH MOA
Oswego Speculator
County Pulaski
R-5203
Monroe
Wa yn e C o u n ty
Minetto
Oswego
81
O n e i d a C o u n ty
County Fulton
H e rk i m e r
Irondequoit Brewerton Rome
County F u l to n
Rochester Brighton Baldwinsville County
Canastota
Batavia O n ta r i o
Lyons Fairmount
Syracuse
481
Oneida
Utica
90
Little Gloversville
Falls Johnstown
Auburn O n o n d a g a Amsterdam
20 County
Canandaigua
Seneca
Falls Melrose Park C o u n t y Madison
20 Mariaville
County
Warsaw
20A Geneva C a yu g a
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County
Cobleskill
Ya te s O t se g o C o u n ty
390 C o u n ty Cortland West Cortland
C o rt l a n d C h e n a n g o
Northwest Ithaca Lansing C o u n t y County West Oneonta Preston-Potter
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11
88
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Legend
Restricted Airspace Fort Drum Interstate Water Body
Military Operations Area County Boundary US Highway
City / Village / Hamlet State Highway
Railroad
Figure 3-13
0 10 20 30
Miles
Special Use and Restricted Airspace
Figure 3-14. Fort Drums Army Radar Approach Control Operational Area
Source:FortDrum,2016
The18thWeatherSquadronoperatesaDopplerweathersurveillanceradarabout25milessouthofFortDrumin
theTugHillregion.Theradarismountedona100foottoweronthetopofaridgewithagoodviewshedofthe
surroundingregiontotrackweathereventsnotonlyfortheArmy,butalsofortheNationalWeatherService.
TheNationalWeatherServiceRadarOperationsCenter(ROC)developedfourimpactzonesaroundweather
surveillanceradarstocommunicatetoindustrialwindenergydevelopmentdevelopersareaswherecertain
considerationsshouldbetakenwhensitingturbinestominimizeimpactstotheradar.Thesezonesvaryforeach
individualweatherradarandtaketerrain,distance,andthenumberofelevationanglesimpactedintoaccount.
Thezonesarenotenforceable,butaremeanttoprovideinformationtowinddevelopersonareaswherethe
NationalWeatherServiceshouldbeconsultedwhenproposingwindenergydevelopment.Thefourzonesare
shownonFigure315andareasfollows.
NoBuildZone.TheNoBuildZoneisafourkilometer(km)(2.5miles)radiussurroundingaweatherradar,
inwhichwindturbinedevelopmentcancausemechanicaldamagetotheradarandcompromisethe
radarsabilitytoaccuratelyforecasthazardousweather.Itmayalsoposeradiationhazardsforthose
constructingandmaintainingthesite.TheROCrequeststhatdevelopersdonotbuildanyturbinesinthis
area.
MitigationZone.TheMitigationZoneextendsbetweenfourand36km(2.5to22.4miles)fromaweather
radar.Windturbinesinthiszonecouldpenetratemultipleelevationanglesoftheradar,whichcouldcause
deflectionandinterferencethatsubstantiallyreducestheprecisionanddetectionofhazardousweather
events.TheROCwillworkwiththedevelopertogetdetailedprojectinformation,doathoroughimpact
analysis,anddiscusspotentialmitigationsolutions.Significantimpactsarelikelyinthisarea.
NotificationZone.TheNotificationZoneisbetween36and60km(22.4to37.3miles)fromaweather
radar.WindTurbinesbuiltinthiszoneareabletobedetected,andhavepotentialtointerferewiththe
radarsoperation.TheNationalWeatherService(NWS)RadarOperationsCenterrequestsnotificationsof
windenergydevelopmentwithinthiszone.Sinceimpactsaretypicallyminimalbeyond60kmand
workaroundsareavailableforpenetrationofonlyoneelevationangle,theROCrecommendsconsultation
optional;however,theNationalOceanicAtmosphericAssociationwouldstillliketoknowaboutthe
project.Significantimpactsarenotlikelyinthisarea.
Source:NationalWeatherServiceRadarOperationsCenter,https://www.roc.noaa.gov/WSR88D/WindFarm/
Analyses.aspx?wid=dev
Source:NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration,http://pikes.peakspatial.org/NOAA/ScreeningTool
Legend:Red=NoBuildZone,Orange=MitigationZone,Yellow=ConsultationZone,Green=NotificationZone
Figure 3-15. KTYX Weather Surveillance Radar Impact Zones
4.1. Federal.................................................................................................................................42
4.2. FortDrum/NewYorkArmyNationalGuard.....................................................................412
4.3. StateofNewYork...............................................................................................................416
4.4. JLUSPartnerCommunityPlanningTools...........................................................................418
4.5. JeffersonCounty................................................................................................................420
4.6. CityofWatertown..............................................................................................................421
4.7. TownsofChampionandWilna,andVillagesofCarthageandWestCarthage..................421
4.8. TownofLeRay....................................................................................................................422
4.9. TownofPhiladelphia..........................................................................................................424
4.10. TownofWatertown...........................................................................................................424
4.11. LewisCounty......................................................................................................................425
4.12. TownofDiana....................................................................................................................425
4.13. St.LawrenceCounty...........................................................................................................425
4.14. TugHillCommission...........................................................................................................425
4.15. DevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountry...................................................................426
4.16. OtherReferences...............................................................................................................426
Thischapterprovidesanoverviewofplanningandcompatibilitytoolscurrentlyused,applied,or
availableinevaluatingandaddressingcompatibilityissuesintheFortDrumJLUSStudyArea.
Relativetocompatibilityplanning,thereareanumberofexistingplansandprogramsthatareeither
designedtoaddresscompatibilitydirectlyorthatindirectlyaddresscompatibilityissuesthroughthe
topicstheycover.
Thissummaryprovidesanoverviewofkeyplansandprogramsthatimpactcompatibilityplanning
organizedbylevelofgovernment.Therearethreetypesofplanningtoolsevaluatedrelativetotheir
applicability:permanent,semipermanent,andconditional.Permanentplanningtoolsinclude
acquisitionprograms,eitherfeesimplepurchaseofpropertyorthepurchaseofdevelopmentrights.
Semipermanenttoolsincluderegulationssuchaszoningoradoptedlegislation.Examplesof
conditionaltoolswouldincludememorandumsofunderstanding,intergovernmentalagreements,
andotherpolicydocumentssuchascomprehensiveplansthatcanbeperiodicallymodified.This
reviewismeanttoprovideanoverviewofapplicableplanningtoolsanddeterminehoweachmay
applytocompatibilityaspresentedunderthecompatibilityfactorsdiscussedinChapter5,
CompatibilityAssessment.Theoverviewofkeyplansandprogramsisorganizedbylevelof
governmentinthefollowingorder:
Federal TownofPhiladelphia
FortDrum/NewYorkNationalGuard TownofWatertown
StateofNewYork LewisCounty
JLUSPartnerCommunityPlanningTools TownofDiana
JeffersonCounty St.LawrenceCounty
CityofWatertown TugHillCommission
TownsofChampionandWilna,and DevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountry
VillagesofCarthageandWestCarthage OtherResources
TownofLeRay
SacredtoNativeAmericanreligion;
WhereNativeAmericanpractitionersarerequiredbytheirreligiontogather,harvest,ormaintainnatural
substancesornaturalproductsforuseduringceremonies,rituals,orforspiritualpurposes;and/or
WhichisusedbyNativeAmericanreligiouspractitionersforceremonies,rituals,orotherspiritual
practices.
TheAIRFAisimportanttotheFortDrumJLUSStudyAreabecauseoftheNativeAmericanhistoryinthearea.
ThereareNativeAmericanreligioussiteslocatedwithinFortDrumsboundary.TheFortDrumIntegratedCultural
ResourcesManagementPlanforfiscalyears2011to2015identifiesthatfiveNativeAmericantribalgovernments
havepotentialculturalaffiliationstothelandwhereFortDrumislocated.ThesethreetribesaretheOneidaIndian
Nation,SovereignOneidaNationofWisconsin,OnondagaNation,St.RegisMohawkTribe,andWyandotteof
Kansas.MissionexpansionatFortDrumcouldencroachonNativeAmericanrightstoaccesslandsofsignificance.
ThisregulationdefinesArmyEnvironmentalManagementSystem(EMS)frameworkandthefiveinterconnected
EMSareaswhichare:policy,planningandimplementation,programmanagementandoperation,checkingand
correctiveaction,andmanagementreview.
Asastewardforregionalendangeredspecies,FortDrumhascreatedaBatConservationAreawithinthe
CantonmentAreatoassistinthepreservationofboththeIndianaBatandNorthernLongEaredBat.
DesignateaBirdHazardWarningGroup(BHWG)andoutlineeachmembersresponsibilities.
Establishprocedurestoidentifyhighhazardsituationsandestablishaircraftandairfieldoperating
procedurestoavoidthesesituations.
Ensurethatallpermanentandtransientaircrewsareawareofbirdhazardsandtheproceduresfor
avoidance.
Developguidelinestodecreasetheattractivenessoftheairfieldtobirdsanddispersetheirnumberson
theairfield.
FortDrumsBASHPlanwaslastupdatedinSeptember2015andisincorporatedintotheWheelerSackArmy
AirfieldStandardOperationsProceduresmanual.
SeveralexistingactivitiesatFortDrum,suchastheuseofboilers,paintspraying,andpetroleumstorage,are
subjecttoaTitleVairpermitissuedandenforcedbyNYSDEC,whichaidsinreducingtheimpactsofmilitary
activitiesonthesurroundingcommunities.Othertypesofdevelopment,suchasindustrialplantsandcertain
InNewYork,administrationofmanyCWApermittingregimesaredelegatedto,andimplementedby,theNYSDEC
and/ortheUSArmyCorpsofEngineers.IfaproposeddevelopmentprojecttriggerstheCWA,oneorbothof
theseagencieswouldbeinvolvedinreviewingpotentialimpactsto,andensuringappropriateprotectionof,the
regionswaterresources.
TheDODSitingClearinghouseservestocoordinatetheDODreviewofexistingapplicationsforenergy
projects.SeveralkeyelementsofSection358includedesignationofaseniorofficialandleadorganizationto
conductthereviewofenergyprojectapplications,aspecifictimeframeforcompletionofahazardassessment
associatedwithanapplication(30days),specificcriteriaforDODobjectionstoprojectsandarequirementto
provideanannualstatusreporttoCongress.Thislegislationfacilitatesproceduralcertaintyandapredictable
processthatpromotescompatibilitybetweenenergyindependenceandmilitarycapability.
Whenadeterminationismadethattheproposeddevelopmentwillhaveanadverseimpact,theapplicantmust
discussthepossibilityofmitigationwithinfivedaysofreceivingthenotification.Ifanagreementisreachedthat
removesanyadverseimpactoftheproposedproject,theapplicationisamendedandresubmittedtotheSecretary
ofTransportation.IfanagreementtomitigatetheimpactsisnotreachedandtheDODSitingClearinghouse
determinesthattheproposedprojectwouldresultinanunacceptablerisktonationalsecurity,thenthat
recommendationissubmittedtotheseniorofficial.Iftheseniorofficialalsodeterminesanunacceptablerisk,that
recommendationissubmittedtotheseniorofficer.Iftheseniorofficerdeterminesanunacceptablerisk,the
seniorofficermustidentifywhichofthethreecriteriainSection211.3oftheUSCodecreatetheunacceptablerisk
tonationalsecurityandconveythatdeterminationtotheSecretaryofTransportation.
TheDODSitingClearinghousealsoprovidesaninformalreviewwhenrequested.Thisistypicallydonebya
developertoreceiveapreliminarydeterminationbeforefilingundertherequirementoftheUSCode.
Inhabitedbuildingsthatareroutinelyoccupiedby11ormorepersonnelatapopulationdensityofatleast
onepersonper430squarefeetofgrossarea
Primarygatheringbuildings,whichareinhabitedbuildingsroutinelyoccupiedby50ormorepersonnel.All
areasofsuchafacilitythatmeetthepopulationdensityrequirementforaninhabitedbuildingmustbe
treatedasprimarygathering
Billeting,inwhich11ormoreunaccompaniedpersonnelareroutinelyhoused
Highoccupancyfamilyhousing,whichhas13ormoreunitsperbuilding
Requiredsecuritymeasures,suchasallowablestandoffdistances,varyforfacilitiescontainedwithinacontrolled
perimeterandthosewithinanopeninstallation.AsdefinedbyUFC401001,acontrolledperimeterisaphysical
boundarythatpossessessufficientmeanstochannelvehiclestotheaccesscontrolpointandwherethereisa
demonstratedcapabilitytosearchforanddetectexplosives.Althoughacontrolledperimeteristypicallyinthe
formofaninstallationfence,naturalfeaturessuchasdenselywoodedterrainorothertopographicalfeaturesthat
assistinimpedingordenyingaccesstoanareamayqualifyasanAntiterrorism/ForceProtectionmeasure.For
example,FortDrumsMainCantonmentAreaandWheelerSackArmyAirfieldarebothenclosedbyafence,while
mostofFortDrumstrainingareaisnotenclosedbyafence,butratheritisidentifiedbysignageorenclosedby
denseforestterrain.
ThePIFprogramnotonlyhelpstoensuremissioncriticalaviationactivityatFortDrumbutalsopromotesthe
protectionofimportantlocalbirdspecies.
REPIfundsareusedtosupportavarietyofDODpartnershipsthatpromotecompatiblelanduse.Byrelieving
encroachmentpressures,themilitaryisabletotestandtraininamoreeffectiveandefficientmanner.By
preservingthelandsurroundingmilitaryinstallations,habitatsforplantandanimalspeciesareconservedand
protected.FortDrumhasengagedREPIfundinginconjunctionwithitsarmyCompatibleUseBufferProgramto
preservelandsfromincompatibledevelopmentaroundFortDrum.
TheDOEsWindProgramfundsresearchanddevelopmentinwindpowertechnologyandevaluatesmarket
barrierssuchasenvironmentalimpacts,projectsiting,permittingprocesses,andthepotentialeffectson
USairspaceandwaterways.Theprogramalsoassessesdomesticwindenergypotential,servesasatechnical
informationresource,assistsinthedevelopmentofwindplantsitingandpermittingguidelines,andhelpsto
developtestingcentersforwindenergyequipment.
TheDOEsSolarPowerProgramfundsresearchfordevelopinganddeliveringinnovativesolarpowertechnology
thatcancompetewithothersourcesofenergy.Muchoftheresearchsupportsphotovoltaic(PV)andsolar
thermaltechnologiesthatcanbeusedtoconvertthesunlightintoenergy.
ProjectsfurtheredbyDOEworkcouldaffectFortDrum.Windandsolarprojectshavetheabilitytoproduceheight
andglareissuesrespectively.Thisanencroachmentconcernsincethereareprojectscurrentlyproposedwithin
theFortDrumJLUSStudyArea.
WhenaspeciesisproposedforlistingasendangeredorthreatenedundertheESA,USFWSmustconsiderwhether
thereareareasofhabitatbelievedtobeessentialtothespecies'conservation.Thoseareasmaybeproposedfor
designationas"criticalhabitat."Thedeterminationanddesignationofcriticalhabitatisoneofthemost
controversialandconfusingaspectsoftheESA.Acriticalhabitatdesignationdoesnotnecessarilyrestrictfurther
development;itisaremindertofederalagenciesthattheymustmakespecialeffortstoprotecttheimportant
characteristicsoftheseareas.
TheESArequiresfederalagencies,inconsultationwiththeUSFWSand/ortheNMFS,toensurethatactionsthey
authorize,fund,orcarryoutarenotlikelytojeopardizethecontinuedexistenceofanylistedspeciesorresultin
thedestructionoradversemodificationofdesignatedcriticalhabitatofsuchspecies.TheActalsoprohibitsany
actionthatresultsinatakingofanylistedspeciesofendangeredplant,fish,orwildlife.TheESAprovidesa
platformfortheprotectionofcriticalhabitatandspeciesthatmaybeatriskofextinction.
Onlyactivitiesthatinvolveafederalpermit,license,orfundingandarelikelytodestroyoradverselymodifythe
areaofcriticalhabitatwilltriggerreviewundertheESA.Ifthisisthecase,USFWSwillworkwiththefederalagency
and,whereappropriate,privateorotherlandownerstoamendtheirprojecttoallowittoproceedwithout
adverselyaffectingthecriticalhabitat.
Insomecases,presenceofathreatenedorendangeredspeciesmaycausereductionstoamissionprogram.There
aretwofederallylistedbatspeciesfoundatFortDrumtheIndianaBat(endangered)andNorthernLongEared
Bat(threatened).TheESAisimportantasitlimitstheactivitiesFortDrumcanperformiftheinstallationposesa
risktoeitherbatspecies.FortDrumestablishedtheBatConservationAreaintheCantonmentAreaoffsethabitats
impactedbyoperationsinthetrainingarea.
AnotherimportantoutcomeoftheActisTitle14CodeofFederalRegulationPart77,commonlyreferredtosimply
asPart77,whichprovidesthebasisforevaluatingifaproposedstructureorobjectwillresultinavertical
obstructionorflighthazardtonavigableairspaceUsingadistanceformulafromthisregulation,localjurisdictions
canassesstheheightrestrictionsnearairfields.AdditionalinformationonPart77canbefoundontheFAAwebsite
athttp://www.faa.gov/.TheFAAusesitsObstructionEvaluation/AirportAirspaceAnalysistooltogenerate
DeterminationsofHazards/NoHazardsforproposedstructuresorobjects.
Part77establishesstandardstodetermineobstructionswithinnavigableairspace,typicallywithinacertain
distancefromanairportorairfield.Thelawdefinesanobstructiontoairnavigationasanobjectofgreaterheight
thananyofthefollowingheightsorsurfacesinthefollowingmanner:
Aheightof499feetAGLatthesiteoftheobject.
November2017 PublicDraft Page47
Aheightthatis200feetAGLorabovetheestablishedairportelevation,whicheverishigher,withinthree
nauticalmilesoftheestablishedreferencepointofanairport,excludingheliports,withitslongestrunway
morethan3,200feetinactuallength.Thisheightincreasesintheproportionof100feetforeach
additionalnauticalmileofdistancefromtheairportuptoamaximumof499feet.
Aheightwithinaterminalobstacleclearancearea,includinganinitialapproachsegment,adeparture
area,oracirclingapproacharea,whichwouldresultintheverticaldistancebetweenanypointonthe
objectandanestablishedminimuminstrumentflightaltitudewithinthatareaorsegmenttobelessthan
therequiredclearance.
Aheightwithinanenrouteobstacleclearancearea,includingturnandterminationareas,ofafederal
airwayorapprovedoffairwayroute,thatwouldincreasetheminimumobstacleclearancealtitude.
Thesurfaceofatakeoffandlandingareaofanairportoranyimaginarysurfaceestablishedunder77.19,
DOD:77.21,andheliports:77.23.However,nopartofthetakeofforlandingareaitselfwillbeconsidered
anobstruction.
Exceptfortraversewaysonornearanairportwithanoperativegroundtrafficcontrolservicefurnishedby
anairporttrafficcontroltowerorbytheairportmanagementandcoordinatedwiththeairtrafficcontrol
service,thestandardsofparagraph(a)ofthissectionapplytotraversewaysusedortobeusedforthe
passageofmobileobjectsonlyaftertheheightsofthesetraversewaysareincreasedby:
17feetforanInterstateHighwaythatispartoftheNationalSystemofMilitaryandInterstate
Highwayswhereovercrossingsaredesignedforaminimumof17footverticaldistance.
15feetforanyotherpublicroadway.
10feetortheheightofthehighestmobileobjectthatwouldnormallytraversetheroad,
whicheverisgreater,foraprivateroad.
23feetforarailroad.
Forawaterwayoranyothertraversewaynotpreviouslymentioned,anamountequaltothe
heightofthehighestmobileobjectthatwouldnormallytraverseit.
WhenFAAidentifiesconcerns,itmayrequireavoidanceorminimization,lighting,orothermeasurestoensure
airspacesafetyformilitaryandcivilianpurposes.Ifpotentialimpactstomilitaryoperationsareidentified,the
projectmustalsoundergoformalorinformalreviewbytheUSDepartmentofDefenseSitingClearinghouse,to
evaluatethecompatibilityoftheproposedprojectwithmilitarymissions.48USC44718(f);32CFRPart211
(MissionCompatibilityEvaluationProcess).ThePart77reviewprocessbylawrequiresthatmilitaryinterestsbe
addressedifaproposedprojectmayimpactthem.
TheFAAhasidentifiedcertainimaginarysurfacesaroundrunwaystodeterminehowstructuresandfacilitiesare
evaluatedandwhethertheyposeaverticalobstructioninrelationtotheairspacearoundarunway.Theimaginary
surfacesbuildupononeanotherandaredesignedtoeliminateobstructionstoairnavigationandoperations,
eithernaturalormanmade.Thedimensionorsizeofanimaginarysurfacedependsontherunwayclassification.
Allfederalagencies,includingthemilitary,andprojectsreceivingfederalfundingrequireNEPAcomplianceand
documentationpriortoreceivingapermit,approval,orfunding.ForFortDrumspurposes,NEPArequiresthatthe
militaryreviewthepotentialimpactofproposedactionsontheenvironment,includingsurroundingcivilian
communities,andmeasurestoreduce,avoidormitigateidentifiedadverseenvironmentalimpacts.Notallfederal
actionsrequireafullEnvironmentalImpactStatement(EIS).Incaseswhereanactionmaynotcauseasignificant
impact,theagencywouldbeallowedtoproducealessdetailedEnvironmentalAssessment(EA)andmakea
FindingofNoSignificantImpact(FONSI).
ANEPAdocumentcanserveasavaluableplanningtoolforlocalplanningofficials.AnEAcanassistinthe
determinationofpotentialimpactsthatmayresultfromchangingmilitaryactionsoroperationsandtheireffecton
municipalpolicies,plansandprograms,andthesurroundingcommunity.IftheEAfindstherewillbenosignificant
impacts,aFindingofNoSignificantImpact(FONSI)willbeissued.IftheEAfindstheproposedchangestomilitary
actionsandoperationswillcreatesignificantimpacts,anEISwillbepreparedtofurtherdetailandoutlinethe
impactsupontheenvironmenttothepublic.AnEISwillresultinaRecordofDecision(ROD)thatexplainsthe
decisionmadebasedontheinformationpresentedintheEIS,describesthealternativesconsidered,andoutlines
mitigationandmonitoringplans.
NEPAhelpstoensurethatprojectsreceivingfederalfundingatFortDrumdonothaveadverseeffectsonthelocal
environment.However,thisalsolimitswhatprojectstheinstallationmaybeabletoimplement.Thepurposeof
NEPAistoidentifysignificantenvironmentalimpactsandinformthepublicofthefindings.Insomecasesa
statementofoverridingconcernmayallowapotentiallysignificantenvironmentalimpacttobeallowed.
FortDrumlastcompletedanIntegratedCulturalResourcesManagementPlan(ICRMP)in2011toestablish
complianceprocedurestoproperlymanagehistoricalresources.MoreinformationaboutFortDrumsICRMPis
discussedlaterinthischapter.
TheNoiseControlActisimportantbecauseencroachingdevelopmentandincreasedpopulationnearmilitary
installationsoftencreatescompatibilityconcerns.Ascommunitiesgrow,itisimportantthatthemilitary
installation,developers,andtheaffectedcommunitiesworktogethertomitigatetheissueofnoiseanddevelop
waystocoexist.
NoiseassessmentisthecornerstoneoftheONMP.Noiselevelsareclassifiedbyzone,basedonaverageandpeak
noiseemissionlevelsthatcanbeusedtodeveloplanduseplansandtoprotectthepublic.Thethreenoisezones
foraddressingnoisesensitivelandusesconsistentwithfederallaware:
ZoneINoisethatoccursinthisareaiscompatiblewithmostnoisesensitivelanduses,such
ashousing,schools,andmedicalfacilities.
ZoneIINoiseoccurringinthisareaisgenerallyincompatiblewithnoisesensitivelanduses.
ZoneIIINoiseoccurringinthisareaisincompatiblewithnoisesensitivelanduses.
Inadditiontothesethreezones,theONMPincludesafourthzoneknownastheLandUsePlanningZone(LUPZ).
TheLUPZisasubdivisionofZoneIthatactsasabuffertoZoneIIallowingforgreaternoiseimpactsthanZoneI,
butlessnoiseimpactsthanZoneII.Noisesensitivelandusesarestillgenerallyacceptablewithinthisarea.
Areliableandcleanwatersourceisnecessaryforanypopulationcentertofunctionandgrow.Adecreaseinthe
qualityofthedrinkingwaterintheStudyAreamaydecreasetheamountofpeoplethatcanresideintheregion.If
areliableandcleanwatersourceisnotavailabletoFortDrum,itmayimpactmissionactivities.
FindingsfromanINRMPcouldimpactoperationsataninstallationbyidentifyingareaswherethemilitaryneedsto
bettermanagethenaturalresourcesontheproperty.Althoughthisenhancestheenvironmentforwildlife,
dependingonthemanagementactionrequired,thiscouldrendertheareaunusableforcertainactivitiessuchas
weaponsfiring.MoreinformationaboutFortDrumsINRMPisdiscussedlaterinthischapter.
TheSustainableRangeProgram(SRP)istheArmysoverallapproachtoimprovingthedesign,operation,use,and
managementofitsrangestoensurethelongtermsustainabilityofthesefacilities.TheSRPscoreprogramsarethe
RangeandTrainingLandProgramandtheIntegratedTrainingAreaManagementProgram,whichfocusonthe
optimaluseandcapabilityoftheArmy'srangesandtrainingland.Inordertoensuretheaccessibilityand
availabilityofArmyrangesandtrainingland,theSRPcoreprogramsareintegratedwiththefacilitiesmanagement,
environmentalmanagement,munitionsmanagement,andsafetyprogramfunctionssupportingtheoptimaluse
andcapability.
NewtelecommunicationtowersitingrequirescompliancewiththeFederalCommunicationsCommissions(FCC)
environmentalreviewstandardsandprocedures,includingNEPAandESAcompliance,NHPAcompliance,
adherencetoanyapplicableFAArequirementsandstructureregistrationwiththeFCC.Theactualapprovalof
physicalinstallationsissubjecttostateandlocalpermitsandapprovals;however,stateandlocalauthorityis
limitedbyFCClaw.Forinstance,statesandlocaljurisdictionscannotbasetheirdecisionsonanypurported
environmentaleffectsofradiofrequencytransmissions.
Thesetoolsprovideguidanceandestablishmeasuresforstandardoperatingproceduresduringcertainevents,
suchasweaponsfiring.Therearevariousinstallationtoolsthatareinstrumentalinassistingandguidinglanduse
decisionsastheyrelatetothemilitarymission.
WheelerSackArmyAirfield(WSAAF)isahighpriority,missioncriticalassettotheUnitedStatesArmy,and
protectingtheairfieldsaccidentpotentialzonesandclearzonesisthehighestpriorityintheACUBProgram.
Trainingoperationscanpotentialproduceexcessivenoise,makingtheseareasunsuitableforresidential
development.Thesecondhighestpriorityisprotectingthelandclosesttotheinstallationswesternborderto
minimizeandlimitincompatibleresidentialdevelopmentandprotecttrainingoperations.Muchoftheresidential
developmentinthesurroundingcommunityisoccurringalongtheRoute11corridorwestofFortDrumsborder.
Environmentalconsiderationsarethethirdpriority,andincludeacquiringareastohelpprotectthefederally
endangeredIndianaBat.
TheACUBProgramidentifiespriorityareasbasedfactorssuchaslandownershipconsiderationsandoptimalareas
topreservetoFortDrumsminimizeimpactsthatcouldresultfromincompatibledevelopmentwithFortDrums
missions.FortDrumhaspartneredwithvariousentitiessuchasTugHillTomorrowLandTrust,TugHill
Commission,JeffersonCounty,DucksUnlimited,DevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountry,Agricultural
DevelopmentCorporation,andNewYorkStateDepartmentofAgriculture&Marketstoidentifykeyparcelsthat
canbepreservedtoprovideabufferaroundtheinstallation.Figure41illustratesthecurrentFortDrumACUB
priorityareas,whichareidentifiedasfollows.
PriorityAreas1Aand1BadjacenttoFortDrumjustsouthofWSAAFaretoprotecttheaccidentpotential
zones.
PriorityAreas1Aand1CadjacenttoFortDrumswest/northwestborderaretoprotecttheinstallation
againstincompatibledevelopmentandincreasednoisecomplaints,whichmayaffectFortDrumstraining
operations.
PriorityArea1AtothesouthistoprotectfromwinddevelopmentthatcouldpotentiallyimpactWSAAFs
approachanddeparturecorridors.
PriorityArea2istoprotecthighvaluehabitatfortheIndianabatwestofFortDrum.
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Riv c
r ch Diana
hO
Pe
sw
3 eg a tchie River
Natural
3
Brownville Bridge
Le Ray
2
3A Webb
12E
283
1A Great 1B
Wilna
12F Glen
Park
Black
River
Bend
Champion Carthage
Watertown Le w is Co u n ty
Rutland
Hounsfield
81
1A
812
Croghan
232 Watertown
126
Adams Center
410 River
Cr e e
k Gulf S
tream
12 New Bremen
11
Crystal C
dy
26 re
er
Pinckney
San
ek
Riv
Harrisburg Watson
178 Rodman ee
r
Lowville
Independenc e Riv
D
177 er
Mill Creek
h ek
Sout S andy C r e Abijah Creek Lowville
r
Lorraine Worth Roa i k
ng
Legend
ACUB Priority Area 1C Completed ACUB Fort Drum Interstate
2 Parcel County US Highway
Priority
3 Boundary State Highway
1A
Town Railroad
1B
City / Village / Stream / River
Hamlet
Water Body
Source: Fort Drum 2016. Airfield Surface
Figure 4-1
0 2 4
Miles
Fort Drum ACUB Priority Areas
PriorityArea3nearLakeBonaparteistoprotectagainstincreasednoisecomplaintpotential.
PriorityArea3northeastofFortDruminSt.LawrenceCountyistoprotectaviationroutes.
TheICRMPestablishescomplianceprocedurestoproperlymanageculturalandhistoricalresources,establishing
existingconditionsandidentifyingthepotentialimpactsofFortDrumsmissiononthem.Italsoidentifiesimpacts
tomissionreadinesscausedbypreservation,maintenance,andrepairofbuildingsandthecontinueduseof
historicbuildings.Inaddition,theICRMPestablishesacoordinationprocessbetweentheinstallationandmany
stateorregionalagenciesincludingtheStateHistoricPreservationOffice,theAdvisoryCouncilonHistoric
Preservation,theNationalParkService,NativeAmericangroups,andtheinterestedpublic.Thisprocessissubject
toSection106oftheNHPA,whichestablishesaprocessforworkingwithfederalagenciesonhistoricpreservation
issues.
TheICRMPidentifiedthatFortDrumcontainstwotraditionalculturalpropertiesthatholdimportancetoNative
Americansorotherculturalgroups,fivedesignatedhistoricbuildings,onehistoriclandscape,thirteencemeteries,
andfivemonuments.ThemostprominenthistoricalresourcelocatedwithinFortDrumsboundariesisthe
LeRayMansionpropertyinthecantonmentarea.
Afederallysponsoredculturalaffiliationreportconductedin1998recognizedthatNativeAmericantribal
governmentsmayhavepotentialculturalaffiliationstothelandwhereFortDrumislocated.Thereportidentified
fivetribalgovernmentsashavingpotentialculturaltiestolandthatFortDrumoccupies,includingaboriginal
huntingandfishingareas.ThesetribesaretheOneidaIndianNation,SovereignOneidaNationofWisconsin,
OnondagaNation,St.RegisMohawkTribe,andWyandotteofKansas.TheCommandingGeneralofthe
10thMountainDivisionin2002invitedthechiefsofthesenationsandallotherFederallyRecognizedNative
AmericanNationsinNewYorktoenterintoconsultationwithFortDrumregardingculturalresourceissuesand
concerns.OnlythreenationsacceptedtheinvitationsandtodayFortDrumhasofficialconsultationpartnerships
withtheOneidaIndianNation,OnondagaNation,andSt.RegisMohawkTribe.
Source:IntegratedCulturalResourcesManagementPlan,FiscalYears20112015
FortDrumutilizestheINRMPtoidentifynaturalresourceslocatedontheinstallationthatrequiremanagement.
TheFortDrumINRMPalsoidentifiesconservationmeasurestoensurethenaturalresourcesareprotected
consistentwithapplicablefederal/statemandatesandFortDrummissions.
FortDrumcontainsonefederallyendangeredspecies,onefederallythreatenedspecies,andseveralstate
endangeredorthreatenedspeciesofplantsandwildlifewithinitsboundariesduetoitslargefootprintanddiverse
habitats.TheIndianaBatistheonlyknownfederallyendangeredspecies,andtheNorthernLongEaredBatisthe
onlyknownfederallythreatenedspeciesthatresideontheinstallation.Thestateendangeredspeciesthathave
beenknowntooccuronoraroundFortDrumare:
PeregrineFalcon
ShortEaredOwl
BlackTern
TrailingClubmoss
ThreeSeededMercury
RockCress
NorthernWildComfrey
CommonMaresTail
Thestatethreatenedspeciesare:
HenslowsSparrow
LeastBittern
NorthernHarrier
PiedBilledGrebe
SedgeWren
UplandSandpiper
BlandingsTurtle
SlimSternSmallReedgrass
BuxbaumsSedge
HitchcocksSedge
HoughtonsSedge
SwampPink
BeckWaterMarigold
PricklyHornwort
Lakecress
HornleafRiverweed
HillsPondweed
SmallBurreed
BorealAster
Establishprocedurestoidentifyhighhazardsituationsandestablishaircraftandairfieldoperating
procedurestoavoidthesesituations.
Ensurethatallpermanentandtransientaircrewsareawareofbirdhazardsandtheproceduresfor
avoidanceandreporting.
Developguidelinestodecreasetheattractivenessoftheairfieldtobirdsanddispersethenumberofbirds
ontheairfield.
Municipal Governance
TheStateofNewYorkcomprisescounties,cities,towns,andvillages.Thewayinwhicheachofthesemunicipalities
isgovernedhasimpactsoncompatibilityissuesoutsideFortDrumsfenceline.NewYorkisaHomeRulestate.
Article9intheNewYorkStateConstitutionistheMunicipalHomeRuleLaw,whichgrantsmunicipalitiesauthority
toadoptandamendlocallaws,solongastheyarenotinconsistentwiththeNewYorkStateConstitutionorany
generallawrelatingtoitsproperty,affairs,orgovernment.
Zoning Law
TheStateofNewYorkpermitscities,towns,andvillagestoimplementzoninglawsandregulationstopromote
communitiesmorals,health,safety,andgeneralwelfare.Suchmunicipalitiesreservetherighttoregulateand
restrictpercentageoflotcoverage,locationofstructuresonproperties,sizeofyards,buildingheightsandnumber
ofstories,densityofpopulation,andusesofthelandforpropertiesundertheirjurisdiction.Communitiesin
NewYorkarenotrequiredtoadoptzoningregulations.Whilestatelawssuggestthatcommunitiesshouldadopt
zoningregulationsinaccordancewithacomprehensiveplan,courtcaseshavedeterminedthisisnota
requirement.
Page416 PublicDraft November2017
New York State Agricultural Districts Program
TheNewYorkAgriculturalDistrictslawwasenactedin1971toprotectandpromotefarmlandandfarmactivities
throughoutthestate.AccordingtotheNYSDEC,thepurposeofagriculturaldistrictsistoencourageagricultural
activityandprotectfarmland.Thislawpermitsanylandownerorownersthatownatleast250acresoflandto
submitanagriculturaldistricttotheirrespectivecountyforcountyreview,statecertification,andcountyadoption.
Uponcreationofanagriculturaldistrict,locallawsmaynotunreasonablyrestrictorregulatefarmoperations,
unlesspublichealthorsafetyisthreatened.Eachcertifiedagriculturaldistrictmustgothrougharecertification
processeveryeightyearstoensurethemajorityofthelandwithinthedistrictisusedforagriculturalpurposes.
Newpropertiesmaybeaddedtoanagriculturaldistrictonceperyearduringanannualinclusionperiod.
DepartmentofPublicServicesChair(alsoservesastheSitingBoardchairperson)
NYSDepartmentofEnvironmentConservationCommissioner
HealthDepartmentCommissioner
NYSEnergyResearch&DevelopmentChair
EconomicDevelopmentCommissioner
Twoadhocmembersthatresideintherespectivemunicipalitytheprojectisbeingproposed
ThetwoappointedadhocmembersoftheSitingBoardareselectedbytheNewYorkStateSenateandtheNew
YorkStateAssemblyfromalistofcandidatesprovidedbythesupervisorandchiefexecutiveofficerrepresenting
theimpactedcommunities.
SubdivisionRegulations
ComprehensivePlan
SoundAttenuation
Lighting/DarkSky
AlternativeEnergy
BuildingCode
Regulations
Regulations
ZoningLaw
Ordinance
Jurisdiction
JeffersonCounty
LewisCounty
St.LawrenceCounty
CityofWatertown
TownofAntwerp
TownofChampion
TownofDiana
TownofFowler
TownofGouverneur
TownofLeRay
TownofPamelia
TownofPhiladelphia
TownofRossie
TownofRutland
TownofWatertown
TownofWilna
VillageofCarthage
VillageofWestCarthage
Legend:
Thetoolexistsbutdoesnotaddresslanduseissue(s)relatedtomilitarycompatibility.
Thetoolexistsbutonlypartiallyaddresseslanduseissue(s)relatedtomilitarycompatibility.
Thejurisdictiondoesnotemploythistool.
Thetoolexistsandaddresseslanduseissue(s)relatedtomilitarycompatibility.
ToolwasunavailableforreviewatthetimetheJLUSwaswritten.
ThefollowingCEDSactionrelatestomilitarycompatibilitywithFortDrum:
E.5MaintainregularcommunicationbetweenFortDrumandthecommunity
RegularcommunicationbetweenFortDrumandsurroundingcommunitiesfacilitateshealthyrelationships
betweenallstakeholders,andanunderstandingofcurrenttrainingoperationsandeventsoccurringboth
oninstallationandwithinthecommunities.
Building Code
JeffersonCountyutilizestheNewYorkStateBuildingStandardsandCodesUniformCodeSupplement,most
recentlyupdatedinMarch,2016asitsgeneralbuildingcode.However,thebuildingcodedoesnotcurrently
addresssoundattenuationaroundFortDrumwithinthenoisezones.JeffersonCountyhaslandwithinFortDrums
operationalfootprintsfornoiseandcertaintypesofdevelopmentareincompatibleinthesenoisezonesunless
theyareconstructedwithsoundattenuationmeasurestoreducetheindoornoiselevels.TheCountycouldrevise
itsbuildingcodetorequiresoundattenuationmeasuresforcertaintypesofdevelopment,suchasresidential,
withinthenoisezones.
TheCountyoverseesandenforcesthisbuildingcodeforthefollowingcommunitiesthatwereparticipantsinthe
FortDrumJLUS:
TownandVillageofAntwerp TownofWatertown
TownofChampion VillageofDeferiet
TownofLeRay VillageofWestCarthage
TownofRutland
TheremainingcommunitiesthatwereparticipantsintheFortDrumJLUSenforcetheNewYorkStateBuildingCode
atthelocallevel.Thesecommunitiesare:
TownandVillageofClayton CityofWatertown
TownofPamelia VillageofBlackRiver
TownandVillageofPhiladelphia VillageofCarthage
TownofWilna VillageofEvansMills
Zoning
TheCityofWatertownsZoningLawisChapter310oftheCityCodeanddividesthecityinto15landusedistricts.It
wasmostrecentlyupdatedin2013.DuetotheCityofWatertownsdistancefromFortDrum,itisnotwithinany
ofthemilitaryfootprintsassociatedwithoperationsattheinstallation(seeChapter3,Section3.7Mission
OperationsFootprints),soitisnotnecessarytoadoptzoninglawsforlandwithinFortDrumoperationalfootprints,
suchasnoise.
4.7. Towns of Champion and Wilna, and Villages of Carthage and West
Carthage
Comprehensive Plan
ThetownsofChampionandWilnaandthevillagesofCarthageandWestCarthageareallmembersoftheRiver
AreaCouncilofGovernments,andthereforeeachhavetheirownindividualcomprehensiveplansthatarebuiltoff
thesametemplate,andassuchareverysimilarinlayoutandtext.Allfourcomprehensiveplanswereadoptedin
2009.Thesecommunitiescollaboratedtheirlanduseplanningeffortsandusedthesamecomprehensivetemplate
toaddresscollectiveissues.ItiscleareachofthesecommunitiesrecognizeFortDrumasanimportanteconomic
generator,andacknowledgeinseveralinstancesthroughoutthecomprehensiveplansashowtheinstallation
influencestheirpopulationtrends,schools,andeconomy.OneoftheissuesidentifiedistheirproximitytoFort
Drumandhowtheycanprotecttheinstallationfromincompatiblelanduses.
EachcommunityidentifiedaFortDrumLandUsePlanningZoneasalanduseconcepttoaddresscompatibleland
usessurroundingtheinstallation.However,theseareonlyaconceptanddonothaveanyimplementing
regulationsattachedtothezone.Furthermore,thecommunitieszoningcodesdonotincludeaFortDrumLand
UsePlanningZone,andnoneofthecommunitieshaveofficiallyimplementedaFortDrumLandUsePlanningZone
aslocallaw.
Alsoconsistentineachcomprehensiveplanaretheimplementationrecommendationsforcommunication
regardingappropriatedevelopmentsurroundingFortDrum.Thefollowingareexcerptsofimplementation
recommendationsfromtheplansthataddressFortDrum.
5.ContinuetoworkwiththeUSArmy,FortDrumRegionalLiaisonOrganizationand
FortDrumneighborhoodstowardsGrowthManagementforaMutuallyBeneficial
DevelopmentPattern.
7.EnsureappropriatedevelopmentsurroundingFortDrumandthenaturalresources
includingwetlands,floodplainsandwaterresources.
Thetownsshouldadoptlandusecontrolsaspartoftheirzoningthatincludeappropriate
FortDrumbufferzones.
Whilethesepolicieshelppromptdiscussionsandfacilitatecommunicationlinesbetweenthecommunitiesand
FortDrum,theydonothavethenecessaryregulatorybacking.Noneofthecommunitieshaveadoptedlanduse
controlsaddressingcompatibilitysurroundingtheinstallationasrecommendedinthecomprehensiveplans,and
havenotimplementedzoningregulationsspecifictoareasthatmaybeaffectedbyoperationsatFortDrumto
promotecompatibledevelopmentwiththetypesofactivitiesthatoccurinthemilitaryoperationalareas.
Zoning
ThetownsofChampionandWilnaandvillagesofCarthageandWestCarthagehavealladoptedzoninglaws.The
zoninglawsweremostrecentlyupdatedin2013(Champion),1987(Wilna),2011(Carthage),and2005
(WestCarthage).ThetownsofChampion,Carthage,andWestCarthagehavelightingstandardsintheirzoning
lawsthatrequireappropriateshieldingtominimizeglareandreflection,aswellaslimitthemaximumapexangleof
theconeofilluminationto150degrees.Thishelpsreducenighttimelightingimpactsonnighttrainingoperations
atFortDrum.
FollowingareseveralcompatibilityfactorsaddressedbytheComprehensivePlan.
Communication / Coordination
AddressingcommunicationandcoordinationwithFortDrumisoneofthekeycomponentstoLeRays
ComprehensivePlan.OneofthefivetownwideprinciplesthecommunityidentifiedinChapterSixTownWide
Principlesis,partnerwithFortDrumformutuallybeneficialsolutionsforLeRayandtheregion.
Furthermore,thefirstgoalintheFortDrumCharacterArearelatestocommunication/coordination.Thisgoaland
itsunderlyingstrategiesareaproactiveapproachtocontinuingandstrengtheningtherelationshipbetweenLeRay
andFortDrum.
Energy Development
ChapterFiveGreenPlanninginLeRaysComprehensivePlanaddressesissuesandopportunitiesenhancingthe
greenbuildingpracticesandtechniqueswithinthecommunity.WhileLeRaydoesnotrestrictwindturbine
development,theimplementationsectionofthischapterdoesnotethatsitingwindturbinesshouldbecarefully
analyzedastonotimpairtrainingoperationsatFortDrum.
Page422 PublicDraft November2017
Housing Availability
ChapterSevenofLeRaysComprehensivePlanisaStrategicPlanwithalistofrecommendationsandstrategiesto
implementtheComprehensivePlansgoalsandguidefuturedecisionmaking.Recommendation5isEnsure
housingchoiceandaffordability.Thisrecommendationhasseveralrelatingstrategiesthatsupportdiverse
housingoptionsavailabletotheneedsofpeoplewhoworkatFortDrum.
Land Use
LeRayrecognizestheimportanceofFortDrumstrainingasitskeytolongtermsustainability,andthepotential
incompatibledevelopmentsthatmayhindertheinstallationsoperations.GoalFourintheFarmCoreTown
CharacterAreaistoInvestigateopportunitiesforfarmlandprotectionprograms.Thisgoalseekstocoordinate
withFortDrumsArmyCompatibleUseBuffer(ACUB)programasamutuallybeneficialstrategytoprotectfarm
land.
Likewise,oneoftheLandUseRecommendationsintheFarmCoreTownCharacterAreaistheFortTownLandUse
Compatibility.ThisrecommendationsuggestspreservingagriculturallandadjacenttoFortDrumsborderandin
theLandUsePlanningZone(LUPZ)tominimizenoiseandlightpollutionconflictswithFortDrumstraining.The
ComprehensivePlanidentifiedonespecificareaeastofEvansMillsaspotentiallyincompatiblewithintheLUPZ,
andrecommendsrezoningtousescompatiblewiththeinstallation.
Noise
FortDrumsnoisecontoursaremappedinLeRaysComprehensivePlanundertheFortTownLandUse
Compatibilitysection,anddepictwheretheLUPZsarethroughoutthetown.TheComprehensivePlansupports
FortDrumsmissionandacknowledgeshowtheTownsgoalofpreservingagricultureisacompatiblelandusein
noisezones.
Public Transportation
GoalTwooftheFortDrumTownCharacterAreaisto,collaboratetoimprovemultimodalaccessbetween
FortDrumandLeRay.AlthoughLeRaycurrentlydoesnothaveanypublictransportation,thisgoalsupports
collaborationwithlocalandregionalagenciestoextendservicesthroughLeRayandtoFortDrum.
PublicTransportationisalsoaddressedinChapterEightStrategicPlan,whichrecommendsassessingashuttle
servicealongRoute11thatconnectsFortDrumtothemultifamilydevelopmentsandretailcenters,aswellasa
potentialparkandridefacilitylocatedoffinstallation.
Safety Zones
ChapterNineDraftGenericEnvironmentalImpactStatementinLeRaysComprehensivePlananalyzesaseriesof
landusealternativesbasedonwhetherornottheComprehensivePlansrecommendationsareimplemented.One
ofthesealternativesistheDevelopingDistrict(DD)zoningdistrictthatiscurrentlylocatedwithinanAccident
PotentialZone(APZ)forWheelerSackArmyAirfield.Whilethisdistrictwasenvisionedforofficeandresearch
facilitiestosupportFortDrumsgrowthinthe1980s,alackofinfrastructurelimitedthedevelopmenttoasmall
area.
AlternativeOneacknowledgesthispotentialsafetyhazardandrecommendsreducingtheDDzoningdistrictinsize
toareasoutsideoftheAPZandconvertingittoagriculturaluses.AlternativeTwoistheNoActionAlternative.
TheComprehensivePlanrecognizesthecompatibilityissuesandimpactsifthisDDzoneisdevelopedinthefuture,
andnotesthepotentialclosureofFortDrumifsuchdevelopmentoccurs.
Zoning
LeRayszoningmapidentifiesthenoisezonescreatedbyFortDrumtrainingoperationsthatextendintoits
jurisdiction.However,thesenoisezonesidentifiedarenotconnectedtonormentionedinLeRayszoninglaws.The
underlyingareaswithinthesenoisezoneshavepotentialforincompatibledevelopmentwithFortDrumstraining,
leavingtheinstallationvulnerabletoapotentialincreaseofnoisecomplaintsifhigherdensitydevelopmentis
constructed.
LeRayszoninglawdoeshavealightingrequirementthathelpsprotectFortDrumsnighttraining.Section15875
containsgenerallightingrequirementsfortheTownofLeRay.Onesuchordinanceinthissectionreads,Fixtures
shallbedarkskycompliant.Thisordinancelimitstheamountoflightthatmaytrespassontoadjacentproperties,
andhelpskeepthenightskydarkerforenhancednightvisiontraining.
CompatibilitywithFortDrumisaddressedinSection158142.Preliminarysiteplanapproval.Thissectionpermits
thePlanningBoardtoconsultwiththeFortDrumcommunityplannerpriortoapprovingasiteplanapplication,
althoughthisisnotarequirement.
InordertoreducethepotentialnegativeimpactontrainingatFortDrumbyexcessiveoutdoor
lighting,thefollowingcommercialoutdoorlightingregulationsshallapplywhenreviewing
specialpermitapplicationsandconductingsiteplanreviews.
ThislightingrequirementimposedbytheTownofPhiladelphiaminimizestheamountofambientlightbeing
reflectedintothesky,supportingFortDrumsnightvisiontraining.
Zoning
TheTownofWatertownszoningcodewasmostrecentlyupdatedin2012.Itincludeslightingstandardsthat
lightingshallcomplywithguidelinessetforthbytheInternationalDarkSkyAssociationorequivalentandrequires
alllightstobeshieldedtorestrictthemaximumapexangleoftheconeofilluminationto150degrees.These
regulationsassistinreducingnighttimelightingimpactstonightvisionoperationsatFortDrum.
5.InvestigateopportunitiesformunicipalitiessurroundingFortDrumtoimplementhousing
projectstoaccommodatehousingneedsofsoldiersandtheirfamilies.
Providinghousingforsoldiersandmilitaryfamiliesatanaffordableratesupportsthemilitaryinstallationsneedto
housemilitarypersonnel,aswellasincreasingthecountyspopulationtosupportlocalbusinesses.
LewisCountysCEDSalsoaddressescommunicationcompatibilitybetweenthecounty,FortDrum,andregional
agencies.ObjectiveC,Strategy1intheRegionalCoordinationsectionreads:
1.ContinuetoworkcloselywithDANC,FDRHPOandFDRLOtoimproveopportunitiesfor
spillovereffectsfrominvestmentsatFortDrum.
Continuingcoordinationandcommunicationbetweentheseentitieshelpsfosterstrongerrelationshipsand
mutuallybeneficialpartnerships.
The Practical Guide to Compatible Civilian Development near Military Installations (July 2007), OEA
Thisguideoffersgeneralinformationoncommunitydevelopmentandcivilianencroachmentissues.Theguidecan
befoundontheOEAinternetsiteatthefollowingaddress:http://www.oea.gov/.
Encouraging Compatible Land Use between Local Governments and Military Installations: A Best Practices
Guide (April 2007), NACo
Thisguidebookpresentscasestudiesofbestpracticesbetweenthemilitaryandcommunitiesthrough
communication,regulatoryapproaches,andJointLandUseStudies.Theguidecanbeaccessedonthe
NACointernetsiteatthefollowingaddress:http://www.naco.org/.
Videos
The Base Next Door: Community Planning and the Joint Land Use Study Program, OEA
Thisinformativevideodiscussestheissueofencroachmentnearmilitaryinstallationsasurbandevelopmentoccurs
withinthevicinity.ThisvideocanbeaccessedontheofficialOEAYouTubechannelat:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6UiyWDgLeJM.
Pleaseseethenextpage.
InsideChapter5
5.1. CompatibilityAssessment.................................................................................................52
AwarenessItems............................................................................................................................54
CompatibilityIssues.....................................................................................................................519
5.2. AirQuality(AQ)...............................................................................................................519
5.3. AntiTerrorism/ForceProtection(AT)...........................................................................520
5.4. BiologicalResources(BIO)...............................................................................................521
5.5. Communication/Coordination(COM)...........................................................................527
5.6. CulturalResources(CR)...................................................................................................529
5.7. Dust/Smoke/Steam(DSS)............................................................................................531
5.8. EnergyDevelopment(ED)...............................................................................................534
5.9. FrequencySpectrumCapacity(FSC)...............................................................................559
5.10. FrequencySpectrumImpedance/Interference(FSI).....................................................560
5.11. HousingAvailability(HA).................................................................................................561
5.12. InfrastructureExtensions(IE)..........................................................................................563
5.13. Land/Air/SeaSpaceCompetition(LAS).......................................................................565
5.14. LandUse(LU)..................................................................................................................571
5.15. LegislativeInitiatives(LEG)..............................................................................................580
5.16. LightandGlare(LG).........................................................................................................585
5.17. MarineEnvironments(MAR)..........................................................................................590
5.18. Noise(NOI)......................................................................................................................591
5.19. PublicServices(PS)........................................................................................................5107
5.20. PublicTrespassing(PT)..................................................................................................5108
5.21. RoadwayCapacity(RC)..................................................................................................5109
5.22. Safety(SA).....................................................................................................................5112
5.23. ScarceNaturalResources(SNR)....................................................................................5120
5.24. VerticalObstructions(VO)............................................................................................5121
5.25. Vibration(V)..................................................................................................................5130
5.26. WaterQuality/Quantity(WQQ)..................................................................................5132
Anumberoffactorsassistindeterminingwhethercommunityandmilitaryplans,programs,andactivitiesare
compatibleorinconflictwithjointlandusessuchascommunityactivitiesandmilitaryinstallations.ForthisJoint
LandUseStudy(JLUS),25compatibilityfactorswereusedtoidentify,determine,andestablishasetofkeyJLUS
compatibilityissues.Thesecompatibilityfactorsarelistedbelow.
Anactionundertakenbyeitherthemilitaryor
communitythatminimizes,hindersorpresents
anobstacletotheactionoftheotheris
characterizedasanissue.Issuesarisingonthe
partofeitherorboththemilitaryand
communityaregroupedaccordingtothe
relevantfactorandlistedinthischapter.For
eachidentifiedissue,acompatibility
assessmentisprovideddiscussingthenature
andcauseorsourceoftheissuefollowedby
applicableexistingtoolscurrentlyusedorthat
maybeusedtomitigateencroachmentor
preventtheemergenceofencroachmentinthe
futureincludinganassessmentoftheir
effectiveness.
Thedevelopmentofstrategiestoaddresscompatibilityisdirectlyandindirectlyaffectedbytheevaluationof
issues.IssueswereprioritizedintofourdifferentcategorieswithanassociatedtimeframeandpresentedtotheSC
andTWGforreview.SincetheSCandTWGacceptedtheprioritiesasis,theprioritieswillbeusedtodeterminethe
timeframeforinitiatingstrategiesbytheprimaryandpartnerorganizations.
Thischapterprovidesatechnicalbackgroundonthefactorsandissuesdiscussedbasedonavailable
information.Theintentistoprovideanadequatecontextforawareness,education,anddevelopmentof
JLUSrecommendations.Itisnotdesignedorintendedtobeutilizedasanexhaustivetechnicalevaluation
ofexistingorfutureconditionswithintheJLUSStudyArea.
Ofthe25compatibilityfactorsconsidered,sevenweredeterminedtobeinapplicabletothisJLUSbecause
nocompatibilityissueswereidentifiedrelatedtothem.Thesevenfactorswithnocompatibilityissues
identifiedare:
AirQuality
AntiTerrorism/ForceProtection
FrequencySpectrumCapacity
FrequencySpectrumImpedance/Interference
MarineEnvironments
ScarceNaturalResources
WaterQuality/Quantity
TheCompatibilityIssuessectionprovidesmoreindepthanalysisofthemoreimportantissuesfortheFortDrum
JLUSandassuchisorganizedbycompatibilityfactor.Eachfactorwillbeidentifiedwithanumber,e.g.,5.2,5.3,
etc.Thefactorsdefinition,technicalbackground,andkeytermsinformationwillalsobefoundineachnumbered
subsection.
Compatibility Assessment
In New York the authority has been delegated to the New York Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC)
to ensure that the State of New York maintains or moves into attainment with all NAAQS. In the past, Jefferson
County, which includes portions of Fort Drum, was in nonattainment for 8-hour Ozone air quality prior to 2009.
According to the data reviewed, Lewis and St. Lawrence counties were not identified as nonattainment status for
8-hour Ozone standards during the timeframe the Jefferson County was.
Source: https://www3.epa.gov/airquality/greenbook/anayo_ny.html
Attainment for Ozone is based on an 8-hour design value from the four highest scoring days averaged over a
three- year period. The Ozone NAAQS is 70 parts per billion (ppb). As of July 2017, the design value for Ozone was
63 ppb for the Jefferson County area. The area is designated as in attainment for all other criteria pollutants.
Ozone is a secondary pollutant formed by the chemical reaction of two chemicals nitrogen oxides (NOx) and
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight. The presence and reaction of these chemicals is
generally the result of emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels from sources such as vehicles, power plants,
and industrial boilers. Even at low levels, Ozone can impact the respiratory system and can cause eye irritation and
chest pain especially for those with respiratory issues and those who work outdoors. Ozone is considered a
regional pollutant in that pollution sources in one area can have impacts on other areas through the transport or
movement of pollutants and Ozone due to weather patterns and geography of the affected regions. In addition, as
discussed the reaction of sunlight with NOx and VOCs creates ground level Ozone, therefore Ozone levels are
typically higher during warmer months due to the pollutants reacting with the sunlight. Historically, higher levels
of Ozone in Jefferson County were due to transport of pollutants from the mid-western United States energy
Page 5-4 Public Draft November 2017
plantsandindustrialsourcesinCanada.Improvedairqualityregulationsandtechnologychangesinindustrial/
energyprocesseshavereducedaverageOzonelevelsinmanyareasacrosstheUnitedStates.Inaddition,as
mentionedweatherconditionshaveasignificanteffectonOzoneandoverspecifictimeframes,Ozonelevelscan
varybasedonthoseconditions.
TheEPAmadechangestotheNAAQSforOzonein2008and2015.Thesechangeswerebasedonimproved
scienceandunderstandingofairpollutionanditsimpacts.OnMarch12,2009NYDECrecommendedtothe
ActingRegionalAdministratorUSEPAthatJeffersonCountybedesignatedasanattainmentareaforthe2008
8hourozoneNAAQS.Thisrecommendationwasmadeforthefollowingreasons:(1)The2008designvalueforthis
areais0.075ppmatthePerchRivermonitor,whichwassitedtodeterminetheimpactsfromToronto,otherlarge
citiesinOntarioandMichigan;and(2)Thearea,whichisalsocurrentlyanapprovedcleandataarea(March25,
2008;73FR1567215674)monitoringattainmentofthe1997ozoneNAAQSof0.08ppm,hasnotchanged
significantlysinceEPAmadefinaldesignationsforthe1997ozoneNAAQSin2004.
Source:http://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/8400.html
Asmentionedpreviously,JeffersonCountyiscurrentlyinattainmentforthe20158hourstandardof.070ppm
(70ppb).AlthoughJeffersonCountyiscurrentlyinattainmentforthe8hourOzonestandard,themonitoring
stationatPerchRiverindicatesthereareperiodicdailyexceedancesofthecurrentOzonestandardintheCounty,
althoughnotenoughtoclassifyitasnonattainment.Thereareimplicationsforapotentialfuturedesignationof
nonattainmentforOzoneincluding,potentialindustrialandeconomicdevelopmentconstraintsandpotential
constraintsontransportationimprovements.Additionally,ifinanonattainmentzone,FortDrumcouldhave
restrictionsonitsemissionsaspartofaregionalstrategytoachieveattainmentforOzone,whichcouldaffectthe
militaryoperationsontheinstallationfromstationarysources(e.g.,fueltanks)andmobilesources(e.g.,aircraft
flightoperations).
NewYork,alongwithothernortheasternstates,islocatedintheNortheastOzoneTransportRegion(OTR).States
thatarepartoftheOTRarerequiredtosubmitaStateImplementationPlan(SIP)totheEnvironmentalProtection
Agency(EPA)detailinghowtheyaccomplishimplementation,maintenance,andenforcementofNAAQSandmust
alsoinstallcertaincontrolsforOzonecausingpollutants,eveninareaswhereambientOzonelevelsarein
compliancewiththestandards.Alistofrequirementsfor8hourOzoneareaandOTRcanbefoundontheEPAs
website.
Source:https://www.epa.gov/ozonepollution/nonattainmentandozonetransportregionotrsiprequirements.
The2015NAAQSforOzonewhenfullyimplementedwouldstrengthenprovisionsformanaginginterstateOzone
transportandallowforsomeconsiderationofOzonetransportfrominternationalsources.The2015NAAQSfor
OzoneisintendedtocontinuetoreducepollutantemissionsthatcreateOzoneandensureallregionsacrossthe
countryarefullyimplementingrequiredmeasurestoimproveairqualityasitrelatestoOzone.Therearesome
legislativeinitiativesinCongresstodelayand/oraffectfullimplementationofthe2015Ozonestandardand
associatedregulations.TheOzoneTransportCommission(OTC),whichNewYorkStateisamember,hastakena
firmstandagainstanydelaysintheimplementationofthe2015Ozonestandard.TheOTCisamultistate
organizationcreatedundertheCleanAirActthatadvisestheEPAonissuesrelatedtogroundlevelOzone
transportintheNortheastandtheMidAtlanticregionsoftheU.S.Thissupportincludesthepracticalityandfiscal
aspectsofOzoneregulationimplementationandtheunderlyingscienceassociatedwithOzonetransportand
healthandenvironmentalimpacts.
Source:OzoneTransportCommission,http://www.otcair.org/
Findings
JeffersonCountywasclassifiednonattainmentfor8hourOzonefrompriorto2009,butiscurrentlyin
attainmentforthecurrent8hourOzonestandard.
HistoricallyJeffersonCountywasnonattainmentduetotransportofpollutants/Ozonefrommidwestern
energyplantsandindustrialemissionsfromCanada,howeverimprovedairqualityregulationsand
pollutioncontroltechnologyhashelpedreduceemissionsinmanyregionsoftheU.S.
AirqualityattainmentisaregionalissuethataffectsFortDrumifthesurroundingregionweretobe
classifiednonattainmentforthe8hourOzonestandardinthefuture.
The2015NAAQSforOzonewhenfullyimplementedwouldstrengthenregulationimplementationfor
interstatetransportofOzoneandprovidesomeconsiderationforinternationalOzonetransport.
TheOTC,ofwhichNewYorkStateisamemberhasgoneonrecordopposinganylegislationthatwould
delayoraffectfullimplementationofthe2015Ozonestandard.
ObtainingresponsefromFortDrumondevelopmentapplicationreview
CommunitiessendcertaintypesofdevelopmentapplicationstoFortDrumfor
AWARENESS2 review,andwouldliketoreceiveaformalresponsefromtheinstallationon
compatibilityconcernswiththeproposeddevelopmentpotentiallyimpactingor
beingimpactedbyFortDrumoperations.
Compatibility Assessment
SeveralofthecommunitiessurroundingFortDrumhavedevelopedinformalagreementswithFortDrumtosend
certaintypesofdevelopmentproposalsorplanningprogramupdatestoFortDrumtoreviewandprovide
commentsonwhetherornottheproposalorplannedactionwouldhaveanegativeimpactontheinstallations
operations,orresultinincompatibledevelopment.TheseproposalsaresenttotheFortDrumCommunityPlanner
forreviewandcomment.Armypolicyisgenerallytoprovideonlyinformationalresponsesforconsiderationtothe
decisionmakerstoassistwithapprovingordenyingaproject,andnotadirectresponsetoadvocatedisapprovalof
theproject.WhenalocalcommunitysendsaproposedprojecttoFortDrumforcommentstheymayreceivea
response,butincaseswheretheydonot,thismaycausesomeuncertaintyastowhetherornottheproposed
projectmayhaveanimpact.NoresponsefromFortDrumonaproposedprojectmaybeforavarietyofreasons,
includingthattherearenoconcernswiththeproposedproject.IfnoresponseisprovidedbyFortDrumbythe
endofthecommentperiod,thecommunitiesconsiderthatagoodfaithefforttoobtaincommentsandassume
therearenoissueswiththedevelopmentapplicationintermsofcompatibilitywithFortDrum.TheDODSiting
Clearinghouse,discussedfurtherinSection5.8EnergyDevelopment,asanexampleofcommunicationand
coordinationbetweendevelopersandtheDOD,inthecontextofenergydevelopment.
Publicusershavedifferentregulationsthatapplytoonandoffinstallation
activities
AWARENESS3 Usersfindrulesforpublicactivitiesanduseofland,suchashuntingand
recreation,aredifferentoninstallationversusoffinstallation.Thisisdueto
externalpoliciesandrequirementsthatdictateregulationsonhowthe
installationmanagestheseFederal/DODresources.
Compatibility Assessment
FortDrumpermitssomepublicactivitieswithinitsboundaries,including
huntingandotherrecreationalactivities.However,acertainlevelof
safetymustbemaintainedforbothsoldiersandpublicuserson
installation.FortDrumusesapplicablefederalregulationsandstate
levelguidelinesforhuntingandrecreationalactivitiesoninstallation
andalsohassomeadditionalinstallationregulationstomaintainsafe
recreationalopportunitieswithoutimpactingmissionrequirementsand
training.UnderFortDrumRegulation4203,Hunting,fishing,trapping,
andotherrecreationaluseofFortDrumwillbeinaccordancewithNew
YorkStatelaws,thisregulation,federallaws,andsupplementalorders
issuedbytheInstallationCommander.
BowhuntersinthecantonmentareamusthaveeitheraMilitaryI.D.,
MilitaryDependentorFamilyMemberI.D.,RetiredMilitaryI.D.,Civilian
DepartmentofDefenseI.D.,orcontractpersonnelwithDODI.D.,aswell
BowhunteratFortDrum
asobtainaRecreationalAccessPass.Also,allweaponsbrought
Source:FortDrumCantonmentArea
oninstallationmustberegisteredwiththeMilitaryPolice. HuntingBrochure
SomestakeholdersquestionedtheArmyCompatibleUseBuffer(ACUB)ProgramandwhetherFortDrums
additionalregulationsapplytoACUBland.However,ACUBlandswouldbegovernedbythelocalcommunityor
stateregulationsandnotaffectedbyFortDrumsadditionalregulations.Thelandrightspurchasedthrougha
conservationeasementfromthelandownerusingtheACUBProgramaremeanttoprovideabufferaroundthe
installation,butarenotapartofFortDrumproperty.Thepropertyisstillprivateandthereisnopublicaccess
requirementaspartoftheeasement.
ManagementofNativeAmericanculturalsitesoninstallation
TherearenumerousNativeAmericanculturalsitesonFortDrumthatrequire
AWARENESS4
coordinationbetweenFortDrumandNativeAmericancommunitymembersfor
tribalmemberstoaccessthesites.
Compatibility Assessment
AccordingtoFortDrums2011IntegratedCulturalResourcesManagementPlan,FortDrumisrecognizedasan
aboriginalhuntingandfishingarea,andconsultswiththreeNativeAmericangovernments:
OneidaIndianNation
OnondagaNation
St.RegisMohawkTribe
ThereareseveralimportantNativeAmericanculturalsiteslocatedatFortDrumthatmembersofthelocal
NativeAmericanTribesmaywishtovisit.FortDrumcomanagesculturalsitesontheinstallationwithNative
AmericanNationpreservationpartnerstoensuretheyareprotectedandrespected.FortDrumpermitsindividuals
andgroupstoaccessrequestedculturalsitesuponcoordinationwithandapprovalbyFortDrum.Membersfrom
NativeAmericantribesmaymakeaformalwrittenrequesttoaccesstheculturalsiteoninstallationthroughthe
PAOatleastfivedayspriortotheproposedvisit,or60daysforalargergroupvisit.ThePAOwillcoordinatethe
requestwiththeInstallationGarrisonCommandersofficetoensuretheNativeAmericantribalmember(s)willbe
safetoaccessFortDrum,anditwillnotimpedetrainingoperationsoccurringatthetime.IftheInstallation
GarrisonCommanderidentifiesaconflictinsafetyorimpacttotrainingoperations,thePAOwillproposean
alternatetimeordatetotheNativeAmericantribalmember(s).ThePAO,CulturalResourcesofficeandthe
DirectorateofPlans,Training,Mobilization&Security(DPTMS)worktogethertobeasaccommodatingaspossible
torequestforaccesstospecificsitesandcemeteriesinthetrainingareas.Iftherearenotrainingconflicts,wecan
evenaccommodatesamedayrequestsunlessitisalargegroupvisit.
Source:IntegratedCulturalResourceManagementPlan,2011
SincetheNorthCountrywasonceoccupiedbyNativeAmericanTribes,thereisapotentialthatadditionalremains
and/orartifactscouldbefoundduringexcavationfornewdevelopments.Ifsuchfindingsareuncovered,an
archeologicalevaluationwouldbeconductedtodeterminethesignificanceofthefinding,andiftheartifactsand/
orremainswarrantanyprotectionoftheland.
Basic Allowance for Housing (BAH) rate fluctuation on local rental market
There is public concern that some local rental markets may be affected by BAH rates,
AWARENESS-5
driving up housing rates and making it more expensive than lower income civilian
residents can afford.
Compatibility Assessment
During the JLUS process, an issue was raised during interviews with stakeholders regarding housing rental prices
being affected by Fort Drums BAH rates.
The local rental market is driven by the demand and the military population from Fort Drum make up a significant
portion of that demand for housing. Without military renters, there would be less demand and therefore less
incentive for developers to undertake new rental housing start in the area. In the past, higher BAH rates have
incentivized Developers to undertake rental housing construction yielding approximately 1,300 new, modern rental
housing units to the local market inventory. BAH is determined annually from the market rents of adequate,
available, affordable housing as determined by the Department of Defense. BAH rates are based on the market
rents surveyed during May through July the previous year, the adjusted BAH rates can lag the current market
conditions.
All military members with dependents receive BAH. Only single soldiers, Sergeant (E-5) and below, are required to
live in barracks and therefore do not receive BAH. Military personnel stationed at Fort Drum who choose to live
off-installation receive BAH, which is housing compensation towards buying or renting a home. BAH rates vary
between military installations, ranks, and whether the personnel has dependents or not. Fort Drums 2017 BAH
rates by rank and with or without dependents are provided in Table 5-1. BAH rates are based on the median rent
rates commensurate with the rank as determined by the Department of Defense and the utilities (heat and
electricity) expected to be paid (taken from the Census Bureau). At Fort Drum, rent is 76 percent of BAH rates and
utilities are 24 percent of the BAH rate. Fort Drums 2017 BAH rates by rank and with or without dependents are
provided in Table 5-2.
According to research on web-based sources such as apartments.com and craigslist.com, a majority of housing
rentals in the Study Area were lower than the lowest BAH rate Fort Drum offers, offering cheaper housing options
for residents. However, Websites such as Craigslist and others typically have rentals at the lower end of the military
adequacy standards for safety and habitability and thus do not meet the needs of military Families. Several rental
properties listed on these sites are not recommended by the Fort Drum Military Housing Office or have been
placed off-limits for nefarious practices towards military renters. Most rentals being advertised on other than
official military sites, do not meet the military adequacy standards and thus are not allowed on the military
websites. The adequacy standards defined by the military may differ and be more stringent than what many local
Findings
Fort Drums BAH rates are perceived by some personnel to affect the housing rental market surrounding
the installation.
While some landlords supporting military rentals may use the BAH rates as a reference, further analysis
shows many housing rentals are actually generally less than the lowest BAH rate Fort Drum offers.
Difficultyformilitarypersonneltosellhomes
Thelocalcommunityrealestatemarketiscyclical.Rentalsandhomescanbeeasyand
hardtofind,duringsomecycleshomescanbehardtosell.Soldierswhoarestationed
AWARENESS6
atFortDrumandbuyahomemayhavetroublesellingitif/whentheyarestationed
somewhereelseduetothetransientnatureoftheirassignments,causinghousesto
remainvacantdependingonthecycle.
Compatibility Assessment
ThesurplusofrentalpropertiesdevelopedthroughouttheNorthCountrytosupportFortDrumspopulationhas
affectedtherealestatemarketfortheregion.AccordingtoaWatertownDailyTimesarticleinSeptember2015,
realestateagentsclaimthebroadrangeofavailablerentalhousingapartmentcomplexeshassaturatedthe
residentialmarket,makinghousesmuchhardertosell.
Source:Realestateagentssayhomesarehardertosellduetooverbuiltrentalhousing(WatertownDailyTimes,2015)
Findings
ThesurplusofrentalpropertiesnearFortDrumhascreatedasoftrealestatemarket,makingitdifficultto
sellhomes.
Onecauseofmilitarynotchoosingtopurchaseahomeisthetransientnatureofserviceandthedesireto
notbeencumberedwiththerigorsofhomeownershipifrequiredtomoveandsubsequentlysellorrent
thehome.
FortDrumoperationallightingencroachingonNativeAmericanceremonies
AWARENESS7 LightpollutionoccursfromFortDrumsrunwaylightsonanearbyarcheological
siteusedfornightskyrituals/ceremoniesbyNativeAmericans.
Compatibility Assessment
OnFortDrum,thereisadesignatedtraditionalculturalpropertyknownastheCalendarsite,whichisdistinguished
byitsalignedstones.TheCalendarsiteislocatednorthoftheairfieldandisinfrequentlyusedfornightskyrituals
andceremoniesbyNativeAmericantribesintheregion.Becausetheseceremoniesaredoneatnightandonthe
installation,thelightsfromtheinstallation,suchasblinkinglightsonbeaconsfromtheairfield,canaffectthe
ceremonies.
FortDrumhasincorporatedoutdoorlightingguidelines,bothtoaddress2015EndangeredSpeciesAct(ESA)
consultationrequirementsforthefederallyendangeredIndianaBatandthefederallythreatenedNorthern
LongEaredBatandthroughitsInstallationPlanningStandards,updatedinMay2017.TheESAconsultation
requireslightminimizationmeasurestobeincorporatedforallexteriorlightingthatmayinclude,butarenot
limitedto,fullcutoffs,reflectors,shields,downwardanglingoflights,and/orreducingcorrelatedcolor
temperatureoffixtures.Italsorequiresthatnolightingforconstructionprojectsbeauthorizedwithoutprior
coordinationandauthorizationfromtheprojectmanagerandFortDrumsFishandWildlifeManagementProgram.
TheseregulationswereincorporatedintotheInstallationPlanningStandards.Thisdocumentfurtheridentifiestwo
lightingzonesonFortDrumwherespecifictypesoflightingarerequired.TheStandardsrequirealllightingonthe
installation,withsomeexceptionsforsecurityandoperationalpurposes,topreventundesirablespilloveroflight
Findings
NativeAmericanceremoniesinfrequentlyoccurattheCalendarsiteonFortDrum,whichcanbeaffected
bylightsfromtheinstallation.
FortDrumhasadoptedlightingregulationsintheirInstallationPlanningStandardstoreducelightpollution
fromalightsourceontoadjacentland.
Lowlevelflightsoverrivers
AWARENESS8 Thereareconcernsthatlowlevelaircraftflightsoverrivers,bodiesofwaterand
othersensitiveareasmayimpactqualityoflifeofresidentsoraffectwildlife.
Compatibility Assessment
Lowlevelflightsmayhaveimpactstowildlife,dependingonthetypeofaircraft,speed,species,andotherfactors.
Potentialnoiseimpactstowildlifemayincludeconfusion,disorientation,andnest/habitatabandonment,
althoughthesepotentialnoiseimpactsarenotclearlyunderstood/documented.Noiseimpactstowildlifeand
humansmayincreasealongriversandbodiesofwaterasthesoundissometimesamplifiedoffofwatersurface.
Additionally,riversareoftensurroundedbyhigherelevationortreesandplantsthatcanactasanamplifierof
noise.Pilotsoperatingatlowlevelsoftenavoidflyingoverriversandotherbodiesofwaterduetotheincreased
riskofbirdstrikesasbirdsoftencongregateornestaroundwater.
FortDrummaintainsgoodneighborandflyfriendlyprogramsandpilotsflyingatFortDrumareexpectedto
abidebythesepoliciesandexercisegoodjudgementwhenchoosingflightpathsandaltitudes.Theseprograms
requestthatpilotsbeawareifthenoisefootprintoftheaircrafttheyareoperatingandbewaryofthetimeofday
andproximitytocivilianpopulations,livestock,andwildlife.Theminimumrecommendedaltitudeforrotarywing
aircraftoverpopulatedareasandenvironmentallysensitiveareasis500feetabovegroundlevel.Figure51
identifiesareasthatpilotsshouldavoidflyingover.ThesearethepoliciesforpilotsoperatingoutofFortDrum,
howeverpilotscomingfromotherinstallationsusingFortDrumorthespecialuseairspacearounditmaynotbe
awareofalltheareaswherespecialprecautionsshouldbetakentoavoiddisturbancesfromoverflights
AccordingtoFortDrumsIntegratedNaturalResourceManagementPlan(INRMP),noiseatFortDrumhasnot
beenidentifiedasaproblemforanyspecificwildlifespecies.However,theINRMPonlycoversFortDrumanddoes
notincludethespecialuseairspaceandflightroutessurroundingtheinstallation.Thereisalargeamountof
militaryoperatingarea(MOA)airspaceandseveralmilitarytrainingroutes(MTRs)(seeChapter3,Section3.7.
MilitaryOperationsFootprintsformoreinformationonlocationsandoperatingaltitudes)aroundFortDrumthat
areusedbyFortDrumpilotsandpilotsfromothermilitaryinstallations.Someofthesegooverportionsof
AdirondackPark,whichincludesalargeamountofrecreationallandandwildlifehabitat,aswellasareasof
residentialconcentration.SeveraloftheMOAsallowflightsaslowas100and500feetabovemeansealevel
(MSL),andtheMTRsallowflightsallowflightsfrom100feetabovegroundleveltotheirdesignatedmaximum
altitude,whichrangesfrom1,500feetMSLto17,000feetMSL.Figure52illustratestheMOAsandMTRsthat
allowflightsaslowas500feetMSL.
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Bird Conservation Areas
Natural Heritage
Ecological Communities
Fort Drum No Fly Zone
Aviation Route
Interstate
US Highway
National or Federally State Parks, Preserves, Fort Drum Water Body
Protected Land and Conservation Easements
County
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Environment Areas Boundary
City / Village / Hamlet
Department of
Environmental
Conservation (DEC) Lands
Source: Fort Drum 2016. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, 2017. USGS, 2016.
Figure 5-1
0 10 20
Miles
Aviation Routes Over Sensitive Areas
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Figure 5-2
0 5 10
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Low Level Flight Areas
Findings
Potentialnoiseimpactstowildlifecanincludeconfusion,disorientation,andnest/habitatabandonment,
althoughthesepotentialnoiseimpactsarenotclearlyunderstood/documented.
Riversandlandnearbodiesofwatercanbemorepronetonoiseresultingfromamplificationoffthe
surfaceofthewater.
FortDrumoperatesflyfriendlypoliciesinwhichpilotsarerequestedtoavoidlowlevelflightover
populatedareasandknownwildlifeareas.PilotscomingfromotherinstallationsthatuseFortDrum
facilitiesmaynotbeawareoftheseproceduresorthelocationswherelowlevelflightshouldbeavoided.
ThereareseverallowlevelMOAsandMTRsaroundFortDrumthatmayexperienceincreasednoiselevels
duetoflightoperations.
TraumacenterserviceslocationforFortDrum
TheclosestLevelItraumacenterhospitaltoFortDrumisinSyracuse,whichismore
AWARENESS9
thananhourdriveaway.Thiscancausedelayingettingneededmedicalsupport,
especiallyduringhightraumaeventswheretimeisoftheessence.
Compatibility Assessment
Intermsofnumberofjobs,healthcareisthelargestemploymentsectorintheCityofWatertown,and
SamaritanMedicalCenteristhecityslargestemployer.Thisisnotsurprisingduetothelocalcommunityhospitals
uniquerelationshipwithFortDrum.FortDrumistheonlymilitaryinstallationofitssizeandtypeinthenationthat
doesnothaveitsowninpatienthospitaloninstallation.Hospitalsinthesurroundingcommunityfillthisneedfor
allsoldiersstationedatFortDrumandfortheirfamilymembers.Thisprovidesamajorboosttothelocalhealth
caresector,whiledemonstratingalocaleconomydependencyonthemilitary.
Source:CityofWatertownConsolidatedPlan20162020
TheFortDrumRegionalHealthPlanningOrganization
(FDRHPO)playsanimportantroleinaddressingFortDrums
healthcareneeds,aswellascivilianslivingincommunities
aroundtheFortDrumregion.ThisorganizationhelpsFort
Drumsoldiersandtheirfamiliesgainaccesstoawiderange
ofenhancedmedicalresourcesofferedthroughouttheNorth
Country.
UpstateUniversityHospitalinSyracuse,NY FortDrumhasauniquerelationshipwiththeNorthCountry
Source:UpstateMedicalUniversity unlikeanyothermilitaryinstallation,inthattheinstallation
heavilyreliesonandpartnerswithitssurrounding
communitytoofferpublicservicestoitssoldiersandfamilies.Thisbecomesamutuallybeneficialpartnershipwith
CantonPotsdamHospitalthenearesttraumacentertoFortDrum,locatedapproximately64milesnorthofthe
maingateinPotsdam,NewYork.ThishospitalcontainsaLevelIIItraumacenter,meaningthehospitalisableto
performlifesavingprocedures,butmusttransfermoreseriouscasestoLevelIorLevelIItraumacenters.
UpstateUniversityHospitalisthenearestLevelItraumacentertoFortDrum,locatednearly80milesawayin
Syracuse,NewYork.ThishospitalisaRegionalLevelItraumacenterforbothadultsandpediatrics,meaningithas
thecapacitytoprovidetotalcareforallaspectsoftraumaticinjuries,frompreventiontorehabilitation.Thereis
supportfromLifeNetairservicesforLevel1traumaservicestransport,whichhelpsmitigateissueswiththe
distancefromFortDrum.LifeNet,asubsidiaryofAirMethodsCorp.,isstationedatWatertownInternational
AirportinDexterwhereitdeploysstaffedhelicopterservicesthroughoutthetricountyareaandtransporttrauma
patientstoSyracusehospitals.
SamaritanMedicalCenterislessthan10milesawayfrom
FortDrumsmaingate,locatedneardowntownWatertown.
Thismedicalfacilitycontains290beds,offeringawidearray
ofinpatientandoutpatientservices,including:
BehavioralHealth
CancerServices
JointReplacement
Maternity
SamaritanMedicalCenterinWatertown,NY
Neurosurgery Source:SamaritanMedicalCenter
WoundCare
CarthageAreaHospitalisapproximatelyninemilesawayfromFortDrumsGasAlleyGatealongroute26.This
25bedfacilityisdesignatedasaCriticalAccessHospital,meaningitmeetsthestandardssetbytheCentersfor
MedicareandMedicaidServicesgiventohospitalsinruralcommunities.Thishospitalprovidesawiderangeof
servicestobothmilitarypersonnelandcivilianslivingintheNorthCountry,including:
Cardiology
GeneralSurgery
Respiratory
Pediatrics
SchoolBasedHealthCare
StokeCare
RoadwaycongestionalongRoute26
AWARENESS10 Route26canbackupduringpeaktraffic,especiallywhenitisshutdownfor
FortDrumconvoys.
Compatibility Assessment
StateRoute26isapublicroadwaythatbisectsFortDrumsMainCantonmentareaandWheelerSackArmyAirfield
(WSAAF).Thecorridorisusedbyboththepublicandmilitarypersonnelwithroughly5,700annualaveragedaily
tripsalongRoute26,accordingtoNewYorkDepartmentofTransportation.TheWSAAFgateislocatedjustoffof
Route26,whereapproximately3,000vehiclestravelthrougheachday.
MilitarytrafficbetweentheMainCantonmentareaandWSAAFexacerbatestrafficcongestionalongRoute26
duringpeaktraffichours.Toeasesomeofthistrafficcongestion,NewYorkStateisfundinganewoverpassthat
willconnecttheMainCantonmentAreaandWSAAF,traversingoverRoute26.Theprojectisestimatedtocost
$7.65milliondollars,andisexpectedtobecompletedinAugust2018.Theopeningofthisoverpasswillreducethe
dailynumberofvehiclespassingthroughWSAAFGateandalleviatemuchofthetrafficcongestionthatcurrently
exists.
Source:WatertownDailyTimes4/25/2017,WorkbeginsonFortDrumoverpassproject
Findings
MilitarytrafficbetweenFortDrumsMainCantonmentareaandWSAAFsometimesexacerbatestraffic
congestionalongRoute26duringpeaktraffichours.
AnewbridgeoverRoute26connectingFortDrumsMainCantonmentareaandWSAAFisplannedtobe
completedinAugust2018,andwilleasemuchofthetrafficcongestiononcecomplete.
EmergencycommunicationtowerssitingthroughoutJeffersonCounty
JeffersonCountyisplanningoninstalling12emergencycommunicationtowersfor
AWARENESS11 911callsthroughoutthecountyby2019.Fouroftheantennasareplannedtobe
tallerthan199feetabovegroundlevel.Dependingontheirlocations,thesecould
poseverticalobstructionsforaircraftifsitingisuncoordinated.
Compatibility Assessment
DuringstakeholderinterviewsconductedwithJeffersonCountystaffaspartoftheJLUSdatagatheringphase,it
wasdiscoveredthatthecountyisplanningoninstalling12telecommunicationtowersby2019toenhance
communicationbetweenemergencyservices.Fourofthetowersareproposedtobetallerthan199feetabove
groundlevel.AccordingtoFederalAviationRegulationPart77,anystructureabove199feetmustbesubmittedto
theFAAforevaluationregardingflighthazards.JeffersonCountyhassubmittedthesefourproposedtowerstothe
FAAforreviewandtheyweredeterminedtonotconstitutehazardstoairnavigation.FortDrumshouldalsobe
coordinatedwithinregardstotheiraviationflightpaths.WhileFAAreviewisrequiredfortowerstallerthan
199feetabovegroundlevel,therearesomeflightoperationsaroundFortDrumthatoccurbelowthiselevation,
andtowerserectedwithoutcoordinationwithFortDrummayposeverticalhazardstothesetypesofflight
operations.
Findings
JeffersonCountyisplanningtoinstallfourcommunicationtowerstallerthan199feettallaboveground
levelby2019toenhancecommunicationsbetweenemergencyservices.FAAreviewhasfoundthatthese
towersdonotposeverticalhazardstoflight
Towerserectedatalowerheightof199feetabovegroundleveldonotrequireFAAreview,butmay
impactlowlevelmilitaryflightoperationsifnotproperlycoordinatedwithFortDrum.
Findings
TherewerenoAirQualitycompatibilityissuesidentifiedfortheFortDrumJLUS.
TheDepartmentofDefense(DOD)AT/FPstandardsrequireallDODcomponentstoadheretodesign/planning
criteriaandminimumconstructionstandardstomitigatevulnerabilitiesandthreatstoaninstallationandits
occupants.Importantaspectsofthesecriteriaandstandardsincludeaccesscontrolandclearzonesaround
installationperimeterstomaintainsightlines.
Findings
TherewerenoAntiTerrorism/ForceProtectioncompatibilityissuesidentifiedfortheFortDrumJLUS.
Key Terms
Biomass.AccordingtotheUSEnergyInformationAdministration,biomassincludesorganicmaterialthatabsorbs
energyfromthesun.Whenthisorganicmatterisburnedeitherdirectlyorconvertedtoaliquidstateknownas
biofuelitreleaseschemicalenergyasheatthatisconvertedtoelectricity.Organicmatterincludes:
Wood
Agriculturalcropsandwastematerials
Food,yard,andwoodwaste
Humansewageandanimalmanure
Criticalhabitat.Criticalhabitatisaspecificareafoundtobeessentialtotheconservationofathreatenedor
endangeredspeciesandwhichmayrequirespecialconsiderationsorprotection.Underthisdesignation,the
USFishandWildlifeService(USFWS)mustreviewallfederalgovernmentactivitieswithinadesignatedcritical
habitatareatoensurethatthreatenedandendangeredspeciesareprotected.
Depredation.Depredationisthecaptureorkillingofbirdsorotheranimalstoreducedamagecausedbythemorto
protectotherinterestssuchashumanhealthandsafetyorpersonalproperty.
Diameteratbreastheight.Diameteratbreastheightisastandardmethodofexpressingthediameterofthetrunk
orboleofastandingtree.
Endangeredspecies.Endangeredspeciesaredesignatedplantoranimalspeciesthathaveaverysmallpopulation
andareatgreaterriskofbecomingextinct.Thepresenceofthreatenedorendangeredspeciesmayrequirespecial
developmentconsiderations,couldhaltdevelopment,andcouldimpacttheperformanceofmilitarymissions.
EndangeredSpeciesAct(ESA).TheESAprovidesaprogramfortheconservationofthreatenedandendangered
plantsandanimalsandthehabitatsinwhichtheyarefound.TheleadfederalagenciesforimplementingESAare
theUnitedStatesFishandWildlifeServices(USFWS)andtheUSNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration
(NOAA)FisheriesService.SpeciesprotectedundertheESAincludebirds,insects,fish,reptiles,mammals,
crustaceans,flowers,grasses,andtrees.
Hibernaculum.Ahibernaculumisanareaorplaceahibernatinganimalseeksshelterduringwintermonths.
Threatenedspecies.AccordingtotheESAathreatenedspeciesisanyspecieswhichislikelytobecomean
endangeredspecieswithintheforeseeablefuturethroughoutallorasignificantportionofitsrange.
Presenceofthreatenedandendangeredspeciesintheregion
Therearecurrentlytwofederallylistedspecies(theendangeredIndianaBatandthe
ISSUE
threatenedNorthernLongEaredBat)thatarefoundonoraroundFortDrum.Theirpresence
BIO1
andlocationsoftheirhabitatshavethepotentialtoimpactoperationalcapabilitiesofthe
installation.
Compatibility Assessment
Theexistenceoffederallythreatenedorendangeredspeciesonanymilitaryinstallationcouldimpacttheabilityof
themilitarytofullyperformitsmissionactivitiesdependingonthelocationandrangeofthespecies.The
EndangeredSpeciesAct(ESA)requiresfederalagenciestoensureanyactionswillnotjeopardizetheexistenceof
anylistedspecies,orimpactanydesignatedcriticalhabitatsoflistedspecies.Therearetwofederallylistedspecies
locatedatFortDrumandalsowithintheregionthatareprotectedbytheESAtheIndianaBatandNorthern
LongEaredBat.
Indiana Bat
TheUSFWSlistedtheIndianaBatasafederallyendangeredspeciesin
1967.ThisbatspecieshasbeenfoundonFortDrumsince2006.
IndianaBatsmovebackandforthbetweenasummerandwintering
locationadistanceof610milestotheirhibernaculumfromsummer
locations.Theyflymorethanthisdistanceinagivennightforaging.
ThesebatsaretypicallyonlyfoundatFortDrumduringthesummerand
autumnseasons.AlthoughthereisnocriticalhabitatsforIndianaBatsin
NewYork,thereisahibernaculumlocatedjustnorthoftheCityof
WatertowninGlenParkapproximately6.5milesfromFortDrum.
IndianaBatshavebeenfoundon
FortDrum,primarilyinthecantonment
Indianabatsdrinkingfromwater
condensationonacavewall areawherethereareover100roosting
PhotobyUSFWS;AndrewKing, locationsandroostshavebeendetectedin
www.fws.gov/midwest/Endangered/mamm thesouthernportionofthetrainingarea.
als/inba/index.html
ThemostrecentBiologicalOpinionforthe
IndianaBatissuedbytheUSFWSto
FortDrumwasformilitaryactivitiesandoperationsfrom20122014.
FortDrumcontinuestoactivelymanageandconsiderbothspeciesinalloftheiractionsandthroughconsultations
andhavecompletedconsultationsthroughaBiologicalAgreementwhichaddressesbothspeciesofbatsfor
20152017actions.AllofFortDrumscoveredactionswithinthatBAarenotlikelytoadverselyaffectthe
Indianabat.FortDrumhasworkedextensivelywiththeUSFWStomanageandimplementplanstominimizethe
missionimpactofallspeciesontheinstallation.
WhiletheycurrentlydonotsignificantlyaffectFortDrumsoperations,thepresenceofthesefederallylisted
specieshasthepotentialtoposefutureconstraintsforFortDrum.TherestrictionsFortDrumenforcestoprotect
theIndianaBatandNorthernLongEaredBatcurrentlylimitssomedevelopmentinasmallportionofthe
cantonmentareaandrestrictstheclearingoflandduringspecificspringandsummermonths,butthisdoesnot
haveamajorimpacttoFortDrumsmissions.
However,ifregionaldevelopmentaroundFortDrumresultsinfurtherlossofspecieshabitat,FortDrumcould
becomeanislandforthespecies,whichcouldputfurtherrestrictionsontheuseoflandinordertoprotect
habitat.ThemainconcernforFortDrumisthepotentialforspeciesenveloping,whichisdefinedasaresultof
habitatreductioninaregionduetodevelopmentorotherfactors.Inthisscenario,FortDrumcouldbecomethe
primaryhabitatforaspecies.Ifthishappenedtherecouldbesignificantdevelopment,training,oroperational
missionrestrictionsplacedonFortDrumandoveralargerregionalareathaniscurrentlyprotected.
TheYellowBandedBumblebeeandMonarchButterflyarenotcurrentlyfederallylistedbytheUSFWS,butbothare
speciesofconcernandhavethepotentialtobecomefederallylistedinfiscalyear2018andfiscalyear2019,
respectively.FortDrumisknowntocontaintheseanimalspecies,andifthesespeciesbecomefederallylistedin
thenearfutureitcouldcausefutureimpactstoFortDrumoperations.
BaldEaglesarealsoknowntoexistwithintheregion,butnoknownnestsarelocatedonFortDrum.Although
BaldEaglesweredelistedasafederalendangeredspeciesin2007,thisspeciesisstillprotectedundertheBaldand
GoldenEagleProtectionAct.ThisActmakesitillegaltotakefromordisturbBaldandGoldenEagles.Inaddition,
baldeaglesarelistedasthreatenedinNewYorkState.Trainingoperationscouldbehinderediftheseeagleswere
toestablishnestsincertainareasofFortDrum,andtheinstallationneededtotakeanaction(e.g.,disturbthe
nest)thatrequiredapermit.
Source:NewYorkStateDepartmentofEnvironmentalConservation
e
Evans Mills
11
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Bat Conservation Area
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State Highway
Fort Drum
Local Road (on Ft Drum)
City / Village / Hamlet
Railroad
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Source: Fort Drum 2016. Airfield Surface
Figure 5.4-1
0 1
Miles
Bat Conservation Area on Fort Drum
Publicmisperceptionofamountofwoodrequiredtoproduceenergyatthebiomass
facilityonFortDrum
ISSUE
ThereareconcernsinthelocalcommunitythatthebiomassfacilitylocatedatFortDrum
BIO2
requiresexcessiveamountsofwoodtoproduceenergy,anditmaycreateanincentivetocut
downforeststhatwouldotherwisebeuneconomicaltoharvest.
Compatibility Assessment
TheexistingbiomassplantlocatedatFortDrumoriginallyusedcoaltoproduceenergy.ReEnergyHoldingsLLC
purchasedthispowerplantin2011andretrofittedittogenerateenergyfrombiomassandbiofuelsprimarily
woodtoprovidecleanerenergytoFortDrum.ReEnergycontinuestoown,manage,andoperatethefacility
today.Theplanthascapacityfor60megawattsofgrossbiomassenergygeneration,andproducesenoughpower
tosupportabout55,000households.Theretrofittedbiomassfacilitybegansupplying100percentofFortDrums
powerdemandsin2014,whichpeaksatroughly28megawatts,makingtheinstallationthefirstUSArmy
installationtooperateon100%renewableresources.Anyexcesspowergeneratedbythebiomassplantissold
backtothepowergrid.
Source:ReEnergyHoldingsLLC,ReEnergyBlackRiver
ReEnergycontracted25loggersacrosstheNorthCountrytohelpsupplywoodchipstothebiomassplantwhenit
firstbeganbiomassenergyproductionin2014.Someofthecontractsincludeawoodchipperleasetotheloggers
alongwithquotastobemeteachyear.
Source:http://www.forestguild.org/biomass/
Traditionalforestmanagementrequireslargerdiametertreestomakethetimberharvestingeconomicallyfeasible.
Withthebiomassplantsbusinessmodel,smallerdiametertreesandevensomeshrubscanbeharvested
economicallyasarenewableresource.FortDrumsforestrymanagementprogramusesthisopportunitytoharvest
vegetationthatalsoopensupareasfortrainingmaneuversandothertypesofwildlifehabitat.Thisbiomassmarket
allowslandownerseconomicaloptionstoharvesttreesandinsomecasesenhancerecreationopportunities.
Additionally,removingexcessbiomassthroughestablishedforestrymanagementpracticescanreducelevelsof
fuelthatcancontributetowildfirepropagation,whoseimpactscouldbedamagingtotheinstallationandthe
community.
AccordingtotheAdirondackNorthCountryAssociation,thereisapproximately78millioncubicfeet,equivalentto
2.4milliontons,ofharvestabletimbergrowtheachyearina14countyportionofnorthernNewYorkthatis
currentlyunharvested.Currently,approximatelyfourmilliontonsoftimberareharvestedannuallyinthe
14countyregionofnorthernNewYork.ThisregionincludesJefferson,Lewis,andSt.Lawrencecounties,and
11othercountieswithinnorthernNewYork,outsideoftheJLUSStudyArea.
Source:NorthernNewYorksForestsTimberSupply,Workforce,Infrastructure&Markets,AdirondackNorthCountryAssociation,
November2016
Findings
ReEnergysbiomassfacilitylocatedatFortDrumhascapacitytoproduce60megawattsofenergyfor
FortDrumandtheregion,sellingexcessenergybacktothepowergrid.
Thenewbiomassmarket,drivenbytheReEnergybiomassfacilityoperations,provideslandownerswith
economicallyfeasibleoptionsforsustainablymanaginglowvalueforestsandforestresources.This
provideslandownerswithopportunitiestoimproveforesthealth,enhanceorcreatewildlifehabitat,
improverecreationalopportunities,andensuresustainablerevenuefromforestlandintothefuture.
FormalchannelsofcommunicationbetweenFortDrumandlocalcommunities
ISSUE
OfficialestablishedinformationsharingandcommunicationbetweenFortDrumandlocal
COM1
planningofficialsandmunicipalstaffcanbeimproved.
Compatibility Assessment
DuringtheJLUSdatacollectionandstakeholderinterviewphase,manyofthecommunitiessurroundingFortDrum
expressedadesiretoreceivedirectcommunicationfromFortDrumonitemssuchasincreasedtrainingeventsand
unusualactivities,andthattheydonothaveadedicatedpointofcontactattheinstallationtogotowithquestions
orconcerns.FortDrumalertsthelocalmediaofanyincreasedtrainingevents,butdoesnotalwayscommunicate
theinformationtoanycommunitystaffdirectly.
ThePublicAffairsOffice(PAO)atFortDrumisresponsibleforcoordinatingandcommunicatingwithsurrounding
communitiesandthepublic.ThePAOsmissionisto,maintaineffectivetwowaycommunicationswithour
internalandexternalaudiencesinordertoestablishtheinformationconditionsthatleadtoshortandlongterm
missionaccomplishment.TheFortDrumPAOcanbeaccesseddirectlyforquestionsand/orconcerns,bycalling
(315)7725461,orvisitingtheFortDrumWebsite.
FortDrumalsodoesnothaveacodifiedproceduretoalwayscommunicateorcoordinateconstructionprojects
oninstallationwithnearbycommunities.AlthoughFortDrumisafederalentityanddoesnotrequiredevelopment
approvalorabuildingpermittobeginconstructionwithinitsboundaries,theinstallationshouldstillcommunicate
andcoordinatedevelopmentplanswithcommunitiesthatmaybeimpactedinasimilarfashionastheinstallations
interestsoffpostneedtobetakenintoconsiderationbythecommunitiesthatsurroundtheinstallations.
ThereisanonfederalentitycalledtheFortDrumRegionalLiaisonOrganization(FDRLO)thatindependently
commissionedaFortDrumsGrowthManagementStrategySummaryReport.Thisreportidentifiescountyand
municipalgovernments,alongwithotherstakeholdersthatwereinvolvedandcoordinatedwithduringtheGrowth
ManagementStrategyprocess.Theplanstates:
Aseriesofstakeholderandsmallfocusgroupinterviewswereconductedinallthreecounties
Jefferson,St.LawrenceandLewistogetanunderstandingoftheissuesandopportunitiesfacing
theregion.Thoseinterviewedrepresentedalargeanddiversecrosssectionofviewpointsand
experiences,fromlocalbusiness,politicalandcommunityleaders,tolocalresidents,tomilitary
andcivilianFortDrumpersonnel.
ThemissionoftheFDRLOistoprotectandenhanceFortDrum'smilitaryvalue,sustainandleverageitseconomic
andculturalsignificancetotheFortDrumregionandNewYorkState,andfostereffectivecommunicationbetween
theinstallationanditscivilianneighborstopromotemutualsupportandunderstanding.ThemembersofFDRLO
positively:
November2017 PublicDraft Page527
Influencecommunityrelationships
AssistofficersandtheBoardofDirectorsinsettingtheannualagenda
Contributetoimportantcommunitydecisions
Supportthecontinuedimprovementinthequalityoflifethroughouttheregion
Volunteerhumanandfinancialresources
ContributetothefutureofFortDrumandtheNorthCountrycommunity
Sourcehttp://www.fdrlo.org/
TheGrowthManagementStrategyplanprocessalsoincludedsevenfocusgroupandroundtablemeetings,aswell
asfourpublicmeetingsandworkshopsthroughouttheNorthCountry.However,itwasnotedduringdiscussions
andinterviewswithcommunitystaffmembersfortheJLUSinNovember2016thatnotalllocalcommunitieswere
adequatelycoordinatedwithtoprovideinputontheplan,andmanycommunitiessurroundingFortDrumfeelthey
arenotalwayscoordinatedwithbyinstallationpersonnel.Manyhavestatedtheyareunawareofincreasesin
trainingoperationsandcertainunusualactivitiesoccurringatFortDrum;andtheynolongerhave,orareunaware
ofaspecificpointofcontactregardinginformationaboutinstallationactivities.Furthermore,the
acknowledgementspageintheFortDrumGrowthManagementStrategydoesnotrecognizeanycommunitiesor
communitystaffmembersascontributorstotheplan.Futureplanningdocumentsshouldbecoordinatedwithall
relevantstakeholdersfromtheonset.
Findings
ManylocalofficialsandcommunitystaffmemberssurroundingFortDrumwouldliketoincreasecontact
withFortDrumpersonnel,andwouldliketodefinechannelsofregularcommunicationregarding
FortDrumtrainingeventsandactivities.
ThemissionoftheFDRLOistoprotectandenhanceFortDrum'smilitaryvalue,sustainandleverageits
economicandculturalsignificancetotheFortDrumregionandNewYorkState,andfostereffective
communicationbetweentheinstallationanditscivilianneighborstopromotemutualsupportand
understanding.
TheprotectionofprehistoricandhistoricresourcesisprovidedthroughtheNationalHistoricPreservationAct
(NHPA)asameanstoprotecthistoricalandculturalitemswithintheUnitedStates.TheNHPAaddressesthe
preservationofculturalresourcesincludingculturallandscapes,traditionalculturalproperties,sacredsites,and
historicandarchaeologicalresources.DocumentationofculturalresourcesandNHPAcomplianceactivitiesatFort
DrummustbecoordinatedthroughtheNewYorkStateHistoricPreservationOffice(SHPO).
Culturalresourcestypicallytakeoneoffourforms:archaeological,historical,architectural,ortraditionalcultural
properties.Archaeologicalresourcesareconsideredmaterialremainsofpasthumanlifeoractivitiesthatprovide
scientificorsocialinsightintopasthumancultures.Architecturalresourcesarestructuresincludingstanding
buildings,bridges,dams,canals,etc.ofhistorical,architectural,orengineeringsignificance.Traditionalcultural
propertiesareplaceswhereassociationswithculturalpracticesorbeliefsofalivingcommunityoccurredinthe
pastorarepresentlyoccurring.Specialconsiderationsmustbemadeforanydevelopmentorexpansionof
militarymissionactivitieswithinareasofculturalsignificanceorsensitivity.
Managementofcemeteriesoninstallation
ISSUE TherearehistoriccemeteriesonFortDrumthatexistedbeforetheinstallationwas
CR1 established.Theseareimportanttothelocalcommunitiesandresidentswithancestors
buriedtherewhosometimeswanttovisitthesites.
Compatibility Assessment
Thereare13cemeterieslocatedthroughout
FortDrum,withapproximately2,750people
buriedinthem.Someofthesecemeteriesare
historicallysignificantwithburialsdatingbackto
theWarof1812eraaccordingtoFortDrum
historicalrecords.Militarypersonnel,veterans,
andfamilymembersarestilloccasionallyburied
atFortDrumcemeteries,withthemostrecent
burialin2009;however,thisisaveryinfrequent
occurrenceandatthetimethisJLUSwaswritten,
therearenoplansforadditionalburials.Because
thecemeteriesarelocatedonFortDrum,
ImageofLewisburgCemeteryatFortDrum nonmilitaryciviliansfromthelocalcommunities
Source:DigitizingtheHistoricCemeteriesofFortDrum,NY wholiveoffinstallationmayhaveaninterestof
PhotoCredit:MichaelSprowles
FortDrumceasesalltrainingactivitiesonMemorialDayandLaborDay,andpermitspublicaccesstothe
installationforthedaytovisitthecemeteries.Onotherdaysthroughouttheyear,FortDrumauthorizesindividuals
andgroupstoaccessrequestedculturalsites/cemeteriesuponcoordinationwithandapprovalbytheinstallation.
ThePublicAffairsOffice(PAO),incoordinationwithCulturalResourceManager,maintainsalistofpartieswith
legitimateinterestsincemeteriesandotherculturalsitesatFortDrum.Privatecitizensandgroupsnotidentified
onthelistheldbythePAOmayalsorequestaccessuponprovidingpersonalinformation.Requestsmustbemade
morethanfivebusinessdayspriortothedesiredvisitdate,or60daysforlargergroups.Relativesofthoseburied
inthecemeteriesareabletoaccessthegravesiteswithalessthan30daynotice.ThePAO,CulturalResources
officeandtheDirectorateofPlans,Training,Mobilization&Security(DPTMS)worktogethertobeas
accommodatingaspossibletorequestforaccesstospecificsitesandcemeteriesinthetrainingareas.Ifthereare
notrainingconflicts,wecanevenaccommodatesamedayrequestsunlessitisalargegroupvisit.Ifthereisa
potentialconflicttoeithertrainingoperationsortheindividualsorgroupssafety,thePAOwillproposean
alternatedatefortheindividualorgroup.TheGarrisonCommanderhasthefinalapprovalifanalternatedateis
inadequatetotherequestingindividualorgroup.Approvedvisitorswillreceivewrittenconfirmationofclearance.
Furthermore,visitorsmusthaveasponsorpresentatavisitorgatetosignthemin.
Inaddition,individualswhoapplyforandreceivearecreationalaccesspassmayvisitcemeteriesdownrange
duringtimeswhentherangesarenotactiveanditisdeemedsafeforsuchaccess.
Asanalternativeoptiontovisitingthecemeteriesinperson,FortDrumsDirectorateofPublicWorkshas
developedacatalogueoftheburialplotsonFortDrum,includingmapsandphotographs.Thepubliccanaccess
thecataloguethroughFortDrumswebsiteandmaysearchthroughthecatalogueandviewphotographsofthe
gravesites.Thecataloguecanbeaccessedbygoingto
http://www.drum.army.mil/PublicWorks/Pages/cemetery.aspx.
Asidefrompublicaccess,anotherissuethatarisesfromthelocationofcemeteriesonFortDrumisinregardsto
NYSTownLaw291,whichrequirestownstocareforandmaintainallcemeterieslocatedinthetown,exceptfor
thosepresentlycontrolledbyanexistingboardorcorporatebody.ThecemeteriesthatarelocatedonFortDrum
arenotalwaysaccessiblebytownstafftomaintain.Duetothelimitedaccessibilityofthecemeteries,FortDrum
hasinformallyassumedtheresponsibilitiesofthatrequiredmaintenanceunderNYSlawfromthemunicipalities.
FortdrumpersonnelfromtheDirectoratesofRoadandGrounds,RangeControl,andCulturalResourcesallwork
togethertocoordinatethemaintenanceofthesecemeteries.FortDrumconsidersthistobeaPublicAffairs
Mission.
Findings
ThereareindividualsintheregionaroundFortDrumwhohavefriendsandfamilyburiedatcemeteries
locatedwithinFortDrum.Accesstothecemeteriesrequirescoordinationwithandapprovalby
FortDrum.
TheFortDrumPAOmakeseveryefforttoaccommodatethecemeteryaccessrequests,butthereare
timeswhenPAOmustproposealternativedates/timetoavoidimpactstomilitaryoperations.
NYWTownLaw291requirestownstomaintaincemeterieswithintheboundaries.Duetolocationof
cemeteriesonFortDrumproperty,theinstallationhasinformallyassumedtheresponsibilitiesof
maintenanceforthesecemeteries.
Particlesofdustandothermaterialsfoundintheairarereferredtoasparticulatematter.Atcertain
concentrations,thisparticulatemattercanbeharmfultohumansandanimalsifinhaledcausingstrainontheheart
andlungswhichprovideoxygentothebody.PM10andPM2.5canbecausedbymanyactivities,includingdriving
onunpavedroadsandsurfaces,winderosionfromunpavedvacantlots,disruptionoflandfromvehicle
maneuvers,explosions,aircraftoperations,andotherearthmovingactivitiessuchasconstruction,demolition,and
grading.
Key Terms
ParticulateMatter(PM).Particulatematterconsistsoffinemetal,smoke,soot,anddustparticlessuspendedinthe
air.ParticulateMatterismeasuredbytwosizes:coarseparticles(PM10),orparticlesbetween2.5and
10micrometersindiameterinsize,andfineparticles(PM2.5),orparticleslessthan2.5micrometersindiameter.
SmokeoriginatingfromFortDrummayimpactthecommunity
ISSUE SmokefromrangefiresandforestfiresonFortDrum,particularlyinsummermonths,
DSS1 sometimesdriftsoffinstallationandimpactslocalcommunities.Factorssuchaswindandthe
fireburntimemayincreasetheimpact.
Compatibility Assessment
TherehavebeenreportslargelyintheTownofAntwerpof
largeplumesofsmokeemittingfromFortDrum.Although
wildfiresinNewYorksNorthCountryareuncommondueto
themoistureinsoilandvegetation,theyhaveoccurredat
FortDrum.FortDrumusedtoconductprescribedburnsforfire
fuelandvegetationmanagement,butthisactivitynolonger
occursduetheinabilitytoachieveprescribedfiregoalsdueto
highmoisturelevels,shortweatherrelatedburnwindows,and
EndangeredSpeciesActrestrictions.Prescribedburnswerea
causeofconcernfromnearbyresidentsinthepastdueto
smoke,butwiththediscontinuationofthispractice,smoke FortDrumfirefightersextinguishacarfireoninstallation
levelsingeneralhavebeenreduced. duringtrainingactivities
Source:TheMountaineerOnline
UnintentionalwildfiresoriginatingfromFortDrumtraining
operationsoccurannuallyonaverage,usuallyduringdroughtsanddryseasons.Todate,allfiresthathave
originatedonFortDrumhavebeencontainedwithintheinstallationsboundaries.Thesefiresareintensively
managedbyFireandEmergencyServices(FES)toensuresafetyofpersonnel,infrastructure,andsmoke
management.Bymanagingthesefirestomaximizefuelreduction,reducetrainingdowntime,andminimize
FortDrummaintainsanIntegratedWildlandFireManagementPlan(IWFMP)whichdelineatesrolesand
responsibilities,firedangerrestrictions,andincludesrealproperty,naturalandculturalresourceconsiderationsas
wellassmokemanagement,airquality,andcommandandcontrolprocedures.
TheGarrisonCommanderdefinestherolesandresponsibilitiesforwildlandfiremanagementontheinstallation,
plansandprogramsresources,anddesignatestheinstallationWildlandFireProgramManager.Approvesall
agreementsrelatedtowildlandfiremanagement.RetainapprovalauthorityforthedeploymentofArmycivilian
firefighterstoanyoffinstallationincident.
TheFireChief,DirectorateofEmergencyServices(DES)servesastheInstallationWildlandFireProgramManager
anddevelopstheIWFMP.EstablishFireDangerRatingsandRestrictionsandsuitablealternativestoRestrictions.
ReviewsandapprovesburnplansforprescribedfiretoinsureconsistencywiththeIWFMPandotherStateand
localregulations.
FortDrumhasMutualAidAgreementswiththeJeffersonCountyOfficeofFireandEmergencyManagement,
LewisCountyOfficeofFireandEmergencyServices,andSt.LawrenceCountyOfficeofEmergencyServicesforfire
protectionandhazardousmaterialsandwastesincidentresponse.Amongothersupportfunctions,these
agreementsdictatethemeasuresthataretakenbetweenFortDrumandthecountiestoassisteachotherinthe
eventofafire,andhowthecoordinationforfirefightingwilloccur,whetherthefireisonFortDrumorincounty
jurisdiction.
OnenotablefirethatoriginatedatFortDrumin2002wasignitedatoneoftheranges.Reportsclaimthefirewas
smolderinginbrushforseveraldays,continuallyemittingsmokethroughoutnorthernJeffersonCounty.
Firefightingcrewswereunabletoproperlyextinguishthesmolderingfireduetosafetyreasons,including
unexplodedordnanceinthearea.NewYorkStateissuedalertstolocalresidentsregardingthesmokeemanating
fromthesmolderingfireatFortDrumwarningpeopleabouttheeffectsofsmokeandashintheair,and
encouragingpeopletostayindoors.
SmokeandairqualityconcernsrepresentthemajorchallengeforFortDrumswildlandfirefighting.
CommunicationswithNewYorkStateDepartmentofEnvironmentalConservation(NYSDEC)officialsindicatethat
particulatematter(PM)measurementstakenattheWhitefaceMountainAtmosphericSciencesResearchCenter
increasedconsiderablyduringtheAugustSeptember2002fires.Infuturefiremanagementplanning,FortDrum
willconsiderreadingstakenattheNYDECAirQualitymonitoringstationatWhitefaceMountainandavoidwildfire
impactswhentheAirQualityIndex(AQI)PM10reachesvaluesgreaterthan100,thelevelthatthe
USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)hasestablishedtoprotectpublichealth.Inaddition,fireweatherwill
bemonitoredtoadviseFESofpotentialorexistingweatherconditionsthatmaycauselowairqualityevents.
AsmallerscaleincidenthappenedmorerecentlyinAugustof2016.LivefiretrainingactivitiesatRange4Aignited
a50acrewildfireonFortDrum.Trainingoperationsinthevicinityofthefirehadtobeceasedtemporarilyas
firefightersworkedtoextinguishthefirefortwodays.
Page532 PublicDraft November2017
Findings
AlthoughwildfiresatFortDrumarerare,thesmoketheyproducecanhaveseriousimpactstopublic
healthinsurroundingcommunities,particularlyifwildfiresburnforanextendedtime.
FortDrumusedtoconductprescribedburnsforvegetationmanagement,buthasstoppedthispractice
duetosmokemanagementissues.Thishashelpedreducegenerallevelsofsmokeintheregioncoming
fromFortDrum.
Wildfiresoninstallationalsoimpacttrainingactivities,causingcertaintrainingareastocloseuntilthe
burningfireisextinguishedandtheareaisconsideredsafe.
Extinguishingrangefiresisasafetyconcernforfirefighters,astherecouldbeunexplodedordnanceinthe
areaswherethefiresareburning.
FortDrumhastworadars,theDigitalAirportSurveillanceRadar(DASR)atWheelerSackArmyAirfield(WSAAF)and
theDODownedWSR88DDopplerradar(KTYX)thatmeteorologistsattheNationalWeatherService(NWS)and
localnewsstationspredictandforecastthedailyweatherfortheNorthCountry.TheKTYXweatherradarwas
movedandsitedtoitscurrentlocationtosupportoperationsatFortDrum.Thedistinctionbetweentheseradars
andtheirimportancetobothFortDrumsmilitarymissionandtheregionarecriticaltounderstandwhenassessing
theopportunitiesforalternativeenergydevelopmentintheregion.
Withrespecttowindenergydevelopment,thetechnologyandabilitytomitigateimpactsaredeveloping,but
implementationofmitigationtechnologybeyondtheStandardTerminalAutomationReplacementSystem(STARS)
forDASR11isuntested.Themilitaryscurrentandfuturetrainingneedsaswellaseverchangingweapons
systemsandtactics,techniquesandprocedures.ThemovingbladesofawindturbinecreateaDopplerEffectthat
caninterferewithmonitoringandtrackingequipmentsuchasairtrafficcontrolradarorimpactaweather
surveillanceradarsabilitytoaccuratelyforecastweatherinareasneartheturbines.Otherobjectssuchasterrain
andstationarystructurescanalsointerferewithradaroperationsiftheyarewithinthefieldofview,butdonot
createclutter.ThespinningbladesoftheturbinescreatetheDopplerEffectthatisreturnedtotheDASR11radar
asatarget.
TheDODreleasedareport"TheEffectofWindmillFarmsonMilitaryReadinessonSeptember2006detailinghow
windturbinesinteractwithmilitaryradar.Whilethereportsupportswindenergy'sroleinmeetingU.S.energy
needs,italsonotesthatincertaincircumstances,windturbinescanimpederadarsystemsandoperations.To
detectintrudingaircraftandmissilesatlongranges,themilitaryreliesonavarietyoftechniquestosubtractthe
radarsignalofgroundbased"clutter,"suchasbuildingsortransmissionlines.Unfortunately,thesetechniques
weren'tdesignedtohandlelarge,quicklymovingobjectssuchaswindturbineblades,andsothewindturbinescan
potentiallyinteractwithradarsignalsinwaysthatcouldlowertheradar'seffectivesensitivity.Thereport
concludesthatmoreneedstobedonetounderstandthisinteractionandtodevelopwaysofmitigatingthe
impacts.
AreportreleasedbytheFederalAviationAdministrationin2015titled,ACaseStudyofWindFarmImpacton
DASR11WithFocusonAbileneAirTrafficRadaridentifiedthatlargenumbersofwindturbineslocatedasfaras
30+nauticalmilesawayfromaradarsystemcanhaveanegativeimpactonthesystemandinterferewithreadings.
Theimpactsonradarareincreasedwiththeelevationincomparisontotheradarandheight,number,and
clusteringofturbines.Thegreatestimpactiscausedbytheirlocationproximatetotheradarsystem.Determining
theimpactsofanindustrialwindenergydevelopmentonaradarsystemshouldbedoneonacasebycasebasis
Thereareanumberoftechnicalmitigationoptionsaccessibletoday,suchasupgradingthesoftwareoraddingnew
signalprocessingfilterstoexistingradarsorreplacingolderradarsystems.TheDepartmentofEnergyiscurrently
workingwithradarsystemexpertsacrossthecountryandoverseastocataloguetheknownmitigationtechniques,
identifyingtoday'smostpromisingoptionsandthosethatareworthofdevelopinginthefuture.Thereare
currentlyimpactstotheFortDrumairtrafficcontrolandweathersurveillanceradarstoday.Thereisno100
percenteffectivemitigationoftheseaffects;therearenocurrentlyplannedorprogrammedmitigationactions.
Theplannedprojectsduenotidentifyanymitigationactions.Thereforeanyadditionalwinddevelopmentmay
potentiallyincreasetheimpactsinacumulativeway.
Relativetosolarenergy,solarfacilitiescouldcauseglaredependingontheirmaterials,type,location,angleand
direction,resultinginareductionofapilotsview,evenatahighaltitude.
Key Terms
Alternativeenergy.Thetermalternativeenergyisappliedbroadlytoenergyderivedfromnontraditionalor
renewablesources(e.g.,solar,hydroelectric,wind).
DopplerShift.Dopplershift,alsoknownastheDopplerEffect,isaphenomenon,observedforsoundwavesand
electromagneticradiation,characterizedbyachangeintheapparentfrequencyofawaveasaresultofrelative
motionbetweentheobserverandthesource.
Lakeeffectsnow.Lakeeffectsnowiscreatedwhencoldarticairpassesoverawarmerlake,pickingupthe
moistureandheat.Thismoisturecoolsasitiscarriedinlandandbecomessnowfall.Lakeeffectsnowtypically
depositsallprecipitationwithinthefirst25miles,makingitaquickbutheavystormsystem.
Primarysurveillanceradar.Aprimarysurveillanceradaremitsradiowaveenergy,orsignals.Someofthisenergyis
reflectedoffobjects,suchasaircraft,andreturnedtotheradar.Thisreturnedenergycanbecomputedto
calculatetheestimatedthesizeandlocationofobjects.Thisradarsystemindicatesmovingtargetsusingthe
DopplerEffect,orthecalculatedvariationsinreturnedenergybyobjectsinmotion.
Radarclutter.Radarclutterreferstounwantedsignals,echoes,orimagesonthefaceofthedisplaytubewhich
interferewithobservationofdesiredsignals.
Screening.Screeningistheblockingoutportionsofthefieldofviewsothataircraftcontrolinstrumentationand/
orpersonnelcannotseeaircraftthatflybehindthescreen.
Secondarysurveillanceradar.Secondarysurveillanceradarsystemstrackaircraftusingtwowaycommunication
betweentheradarandtheaircrafttransponder.Theaircrafttransponderemitsinformationrelativetothe
aircraft,suchastype,location,altitude,andspeed,whichcanbereceivedbyasecondaryradarsystem.
WeatherRadarImpactZones.TheNationalWeatherServiceRadarOperationsCenter(ROC)developedfour
impactzonesaroundweathersurveillanceradartocommunicatetoindustrialwindenergydevelopment
developersareaswherecertainconsiderationsshouldbetakenwhensitingturbinestominimizeimpactstothe
radar.Thesezonesvaryforeachindividualweatherradarandtaketerrain,distance,andthenumberofelevation
anglesimpactedintoaccount.Thezonesarenotenforceable,butaremeanttoprovideinformationtowind
developersonareaswheretheNationalWeatherServiceshouldbeconsultedwhenproposingwindenergy
development.Thefourzonesareasfollow.
IndustrialwindenergydevelopmentcompatibilitywithFortDrummission
ThereareexistingwindturbinesnearFortDrumthatarecurrentlymanagedtoadegree,but
notentirelymitigated,intermsofmissionimpacts.Therearecurrentlysevenotherproposed
ISSUE industrialwindenergydevelopmentprojectsintheJLUSStudyAreathathavethepotentialto
ED1 inadvertentlyhinderexistingandfuturemissioncapabilitiesatFortDrum.Additionalfuture
industrialwindturbinedevelopmentifnotproperlymitigatedcouldhaveanadverseimpact
onmilitaryreadiness,includingflightoperations,testing,andevaluation,andtrainingthatis
likelytoimpairordegradetheabilityofunitstoperformtheirwarfightingmissions.
Compatibility Assessment
Asthecountryandstateshavebecomeincreasinglyinterestedingeneratingelectricitywithminimalemissions,
withoutrelianceonforeignfuelsupplies,andinalongtermsustainablemanner,renewableenergyhasbecome
thefastestgrowingportionoftheUSelectricgenerationsector.NewYorkStatepassedtheCleanEnergyStandard
(CES)inAugust2016.TheCESmandatesthat50%ofNewYorkStatesenergywillcomefromrenewableenergy
sourcesby2030.Thisstatemandatehasplayedakeyroleintheinfluxofnewandproposedrenewableenergy
developmentthroughoutNewYorkState.
TherearealsofederalincentivesforrenewableenergygeneratingfacilitiesthroughouttheUS,sparkinga
nationwideincreaseinwindenergydevelopment.TheRenewableElectricityProductionTaxCredit(PTC)and
BusinessEnergyInvestmentTaxCredit(ITC)aretwofederaltaxcreditsavailabletowindenergydevelopers.Both
Inadditiontostateandfederaltaxincentivesforrenewableenergyprojects,windturbinetechnologycontinuesto
advance,makingnewlocationsthroughouttheUSmoreeconomicallyfeasibleforwindenergygeneration.Wind
turbinehubsaregettingtalleralongwiththerotorbladesgettinglarger,allowingthewindturbinetoreachnew
heightsandreachgreaterwindspeedshigherintheatmosphere.
Whensitedappropriatelyandthroughcoordinationofstakeholders,renewableenergyprojects,suchasindustrial
windenergydevelopments,cancreatebenefitsandeconomicdevelopmentopportunitiesforstakeholders,
includingincreasedtaxrevenuestolocalcommunitiesandschooldistricts,andallowingcommunitiestocontinue
agriculturalactivitiesbyhelpinginsulatefarmersfromchangesinmarkets,lossofcrops,orfinancialchallenges
associatedwithsmallfarming.However,converselythepresenceoflargeindustrialwindenergydevelopments
canhaveseveraleffectsonradarsystemsdependingonthenumberandheightofturbines,thedistancebetween
theturbines,andthedistancefromtheradar.Thetwomainimpactsofindustrialwindenergydevelopmentsare
screening,orblockingoutportionsofthefieldofviewsothatitcannotseeaircraftthatflybehindthescreen;
andradiofrequencycluttercausingfalsereadingsontheradarthatmakeitappearthereareaircraftflyinginthe
areathatarenotreallythere.AirtrafficcontrollersatFortDrumhaveidentifiedthatbothoftheseimpactsaffect
WheelerSackArmyAirfieldsAirTrafficControlradarasaresultofexistingindustrialwindenergydevelopments
withintheradarsoperationalfieldofview.Thiscanpotentiallycausehazardousaircraftoperatingconditionsthat
couldresultinimpactstomissiontraining.
Radarsareabletolocateanobjectspositionbysending
outasignal,orenergywaveinalldirections.Thissignal
reflectsoffobjects,suchasplanes,birds,and
mountains.Someoftheenergyfromthesignalis
reflectedbacktotheradar.Computerscalculatethe
strengthofthesignalreturnedanddistanceittraveled
toestimatethesizeandlocationoftheobject.Multiple
signalsthatreturninformationprovideanestimated
location,size,speed,andmovementofanobject.Wind
turbineswithinaPrimaryRadarslineofsightcanblock
someofthesignaltheradarisemitting,aswellas
reflectbacksomeofthesignal,weakeningthestrength
oftheradarssignaldownrangeoftheindustrialwind
energydevelopment.Thecloserawindturbineis
locatedtoaradarandthequantityofwindturbines
haveagreaterimpactonaradaranditseffectiveness.
Source:NOAAshowsthatwindfarmsaffectweatherradar,and
thataffectstheirprimarymissionofforecastingandsafety,
November2013
AccordingtomapsproducedontheNational
RenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL)website,the
potentialforwindenergyintheNorthCountryis
moderateinthesouthernandshorelineareas,and
IndustrialwindturbinesfromtheMapleRidgeWindFarm
generallylowinthenorthernportionwhenlookingat
Source:EDPRenewables
windspeeds80metersabovegroundlevel(AGL).
Elevationplaysacrucialroleinawindturbinesimpactonaradarsystem.Asmaybeexpected,thewindpotential
athigherelevationsismorelikelytoproducegreaterwindenergypotential.Windturbinesbuiltatlower
elevationsthanaradarmaybeoutoftheradarsfieldofviewandhavenoimpactontheradarsystem.As
technologyadvances,windturbinesareconstructedtallerandtallertoreachhigheraveragewindspeeds.Whilea
windturbinesimpacttoaradarsystemisdependentuponitslocationwithintheradarsfieldofview,tallerwind
turbineshaveagreaterlikelihoodforimpactsastheyaremorelikelytopenetratefurtherintothefieldofview
thanshorterturbines.Thiscreatespotentialforfutureencroachmentparticularlyinlowerlyingareas.
Waddington
D ee
Brasher
Norfolk Falls-Winthr r
11
Ri v
er
A
A
D
310
Norwood
C
A
N Ogdensburg
Potsdam
11B
Heuvelton Canton
Morristown Rensselaer Falls
St Lawrence
County
Hammond
Hermon
56
Richville
Clayton
58
Theresa Antwerp
La Fargeville
12E Star
3
In d
r
Philadelphia ive Harrisville
Cape Depauville i an R Lake
Vincent Evans
Chaumont
180 Natural
Chaumont
Bay
781
Deferiet
Black River
Mills
Bridge
Carthage
Je f fe r so n
County
Sackets Watertown
Harbor
812
Copenhagen Croghan
ario Adams Center
Ont
12
ake
L Cree k
Adams
177
dy
S an Lowville
Lewis
Ellisburg H a m i l to n
Mannsville
County
28 County
Sandy Creek
Wa yn e Lyons Falls
Port Leyden
C o u n ty Oswego County Pulaski Constableville
Altmar
H e rk i m e r
Oswego Mexico
11
13
26 Boonville
County
We
st
Minetto
3 Parish
69
Bra
n ch
Fair
104 48
81
F
O n e i d a C o u n ty Remsen
8
ish
re Prospect
C
Haven ek
481 Constantia Holland Cold Brook
Wolcott
C a yu g a
County
Brewerton Oneida
Lake
49 Sylvan
Beach
Rome
365
Patent Poland
Newport F u l to n
Cato Onondaga
38
Baldwinsville C o u n t y
Madison 31
790
29 County
Clyde 34 90
Sherrill
Chittenango Oneida
5
Utica 5S
Herkimer
Montgom ery
Little Falls C o u n t y
Legend
Potential Wind Capacity At 80 Meters 60-mile Study Area Interstate
Using Current Technology 30-mile Study Area US Highway
35% Or Higher Gross Capacity Fort Drum State Highway
0 sq. KM County Boundary Railroad
1 - 100 sq. KM City / Village / Hamlet Water Body
101 - 200 sq. KM Stream / River
201 - 300 sq. KM
301 - 400 sq. KM Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2014.
0 5 10 20
Figure 5.8-1
Miles
Wind Potential at 80 Meters Above Ground Level
Waddington
D ee
Brasher
Norfolk Falls-Winthr r
11
Ri v
er
A
A
D
310
Norwood
C
A
N Ogdensburg
Potsdam
11B
Heuvelton Canton
Morristown Rensselaer Falls
St Lawrence
County
Hammond
Hermon
56
Richville
Clayton
58
Theresa Antwerp
La Fargeville
12E Star
3
In d
r
Philadelphia ive Harrisville
Cape Depauville i an R Lake
Vincent Evans
Chaumont
180 Natural
Chaumont
Bay
781
Deferiet
Black River
Mills
Bridge
Carthage
Je f fe r so n
County
Sackets Watertown
Harbor
812
Copenhagen Croghan
ario Adams Center
Ont
12
ake
L Cree k
Adams
177
dy
S an Lowville
Lewis
Ellisburg H a m i l to n
Mannsville
County
28 County
Sandy Creek
Wa yn e Lyons Falls
Port Leyden
C o u n ty Oswego County Pulaski Constableville
Altmar
H e rk i m e r
Oswego Mexico
11
13
26 Boonville
County
We
st
Minetto
3 Parish
69
Bra
n ch
Fair
104 48
81
F
O n e i d a C o u n ty Remsen
8
ish
re Prospect
C
Haven ek
481 Constantia Holland Cold Brook
Wolcott
C a yu g a
County
Brewerton Oneida
Lake
49 Sylvan
Beach
Rome
365
Patent Poland
Newport F u l to n
Cato Onondaga
38
Baldwinsville C o u n t y
Madison 31
790
29 County
Clyde 34 90
Sherrill
Chittenango Oneida
5
Utica 5S
Herkimer
Montgom ery
Little Falls C o u n t y
Legend
Potential Wind Capacity At 110 Meters 60-mile Study Area Interstate
Using Current Technology 30-mile Study Area US Highway
35% Or Higher Gross Capacity Fort Drum State Highway
1 - 100 sq. KM County Boundary Railroad
101 - 200 sq. KM City / Village / Hamlet Water Body
201 - 300 sq. KM Stream / River
301 - 400 sq. KM
Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2014.
0 5 10 20
Figure 5.8-2
Miles
Wind Potential at 110 Meters Above Ground Level
Waddington
D ee
Brasher
Norfolk Falls-Winthr r
11
Ri v
er
A
A
D
310
Norwood
C
A
N Ogdensburg
Potsdam
11B
Heuvelton Canton
Morristown Rensselaer Falls
St Lawrence
County
Hammond
Hermon
56
Richville
Clayton
58
Theresa Antwerp
La Fargeville
12E Star
3
In d
r
Philadelphia ive Harrisville
Cape Depauville i an R Lake
Vincent Evans
Chaumont
180 Natural
Chaumont
Bay
781
Deferiet
Black River
Mills
Bridge
Carthage
Je f fe r so n
County
Sackets Watertown
Harbor
812
Copenhagen Croghan
ario Adams Center
Ont
12
ake
L Cree k
Adams
177
dy
S an Lowville
Lewis
Ellisburg H a m i l to n
Mannsville
County
28 County
Sandy Creek
Wa yn e Lyons Falls
Port Leyden
C o u n ty Oswego County Pulaski Constableville
Altmar
H e rk i m e r
Oswego Mexico
11
13
26 Boonville
County
We
st
Minetto
3 Parish
69
Bra
n ch
Fair
104 48
81
F
O n e i d a C o u n ty Remsen
8
ish
re Prospect
C
Haven ek
481 Constantia Holland Cold Brook
Wolcott
C a yu g a
County
Brewerton Oneida
Lake
49 Sylvan
Beach
Rome
365
Patent Poland
Newport F u l to n
Cato Onondaga
38
Baldwinsville C o u n t y
Madison 31
790
29 County
Clyde 34 90
Sherrill
Chittenango Oneida
5
Utica 5S
Herkimer
Montgom ery
Little Falls C o u n t y
Legend
Potential Wind Capacity At 140 Meters 60-mile Study Area Interstate
Using Current Technology 30-mile Study Area US Highway
35% Or Higher Gross Capacity Fort Drum State Highway
1 - 100 sq. KM County Boundary Railroad
101 - 200 sq. KM City / Village / Hamlet Water Body
201 - 300 sq. KM Stream / River
301 - 400 sq. KM
Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2014.
0 5 10 20
Figure 5.8-3
Miles
Wind Potential at 140 Meters Above Ground Level
AninformalreviewprocessmaybeginwitharequestdirectlytotheClearinghousefromaprojectdeveloperora
landowneronwhosepropertyaproposedprojectisbeingsited.Otherinformalreviewsareinitiatedbyother
Federal,State,orlocalgovernmentagenciesorIndiantribes,suchastheBureauofOceanEnergyManagement,
theBureauofLandManagement,ortheFederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission.Theinformalreviewcanbe
conductedwithspecificsitedataorgeneralareadata.
In2012,theDODSitingClearinghouseestablishedaMitigationResponseTeam(MRT)toaddressFortDrum
concerns;FortDrumwasthefirstdesignatedMRTafternewfederallegislation(HR6523)waspassedin2012.
Throughoutthatprocess,FortDrumworkedthroughtheMRTtoidentifywindturbineimpactsandmitigation
strategiesforFortDrumsDigitalAirportSurveillanceRadar(DASR11).TheMRTidentifiedonepossiblemitigation
strategyoflinkingtheSyracuseASR9withDASR11(whichwasachieved);however,itsoonbecameapparentthat
thiswasnotaviablesolution.
TheMitigationResponseTeamshaveidentifiedandimplementedavarietyofmitigationstrategies.Themost
commonmitigationstrategiesaredonewithinDOD,asradarisoptimizedormissionactivityisalteredtoaccount
fordegradedoperationalareaorobstructions.Otherprojectshaveelectedtomodifythesitingplanorlocation,to
curtailwindturbineoperationsatagreeduponcircumstances,ortoprovidetechnicalsolutionstoovercomeradar
performancedegradation.
Inmostcases,theDODcannotprohibitdevelopment.TheClearinghouseseeksopportunitiestoensureimpactsto
militaryoperationsareconsideredappropriatelyinsitingandpermittingdecisions.Thesereviewsalsohelp
developersidentifypotentialcompatibilityissuesasearlyaspossible.
Themilitaryassessmentincludesdiversemissions,fromthetestingandtrainingofmilitarypersonneland
equipment,totheoperationofradarusedforairtrafficcontrolornationaldefense.Theassessmentofanimpact
ofanyproposalrequiresanactive,specificreviewofthecharacteristicsofanenergyproposalandthenatureof
themissioninthearea.Theanalysismayrevealsubtle,yetimportant,differencesinmissionsortheprojectthat
resultindifferentconclusionswithinaparticulargeographicareathatmaynotbereadilyapparent.The
negotiationprocesswithintheMRTwillhelpthestakeholdersunderstandthereasonforconcernaboutaproject.
Itispossiblethatacertainlevelofinterferenceisacceptable,butthecumulativeeffectofmultipleprojectsina
specificlocationcanbesogreatthatthelevelofinterferencehasincrementallybecomeunacceptable.
Source:http://www.acq.osd.mil/dodsc/about/faq.html
IndustrialwindenergydevelopmentapplicationsarenowfiledwiththeSitingBoardratherthanthelocal
communitywheretheyareproposedtobelocated.TheArticle10applicationrequiresthepresentationof
41exhibits,andtheprocessincludesanextensivepublicengagementcomponent;appointstwoadhocmembers
totheSitingBoardfromthelocalcommunitythewindenergydevelopmentwillaffect;andcollectsanintervenor
feefromtheapplicantavailabletolocalcommunitiesandagencies.However,thefinaldecisioniswiththe
SitingBoard.WhiletheSitingBoardmaydefertolocalordinanceinitsdecisionmaking,thelocalordinancemaybe
overrulediftheSitingBoardconsidersthelocalordinancetobeanunreasonableburdentotheapplicant.An
unreasonableburdenreferstolocalordinancesorregulationsthatlimitorrestrictanindustrialwindenergy
developmentsfeasibilityduetocurrenttechnologyavailableorunreasonablefees.
AlthoughlocallandusecontrolsmaybeoverruledbytheSitingBoard,itisimportantforlocalcommunitiesto
establishandkeepuptodatelanduseregulationtools,suchascomprehensiveplansandzoningcodesthat
addressenergydevelopmentissues.However,NewYorkStatedoesnotrequirelocalcommunitiestoestablishany
suchlandusecontrols.ManyofthecommunitieswithintheFortDrumJLUSStudyAreaeitherhavenotadopted
landusecontrols,orarenotuptodatetofullyaddresswindenergydevelopment.Thiscancontributetothe
potentialofencroachmentfromuncoordinated,incompatiblewindenergydevelopment.
FormoreinformationaboutArticle10,seeSection5.15:LegislativeInitiatives,IssueLEG1.
WolfeIslandWindFarmisapproximately33mileswestoftheDASRradar.ItisalsowithintheKTYXDoppler
WeatherRadarsviewshed,andshouldbeincludedinanycumulativeimpactassessmentscompletedregardingthe
existingandfutureproposedindustrialwindenergydevelopmentaroundFortDrum.Thisindustrialwindenergy
developmentcontains86windturbines.Eachturbinehasahubheightof262feetwith153footblades,totaling
approximately415feet.Figure5.84displaysbothMapleRidgeWindFarmandWolfeIslandWindFarminrelation
toFortDrum.
CopenhagenWindFarm MadRiverWindFarm
DeerRiverWindFarm NumberThreeWind
GallooIslandWind RoaringBrookWindPowerProject
HorseCreekWindFarm
A Alexandria Gouverneur
C Edwards
Bay
Redwood
11
58
St Lawrence
St. Lawrence County
Wolfe River
Island Clayton
Theresa Antwerp
Wind Farm La Fargeville
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!
P WSAAF Doppler Radar Site
# Operating Wind Turbine
Operating Wind Energy Project
Fort Drum
County
Interstate
US Highway
!
P KTYX Doppler Radar Site Boundary
City / Village /
State Highway
Railroad
Hamlet
Water Body
Stream / River
0 5 10
Figure 5.8-4
Miles
Existing Wind Energy Projects Near Fort Drum
A Alexandria Gouverneur
C Edwards
Bay
Redwood
11
58
St Lawrence
St. Lawrence County
River
Clayton
Theresa Antwerp
La Fargeville
12E Fort Drum Star
L ittl e
Depauville Philadelphia Harrisville Lake
r
ve
Ri R i er
Cape Horse Creek
Vincent Wind Farm
180 Evans
In d
ian
3
v
we
Mills
Chaumont
!
P
ga
781
Bridge
a um o
tchie River
C h nt Deferiet
Bay Glen Black Great Carthage
Je f fe r so n
Dexter
Park River Bend
812
Watertown
C o u n t y Sackets
Harbor
126 Copenhagen
Wind Farm
Copenhagen Croghan
Castorland
r ek
i o dy C e
t a r S an
O n Galloo
Adams Center Number
Island
Wind Adams
177
12 Three Indepen
den e
c iv
R
Lowville Wind Farm er
Deer River
Ellisburg
Wind Farm
KTYX
!
P Lewis County
O t ter
Cre e k
Mannsville
Sandy
3
Creek Roaring Turin
Lyons Falls
Oswego County Brook Wind
Mad River Power Project Port Leyden
Pulaski Wind
Project
Constableville
28
26
Lit
81 ree k
Altmar lC
tle Sa l m
hul
Boonville o d
104
Wo
on
13
M
iv a
R
Oswego er
dR
ek
W
i sh C r e
e st
ive
69
ch
11
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48 h 46
nch
Cre 365
e Remsen
Bra
k
Fulton t Prospect
as
481
E
Legend
!
P WSAAF Doppler Radar Site Proposed Wind Energy Project
Operating Wind Energy Project
Fort Drum
County
Interstate
US Highway
!
P KTYX Doppler Radar Site Boundary
City / Village/
State Highway
Railroad
Hamlet
Water Body
Stream / River
0 5 10
Figure 5.8-5
Miles
Proposed Wind Energy Projects Near Fort Drum
DeerRiverWindFarm
TheDeerRiverWindFarmisproposedbyAvangridRenewablestobelocatedinwesternLewisCountyand
southeasternJeffersonCounty,roughly15milessouthofFortDrumsDASRradar,withinthetownsofHarrisburg,
Montague,Pinckney,andRodman.Thiswindenergydevelopmentisinitsearlystagesofdevelopment,and
completedaPublicInvolvementProgramplanperArticle10requirementsinSeptember2016.Thereareprojected
tobeupto40windturbinesthatwillhavethecapacitytoproduceapproximately100MW.ThePreliminary
ScopingStatementfortheDeerRiverWindFarmwassubmittedinMay2017.
GallooIslandWind
GallooIslandWindisproposedbyApexCleanEnergytobelocatedonanislandinLakeOntarioapproximately
sixmilesfromJeffersonCountysshorelineandroughly35mileswestofFortDrumsDASRradar.Thiswindproject
hasconductedapreliminaryreviewwiththeDepartmentofDefense(DOD)andFederalAviationAdministration
(FAA),andisscheduledforcompletionin2019.Thisindustrialwindenergydevelopmentisprojectedtohave
32windturbinesthatwillhavethecapacitytoproduceapproximately110MW.ThePreliminaryScoping
StatementfortheGallooIslandWindprojectwassubmittedinJune2016.
HorseCreekWindFarm
TheHorseCreekWindFarmisproposedbyAvangridRenewablestobelocatedroughly14mileswestofFort
DrumsDASRradarinJeffersonCounty.Thiswindenergydevelopmentisinitsearlystagesofdevelopment,and
completedaPublicInvolvementProgramplanperArticle10requirementsinJune2016andarevisedonein
August2016.Thisindustrialwindenergydevelopmentisprojectedtohave60to72turbinesandhavethecapacity
togenerateapproximately205MW.
MadRiverWindFarm
TheMadRiverWindFarmisproposedbyAvangridRenewablestobelocatedinbetweenJeffersonCountyand
OswegoCounty,approximately25milessouthofFortDrumsDASRradar.Thiswindenergydevelopmentisinits
earlystagesofdevelopment,andcompletedaPublicInvolvementProgramplanperArticle10requirementsin
September2016.Thisindustrialwindenergydevelopmentisprojectedtohaveupto125turbinesandhavethe
capacitytogenerateapproximately350MW.
NumberThreeWind
TheNumberThreeWindenergydevelopmentprojectisproposedbyInvenergytobelocatedinLewisCounty,
withinthetownsofDenmark,Lowville,andHarrisburgroughly13milessouthofFortDrumsDASRradar.Thiswind
energydevelopmentisinitsearlystagesofdevelopment,andcompletedaPublicInvolvementProgramplanper
Article10requirementsinJuly2016.Thereareprojectedtobeupto35to50windturbinesandhavethecapacity
togenerateapproximately100MW.ThePreliminaryScopingStatementfortheNumberThreeWindFarmwas
submittedinNovember2016.
Anothermitigationtechniqueistheusageoftranspondersinaircraft.Atransponderisanelectronicdevice
transmitsasignaltoagroundradarstation,suchasanairtrafficcontrolradar,andprovidesinformationtoidentify
theaircraft,itsaltitude,andotherfeatures.FortDrumsDASRradarincludesasecondarysurveillanceradarthat
obtainsinformationfromaircraftthroughtheuseoftransponders.Communicationbetweenanaircrafts
transponderandthesecondarysurveillanceradarisnotaffectedbywindturbinesthesamewaythattheprimary
surveillanceradaris,soitisnotimpactedbytheblindspotscausedbywindturbines.USmilitaryandcommercial
airlineaircraftareequippedwithtransponders,butsomegeneralaviationaircraftsuchascropdustersmaynot
haveatransponderonboard.Ifanaircraftwithoutatransponderisoperatingwithintheprimarysurveillance
radarsblindspot,itcouldpotentiallyposeahazardtootheraircraftoperatinginthearea.
Thereareothermitigationtechniquesthathavebeenusedforotherairtrafficcontrolradararoundtheworldto
reduceimpactsfromwindturbines.FortDrumhasevaluatedothermitigationtechniquesandwillcontinuetodo
soasnewtechnologiesbecomeavailableormoreprominent.TheJLUSImplementationPlan(Chapter6ofthe
JLUSReport)willidentifysomeotherpotentialmitigationoptionsorrecommendationsthatcanbeassessedor
utilizedtoreducewindturbineimpactstoFortDrumsDASRradarintheregionaroundFortDrum.
TherearecurrentlyimpactstotheFortDrumsDASRandKTYXweathersurveillanceradarstoday.Thereisno
100percenteffectivemitigationoftheseaffects;therearenocurrentlyplannedorprogrammedmitigation
actions.Theplannedprojectsduenotidentifyanymitigationactions.Thereforeanyadditionalwinddevelopment
maypotentiallyincreasetheimpactsinacumulativeway.
ThemovingbladesofawindturbineimpactFortDrumsDASRradarsystematWSAAFbycreatingfalsepositive
signalsatthelocationofeachwindturbine.Ontheradarequipment,thisappearsasanaircraftthatisnotthere
andmaycauseconfusionordistractiontoairtrafficcontrollers.TheDASRradarcapabilitieswillstarttoselectively
shutdownfunctionswhenitbecomesoversaturatedwithactivity,suchasthatproducedbythenumberof
movementreturnscausedbyspinningwindturbineblades.
Proposed New York Legislation Addressing Wind Energy near Military Installations
TwonewproposedbillswereintroducedintheNewYorkStatelegislaturerelatingtowindenergydevelopment
nearactivefederalmilitaryairfields.SenateBill(SB)S1755AwasintroducedinJanuary2017bySenatorRobertOrtt
andAssemblyBill(AB)A5262AwasintroducedinFebruary2017byAssemblymembersMichaelNorris,Stephen
Hawley,andAngeloMorinello.BothbillsarecurrentlybeingreviewedasofJuly2017.TheyproposetoProhibit
thelocationofcertainwindelectricgenerationfacilitieswithinfortymilesofanairfieldorairbaseunder
jurisdictionofanyfederalmilitarydepartment.TheNewYorkStateAssemblyhastakennoactiononthisbillasof
June2017.Inresponsetotheseproposedbills,theLewisCountyBoardofLegislatorsadoptedaresolution
opposingtheproposedstatelegislationtoacknowledgetheirsupportforindustrialwindenergydevelopments
withinLewisCounty.
Findings
Whensitedappropriatelyandthroughcoordinationofstakeholders,renewableenergyprojects,suchas
industrialwindenergydevelopments,cancreatebenefitsandeconomicdevelopmentopportunitiesfor
stakeholders,includingincreasedtaxrevenuestolocalcommunitiesandschooldistricts,andallowing
communitiestocontinueagriculturalactivitiesbyhelpinginsulatefarmersfromchangesinmarkets,loss
ofcrops,orfinancialchallengesassociatedwithsmallfarming.
Theheightofturbinesandthespinningbladesreflectradarssignalsprematurely,creatingclutterand
decreasingaradarseffectiveness.
ThemovingbladesofawindturbinecreateaDopplerEffectthatcaninterferewithFortDrums
DASRradar.
FortDrumsDASRradarcurrentlymitigatestheMapleRidgeandWolfeIslandindustrialwindenergy
developmentsbyscreeningtheareafromtheradarsfieldofview.Thiscreatesablindspotinthe
DASRradarsystem,inwhichaircraftcannotbeseen.Thisissuewilllikelybecomeexacerbatedwiththe
developmentofadditionalindustrialwindenergydevelopmentsthatarelocatedwithintheDASRradars
fieldofview.
Industrialwindenergydevelopmentcompatibilitywithweatherradar
ISSUE Existingwindturbinesinthelineofsightofthe18thWeatherSquadronDopplerradarhave
ED2 someimpactonthefunctionalityoftheequipment.Futurewinddevelopmentclosetothe
radarcouldfurtherimpacttheWeatherSquadronsmission.
Compatibility Assessment
MeteorologistsattheNationalWeatherServiceandlocalnewsstationspredictandforecastthedailyweatherfor
theNorthCountryusingtheKTYXWeatherSurveillanceRadar1988Doppler(WSR88D),otherwiseknownasa
weatherradar.TheKTYXweatherradarislocatedinMontague,NewYork,roughly20milessouthofthe
installationandabout20mileseastofLakeOntario.TheAirForces18thWeatherSquadronisatenantat
FortDrumthatmanagesandoperatesit.
Areaandpointcoverage(thatis,ithadtocoverbothareasofconcernandspecificpoints)
Rangeofatleast230kilometers(142.9miles)
Altitudecoverageofzeroto1.5kilometers(zeroto0.9miles)forfinelinesandclearair(theabilityto
locatesmallweatherfeaturesatlowaltitudes)
Shouldbewithin35nauticalmiles(40statutemiles)ofthemilitaryinstallation
ThelocationofFortDrumsKTYXweatherradarisalsosignificantasitislocatedonahilltop.AsmentionedinIssue
ED1,theheightofturbinesisoneofthecontributingfactorsofinterference.Beinglocatedonahilltopallowsthe
KTYXweatherradartoextenditsfieldofviewandsenditssignaloverlowlyingareas.Therefore,somewind
turbinesmaybemoresuitableintheselowlyingareas,aslongastheydonotimpedeontheKTYXweatherradars
lineofsight.
TheKTYXweatherradarisnotonlyessentialtoboth
FortDrumsdailytrainingoperationsandtheNorthCountrys
daytodayweatherforecasting,butitisalsopartoftheNext
GenerationRadar(NEXRAD)networkthatconsistsof155
radarsthroughouttheUnitedStates.FromJanuary2016to
June2017the18thWeatherSquadronissued6606weather
briefs(notincluding23updatesperflight).Inthesametime
frame,theyissued279WeatherWatches,Warningsand
Advisories(WWA).AllWWAsimpactedflightandtraining NewYorkAirNationalGuardtrainingatFortDrumwith
operationsonFortDrum.Thus,itisahighprioritytoprotect severalinchesofsnowcoveringtheground
Source:NewYorkAirNationalGuard
thefunctionalityoftheKTYXweatherradarforFortDrum,
PhotoCredit:MasterSgt.EricMiller
regionally,andnationally.However,severaloftheproposed
industrialwindenergydevelopmentsidentifiedinIssueED1areplannedtobesitedsouthofFortDrumwithinthe
KTYXweatherradarsvicinity,potentiallyjeopardizingtheeffectivenessandweatherforecastingcapabilities.
TheKTYXweatherradariskeytopredictinglakeeffectsnowfromLakeOntario.TheNorthCountryislocated
withinoneoftheprimelakeeffectsnowregionswithintheUnitedStates,accumulatingbetweenroughly100and
200inchesofsnowinsomeareasthroughouttheyear,primarilyfromNovembertoJanuary.Windturbine
interferencewiththeKTYXweatherradarlimitstheabilitytopredictandtracklakeeffectsnowneartheindustrial
windenergydevelopment.Figure5.86illustratestheaverageannualsnowfallsurroundingtheKTYXweather
radar,asprovidedbytheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA)between1981and2010.The
abilitytoforecastwhentheselargesnowstormsmayoccuriscrucialforplanningmilitarytrainingactivitiesat
FortDrum,aswellasthegeneralpublichealthandsafetyfortheentireNorthCountryonadaytodaybasis.
Source:18thWeatherSquadron,January2017
Figure 5.8-6 Average Annual Snowfall in Northern New York (1981-2010 Normals)
Source:NationalOceanicAtmosphericAdministration
NoBuildZone
MitigationZone
ConsultationZone
NotificationZone
TheNoBuildZoneincludesafourkm(2.5mile)radiussurroundingaweatherradarandisthemostsusceptibleto
development.Thiszonewasonlythreekm(1.9mile)untilthezonewasexpandedin2015whenthedistancewas
increasedduetothetallerwindturbinesbeingdeveloped.Anywindturbineslocatedinthiszonewillsignificantly
compromisetheweatherradarsaccuracy,anditcancausemechanicaldamagetotheradar.Itisalsocreates
radiationhazardsforconstructioncrewsandotherpersonnelmaintainingthesite.TheMitigationZoneextendsup
to36km(22.4miles)fromaweatherradar.Windturbinesinthiszonecansubstantiallyhindertheweatherradars
precisionandabilitytodetectadverseweatherifimproperlysited.TheConsultationZoneextendsupto60km
(37.3miles)fromaweatherradar.Windturbinesinthiszonecouldimpactweatherradarimagery,andshouldbe
sitedappropriately.TheNotificationZoneisalsoextendsupto60km(37.3miles).Windturbinesinthiszonecan
bedetectedbyaweatherradar,andmaypotentiallyinterferewithitsoperationdependingontheturbines
locationandelevation.Figure5.87illustratesthefourRadarImpactZonesaroundtheKTYXweathersurveillance
radar.
WindenergydeveloperscanfindmoreinformationontheweathersurveillanceradarImpactZonesontheNOAAs
NEXRADscreeningtoolwebsiteathttp://pikes.peakspatial.org/NOAA/ScreeningTool/.Thewebsiteincludesa
disclaimerthatstates:TheNOAAScreeningToolenablesdeveloperstoobtainapreliminaryreviewofpotential
impactstoWeatherRadar(s)priortoofficialOE/AAAfiling.Theuseofthistoolis100percentoptionalandwill
provideafirstleveloffeedbackandsinglepointsofcontactwithinNOAAtodiscussimpacts/mitigationeffortson
NEXRADWeatherRadars.TheuseofthistooldoesnotinanywayreplacetheofficialFAAprocesses/procedures.
Distanceoftheweatherradartowindturbines
Maximumheightofwindturbineblades
BladeintrusionintotheRLOS
ElevationoflocalWSR88Dradar
Terrain
Sizeoftheindustrialwindenergydevelopment
Industrialwindenergydevelopmentorientationtotheweatherradar
Severeweatherclimatology
Operationalexperienceofthemeteorologists
Source:WeatherRadarsPerspectiveonWindFarms,https://www.roc.noaa.gov/WSR88D/Publicdocs/WRPerspectiveonWF.pdf
AlthoughtheFortDrumKTYXweatherradarwassitedbytheDOD,encroachmenttotheKTYXweatherradarhasa
largerimpactontheregionduetotheNorthCountrysdependenceonweatherforecasting.Accordingtothe
NOAA,windturbineswithinaweatherradarslineofsightcanproduceclutterandothercontaminateddata
estimatesincludingfalseprecipitationestimatesandfalsestormmotions.Theseimpactscandisruptcomputer
algorithmsandcreatedistractionstoforecastersattemptingtoforecastoridentifystormevents.Figure5.88
showsascreenshotofwindturbineimpactsonradarimages.
Source:NOAAshowsthatwindfarmsaffectweatherradar,andthataffectstheirprimarymissionofforecastingandsafety,
November2013
Figure 5.8-8 Screen shot of KTYX radars readings showing Maple Ridge Wind Farm impacts to radar
Source:https://www.wunderground.com/weatherradar/unitedstates/ny/montague/tyx/?region=bml
AccordingtotheNationalWeatherService,FortDrumhas
theclosestwindturbinetoweatherradaroutofallDOD
weatherradars.TheedgeoftheMapleRidgeWindFarm
islocatedroughlythreemileseastoftheweatherradar.
ThelargesizeofMapleRidgeandthenumberofwind
turbinesitcontainscreatesclutterintheweatherradars
computersystem,makingitmoredifficulttoforecast
weatherinthatdirection.However,agreaterissuemay
ariseifwindturbinesaredevelopedwestofKTYX,
betweenLakeOntarioandtheweatherradar.Wind
turbinesaremostlikelytoaffecttheKTYXweatherradars FortDrumcrewsatWheelerSackArmyAirfieldattemptto
prepareanaircraftfortakeoffduringasnowstorm
lowestangles,whicharethemostimportantfor
Source:FortDrumDPTMSAviationDivision
predictingweather.Apoorlysitedindustrialwindenergy
developmentbetweenLakeOntarioandtheKTYX
weatherradarcanimpacttheidentificationoflakeeffectsnowandotherlargestormevents.SimilartoDASRradar
impacts,theturbinescreateafalsepositiveatthesiteofthewindturbinebutalsocreateaghosteffectfurther
alongtheradarbeam.Ineffect,twofalsepositivesignalsarecreatedbyeachturbine.Figure5.89showsaKTYX
radarimagethatgivestheappearanceofprecipitationwhennoprecipitationispresentduetowindturbine
effects.
Figure 5.8-9 Current Effects of Base Reflectivity by wind turbines at Maple Ridge Wind Farms I & II
TheBaseReflectivityandGhostEchogivethesamesignatureasprecipitation.Therewasnoprecipitationoccurringwhenthisimage
wastaken.
Source:NationalWeatherService
SignalsemittingfromtheKTYXweatherradarwouldreflectoffwindturbinesandtheirspinningbladesratherthan
thecloudsintheatmosphereandtheincomingprecipitation.Thesignalsthatdoreachapossiblestormdirected
towardstheNorthCountrywillbecompromisedandmayappearmuchweakerthantheytrulyare.
Lakeeffectsnow,emanatingfromLakeOntario,canoccurabruptly.Anylimitationtoforecastingandproviding
noticeoftheselargesnoweventscanimpactFortDrumstrainingactivities.Ifsoldiersaretrainingontheground
atFortDrumasalargesnowstormhitstheinstallation,themilitarytrainingmayhavetobepostponedforalater
daywhentheweatherconditionsaremoresuitable.FortDrumisbetterabletoplanitsdailyoperationsand
trainingactivitieswithaclearerweatherforecast.Itiseasiertopostponetrainingactivitiesbeforetheystart
ratherthanaftertheyarealreadyinprogress.
Furthermore,someoftheproposedindustrialwindenergydevelopmentsmentionedinIssueED1aresitedwithin
theKTYXweatherradarsImpactZones.WindturbineswithintheImpactZonescanalsohinderweather
forecastingfortheNorthCountryandFortDrumsmission.Specificimpactsofaproposedindustrialwindenergy
developmentprojectwouldneedtobeidentifiedonacasebycasebasisthroughanalysisconductedbyNOAA.
AccordingtoinformationprovidedbyarepresentativefromtheNOAAwhowasinvolvedinthedevelopmentof
theJLUS,ifalltheproposedindustrialwindenergydevelopmentsidentifiedinIssueED1aredeveloped,itis
estimatedintheworstcasescenariothattheKTYXweatherradarwilllose75percentofitsexistingfieldofview.
Findings
Windturbineswithinaweatherradarslineofsightcanproduceclutterandothercontaminateddata
estimatesincludingfalseprecipitationestimatesandfalsestormmotions.Theseimpactscandisrupt
computeralgorithmsandcreatedistractionstoforecastersattemptingtoforecastoridentifystorm
events.
TheKTYXweatherradarinMontague,NewYorkisoperatedbytheAirForces18thWeatherSquadronat
FortDrum,butthedataalsoisusedbytheNationalWeatherServiceandlocalnewsstationstopredict
futureweathereventsintheNorthCountry.
FortDrumhastheclosestwindturbinetoweatherradaroutofallDODweatherradars.
TheNorthCountryislocatedwithinaprimelakeeffectsnowregion,andreceivesapproximately100to
200inchesofsnowperyearonaverage.Theabilitytoforecastlargestormeventsisessentialto
FortDrumsmission,aswellastheNorthCountryspublichealthandsafety.
TheDODspecificallysitedtheKTYXweatherradarbasedonseveralcriteriatosupportFortDrums
missionsanditcannotbemovedtoadifferentlocation.
BothFortDrumandthesurroundingcommunityrelyonlocalweatherforecastsfromtheKTYXweather
radardailytopredictfutureweatherconditions.Poorlyplannedandsitedwindturbinesinthevicinityof
theKTYXweatherradarcreatesclutterandimpairstheweatherradarsreadingtoaccuratelypredict
inclementweather.
TheedgeoftheMapleRidgeWindFarmisonlyapproximatelythreemileseastoftheKTYXweatherradar,
andthereareseveraladditionalproposedindustrialwindenergydevelopmentswithinthevicinity.The
MapleRidgeWindFarmcurrentlyimpactstheKTYXweatherradarbycausingclutterandinaccurate
weatherpatterndataintheareaaboveandnearthesite.
AsofthewritingofthisJLUS,therearefiveproposedindustrialwindenergydevelopmentprojectswithin
a10mileradiusoftheKTYXweatherradar.Thespecificimpactsfromeachoftheseprojectsonthe
weatherradarwouldneedtobeassessedonacasebycasebasisthattakesintoaccountfactorssuchas
terrain,turbineandbladeheight,andturbinedistancefromtheweatherradar.However,accordingto
informationprovidedbyarepresentativefromNOAAwhowasinvolvedinthedevelopmentoftheJLUS,if
alltheseproposedindustrialwindenergydevelopmentsaredeveloped,itisestimatedintheworstcase
scenariothattheKTYXweatherradarwilllose75percentofitsexistingfieldofview.
ConsultationprocessesbetweentheNWSandindustrialwindenergydevelopmentdevelopersoccurwhen
thereareconcernswithspecificwindturbinelocationimpactstoweatherradarandmitigationoptionsare
exploredbetweenbothparties.
Futureindustrialsolardevelopmentsitingcompatibilitywithmilitaryoperations
ISSUE LewisCountyhasplansofdeveloping/approvingindustrialfixedpanelsolarenergy
ED3 developmentthatcouldcreateglareissuesforFortDrumpilots.Futuresolardevelopmentin
theregionmayalsocauseimpactsdependingonsitinglocations.
Compatibility Assessment
Solarenergyhasthepotentialtoimpactmilitaryaviationtrainingdependingonhowandwhereitisdeveloped.
Reflectivityreferstolightthatisreflectedoffofsurfaces.Thepotentialimpactsofreflectivityareglint(a
momentaryflashoflight)andglare(amorecontinuoussourceofexcessivebrightnessrelativetotheambient
lighting)whichcancauseeffectssuchasabrieflossoforblurredvision,oractasavisualdistraction.Theprimary
concernwiththisissueisifthisimpacttovisionoccurswhenoperatinganaircraft.Thistemporaryvision
impairmentcanincreasetheriskforaircraftmishaps,especiallyduringtakeofforlanding.Solarenergyfacilities
couldcauseglaredependingonthetypeormaterialsused,location,size,angle,anddirection,resultingina
reductionofapilotsview.Whiletheamountofglarewillvarydependingonfactorssuchastimeofday,angleof
solarpanels,elevationofaircraft,andproximityofaircrafttothesourceofglare.Figure5.810illustratesan
exampleofglarefromanaircraftcockpitflyinginproximitytoasolarfarm.
Itisthematerialsusedintheconstructionofthesolarpanels
thatareofparticularconcernforcreatingglare.Solarpanels
maybeconstructedwithreflectivematerialswhicharemeant
toassistinthegenerationanddistributionofenergy,butcan
alsocauseunintendedglareformilitaryandcivilianpilots.
Therearealsosolartechnologiesthatabsorbsunlightanddo
notcauseglintorglare.Theamountofreflectivityvariesgreatly
amongsolartechnologieswithconcentratedsolarpower
technologiesbeinghighlyreflectiveandphotovoltaic(PV)being
primarilyabsorptive.Becausesolarenergyprojectsintroduce
Figure 5.8-10. Example of glare from a solar farm newvisualsurfacestotheairportsettingwherereflectivity
experienced from an aircraft couldresultinglarethatcausesvisualimparityonpilotsorair
cockpit
trafficcontrollers,reflectivityrequiresstudyduringproject
Source:AirForceFlightTestCenter412TrainingWingat
EdwardsAFB
sitinganddesign.Theamountofanalysiswilldependon
sitespecificconditions.Singlesitesolardevelopment,suchas
residential,isnotgenerallyaconcernforglareissuesduetothe
smallsize,butlargescalesolardevelopmentwouldcauseconcernsifdevelopedwithmaterialsthatcauseglare.
Theprimaryconcernforsolarenergydevelopmentthatmaycauseglareiswithintheapproachanddeparture
corridorsforWSAAF,flightpathstoRange48foraerialbombing,andwithinlowlevelmilitarytrainingroutesand
militaryoperatingareas.
Findings
A19acre,twomegawattsolarenergydevelopmentisplannedforconstructioninLowvilleN.Y.
Largescalesolarenergydevelopmentshavethepotentialtocauseglare,causingvisualimpairmentor
distractionstopilots.
Smallscalesolarenergydevelopments,suchasresidentialrooftopdevelopment,aregenerallynota
concernforglare.
Theprimaryconcernforsolarenergydevelopmentthatmaycauseglareiswithintheapproachand
departurecorridorsforWSAAF,flightpathstoRange48foraerialbombing,andwithinlowlevelmilitary
trainingroutesandmilitaryoperatingareas.
PhotovoltaicpanelslocatedintheNorthCountrywillproducelessenergypersquarefootthan
photovoltaicpanelslocatedinsouthernandsouthwesternstates.
OfthecommunitiesassessedaspartoftheJLUS,onlythetownsofLeRayandWatertowncontainzoning
lawsthatregulatesolarenergydevelopment,leavingFortDrumvulnerabletoincompatibledevelopment.
Findings
TherewerenoFrequencySpectrumCapacitycompatibilityissuesidentifiedfortheFortDrumJLUS.
Findings
IssuesED1andED2underSection5.8EnergyDevelopmentidentifyanddiscussimpactstoradarsystemscaused
bywindturbinesthatcouldbeconsideredfrequencyspectrumimpedance/interferenceissues.Therewereno
additionalFrequencySpectrumImpedance/InterferencecompatibilityissuesidentifiedfortheFortDrumJLUS.
Surplusmultifamilyhousing
ISSUE Thereispublicconcernthatthereisasurplusofmultifamilyhousinginthelocalcommunities
HA1 thatwasoriginallybuilttosupportFortDrumduringabuildupinthenumberofpersonnel
stationedthere,andsomeofthehousingisnowvacant.
Compatibility Assessment
FortDrumhasasignificantinfluenceontheregional
housingmarket.TheSection801housingprogramwas
incorporatedaspartoftheMilitaryConstruction
AuthorizationActin1984.Duringthisprogram,the
DODoffereda20yearleaseagreementtoprivate
developerstoprovideoffinstallationhousingfor
militarypersonnel.AccordingtotheFortDrum
RegionalLiaisonOrganization,therewere
2,000Section801housingunitsconstructedin
14multiresidentialcomplexesbetween1986and1990
toaccommodatethe10thMountainDivisionsarrival
TheMountaineerEstatesinWatertown,NYareaformerSection atFortDrum.
801housingdevelopment
Source:MountaineerEstates Source:http://www.fdrlo.org/reports/130housing
However,these20yearleaseagreementsexpiredbetween2007and2010,andtheDODstoppedsubsidizingall
Section801housingunitsintheFortDrumarea.TheformerSection801apartmentunitsarenowmarketrate
rentalproperties.Thus,militarypersonnelmaydecidetocontinuerentingatthemarketrate,movetoanother
competitiveoffinstallationresidentialunit,orliveoninstallationifthereisavailability.Accordingtothe2009
FortDrumGrowthManagementPlan,manysoldierschoosetorelocatetomoreconvenientlocationsthansome
formerSection801housingunitsinoutlyingareaslikeGouverneurandLowville,and/ormoveintonewerrental
unitsinthearea.ThishasresultedinanincreasedvacancyrateinmanyformerSection801sfurtherfrom
FortDrum.
Source:FortDrumGrowthManagementPlan,2009
AsFortDrumspopulationstartedtoincreasethroughoutthe2000s,theDevelopmentAuthorityofthe
NorthCountryestablishedtheCommunityRentalHousingProgramin2006tosupplementFortDrumshousing
needs.Thisprogramprovidedfundstoofferincentivestodevelopadditionalresidentialunitstomeetthe
increasedhousingdemandgeneratedbyFortDrum.Thisprogramhelpedfundanadditional1,380newhousing
unitsaroundFortDrum.
Source:http://www.danc.org/operations/communitydevelopment/housingdevelopment
TheDevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountryutilizestwoprogramstorenovateandrestorevacanthomesin
needofrehabilitation.TheNorthCountryHOMEConsortiumbeganin1994,andprovidesfundstoresidential
rehabilitationprojects,aswellasassistancetofirsttimehomebuysandlowandmoderateincomefamilies.
Additionally,theRegionalRedevelopmentHousingProgramstartedin2016.Thisprogramalsohelpsrenovate
vacant,blightedhomesbyrepurposingfundspreviouslyusedtoofferincentivesfornewresidentialdevelopment.
TheDevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountryhasaonemilliondollarbudgetavailabletooffergrantsand
lowinterestloansupto$25,000forrehabilitatingblightedhomes.
Source:Timetoupgrade:NewDANCprogrammakesfundsavailabletorehabhomes(WatertownDailyTimes,2016)
Thereisnosurplusinadequatemultifamilyhousing.Currentoverallrentalvacancyratesinthe5percentto
7percentrangeareconsideredidealformilitaryhousingmarkets.Thisresultsincompetitivepricing,adequate
choices,andmarketcompetitionwhichincludesensuringrentalpropertiesarerehabilitatedandmodernizedto
remaincompetitiveinthemarket.Withtheconstructionofnew,modernrentalhousingin20112015inareas
suchasWatertown,Pamelia,andLeRay,thereareotheroutdatedandrundownrentalpropertiesinthe
surroundingareasthathaveexperiencedaveryhighvacancyrateduetotheirundesirability,inadequacyand
unmarketablecondition.
Findings
FortDrumspopulationhasamajorinfluenceontheregionalhousingmarket.
AlloftheDODsSection801multifamily20yearhousingleaseshaveexpiredintheFortDrumarea,
turningtheformerSection801housingunitsintomarketraterentalproperties.However,theseolder
residentialunitsaregenerallyexperiencinghighervacancyratesduetonewerandmore
convenientlylocatedapartmentcomplexesnearFortDrum.
TheDevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountrysCommunityRentalHousingProgramhelpedfundover
1,300newresidentialunitsaroundFortDrumtohelpsupportFortDrumspopulationgrowthinthe
2000s.
WhilethethreecountyregionsurroundingFortDrumhasanoverallvacancyratemorethandoublethe
statewideaverage,thecommunitiesclosesttotheinstallationhavemaintainedvacancyratescloserto
NewYorkStatesaverage.
TheDevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountrystartedtheRegionalRedevelopmentHousingProgramin
2016toprovidefundsforrehabilitatingblightedproperties.
Publicfacilitiesandservicesshouldbeappropriateforthetypeofurbanorruraldevelopmenttheyserve,butalso
limitedtotheexistingandplannedneedsandrequirementsofthearea.Forexample,theprovisionofasafe
transportationsystem,includingallmodesoftransportation(automobile,masstransit,railway,highway,bicycle,
pedestrian,air,water,etc.),isanimportantinfrastructurecomponent.Adequatetransportationinfrastructure
contributestolocal,regional,andstateaccessibility.
Infrastructureplaysanimportantroleinlandusecompatibility.Infrastructurecanenhancetheoperationsofan
installationandcommunitybyprovidingneededservices,suchassanitarysewertreatmentandtransportation
systems.Conversely,infrastructurecancreateencroachmentissuesifexpandedwithoutconsiderationofthe
consequencesoffuturedevelopment.Theextensionorexpansionofcommunityinfrastructuretoamilitary
installationorareasproximatetoaninstallationhasthepotentialtoinducegrowth,potentiallyresultingin
incompatibleusesandconflictsbetweenamilitarymissionandcommunities.Withincomprehensiveplanning,
infrastructureextensionscanserveasamechanismtoguidedevelopmentintoappropriateareas,protectsensitive
landuses,andimproveopportunitiesforcompatibilitybetweencommunitylandusesandmilitarymissions.
DesireforenhancedpublictransportationservicestoFortDrumandsurrounding
communities
ISSUE
Thereisadesireamongmilitarypersonnelandmembersofthesurroundingcommunityto
IE1
haveenhancedpublictransportationservicesbetweenFortDrumandamenitiesoutsidethe
installationsuchasshopping,restaurants,entertainment,andbusinesses.
Compatibility Assessment
Accordingtothetransportationandmobilityneedsassessment(AprilOctober2011)theFortDrumRegional
LiaisonOrganization(FDRLO)contractedforaFortDrumRegionalTransitNeedsAssessment.TheFinalReport
madeaseriesofrecommendations.
Livingonpostare8,500singlesoldiersmenandwomenwhoreportfromfaraway,areunfamiliarwiththe
Watertownregion,anddonothavespousesordependents.AttheNorthGate,thereareanadditional
2,000housingunitsoccupiedbyFortDrumpersonnel.FortDrumemploysthousandsofcontractorsand
employees.DowntownWatertown,approximately10milesfromtheinstallation,containsthebulkofservices,
entertainment,andshoppingdesiredbytheFortDrumcommunity.Transitfeasibilityisbasedinlargepartupon
densityofneedanddestinations.FortDrumandWatertownhaveahighdensityofresidents,services,andjobs,
yetthereisnoviableoptionforgettingaroundotherthanviaprivatevehicleortaxiandsimilarservices.Witha
goalofintegratingthemilitarycommunityintotheWatertownregion,noschoolsorhospitalswerebuiltonpost.
Militaryfamiliesrelyonareaschoolsforeducation,andonhospitalsinWatertownandothercommunitiesfor
medicalservices.ThustheneedsofthecommunityandtheneedsofFortDrumarelinked,andresourcesdevoted
totransportationforeithergroupcanbesharedbyboth.
Findings
Onpostshuttleservicesarelimitedunlesscontractedout.
Vanpoolsarecriticalelementstotheservicenetwork.
Outsidepressuresuchastrafficcongestionorpoortaxiservicecanbeanimportantimpetusforservice.
TheCityofWatertownsCitiBusservicedoesnotconnecttoFortDrum,andwouldrequirecoordination
withandactionfromJeffersonCounty,buthasnotoccurredduetocosts.
Key Terms
UnmannedAerialVehicle.Anunmannedaerialvehicle(UAV),oftenreferredtoasadrone,isapowered,aerial
vehiclethatdoesnotcarryahumanoperator,usesaerodynamicforcestoprovidevehiclelift,canfly
autonomouslyorbepilotedremotely,canbeexpendableorrecoverable,andcancarryalethalornonlethal
payload.
WeaponDangerZone.AccordingtotheDepartmentoftheArmyPamphlet38563(RangeSafety),Aweapon
dangerzone(airtoground)encompassesthegroundandairspaceforlateralandverticalcontainmentof
projectiles,fragments,debris,andcomponentsresultingfromthefiring,launching,anddetonationof
aviationdeliveredordnance.Itreflectstheminimumlandandairrequirement,toincludeterrainmitigation,
neededtosafelyemployagivenweapon.Theweapondangerzoneaccountsforinaccuracy,failures,ricochets,and
broachingofaspecificweapon/munitiontypedeliveredbyaspecificaircrafttype.Theweapondangerzone
footprintisbasedonweaponcharacteristics,typeofdeliverybeingexecuted,platform(aircraft)deliveringthe
ordnance,targetandsoilcharacteristics,terrain,andlevelofcontainmentacceptabletotheseniorcommander
(Army).Figure5.131illustratesthebasicelementsofaweapondangerzone.
Figure 5.13-1 Basic Weapon Danger Zone Profile
Source:DepartmentofArmyPamphlet38563
MQ9ReaperHellfireordnancetraining
ISSUE TheweapondangerzoneforMQ9ReaperHellfireordnanceistoolargetobecontained
LAS1 withintheboundariesofFortDrum,requiringthistypeofweapontrainingtobeconductedat
otherfacilities.Thisisasafetybuffertoprotectpeopleandlandusesfromweaponhazards.
Compatibility Assessment
TheNewYorkAirNationalGuards174thAttackWingoperatesMQ9ReaperaircraftoutofHancockFieldin
Syracuse.TheseaircraftutilizeFortDrumsrangesanditssurroundingspecialuseairspaceforflightandweapons
training.MQ9Reaperpilottrainingisanimportantfunctionofthe174thAttackWing.Infiscalyear2016,it
trained106MQ9pilotsand250maintenancepersonnel.TheMQ9Reaperisanimportanttoolinthe
USmilitarysglobalwartimeefforts,capableofbothdynamictargeteliminationandintelligencegatheringand
reconnaissance.
The174thAttackWingmaintainsandoperatesalaunchandrecoveryfacilityatWSAAFwhereallmunitionsare
loadedandunloadedfromReaperaircraftpriortoandaftertheirweaponstraining.WSAAFistheonlyUSArmy
airfieldthatsupportsMQ9Reaperlivebombtraining,upto500poundlivebombs,andcontiguousairtoground
bombingrangesupportedbyanonsiteForwardOperatingLocation.Approximately30percentofallUSAirForce
andAirNationalGuardMQ9ReaperaircrewstrainatWSAAFandthespecialuseairspacesurroundingFortDrum.
TheMQ9Reapersweaponssystemsareguidedbya
MultispectralTargetingSystem,whichintegratesan
infraredsensor,acolor/monochromedaylightTV
camera,animageintensifiedTVcamera,alaser
designatorandalaserilluminatorintoasinglepackage.
Italsoutilizesalaserrangefinder/designatorwhich
providesthecapabilitytopreciselydesignatetargetsfor
employmentoflaserguidedmunitions.Armamentsthat
theMQ9canbeequippedwitharethe500pound
GuideBombUnit(GBU)12PavewayII,500pound
GBU38JointDirectAttackMunitions,and100pound
airtogroundmissile(AGM)114Hellfire.
The174thFighterWingpreparesanMQ9Reaperfortakeoffat
FortDrumiscapableofsupportingthe500pound WheelerSackArmyAirfield
ordnanceusedbytheMQ9Reaper,butduetothe Source:USAirForce
characteristicsofHellfiremissiles,theassociatedweapon PhotoCredit:StaffSgt.RickyBest
dangerzonewhenfactoringintheterrainand
topographyofFortDrumistoolargetobecontainedwithintheboundariesoftheinstallation.Armyregulations
requirethecontainmentareaofaweapondangerzone(performanceenvelope,impactfootprint,and/or
associateddebrisfield)tobeprotectedbypurchase,lease,orotherrestrictionstosafelyexcludepersonnelfrom
thearea.TheweapondangerzoneforHellfiremissilesfiredfromaMQ9Reaperisgeneratedwithaminimum
containmentstandardof1:1,000,000probabilityofamunitionescapingthecontainmentarea.SinceFortDrum
doesnotown,lease,orcontrolallofthepropertywithintheHellfiremissileweapondangerzone,thistypeoflive
ordnancetrainingcannotoccurattheinstallationandMQ9Reaperpilotsmustgotootherfacilitiestotrainwith
thisweapon.ThisimpactsthecapabilitiesofFortDrumtosupportcompleteMQ9Reapertraining.
FutureinadequateamountofmaneuverspaceontheFortDruminstallation
ISSUE FortDrumdoesnothaveadequatemaneuverspacecapacitytoaccommodatetheincreased
LAS2 groundtrooptrainingneedstosupporttheArmysnewSustainableReadinessModel.
Maximizingexistinglandisimportanttosupportfuturemissions.
Compatibility Assessment
ManeuverexercisesareconductedatFortDrumforallunitlevelsandmayincludeafewtohundredsofsoldiers
operatingasacollectivegrouptoensureacombatreadyfightingforce.Theseexerciseshelpindividualsandunits
attainandmaintainproficiencyincollectivetaskstoprepareforrealworldsituations,andareanintegralpieceofa
soldierstraining.
Infiscalyear2017,theArmystartedimplementingitsSustainableReadinessModel(SRM),whichreplacedthe
previousArmyForceGenerationModel.ThroughtheSRM,theArmyhasagoalofachievingtwothirdscombat
readinessforglobalcontingenciesfortheTotalArmyby2023.ThereareseveralperceivedbenefitsthattheArmy
suggestswillresultfromtheSRM,including:
providegreaterflexibilitythantheArmyForceGenerationModelinaddressingcontingencyoperations
andprioritizingunitreadiness,
stabilizingmanningtoavoidabruptreadinessdeclines,
resourcingunitstosustainhigherlevelsofreadinessoverlongerperiodsoftime,
providingArmyleadershipwithgreaterreadinessvisibilityamongunitsandpermittingforecastingof
readinessouttothenextthreetofouryears,and
betterinformationforArmyresourcingandbudgetingdecisions.
Intermsoftroopreadiness,theSRMmeansan
increaseddemandfortrainingandmaneuver
operationstopreparesoldiersfordeployable
readinessatalltimes.ForFortDrum,thismeans
increasedusageofrangesandmaneuverareasanda
morerigorousoperationaltempoofthesefacilities.
Exampleofmaneuvertrainingoperationsononeofthefewpaved
FortDrumcomprises108,733acres,buttheamount
roadwaysinFortDrumsTrainingArea
Source:FortDrumIntegratedNaturalResourcesManagement
ofacresavailablefortrainingandmaneuver
Plan2011 operationsismuchsmaller.Whenthecantonment
TheArmystrainingstrategywithanincreasedemphasisonHomeStationTrainingandexpandedutilizationof
selectinstallationsasRegionalCollectiveTrainingCenters,inadditiontotheimpliedincreasedoperationaltempo
relatedtotheSustainableReadinessProcessandObjectiveTstandardsarethedrivingforceforFortDrums
requirementtoincreaseitscurrentmaneuvertrainingarea.Thesestrategiesrequireinstallationstosupport
multipleechelonsoflivefireandmaneuvertrainingfromindividualtoBrigadeCombatTeamlevels,aswellas
missioncommandtrainingforunitsfromBattalionthroughDivision.TheaddedrequirementsforCompanyand
BattalionstoconductCombinedArmsLiveFireExercisesannuallytosustainreadiness,placesadditionaldemand
formaneuverlandsandtherangecomplex.Theincreasedtrainingandreadinessdemandscoupledwiththe
additionalemphasisontheArmysPartnershipProgramandAssociatedUnitProgramhaveincreasedtheneedto
expandFortDrumsfootprintinordertofullysupportsimultaneousandrepetitivetrainingevents,whichresultin
sustainablereadinessofforcesassociatedwithFortDrumandthe10thMountainDivision(LI).
Theseunitsutilizethe75,934acresofmaneuvertrainingarea(56,744acresofmaneuvertrainingarealightand
15,864acresofmaneuvertrainingareaheavy);the20,222acreMainImpactArea;andthenumerousrangesand
othertrainingfacilitiesatFortDrum.Ofthe75,934acresofmaneuvertrainingareaatFortDrum,73,887acresare
consideredSuitableforTraining.OftheacreagethatisSuitableforTraining,45,055(59percent)acresare
classifiedasunrestrictedmobility,19,399(26percent)acresareclassifiedasrestrictedmobilityand9,443
(12percent)acresareclassifiedashighlyrestrictedmobility.2,037(3percent)acresareclassifiedasunrated
mobilityandareportionsofthetrainingareathatisconstrainedduetolanduse,environmental,andtopographic
elements.
Source:FortDrum,August2017
FortDrumconductsvegetationmanagementforthesetraining
areasthroughtheDPTMSIntegratedTrainingAreaManagement
(ITAM)program.However,withitslimitedfundingandresources,
theITAMfocusesvegetationmanagementinthewesternportion
oftheinstallationthatconsistslargelyofgrasslands,furtherlimiting
maneuverareas.Accordingtolanduse/landcoverage
categorizationeffortsconductedin2006and2011,thereis
approximately15,500acresofvarioustypesofwetlandson
FortDrumand4,700acresofothertypesofsurfacewaters,
accountingforroughly20percentofFortDrumstotalacreage.
Whilethesewetlandsandsurfacewatersarethroughout
FortDrum,someofthemareinthetrainingareaportionofthe
installationandfurtherreducetheamountoflandavailablefor
maneuveroperationsduetotherequirementstoprotectwetlands
oninstallation.Figure5.132showswhichtrainingareasarebest
suitedtosupportmaneuvertrainingspace.
Exampleofatypicalwetlandcomplexat
Source:FortDrumIntegratedNaturalResourcesManagementPlan2011 FortDrum,thisonelocatedinTrainingArea18
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Heavy Forces WSAAF Area
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Fort Drum
Stream / River
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Airfield Surface
Source: Fort Drum 2016.
Figure 5.13-2
0 1 2
Miles
Training Areas that Allow Maneuvers
ThroughitsWetlandsManagementProgram,FortDrumhasdevelopedoninstallationwetlandmitigationsites
closetotheinstallationboundary.Thishasallowedtheinstallationtodevelopwetlandareastouseastraining
areasforsoldiers,andalsoprovidesanaddedbufferbetweenoperationsatFortDrumandneighboringprivate
land,butitlimitstheusabilityoftheseareasforfutureoperations.In2003,theFortDrumWetlandMitigation
Bankwasestablishedtoprovideamitigationareathatcanbeusedtoaccountformitigationrequirementsfor
futureprojectswithrelativelysmallimpacts.FortDrumhasatotalof14.97acresofwetlandmitigationareaoff
limitstounrestrictedtraining.Inrecentyears,theWetlandsManagementProgramhasstartedlookingfor
offinstallationwetlandmitigationsitesthatcanbepreservedinlieuofwetlandsitesoninstallation,whichcan
thenbeusedfortrainingareas.
ItisdifficultforFortDrumtoaccommodatemoretrainingthancurrentlyexecutedgivenitslimitedamountofland
forsuchoperations.FortDrumandtheArmyareinterestedinleveragingspecificoffinstallationlandformission
supportbyprotectingitfromdevelopmentthroughprogramssuchasReadinessandEnvironmentProtection
Integration(REPI)andtheArmyCompatibleUseBuffer(ACUB)program.AsdiscussedunderIssueLU1in
Section5.14LandUse,7,600acresoflandaroundFortDrumhavebeenpreservedfromfuturedevelopment
throughtheACUBProgramasofAugust2017.However,noneofthesecompletedACUBparcelshavecounted
towardswetlandmitigationorIndianaBathabitatconservation,whichwouldallowanexchangeofland
oninstallationtoconvertintoviabletrainingland.
Findings
TheArmysSustainableReadinessModelrequiresanincreaseinoperationaltempo,trainingoperations,
anduseofmaneuverareasatFortDruminthecomingyears.
FortDrumhasalimitedamountofmaneuverareathatcanbeusedtoaccommodatetheincreased
trainingrequirements.
Stateandfederalrequirementstopreservewetlandsoninstallationfurtherlimittheamountoflandthat
canbeusedformaneuverareas.
FortDrumhasestablishedaWetlandMitigationBankthatmayallowforthedevelopmentofwetlands
oninstallationtouseasmaneuverareasthroughmitigationofoffinstallationlocations.
AsofAugust2017,noneofthe7,600acresoflandthathavebeenpreservedthroughtheACUBProgram
countstowardswetlandmitigationorIndianaBathabitatconservation,whichwouldallowanexchangeof
landoninstallationtoconvertintoviabletrainingland.
Page570 PublicDraft November2017
5.14. Land Use (LU)
Thebasisoflanduseplanningandregulationrelatestothegovernmentsroleinprotectingthepublicshealth,
safety,andwelfare.Localjurisdictionsgeneralplansandzoningordinancescanbethemosteffectivetoolsfor
preventingorresolvinglandusecompatibilityissues.Thesetoolsensuretheseparationoflandusesthatdiffer
significantlyincharacter.Landuseseparationalsoappliestopropertieswheretheuseofonepropertymay
adverselyimpacttheuseofanother.Forinstance,industrialusesareoftenseparatedfromresidentialusesto
avoidimpactsfromnoise,odors,andlighting.
Key Terms
ArmyCompatibleUseBuffer(ACUB)Program.TheACUBProgrampermitsArmyinstallationstoworkwithother
organizationpartners(e.g.,landtrusts)toacquiredevelopmentrightstoestablishbufferzonesthatcanhelp
protecthabitats,sensitiveareas,andmilitarytrainingareaswithoutacquiringanynewlandforArmyownership.
Encroachment.Intermsofcompatibility,encroachmentreferstothedevelopmentofconflictingusesofland,air,
water,andotherresourcesthatmayindividuallyorcumulativelyimpactthemilitarysabilitytocarryoutitstesting
andtrainingmission.Thismayincludeprivatedevelopmentbeingbuiltinthevicinityofamilitaryinstallation,
whetherornotitiswithinaspecificmilitaryoperationalfootprintsuchasnoiseofsafety.
GroundBasedMidcourseDefense(GMD).GMDaremissilesstoredinsilosundergroundthatmaybelaunchedat
incomingmissilethreatstotheUS.Thesemissilesengageandinterceptapotentialmissilestrikefromaforeign
nation.
MissileDefenseAgency(MDA).TheMDAisabranchoftheDepartmentofDefense(DOD)thatistaskedto
research,develop,andacquirelandforanUSBallisticMissileDefenseSystemtoprotectthenationfrompotential
intercontinentalattacks.
IncompatibledevelopmentencroachmentaroundFortDrum
Thereissomeexistingdevelopment,suchasresidentiallanduseadjacenttoFortDums
ISSUE boundary,thathascausedencroachmentconcerns.Thereisapotentialforfuture
LU1 developmenttooccurifappropriatelanduseregulationsarenotputinplacebycommunities
tolimitgrowtharoundtheinstallationinareasthatmayimpactFortDrumsabilitytocarryout
itsmissionsorputtheinstallationatriskforfutureoperations.
Compatibility Assessment
FortDrumisexperiencingincreasedtrainingdemandsofpreparingmilitaryunitsfordeployment,whichresultsin
additionalcomplaintsofnoisealongtheinstallation'sboundaries.Respondingtocomplaintsandinitiating
workaroundshasimpactedtrainingsiteselectionandhasthepotentialtoconstricttrainingtimesanddensity
especiallywithlargecaliberweapons,tanks,artillery,fixedwingaircraft,helicopters,UnmannedAerialSystems
(UAS)andlargeordnance/munitions.TheACUBsupportstheoverarchingrequirementtoreduceencroachment
ongroundbasedrangetrainingcapability,whilesupportingUASandaviationtrainingcapabilityandrealism.
FortDrumishometothe10thMountainDivisionLightInfantry,oneofthemostdeployedunitsintheArmyand
hometotheonlypowerprojectionplatforminthenortheast.FortDrumistheonlytrainingareainthenortheast
thatisabletoallowArmor/CAVunitstofireuptotable12(tanks)gunneryusingfullmunitions(armorpiercing)
ThereareseveralissuesinthisJLUSthatdiscussspecifictypesofencroachmentaroundFortDrum,suchas
developmentinnoisezonesandsafetyzones,andverticalobstructionsaroundtheinstallation.Thisissueis
describesgeneralencroachmenttowardsFortDrumaslocalcommunitiesaroundtheinstallationgrow.
DuetoFortDrumslocationinalargelyruralpartofNewYork,theinstallationhashistoricallynotfacedmajor
encroachmentconcerns.However,therehavebeensomeindividualdevelopmentsthathaveraisedconcernsdue
totheircloseproximitytotheinstallation.MuchofthedevelopmentaroundFortDrumhashistoricallyoccurredin
villages,hamlets,andtowncenters,buttherehasbeensomeresidentialandothertypesofdevelopmentwithin
FortDrumsnoisezonesthatextendoffinstallation,particularlyonthenorthwestsideoftheinstallationnear
AntwerpandPhiladelphia.Theseconcernshaveincreasedwithplanneddevelopmentalongthenorthwestern
borderoftheinstallation.DevelopmentadjacenttoFortDrumsfencelinecouldlimitfutureoperationsinareas
closetothedevelopmentsuchasweaponsfiringthatwouldcausenoise,oractivitiesthatmaycauselightimpacts
bothoffandontheinstallation.IncreaseddevelopmentneartheFortDrumperimeterhasthepotentialtoimpact
boththeFortDrummissionaswellasthequalityoflifeforresidentialneighborhoods.Developmentmayalso
negativelyimpactoffinstallationhabitatareasandhavetheunintendedconsequenceofpushinglistedspecies
suchastheIndianaBatfurtherontoFortDrum.Someoftheplanneddevelopmentandexistingdevelopedlandis
withinexistingnoisezones(seeIssueNOI1formoreinformation).WhileseveraljurisdictionsintheJLUSStudy
AreahavecomprehensiveplansthatincludeinformationandguidancerelatedtoFortDrumactivities,nonehave
zoningregulationsthatfullyaddresscompatiblelanduserelatedtoFortDrum.
FortDrumhasworkedwithlocalcommunitiestomitigatemanyencroachmentconcernsinthepastandprovide
informationaboutwherecertaintypesofdevelopmentmayimpactorbeimpactedbymilitaryoperations.This
proactiveapproachbyFortDrumandthecommunitieshashadmanysuccessfuloutcomes,includingthefollowing:
Memorandumsofagreement(MOAs)withseveralcommunitieshavebeenestablishedsothatFortDrum
canreviewcertaindevelopmentproposalsorplansandprovidecommentsastoanypotentialimpacts
developmentmaycausefortheinstallation.
OneofthemostimportantandlongtermstrategiesthathasoccurredtoprotectFortDrumistheutilizationof
ReadinessandEnvironmentalProtectionIntegration(REPI)fundingandtheArmyCompatibleUseBuffer(ACUB)
programtopreservelandaroundtheinstallationfromfuturedevelopment.Throughtheseprograms,FortDrum
haspartneredwithvariousentitiessuchasTugHillTomorrowLandTrust,TugHillCommission,JeffersonCounty,
DucksUnlimited,DevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountry,AgriculturalDevelopmentCorporation,and
NewYorkStateDepartmentofAgriculture&Marketstoidentifykeyparcelsthatcanbepreservedtoprovidea
bufferaroundtheinstallation.Asecondaryconsiderationinselectingparcelsisalsotopreservehabitatforspecies
suchastheendangeredIndianaBattoreducethedependencyofFortDrumlandtosupportthespecies.
DevelopmentrightsacquiredthroughACUBareonlyexecutedwithwillingsellersandtheprivatepropertyremains
inprivateownership.AsofAugust2017,FortDrumanditspartnershavecompleted25ACUBprojectsand
preserved7,600acresoflandaroundtheinstallationwithinthepriorityareasidentifiedthroughtheACUB
program.TheACUBprogramisfurtherdiscussedunderIssueLU3andFigure5.141identifiestheACUBpriority
areasandtheparcelsthathavebeenpreservedthroughtheACUBprogram.TheACUBpriorityareasareidentified
asfollows:
PriorityAreas1Aand1BadjacenttoFortDrumjustsouthofWSAAFaretoprotecttheaccidentpotential
zones.
PriorityAreas1Aand1CadjacenttoFortDrumswest/northwestborderaretoprotecttheinstallation
againstincompatibledevelopmentandincreasednoisecomplaints,whichmayaffectFortDrumstraining
operations.
PriorityArea1AtothesouthistoprotectfromwinddevelopmentthatcouldpotentiallyimpactWSAAFs
approachanddeparturecorridors.
PriorityArea2istoprotecthighvaluehabitatfortheIndianabatwestofFortDrum.
PriorityAreas3aroundPriorityArea2istoenhancebathabitatprotectionandwasaddedtoincludetargets
ofopportunityforpropertiesthatareavailableandaffordable.
PriorityArea3nearLakeBonaparteistoprotectagainstincreasednoisecomplaintpotential.
PriorityArea3northeastofFortDruminSt.LawrenceCountyistoprotectaviationroutes.
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ACUB Priority Area 1C Completed ACUB Fort Drum Interstate
2 Parcel County US Highway
Priority
3 Boundary State Highway
1A
Town Railroad
1B
City / Village / Stream / River
Hamlet
Airfield Surface
Source: Fort Drum 2016.
Figure 5.14-1
0 2 4
Miles
Fort Drum ACUB Priority Areas
Limitinglandusescouldimpacteconomicdevelopmentinlocalcommunities
ISSUE
RestrictingcertainlandusesaroundFortDrumcouldnegativelyimpacteconomic
LU2
developmentandresidentialcharacterforneighboringcommunities.
Compatibility Assessment
TheregionsurroundingFortDrumisprimarilyruralinnature,withthemajorityofthedevelopmentoccurringin
theCityofWatertown,aswellasinhamlets,villages,andtowncenters.Manyofthesecommunitiesdatebackto
the1700sorearly1800sandhavebeeninhabitedeversince,whereasmuchofthegrowthandcurrent
developmentatFortDrumhasoccurredinthepastthreedecades.Someofthesecommunitiesarewithin
operationalfootprintsofFortDrumsuchasnoise(seeIssueNOI1formoreinformation)andsafety(seeIssueSA1
formoreinformation).Manyofthecommunitiesthatarewithinthenoiseandsafetyzonesareprimarily
residentialwithsmallamountsofcommercialdevelopment.
FortDrums2016InstallationCompatibleUseZone(ICUZ)Studyidentifiescertaintypesofdevelopment,including
residential,asincompatibleorpotentiallyincompatibleinthevariousnoisezonesassociatedwiththeweapons
rangesandWSAAF.MuchofthelandthatmakesupcommunitiessuchasAntwerp,GreatBend,Carthage,and
WestCarthagearewithinnoisezonesandareprimarilyresidential.TheFortDrumICUZdocumentsthe
importanceofpromotingcompatiblelandusethroughcommunication,cooperationandcollaborationbetween
FortDrumandthesurroundingcommunity.Establishingzoningandlanduseregulationsthatlimitresidential
developmentwithinFortDrumsnoisezonestobeconsistentwiththeICUZcouldimpactthecharacterofthese
communitiesandaffectfuturegrowth.Residentialisnottheonlyusethatisincompatibleintheseareas.The
airfieldsafetyzones,aswellasthenoisezones,alsoidentifycertaintypesofcommercialasincompatible,which
couldlimitthesecommunitieseconomiclivelihoodaswell.TheICUZrecognizesthattheremaybescenarios
wherelandwithinthenoisezonesistheonlydevelopablelandforresidential,butrecommendsthatsound
attenuationconstructionmeasuresbeusedifresidentialisbuilt.Currentlytherearenolocalzoningordinances
thataddresssoundattenuationrelatedtomilitaryactivities.
LandownerconcernsofACUBdesignationimpactingpropertyvalues
TherearesomelandownersofparcelsthathavebeenidentifiedasACUBpriorityareasthat
ISSUE
areconcernedabouttheACUBprocessandhowitwillaffecttheirpropertyvalues.Some
LU3
ownerswhodonotwishtoselltheirdevelopmentrightsmaymisunderstandthatthe
ACUBprocessonlyworkswithwillingpropertyowners.
Compatibility Assessment
TheACUBProgramwasprovidedundertheNationalDefenseAuthorizationActof2003,permittinginstallationsto
workwithotheragenciesandorganizationstoestablishbufferareasoutsideanArmyinstallationsboundary.
ThesebufferareasarecreatedtohelpprotectanArmyinstallationfromencroachmentinidentifiedcriticalareas
tosupporttheinstallationsmission.TheACUBProgrammayalsobeimplementedtoconserveenvironmentally
sensitivelocationsoffinstallationtomeettheinstallationsenvironmentalregulatoryrequirements(e.g.,wetland
mitigationorendangeredspeciesconservation)andfurtherminimizethelossoftrainingspaceoninstallation.
AccordingtotheFortDrumACUB3rdBiennialReviewReportfrom2013,Thefocusofthisprogramistoprevent
incompatibledevelopmentadjacenttotrainingareasandWheelerSackArmyAirfield,withasecondaryeffortto
protectpotentialhabitatfortheendangeredIndianaBat.However,asofAugust2017,nocompleted
ACUBprojectshavebeenabletobeusedforIndianaBathabitatpreservationorwetlandmitigationcredits.
ACUBprojectsarecompletedthroughpurchasingdevelopmentrightsoraconservationeasementthrougha
mutualagreementfromwillingpropertyowners.Thepurchaseofdevelopmentrightsandconservationeasements
aretypicallyacquiredonundevelopedlandtoprohibitfutureincompatibledevelopment,butmaintaintheexisting
privateownershipandcurrentexistinguseoftheproperty.Therefore,agriculturallandacquiredbythe
ACUBprogramwillstillbeabletocontinuecultivatingtheexistingagriculturalcrops.Othercommonlyacceptable
usesofACUBlandincludeforestry,conservation,andrecreation.Land,easements,ordevelopmentrights
acquiredthroughtheACUBprogramareonlydonesofromwillingsellers.Thedesignationofpriorityareasfor
ACUBacquisitionisdoneattheArmylevelanddoesnotalwaysincludediscussionwithpropertyownersatthe
timelandisidentified.Ifthedecisionismadetomoveforwardwithproposedacquisitionofdevelopmentrights,
theArmyanditspartnersengagewithpropertyownerstodetermineiftheyarewillingtoparticipate.
Source:ArmyCompatibleUseBuffer3rdBiennialReviewReportFortDrum,NY,2013
NewYorkStatehasinvestedover$2millionsofarintoACUBprojects,with$4millionadditionalfundsearmarked
toassistwithfutureACUBprojects.Thisfundingwasinitially$500,000throughtheNewYorkStateEmpireState
Development.Anadditional$4millionwasdedicatedthroughtheEnvironmentalProtectionFundwithan
expected$1millioncomingfromtheNewYorkStateDepartmentofAgriculture&Marketsinfiscalyear20182019
and$500,000throughtheDormitoryFundinfiscalyear2017.
Source:TugHillTomorrowLandTrust,2017
Findings
TheACUBProgramhelpsprotectFortDrumsmissionfromincompatibledevelopmentoutsideofthe
installationsboundary.
ACUBlandsareonlyacquiredfromwillingpropertyowners,andmayincludethepurchaseof
developmentrightsand/orconservationeasements.
AgriculturallandacquiredthroughtheACUBprogramispermittedtocontinuetheexistingcompatible
usesoftheland.
PotentialnewmissilemissionassignedtoFortDrum
ISSUE ThereisapotentialthatFortDrumcouldgainanewMissileDefenseAgencymission.The
LU4 communityisconcernedaboutimpactstonearbypropertyvaluesandtheclosureofRoute3A
throughFortDrum.
Compatibility Assessment
TheMissileDefenseAgency(MDA)releasedtheDraftEnvironmentalImpactStatementforpublicreviewand
commentinMay2016underamandatefromCongresstoassessthebestlocationforanewGroundbased
MidcourseDefense(GMD)systemontheeastcoast.TheconclusionofMDAsenvironmentalimpactstudyresults
inarecommendationtothePentagon,whichisthenpresentedtoCongressforthefinaldecision.FortDrumisone
oftheleadingcandidates,alongwithCampRavennaJointMilitaryTrainingCenterinOhioandFortCusterTraining
CenterinMichigan.MDAidentifieda100acresitealongtheeastsideofFortDrumfortheGMDsystem,asshown
onFigure5.142.Thissitewouldresultinhundredsofjobsandmillionsofdollarstolocalcommunities,butalso
theclosureofRoute3Athatcrossesthroughthesouthernportionoftheinstallation.
StateRoute3AwascreatedasanalternateroutetoStateRoute3,andismaintainedbyJeffersonCounty.The
closureofRoute3Awouldhaveanimpacttolocaltraffic,requiringa4.6miledetoursouththroughtheVillageof
CarthageforthosetravelingonRoute3.ThisdetourwouldmakeitmoredifficultforFortDrumcommuters
travelingtoandfromFortDrum,aswellasthosetravelingthroughFortDrum.
TheclosureofRoute3A
Propertyvaluesdecreasing
FortDrumbecomingabiggertargettoenemies
AccordingtoreportsfromtheWatertownDailyTimesfollowingtheopenhouse,manyCarthageresidentsare
concernedabouttheclosureofRoute3Aandtheimpactitwouldhaveonalternativeroutes.Someproperty
ownersclosesttotheproposedmissilesitebelievetheirpropertywillbeworthnothingifthemissilesiteis
developedatFortDrum.Also,manycommunitymembersthroughouttheNorthCountrybelieveFortDrumwill
becomeahigherprioritytargetforenemyattacks,puttingnearbyciviliansatrisk.
Source:ResidentsweighinpotentialFortDrummissilesite,Route3Aclosure(WatertownDailyTimes,2016)
Findings
FortDrumisoneofthreeUSmilitaryinstallationsneartheEastCoastthattheMDAisconsideringto
developanewGMDsystem.
ThesiteselectedfortheGMDsystemhasthepotentialforincreasedjobsandeconomicinvestment.
TheclosureofRoute3AwouldresultinbothincreasedtrafficthroughtheVillageofCarthage,andlonger
commutetimesforthosewhoregularlytravelalongRoute3A.
Philadelphia
Bla
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ree
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342
3A
Great Bend
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Carthage
126
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12
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177
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Lowville
Legend
Potential Route 3A Closure Fort Drum Interstate Water Body
Potential Missile Defense County US Highway Streams
Agency Site Boundary
State Highway
City / Village /
Hamlet Railroad
Source: Fort Drum Installation Compatible Use Zone Plan, April 2016.
Figure 5.14-2
0 2 4
Miles
Location of Potential Missile Defense Agency Site
PowerNYAct(Article10)Statelegislation
LocalMunicipalitiesdonotretainzoningauthoritytopermitanyrenewableornonrenewable
ISSUE majorelectricgeneratingfacilityover25megawatts,whichmustbeapprovedbytheNewYork
LEG1 StateBoardonElectricGenerationSitingandtheEnvironmentunderArticle10oftheNewYork
PublicServiceLaw.TheArticle10processisnewforcommunitiesandislargelyuntested,
causingconcernamongsomecommunitiesregardingtheirroleintheprocess.
Compatibility Assessment
ThePowerNYAct(Article10)waspassedin2011,whichtransferredthesitingandpermittingprocessforenergy
generatingfacilitieswhichincludesindustrialwindenergydevelopmentsforprojectsthathavethecapacityto
generate25megawatts(MW)ormorefromlocalcommunitiestotheNewYorkStateBoardonElectricGeneration
SitingandtheEnvironment(SitingBoard).TheArticle10processconsistsoffivephases:
Preapplication
Application
Administrativehearings
SitingBoarddecision
Compliance
TheArticle10processinNewYorkisafairlynewprocessintermsofbeingenacted.AsofthewritingofthisJLUS,
noindustrialwindenergydevelopmenthasentirelycompletedtheArticle10process.Forthisreason,itisan
untestedprocessthatisstillunfamiliarwithwinddevelopers,communities,andtheSitingBoard.Assuch,thefull
ramificationsandnuancesarestillunknowninmanycasesastohowfinaldecisionswillbemadeonacasebycase
basis.
Page580 PublicDraft November2017
Siting Board
TheSitingBoardisasevenmemberboard,consistingof:
DepartmentofPublicServicesChair(alsoservesastheSitingBoardchairperson)
NYSDepartmentofEnvironmentConservationCommissioner
HealthDepartmentCommissioner
NYSEnergyResearch&DevelopmentChair
EconomicDevelopmentCommissioner
Twoadhocmembersthatresideintherespectivemunicipalitytheprojectisbeingproposed
ThetwoappointedadhocmembersoftheSitingBoardareselectedbytheNewYorkStateSenateandthe
NewYorkStateAssemblyfromalistofcandidatesprovidedbythesupervisorandchiefexecutiveofficer
representingtheimpactedcommunities.ItispossiblethatFortDrumpersonnelmaybeeligiblecandidateschosen
forsitingactionsimpactingareasinoraroundtheinstallationiftheymeettheresidencyrequirements,butitisup
tothediscretionofthesupervisorandchiefexecutiveofficeroftheaffectedlocalcommunitiesandultimatelythe
NewYorkStateLegislature.Whileitispossible,itisnotlikelythatacommunitywouldchoosearepresentative
fromFortDrumastheirnomineeforthisrole.
Public Engagement
PublicengagementisamajorcomponentofArticle10.ThefirststeptotheArticle10processisanapproved
PublicInvolvementPlanbytheSitingBoard.Aspartofthisplan,theapplicantmustholdmeetingsand
presentationstointroducetheprojectandeducatethepublicabouttheirproposal,aswellasidentifykey
stakeholders.ThePublicInvolvementPlanshouldalsodescribehowthepublicwillcontinuetobeinvolved
throughouttheArticle10process.
Intervenor Funds
TheArticle10applicantisrequiredtoprovideintervenorfundsthataremadeavailabletolocalcommunitiesand
organizationsorparties.InthePreapplicationphase,theapplicantischarged$350per1,000kilowattsofenergy
generationcapacityoftheproposedproject,uptoatotalof$200,000,andisthencharged$1,000perMWof
energygenerationcapacity,uptoatotalof$400,000intheApplicationphase.
TheseintervenorfundshelpfinanceexpensescertainlocalagenciesmayincurastheypartakeintheArticle10
process.Intervenorfundsareavailabletothemunicipalitiesaffectedbytheproposedenergydevelopment,aswell
asanyorganizationsorindividualswhomaybeaffected.TheSitingBoardswebsiteat
www.dps.ny.gov/SitingBoard/containstheinformationandformsforfundingrequests.
Application
AspartoftheArticle10application,applicantsmustprovideaseriesof41exhibits.Fiveoftheseexhibitsare
beneficialtoboththelocalcommunitiesandFortDrum,whichare:
Exhibit4LandUse
Exhibit25EffectonTransportation
Exhibit26EffectsonCommunication
Exhibit31LocalLawsandOrdinances
Exhibit33OtherApplicationsandFilings
(d)Amapofexistingzoningdistricts,andproposedzoningdistrictswithinthestudyarea,including
adescriptionofthepermittedandtheprohibiteduseswithineachzone.
(e)Astatementastowhetherthemunicipalityhasanadoptedcomprehensiveplanandwhether
theproposedlanduseisconsistentwithsuchcomprehensiveplan.Ifthemunicipalitys
comprehensiveplanispostedonawebsite,theexhibitshallcontaintheaddressoftheinternet
sitewheretheplanisposted.
Althoughthelegislationdoesnotstatethesedocumentsaredeterminingfactors,theyarereviewedbytheSiting
Boardforconsideration.However,severalofthecommunitiessurroundingFortDrumeitherhavenotadopted
zoninglawsorcomprehensiveplans,ordonotregularlykeeptheirlandusecontrolsuptodate.Alistofthe
communitiesadjacenttoFortDrumthatmaintaincomprehensiveplansandzoninglawscanbefoundinTable41
inChapter4CompatibilityToolsofthisJLUSBackgroundReport.
Exhibit25EffectsonTransportationrequirestheapplicanttoprovideinformationtotheSitingBoardaboutthe
proposedenergygeneratingfacilitysimpactsandeffectsontransportation,specificallyasitrelatestomilitary
trainingandaviation.TheArticle10textreads:
(e)ananalysisandevaluationoftheimpactsofthefacilityonairportsandairstrips,railroads,
subways,buses,andanyothermasstransitsystemsinthevicinityofthefacility.Theanalysisand
evaluationshallincludeimpactsonmilitarytrainingandfrequentmilitaryoperationsinthe
NationalAirspaceSystemandSpecialUseAirspacedesignatedbytheFederalAviation
Administration
ThisexhibitalsorequiresDODreviewundercertainconditionsIAWPart77ofCFR14.Thisitemgoesontosayif
theconstructioniswithcertaindistancesofamilitaryairportthen:
(f)theapplicationshallincludeastatementthattheapplicanthasprovidedadetailedmapand
descriptionofsuchconstructionoralterationtotheoperators(BaseCommanders)ofsuchairports
andheliportsthataremilitaryfacilities
ThisisbeneficialtoFortDrum,asitstipulatesthattheapplicantmustevaluatetheimpactstomilitarytraining
operations,bringingFortDrumtothecenteroftheprocessasakeystakeholderthattheapplicantmustconsult.In
addition,theapplicantmustconsultwithairportoperatorsandmilitaryairportsiftheproposedindustrialwind
energydevelopmentsurpasses200feetinabovegroundlevelinheight;andiswithin12milesofarunwaygreater
than3,200feetinlength,sixmilesofarunwayupto3,200feetinlength,orthreemilesofaheliport.Withinthese
parameters,thisregulationrequiresconsultationwithaffectedbasecommandersiftherunwayorheliportispart
ofamilitaryfacility.
Exhibit26EffectsonCommunicationsrequirestheapplicantofawindenergyfacilitytoprovetheproposed
developmentwillhavenoimpactstoradarsorothersimilarinstruments.TheArticle10textreads:
Forwindpowerfacilities,anevaluationofthedesignconfigurationoftheproposedfacilityand
electricinterconnectionbetweenthefacilityandthepointofinterconnectiondemonstrationthat
thereshallbenoadverseeffectsonorinterferencewithradarorinstrumentsystemsusedforair
trafficcontrol,guidance,weather,ormilitaryoperationsincludingtraining.
Exhibit31LocalLawsandOrdinancesrequirestheapplicanttoconsultwiththemunicipalitiesorotherlocal
agenciesaswellasassesslocallawsandordinances,inthiscaseFortDrum,whoserequirementsarethesupposed
tobeanalyzedaspartofthisexhibittodetermineiftheapplicationforthefacilitycanmitigateincompatible
impacts.
Exhibit33OtherApplicationsandFilingsrequiresastatementofknowledgeofotherpendingapplicationsthat
shouldbeconsideredinthecontextofcumulativeimpactaswellasdiscloserequirementsforFederalpermitting,
consentorapproval.
RealPropertyTaxLaw(RPTL)487whichcoverssolar,windpowersystemsandfarmwasteenergysystems,
generallyprovidesa15yearexemptionfromrealpropertytaxationfortheincreaseinvalueresultingfromthe
installationofaqualifyingsystem.Eachmunicipalitymaydecideforitselfwhethertooffertheexemption.Unlike
mostotherlocaloptionexemptions,however,thisexemptionapplieswithinamunicipalityunlessthemunicipality
hastakenactiontodisallowit
Ifamunicipalitydoesoptouti.e.,ifitadoptsalocallawdisallowingtheexemptionitmustdosoforall
properties.Itcannotallowtheexemptionforonetypeofpropertywhiledisallowingitforanother,because
487(8)statesthatonceamunicipalityhasoptedout,noexemptionunderthissectionshallbeapplicablewithin
itsjurisdiction(emphasisadded).Ifamunicipalitydoesnotoptout,however,thelawmayallowittotreat
commercialandresidentialpropertiesdifferentlywhendecidingwhattheirPILOTobligationsshouldbe.
Findings
Localcommunitiesnolongerhaveauthorityoverpermittingenergygeneratingfacilitieswithcapacityto
generate25MWorgreater.Rather,thisauthorityisinthehandsofthestateSitingBoard.
TheSitingBoardmustadheretolocallandusecontrolsasadeterminingfactorofacceptingorrejecting
anapplication,unlesssuchadopteddevelopmentregulationsareproventobeanunreasonableburden.
FortDrumpersonnelmaybenominatedandappointedasanadhocmemberoftheSitingBoardfor
electricgeneratingfacilities,thatmayhaveanimpactontheinstallation,butmilitarypersonnelarenot
requiredtobeamemberoftheSitingBoard.
ThePublicInvolvementPlanisamajorfirststepintheArticle10Process,inwhichthelocalcommunity
andagenciescangetinformedandeducatedabouttheproposeddevelopment.
Article10applicantsarechargedanintervenorfee,whichisthenusedtoprovidefundsforlocal
municipalitiesandlocalpartiesthattheproposedenergygeneratingfacilitywillaffecttocoverany
incurredexpensesduringtheArticle10process.
Technical Background
Underdarkskyconditions,theuseofnightvisiongoggles
(NVG)allowsmilitarypersonneltoviewobjectsuptoa
distanceof300meters(984feet).Lightinglocatedoutsideof
aninstallationcandecreasetheNVGeffectivenesstoa
distanceof50meters(164feet).Offinstallationlighting,such
asstreetlightsorotherelevatedstructuresthatislitatnight
alsoproduceahaloeffectaroundobjects,whichfurther
reducesvisibilityandresolutionforairandgroundpersonnel.
Theamountofambientlightexperiencedonthegroundisa
functionof:
Viewthroughnightvisiongogglesduringnighttraining
atFortDrum
intensityofnearbylightsources(upto20miles
Source:USArmy
away);
distancefromthesources;
spectraofthelightsources(bluelightdecaysfasterintheatmosphere);
densityoftheclouddeck;
heightofthecloud;and
relativehumidity.
Inmeasuringlightpollution,theproximitytoadevelopedareahasasignificanteffectontheamountoflight
pollutionthatsaturatesthesky.Withproximitytwiceasclosetodevelopedareastheskyglowappearstobe
approximatelysixtimesbrighter.
Skyglowfromcommunitiestypicallydiminishesinthelaterhoursofthenight,whenbusinessescloseandsome
lightsareturnedoff.Itfollowsthattheareaandamountoflightpollutioncan/willincreaseasdevelopment
continuestoprogressoutwardfromacommunity.Increasedlightpollutioncancauseanincreaseintheamount
ofskyglowandultimatelycreatecompatibilityissueswithmilitarymissions.
I=CxPxR(n)
Where:
I=Percentincreaseofthenightskybrightnessabovethenaturalbackgroundat45degreesdownfromdirectly
overhead(facingthecommunity,directlyoverheadisroughlyofthisvalue),
P=Populationofthecommunity,
R=Distance,inkilometers(km),fromtheobservingsitetothecenterofthecommunity,
C=0.01forRvaluesbetween10and50km(6.2and31.1miles),and
n=2.5forRvaluesbetween10and50km(6.1and31.1miles)
AccordingtotheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA),theassumedradiusofacommunityis
afunctionofitspopulation,rangingfrom2.5km(1.6miles)to24km(14.9miles).Walker'slawappliesifthe
installationisoutsidethecityradius.Iflocatedinsidethecommunityradius,theskyglowincreasesinalinear
mannertowardthecenterbyanotherfactorof2.5.
Considerthefollowingexamples:
Scenario1:A100acredevelopmentlocatedtwokilometers(1.2miles)fromtheinstallationwithadensityofsix
unitsperacre(assuming2.5personsperhousehold)wouldimpacttheskybackgroundbyover260percent(nearly
663percentwithNOAAfactor).
Scenario2:A100acredevelopmentlocated20kilometers(12.4miles)fromtheinstallationwithadensityofsix
unitsperacre(assuming2.5personsperhousehold)wouldimpacttheskybackgroundbyapproximatelylessthan
onepercent(justovertwopercentwithNOAAfactor).
Ifthedensitywasdecreasedtooneunitperacretheresultingscenarioswouldresultinthefollowingincreasedsky
glow:
Scenario1:Approximately44percent(almost111percentwithNOAAfactor).
Scenario2:Approximatelylessthanonepercent(stilllessthanonepercentwithNOAAfactor).
Ingeneral,thefollowingtrendsaredemonstrated:
Themoredensetheurbandevelopment,thegreaterthepotentialforlightintrusion.
Thecloserdevelopmentistotheinstallation,thegreaterthepotentialisforlightintrusion.
LightencroachmentfromregionaldevelopmentonFortDrumtraining
ISSUE
Largesourcesoflightintheregion,suchascommerciallotslikecardealerships,can
LG1
produceambientlightthatcanimpactnighttrainingatFortDrum.
Compatibility Assessment
Therearemanyfactorsthatcontributetoexcessnighttimelightthatcaninterferewithnighttimetrainingand
nightvisionequipment.Thetypesofexteriorlightsused,theirdistancefromFortDrumtrainingareas,andthe
timesatwhichtheyareleftonallplayanimportantroleinhowmuchambientlightisobservedontheinstallation.
Lowerwattagelightbulbscanbeusedindownwardpointed(shielded)lightingfixtures,tolimitlightextensionand
canalsoresultinlowerenergycosts.
FortDrumisfortunatetobelocatedinalargelyruralregion
withlimiteddevelopmentthatcontributestoambientlight.
Theexistingsmall,lowdensitydevelopmentsgenerallyhave
aminimalimpacttoFortDrumsNVGtraining,although
therearesomelandusesthatproduceambientlightthat
mayimpairNVGtraining.Futuregrowthanddevelopment
thatresultsinlargelightingsourcesneartheinstallation,
suchaslargecommercialcenters,mayincreaselight
impacts.
Basedonanaerialsurveyoflargelotlandusessuchas
Exampleoflightimpactstonightvisiontraining schools,commercialcenters,andautosalescenters(land
Source:FortDrum,GreaterFortDrumRegion useswithlargeparkinglotsthatareoftenlightedatnightfor
EncroachmentPreventionToolsPowerPointPresentation safetyandeaseofuse),Figure5.161identifiesthelocation
ofseverallandusesthatproduceambientlightaroundFort
DrumthatmayimpacttheuseofNVGequipment.Thismapisnotmeanttoshoweverypossiblelocationthat
producesgreateramountsofambientlight,butitprovidesanoverviewoftheexistingconditions.
TheFortDrumGrowthManagementStrategycompletedin2009outlinessomezoningtoolsandstandardsthat
maybeutilizedtoaddressambientlight,including:
shieldedlighting,
limitingtheheightoflightpoles,
requiringlightfixturestobedirecteddownwards,
containingthedispersionoflight,and
limitingilluminationhourstobusinesshours.
TheTownsofLeRay,Champion,andPhiladelphiahaveenactedlightingordinancesintheirzoninglawsthatrequire
shieldedlightfixturesand/orDarkSkycomplianceinanefforttoeliminatethenightglowfromlightpollution.
TheTownofChampionalsorestrictstheconeofilluminationto150degreesforalllightfixtures.
12 6 miles
#"
#"
#"
#
Alexandria
Bay
Rossie St Lawrence
County
Gouverneur "
Gouverneur
Alexandria Gouverneur High School
6.5 miles
Redwood
Tractor Supply Co
58
26
7 miles Fowler
Gouverneur
Correctional Facility
7 miles
Je f fe r so n
County Antwerp
Theresa
Theresa
La Fargeville Antwerp
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Brownville
Pamelia
781
342 "
# Deferiet
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Wilna
Calcium
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3 Great Bend Herrings
Brownville
Glen Park
283
River
26
Samaritan Lewis County
Rutland
Hounsfield
Watertown
Medical Center
6 miles
"
# Carthage
"
# Watertown High School
Champion
"
# West Carthage
"
#
"
#
and Middle School
6 miles
126
West Carthage Croghan
Legend
"
# Potential Light Impacts Fort Drum
County Boundary
Interstate
US Highway
Water Body
Stream / River
Town State Highway Airfield / Runway
City / Village / Railroad
Hamlet
Source: Fort Drum 2016. Development Authority of the North Country 2016.
Figure 5.16-1
0 2 4
Miles
Fort Drum Potential Light Impacts
Findings
TherearemanyfactorsthatcontributetoambientlightthatmayaffectNVGtrainingatFortDrum,
includingthetypesofexteriorlightsused,distancefromFortDrumstrainingareas,andthetimestheyare
illuminated.
FuturegrowthraisesthepotentialfornewlargelightsourcestobelocatednearFortDrumthatmay
increaselightimpacts.
TheTownsofLeRay,Champion,andPhiladelphiaaretheonlycommunitiesnearFortDrumthatrequire
shieldedlightfixturesand/orDarkSkycompliance.
MostcommunitiesintheFortDrumJLUSStudyAreahavenotadoptedlightingstandardsthatprotect
againstlightpollution,leavingFortDrumsNVGtrainingvulnerabletoambientlight.
Findings
TherewerenoMarineEnvironmentscompatibilityissuesidentifiedfortheFortDrumJLUS.
Key Terms
AmbientNoise.Thetotalnoiseassociatedwithanexistingenvironment(builtornatural)andusuallycomprising
soundsfrommanysources,bothnearandfar.
DayNightAverageSoundLevel(DNL).DNLrepresentsanaveragesoundexposureovera24hourperiod.During
thenighttimeperiod(10:00p.m.to7:00a.m.),averagesareartificiallyincreasedby10dB.Thisweightingreflects
theaddedintrusivenessandthegreaterdisturbancepotentialofnighttimenoiseeventsattributabletothefact
thatcommunitybackgroundnoisetypicallydecreasesby10dBatnight.Aweighteddaynightaveragesoundlevel
(ADNL)decibelsarecommonlyusedbytheFAAandDODtorepresentaircraftnoiselevelsandCweighted
daynightaveragesoundlevel(CDNL)decibelsarecommonlyusedbytheDODtorepresentlargearmsand
demolitionsnoiselevels.
Decibel(dB).Adecibelisthephysicalunitcommonlyusedtodescribenoiselevels,describingtheamplitudeof
soundasheardbythehumanear.
DecibelPeak(dBP).Apeakunweighteddecibel(orLinearPeakDecibel)isaunitdesignationforthepeak
unweighteddecibellevel.
Noise.Noisereferstounwantedlevelsofsound,mechanicalenergytransmittedbypressurewavesina
compressiblemediumsuchasairthatmakeupwhatwehear.
NoiseContour.Noisecontoursconsistofnoiseimpactlinesconstructedbyconnectingpointsofequalnoiselevel
measuredindBandidentifyingareasonamapthatfallwithinthatparticulardBnoisecontour.
NoiseSensitiveReceptors/SensitiveLandUses.Sensitivereceptorsarelocationsandusestypicallymoresensitive
tonoiseimpacts,includingresidentialareas,hospitals,convalescenthomesandfacilities,schools,libraries,
churches,recreationalareas,andothersimilarlanduses.
NoiseZones.TheArmyusesaseriesofnoisezonestoidentifynoiselevelsassociatedwithmilitaryoperationsand
whattypesoflandusesareeithercompatibleornotrecommendedwithinthespecificzones.ArmyRegulation
(AR)2001listshousing,schools,andmedicalfacilitiesasexamplesofnoisesensitivelanduses,whichare
identifiedaslandusesthatareacceptablewithintheNoiseZoneI,normallynotrecommendedinNoiseZoneII,
andnotrecommendedinNoiseZoneIII.TheArmyutilizesthreenoisezones:
NoiseZoneIincludesallareasinwhichthedBPdecibelsarelessthan87(forsmallarms),theAweighted
averagedaynightlevel(ADNL)islessthan65(foraircraft),and/ortheCweightedaveragedaynightlevel
(CDNL)islessthan62(forlargearmsandexplosions).Thisareaisusuallythefurthestzoneawayfromthe
noisesourceandisgenerallysuitableforalltypesoflanduse.
NoiseZoneIIincludesareaswherethedBPdecibelsarebetween87and104,theADNLisbetween65and
75,and/ortheCDNLisbetween62and70.Althoughlocalconditionssuchasavailabilityofdevelopable
PK15(met).PK15(met)isthemetricusedtocalculateasingleeventpeaknoiselevelwhenfactoringinunfavorable
weatherconditionsthatfavorsnoisepropagation.ThePK15(met)isexpectedtobeexceededonly15percentof
thetimebytheloudestmunitionstypedetonation.ThePK15(met)metricdoesnotcommunicateanyinformation
abouthowoftentheloudestmunitionstypeisdetonated.
SoundAttenuation.Soundattenuationisareductioninthelevelofsoundresultingfromanobjectsdistancefrom
thenoisesourceorabsorptionbythesurroundingtopography,atmosphere,barriers,constructiontechniquesand
materials,andotherfactors.Soundattenuationinbuildingscanbeachievedthroughtheuseofspecial
constructionpractices,reducingtheamountofnoisethatpenetratesthewindows,doors,andwallsofabuilding.
Soundattenuationmeasuresmaybeincorporatedduringinitialconstructionfornewbuildingsorasadditional
constructionforexistingbuildings.
Noiseencroachmentonqualityoflife
ISSUE
MilitaryoperationsatFortDrum,suchasweaponsfiring,aircraftoverflight,andordnance
NOI1
detonations,causenoisethatisheardoffinstallationinthelocalcommunities.
Compatibility Assessment
DuetothetechnicalnatureofthistopicanditsimportancetotheJLUSprocess,thissectionprovidesadiscussion
ofthecharacteristicsofsoundandthemodelingprocessusedtoevaluatenoiseimpacts.
AccordingtotheFortDrumInstallationCompatibleUseZoneStudy(ICUZ),thepublicmaycontactthePublic
AffairsOffice(PAO)atFortDrumregardingnoiseandvibrationcomplaints.ThePAOwillalsoannounceupcoming
largescaletrainingeventsthathavethepotentialtoproduceincreasednoiseandvibrationuponsurrounding
areas.CommunitymembersmaycontactthePAObycalling(315)7725461,orvisittheFortDrumWebsite.
FortDrumlogsandinvestigatesallcomplains,andcorrectivemeasuresaretakenifnecessary.
Thehumanearisnotequallysensitivetoallfrequencies,sonoisemeasurementsareweightedmoreheavilywithin
thosefrequenciesofmaximumhumansensitivityinaprocesscalledAweighting,writtenasdBA.Thehumanear
candetectchangesinsoundlevelsofapproximately3dBAundernormalconditions.Changesof1to3dBAare
typicallynoticeableundercontrolledconditions,whilechangesoflessthan1dBAareonlydiscernibleunder
controlled,extremelyquietconditions.
Achangeof5dBAistypicallynoticeabletotheaveragepersoninanoutdoorenvironment.Figure5.181
summarizestypicalAweightedsoundlevelsforarangeofindoorandoutdooractivities.
Environmentalnoisefluctuatesovertime,andwhile
somenoisefluctuationsareminor,otherscanbe
substantial.Thesefluctuationsincluderegularand
randompatterns,howfastthenoisefluctuates,andthe
amountofvariation.Weatherpatternscanhavea
strongeffectonhowfarsoundtravelsandhowlouditis
perceived.Certainweathereventscanchangethe
consistencyoftheairandcausesoundtotravelfurther
andbelouder,orreducethedistancetraveledandthe
levelatwhichthesoundcanbeheard.Temperature
andwindvelocityareprimeexamplesoffactorsthat
canaffectsoundtravel.Specificcombinationsof
temperatureandwinddirectioncancreateatmospheric
refraction,whichoccurswhenatmosphericconditions
bendand/orfocussoundwavestowardscertainareas
andawayfromothers.Whendescribingnoiseimpacts,
itiscommontolookattheaveragenoiselevelsoveran
entireaverageday.
Smallarms,weaponsthatfireroundsof.50caliberless
(lessthan20mm),arethemostcommontypeof
weaponsfiredattrainingranges.TheSmallArms
RangeNoiseAssessmentModel(SARNAM)isa
computerprogramusedbytheArmytomodelsmall
Figure 5.18-1 Example of Typical Noise Levels
armsNoiseZones.Itusesthepeaknoiseleveland
incorporatesthemostrecentavailableinformationonweaponsnoisesourcemodels,soundpropagation,
topography,ricochetbarriers,noisemitigation,safetystructures,andthedirectionweaponsarefiredtocreatethe
NoiseZones.Thesecanchangebasedonterrain,weather,andothersitespecificconditions.
AccordingtotheDODandtheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA),65DNLisdefinedasthethresholdfor
significantnoiseexposure,whilenoiseexposurewithinthe55to65DNLnoisecontoursisregardedasmoderate
andlandusecontrolsshouldbeconsidered.Federalguidelineshavebeenadoptedtoguideappropriate
developmentandlanduseplanningfornoisecontoursgreaterthan65DNL,andnoisesensitiveusessuchas
residentialandschoolsshouldnotbebuiltintheseareaswithoutpropersoundattenuation.Itshouldbenoted
thattheDNLcontoursrepresentanaveragesoundlevelovera24hourperiodandthatindividualinstancesmay
belouderthanthenoisecontourinwhichtheyarelocated.Noisemaystillcauseanannoyanceevenifitisbelow
65DNL.
Becauseofthecomplexnatureofnoiseandhowitismeasured,thenoiseissuesurroundingFortDrumisassessed
bythreecategories:smallarmsweaponsfiring,medium/largecaliberweaponsanddemolitions,andaircraft
noise.
SincetheJLUSassessescompatibilitybetweenFortDrumandthesurroundingcommunities,impactsofnoise
sensitiveusesoninstallationarenotaddressedaspartofthisdiscussion.AsillustratedonFigure5.182a,Noise
ZonesIIIforallrangesarecompletelycontainedwithinFortDrumproperty,sothereisnoincompatible
developmentwithinthem.NoiseZoneIIforRanges7,8,and9nearWSAAFarealsocontainedentirelywithin
FortDrumsboundary.NoiseZonesIIforotherrangesdoextendoffinstallationinseverallocations.Thevillagesof
EvansMillsandAntwerparethemostaffectedcommunitiesbyNoiseZonesII.TheMoralWelfareandRecreation
(MWR)complexislocatedinthecantonmentareaandhasarecreationalshootingrange.1,220acresofNoise
ZoneIIfortheMWRcomplexextendsoverpartsoftheTownofLeRayandVillageofEvansMills.Thenoisezones
forthesmallarmsrangesinthemaintrainingportionofFortDrum(Ranges20through50)covermuchofthe
interiorofFortDrumand2,522acresofNoiseZonesIIextendoutsidetheboundarytothenorth(1,204acres
aroundthecommunityofSpragueville),northwest(357overtheVillageofAntwerp),andsoutheast(961around
thehamletofNaturalBridge).
Figures5.182aand5.182billustratethecompatibilityofexistinglanduseswithintheNoiseZonesIIthatgo
offinstallationaroundFortDrum.Thecompatibilityassessmentwasbasedon2016existinglandusedata
providedbyJeffersonCountyandsomeadditionalaerialassessmentoftheactuallandusebasedonthelanduse
categoryandcomparisontothelandusesidentifiedinTable5.181.Muchoftheexistinglandusewithinsmall
armsNoiseZonesIIarecompatible,buttherearesomeusesthatarenot.Themajorityoftheincompatibleuses
areresidential.Ingeneral,residentialusesarenotcompatiblewithinNoiseZoneII,withtheexceptionthatthereis
nootherviablelandwithinthecommunitytodevelopresidentialuses.Inthesecases,residentialusesshouldbe
builtwithnoiselevelreductionmeasuresofatleast30dB.ManyoftheexistingresidentslivingaroundFortDrum
andwithintheNoiseZonesareawareofthenoiseproducedbyactivitiesattheinstallationandhavebecome
accustomedtoit,andmaybelesslikelytosubmitnoisecomplaintsfornormaloperations.Thereisaconcernfor
increasedresidentialdevelopmentwithintheNoiseZonesandnewresidentsmovingintotheNoiseZonesthatare
notusedtothenoisemayfinditmoreofanuisanceandgeneratenoisecomplaints.
er
Ri v Gouverneur
ie
Redwood Incompatible /
tch
Conditionally Rossie
Not
ga
Compatible Os w e
Recommended
St Lawrence
Residential County
Commercial
37 Fowler
Community Services
Recreation & Entertainment
Theresa
Compatible
Je f fe r so n
County
Antwerp
Theresa
Antwerp
26
k
re e
Ot t er C
R ive r
ian
nd
I
Philadelphia
B la c k C e k
Philadelphia
re
11
Le Ray Diana
Fort Drum
k
ree
C
st
We
Natural
Bridge
781
Ind
ian
ive
Black River
R
Calcium
3A
Wilna
r
342 Great Bend
Herrings
283
Black
River
3
Croghan
Rutland
Champion
26
Lewis County
Carthage
Watertown West Carthage
Legend
Noise Zone Fort Drum Interstate Streams
Noise Zone III ( > 104 dB Peak) County US Highway Water Body
Noise Zone II ( 87-104 dB Peak) Boundary State Highway Airfield /
Town Railroad Runway
City / Village /
Hamlet
Source: Fort Drum Installation Compatible Use Zone Plan, April 2016. Jefferson County 2016.
Figure 5.18-2a
0 2 4 Fort Drum (Fixed Point) Small Caliber Noise
Miles
Compatibility with Existing Land Use
Conditionally
Incompatible /
11
Not Antwerp
Compatible
Recommended
Rossie
Residential
Commercial
Community Services
Recreation & Entertainment
Compatible
Fowler
37
Theresa Antwerp
Evans Mills
11
Le Ray
11
Antwerp Antwerp
Diana
Lewis
k
County
ree
Le Ray
Fort Drum
C
st
We
Natural
Bridge
3
781
Calcium Wilna
Black River
11
3A
Je f fe r so n Wilna
26 Herrings County Natural Bridge
283
Black River
Rutland
Great Bend Champion Croghan
Legend
Noise Zone Fort Drum Interstate Streams
Noise Zone III ( > 104 dB Peak) County US Highway Water Body
Noise Zone II ( 87-104 dB Peak) Boundary State Highway Airfield /
Town Railroad Runway
City / Village /
Hamlet
Source: Fort Drum Installation Compatible Use Zone Plan, April 2016. Jefferson County 2016.
Figure 5.18-2b
0 2 4 Fort Drum (Fixed Point) Small Caliber Noise
Miles
Compatibility with Existing Land Use
ThemainconcernfortheNoiseZonesisfuturedevelopmentofincompatibleuses.Consideringallthe
communitiesthathavelandwithintheNoiseZoneII,onlythetownsofDiana,LeRay,andWilnahavezoningcodes.
WilnaszoningcodewasnotavailableforreviewduringtheJLUSprocesstodetermineanyincompatiblezoning.
Dianaszoningcodeonlyhasonedistrict,whichisRuralResidential.Developmentinthiszonewouldgenerallybe
incompatible,butifitwasconstructedwithnoiselevelreductionmeasuresof30dB,itwouldbecompatible.
LeRayhasthreezoningcategorieswithinNoiseZoneII,whichdonotaccountfortheVillageofEvansMills(zoning
forEvansMillswasnotavailableforassessment).Figure5.183showsthezoningcategoriesforLeRay.Theseare
shownasconditionallycompatibleduetotheallowanceofresidential,whichwouldbeincompatibleunless
constructedwithnoiselevelreductionof30dB.Forthecommunitieswithoutzoningordinances,future
developmentisaconcernasitcannotbeaseasilycontrolledtopreventincompatiblelanduses.
Noisegenerationfromweaponsfiringoccursatother
locationsthroughoutFortDrumthatcantbemodeled.
Thisisbecausethesearenonfixedfiringpoints.Most
ofthetrainingandmaneuverareasonFortDrumcanbe
usedforsmallcaliberblankfiringupto.50caliberand
pyrotechnicorsimulateddetonations.FortDrum
regulationsrequirethatuseofsimulators,simunitions,
andblankfiringmustbemorethan500feetawayfrom
theinstallationboundary,tominimizenoiseimpacts
ATOWmissileisfiredfromanobservationpointtotheMain
outsidetheinstallation.TheFirstUSArmyConvoyLive
ImpactArea
FireareaislocatedontheeasternsideofFortDrumand
Source:FortDrumIntegratedNaturalResourcesManagement
producesnoisethatmayimpacttheareaaround Plan2011
NaturalBridge.Whilenonfixedfiringpointnoisecant
beaccuratelymodeled,itshouldbeconsideredfor
futuredevelopmentoutsideFortDrum.
ee
he
et
Cr
ll A
tory
re
venue
st
St
We
n
ai
Street
M
rt h
No
treet P
Willow S ee
k
Co unty Roa d 16
le
sa r
a
ad nt C
y Ro
r
ete
m Le
Ce ray
Pe
Str
ee
ck
t
Evans Mills
St
d
oa
re
R
et
rs
ne
or
sC
uld
Go
n
ad
Ru
Ro
26
Le Ray
nt
n
s
11
sa
Ru
ger
ea
w
Ro
Ph
ollo
ad
xH
Ro
St
ein
Fo
rtin
he
Ma
lm
er
Ro
ad
ad
Ro
m
dla
Be
Legend
Noise Zone Fort Drum US Highway
Noise Zone III ( > 104 dB Peak) Town State Highway
Noise Zone II ( 87-104 dB Peak) City / Village / Road
Hamlet
Railroad
Streams
Source: Fort Drum Installation Compatible Use Zone Plan, April 2016. Town of LeRay, March 2014.
Note: Zoning data was only available for the Town of LeRay
Figure 5.18-3
0 Fort Drum (Fixed Point) Small Caliber Noise
Miles
Compatibility with Town of LeRay Zoning
Table5.182. GeneralCompatibilityforLandUseCategoriesinDemolitionandLargeArmsNoiseZones
SuggestedLandUseCompatibility
LUPZCDNLor NoiseZoneIICDNLor NoiseZoneIII
GeneralLandUseCategory CNEL5762 CNEL6270 CDNLorCNEL70+
Residential Yes No No
Manufacturing Yes Yes Yes
Transportation,communications,and Yes Yes Yes
utilities
Trade Yes Yes No
Services Yes Yes No
Religiousactivities Yes No No
Cultural,entertainment,andrecreation Yes No No
ResourceProductionandExtraction Yes Yes Yes
Source:FortDrumInstallationCompatibleUseZoneStudy,2016
Thelargearmsnoisezonesaresimilartothesmallarmsnoisezonesinthe
areaswheretheyextendoutsideFortDrumsboundaries,asshownon
Figure5.184.ThereisonlyoneareawhereNoiseZoneIIIgoesoutsideof
FortDrum,andthatis29acresontheeasternboundaryinLewisCounty.
Theexistinglandthereisforestandtherearenoincompatibleuses.Inthe
samearea,NoiseZoneIIextendsoutsidetheboundaryapproximately
1,200meters,covering869acresofmostlywoodedlandandpartofthe
OnjebongeStateForest.TherearenonoisesensitivelandusesinNoise
ZoneIIatthatlocation.OnthenorthsideofFortDrum,NoiseZoneII
extendsoutsidetheboundaryapproximately80meters,coveringfive
acresofforestlandwhichiscompatible.
TheLUPZthatoriginatesfrommedium/largecaliberweaponsand
demolitionextendsbeyondFortDrumsborder,goingoverseveral
communities,includingtheVillageofAntwerp(1,055acres),thevicinityof
KeenesandSpragueville(331acres),andthevicinityNaturalBridge
(5,925acres).AccordingtotheICUZ,noisesensitivelandusesinthisLUPZ
Mortarmenfromthe2ndBattalion,14th
InfantryRegiment,2ndBrigadeCombat aregenerallycompatible,butmaybeanannoyancetosomeindividual
Teamfire120mmmortaratFortDrum userswhomayexperiencenoiseimpactsbasedonpersonalsensitivities.
Source:TheMountaineerOnline MostusesaregenerallycompatibleintheLUPZ,butnoisesensitiveuses
PhotoCredit:StaffSgt.MarkA.MooreII suchasresidential,hospitals,schools,andchurchesmaybeconsidered
conditionallycompatiblebasedonlocalexperienceandpreferences.
er
Riv
11 ee
t
Str
Gouverneur Rossie ad
9
h ie
ue t y Ro
en epo nt
atc
D Rossie
Av
Os w e
g Antwerp ou
CC
Street ple et oun
Main Ma re ty L
St i ne
en St Lawrence
Bu r R
26
oa
ee
t Van County d
ad
Str
Ro
nic Antwerp
Mecha
ty
enue
un
ton Av Je f fe r so n
Co
Lexing County
r
ive
R
ia n
nd
I
11
Fowler
812
Antwerp
Pitcairn
Antwerp
ek
re
rC
O tte ive
r
nR
dia
In
Philadelphia Philadelphia
Black Cr e ek
Fort Drum
Diana
Le Ray
Natural
Bridge
3
Lewis County
e
Bridge
Lim
Conditionally
Compatible
Herrings
R ive r
Residential
Carthage
3
n
dia
Commercial
26 Croghan
In
41
Community Services d
oa
Bl
R
ac
Compatible n ty
k
ou Wilna Diana
Ri
C
ve
r
Legend
Noise Zone Fort Drum US Highway
Noise Zone III ( > 70 CDNL dB) County Boundary State Highway
Noise Zone II ( 62-70 CDNL dB) Town Road
LUPZ (57-62 CDNL dB) City / Village / Hamlet Railroad
Streams
Water Body
Source: Fort Drum Installation Compatible Use Zone Plan, April 2016, Jefferson County 2016.
Figure 5.18-4
0 1 2 Fort Drum Medium / Large Caliber and Demolition
Miles
Compatibility with Existing Land Use
Table5.183. GeneralCompatibilityforLandUseCategoriesinAviationNoiseZones
SuggestedLandUseCompatibility
GeneralLandUseCategory NoiseZoneI NoiseZoneII NoiseZoneIII
Residential Yes Yes,withNLR25to30 No
Manufacturing Yes Yes Yes,exceptin
85dB+zone
Transportation,communications,andutilities Yes Yes Yes
Trade Yes Yes No
Services Yes Yes No
Cultural,entertainment,andrecreation Yes Yes No
ResourceProductionandExtraction Yes Yes Yes
Notes:
25or30Thenumbersrefertonoiselevelreduction(NLR)levels.NLR(outdoortoindoor)isachievedthroughtheincorporationof
noiseattenuationintothedesignandconstructionofastructure.
Source:FortDrumInstallationCompatibleUseZoneStudy,2016
NoisegeneratedfromaircraftatWSAAFextendsmuchfartheroffinstallationthansmallarmsweaponsfiringand
medium/largecaliberweaponsanddemolitionnoise.Mostofthenoisecontoursthatextendbeyondthe
installationistothesouthofWSAAF,buttherearealsosomeareaswestandnorthofWSAAFoutsideofFortDrum
thatarewithinNoiseZones.Table5.184showstheacreageoflandwithintheNoiseZonesoutsideofFortDrumin
eachdirectionaroundWSAAF.
Figure5.185illustratesthenoisezonesforWSAAFthatgooutsideFortDrumsboundaries,andprovidesan
assessmentofcompatibleandincompatibleexistinglanduse,basedon2016dataprovidedbyJeffersonCounty,
aerialsurvey,andcomparisonagainstTable5.183.NoiseZoneIIIprotrudesabout1.4milesoffthesouthern
borderofFortDrumnearFeltMillsandGreatBendandalongthewesternedgeofDeferiet.Mostofthislandis
BlackRiverandwoodedareas,buttherearesomeincompatiblescatteredresidentialandcommerciallanduses
andadaycarefacility.
TothesouthofWSAAF,NoiseZoneIIextends6.7milesoverGreatBend,Carthage,WestCarthageand7.7miles
overRutland.ThelandsouthofWSAAFisoneofthemostpopulatedareasclosetoFortDrumandhasmany
villagesandhamletsthathavebeeninexistencefordecadesandarestillexperiencinggrowthtoday.Thereisa
concentrationofresidentiallanduseintheseareas,whichisconditionallycompatibleinNoiseZoneIIiftheywere
builtwithadequatesoundattenuationmeasures.Outsideofthesepopulatedareas,scatteredresidentiallandcan
befound,butmuchofthelandisforestandagriculture.
Tothewest,NoiseZoneIIextends3.3milesnearthecommunityofCalcium.Thereisscatteredresidentialland
thatisconditionallycompatible,aswellasforestareasthatarecompatible.NorthofWSAAF,theNoiseZoneII
extendsabouthalfamiletowardsEvansMillsand1.2milestowardstheVillageofPhiladelphia.Thereisamobile
homecommunityaboutmidwaywhereNoiseZoneIIgoestothenorth,whichisincompatibleduetothelackof
constructionmethodsavailabletokeepnoiseout.Theremaininglandisscatteredresidentialandforestland.
Tothesouth,theLUPZextendsalmostninemilesovercommunitiessuchasGreatBend,Deferiet,Carthage,and
WestCarthage.ItextendsroughlyfivemilestothewestoverCalciumand4.3milestothenorthnearEvansMills
andPhiladelphia.AlthoughnoisesensitivelandusesaresuitableintheLUPZ,someresidentsthatlivewithinthis
noisezonemayfindnoisefromaircrafttobeanannoyance.
Le Ray
Blac
Wilna
3A
k
Antwerp Antwerp
River
Herrings r
ve
Ri
ian
3 I nd
Black Cr e ek
Rutland Champion
26
Orleans Philadelphia
180
ette
Creek
Gill
Le Ray
11
ree
r 37
C
ve
Ri
st
Perch
We
Je f fe r so n Evans
County Mills Fort Drum
781
Brownville
Pamelia
342 Calcium
Black River
81
3A
Herrings
Great
Black Bend
Brownville River
Glen Park
12E
283
Wilna
Hounsfield 12F
Watertown
3
Rutland
Carthage
Champion
Existing Land Use Compatibility Legend
Conditionally
Incompatible /
Not
126 West Black
Carthage River
Compatible
Recommended
Residential Wilna
Commercial
3
26
r
ve
i
Community Services Carthage er R
De
Bl
Denmark
Ri
Lewis County
r
Public Parks
Compatible
Champion
26 126 Black
River
Denmark
Adams Rodman
Legend
Noise Zone Fort Drum Interstate Water Body
Noise Zone III ( >75 ADNL dB) County US Highway Streams
Noise Zone II ( 65-75 ADNL dB) Boundary State Highway Airfield /
LUPZ (60-65 ADNL dB) Town Railroad Runway
City / Village /
Hamlet
Source: Fort Drum Installation Compatible Use Zone Plan, April 2016. Jefferson County, 2016.
Figure 5.18-5
0 1 2 3 4 Fort Drum Aircraft Noise Compatibility
Miles
with Existing Land Use
ForgeneralflightoperationsnotinvolvingWSAAF,FortDrumRegulation951requiresthataviationactivities
occurringatFortDrumbeconductedinamannerthatminimizesnoiseimpactstoneighbors.Thisincludes
avoidingoverflightwhenpossibleofnoisesensitiveareassuchasvillages,hamlets,andotherpopulatedareas,
whichshouldbeavoidedbyatleastonenauticalmilewhenoperatingbelow500feet.Aircraftoperatinglower
than1,000feetmustavoidflyingoverpopulatedareaswithinthecommunitiesoftheVillageofEvansMills,hamlet
ofNaturalBridge,VillageofPhiladelphia,VillageofTheresa,VillageofAntwerp,VillageofDeferiet,and
LakeBonapartewheneverpossible.
Findings
NoiseZonesIIforsmallarmsfixedpointnoisegoesbeyondFortDrumsboundariesinseverallocations,
goingoverpartsofthecommunitiesofAntwerp,EvansMills,LeRay,NaturalBridge,andSpragueville.
Thereissomeexistingincompatibledevelopmentintheseareas,primarilyresidential.
AsmallamountofNoiseZoneIIIforlargecaliberweaponsextendsbeyondFortDrumsboundaryover
forestland,whichiscompatible.
NoiseZonesIIforlargecaliberweaponsextendsbeyondFortDrumsboundariesintwolocations,butthey
areoverforestland,whichiscompatible.
TheLUPZsforlargecaliberweaponsextendsbeyondFortDrumsboundariesoverthecommunitiesof
Antwerp,NaturalBridge,andSpragueville.Whilenoisesensitiveusesinthisareaarenotrecommended,
theyareconditionallycompatibleundercertaincircumstances.Thereissomeresidentialandcommercial
inLUPZthatisconditionallycompatible.
NoiseZoneIIIforaircraftnoiseatWSAAFextendsbeyondFortDrumsboundarytothesouthnearthe
communityofGreatBend.Thereissomeexistingresidentialthatisincompatible.
NoiseZoneIIforWSAAFextendsbeyondFortDrumsboundariestothenorth,west,andsouth.Muchof
thelandisforestorundeveloped,buttherearesomeresidentialandcommercialusesthatareeither
incompatibleorconditionallycompatible.
TheLUPZforWSAAFextendsbeyondFortDrumsboundaries.Allexistinglandusesinthiszoneare
consideredcompatible,butnoisesensitiveusessuchasresidentialshouldbeevaluatedbeforebuilding
themintheLUPZ.
TheonlycommunitythathadzoningdataavailableforlanduseswithinthenoisezoneswastheTownof
LeRay.Zoningcategorieswithinthevariousnoisezonesareallconditionallycompatibleastheyallow
residentialthatwouldbeincompatibleifnotbuiltwithadequatesoundattenuationmeasures.
Hall
Ro
an ad
di
Ro
In
ad Philadelphia
To
wn
L in
County Road 46
eR
R oad
d R oa oa
te d d
s
An Ho
ll
Farre
Ke lm
s
yse R oad
Ro ad
rR
oa
37 oa ad
Ro
R
d
ille
ge
erv
rdn
id
rook
a
R
G
orth
ek
m
ad N
ive
b
El
e
Bec o
tin R
Roc k
Cr
kw Mar
Dr
it h
st
Road Le Ray
We
x
Fo
Evans
Mills
11
ad 16 Willow Street
County Ro
St
ein
he
ad
lm
Ro
er
d
Ro
er
oa
rn
ad
sR
26
Co
r
s
ge
d
Wa
dd uld oa
Go
Ro
in g R
ham
Road d lam
Be
ad
Ro
llis
Ne
781
Pamelia
Great
Zoning Compatibility Legend Bend
Conditionally
Compatible R oad
ton
Wil
Agricultural Residential
d
Lester R oa
oad
Stre
ry Ro
Bu r n u Cou
South Ma
ad
Legend
Noise Zone Fort Drum Interstate Water Body
Noise Zone III ( >75 ADNL dB) Town US Highway Streams
Noise Zone II ( 65-75 ADNL dB) City / Village / State Highway Airfield /
LUPZ (60-65 ADNL dB) Hamlet Road Runway
Railroad
Source: Fort Drum Installation Compatible Use Zone Plan, April 2016. Town of LeRay, March 2014.
Note: Zoning data was only available for the Town of LeRay
Figure 5.18-6
0 1 Fort Drum Aircraft Noise Compatibility
Miles
with Town of LeRay Zoning
DMVservicesrelocatedfromFortDrum
ISSUE JeffersonCountyusedtooperateaDMVofficeoninstallationforFortDrumpersonnel,but
PS1 hadtocloseitduetofunding.ItisaqualityoflifeissueforFortDrumpersonneltogettime
toleavetheinstallationforDMVservices.
Compatibility Assessment
TheDepartmentofMotorVehicles(DMV)hadasatelliteofficeatFortDrumthatservedmilitarypersonnel
oninstallation.Thissatelliteofficeclosedin2016duetofundingissues.Currently,thenearestDMVislocatedin
downtownWatertownat175ArsenalStreet,roughlyeightmilesfromFortDrumsmaingate.Theofficeisopenon
weekdaysfrom9:00amto4:30pm,andisopenlateronThursdayuntil6:45pmtomaketheofficemore
accessibleafterbusinesshoursonedayoutoftheweek.Thisoffersashorttimeframeforsoldierswhomaybe
unabletoleavetheinstallationduringbusinesshours.Also,manyoftheservicesofferedbytheDMVarenow
availableonlineatwww.dmv.ny.gov.
Findings
DuetotheclosureoftheDMVssatelliteofficeatFortDrum,itismoredifficultforsoldiersliving
oninstallationtousetheDMVsservices.
TheDMVisopenuntil6:45pmonThursdaytosupportmilitarypersonnelwhoarenotabletoleavethe
installationduringbusinesshours.
SomeoftheDMVsservicesareavailableonlineatwww.dmv.ny.gov.
FortDrumpersonneltrespassingontoprivateproperty
ISSUE
SurroundinglandownersareconcernedthatsoldierstrainingatFortDrumoccasionally
PT1
trespassontoprivateproperty.
Compatibility Assessment
TherehavebeenconcernsraisedregardingFortDrummilitarypersonnelunintentionallytrespassingontoprivate
propertywithoutadvancedcoordinationwiththelandowners.Inthepast,thishashappenedwhenoperationsare
executedneartheinstallationboundary.Thesetypesofinstancesarerare,butdooccasionallyhappen,suchas
duringsurvivaltrainingandhelicopterlandingandrepelling.
Intheeventthatthemilitaryactivitiescausedanydamagetoprivateproperty,landownershavebeenreimbursed
forthedamagesbytheinstallation.Inadditiontoreimbursements,investigationsintowhytrespassingoccurred
andcorrectiveactionhaveresulted.
Findings
FortDrummilitarypersonnelhaveoccasionallyandunintentionallytrespassedontoprivateproperty
duringmilitaryoperations.
Whenanyprivatepropertyhasbeendamagedinvestigationsandcorrectiveactionsareimplementedto
avoidrepeatedincidents,andownersareproperlyreimbursedand.
Asurbandevelopmentexpandsintoruralareas,roadsonceusedprimarilytoprovideaccessforagriculturaluses
andlimitedlocaltrafficbegintofunctionasurbanmajorarterialroadways.Theseonceruralroadsoftenbecome
themaintransportationcorridorsforalltypesoftrafficfromresidentialtocommercialtruckingandcanassist
orimpedeaccesstomilitaryinstallations.Astransportationsystemsgrowandprovidemorecapacity,these
facilitiesinduceandencouragegrowthasruralareasbecomemoreaccessible.
Key Terms
AnnualAverageDailyTraffic.Annualaveragedailytraffic,abbreviatedAADT,isameasureusedprimarilyin
transportationplanningandtransportationengineering.Traditionally,itisthetotalvolumeofvehicletrafficofa
highwayorroadforayeardividedby365days.AADTisausefulandsimplemeasurementofhowbusytheroadis.
Maintenanceofsharedroads
ISSUE
TwopublicroadwaysthroughandaroundFortDrumareusedbythemilitaryandciviliansand
RC1
arecostlytomaintainbythecommunity.
Compatibility Assessment
MuchoftheroadwayinfrastructureonFortDrumwasdevelopedduringtheexpansionoftheinstallationand
operationsinthe1980s,andisnowmorethan30yearsold.Therearetwomainpublicroadwaysthattravel
throughFortDrumStateRoutes26and3A.StateRoute26ismaintainedbyNewYork,butStateRoute3Awas
createdasanalternateroutetoStateRoute3,andismaintainedbyJeffersonCounty(forinformationaboutthe
potentialclosureofRoute3AduetoanMDAsitetheDODislookingtolocateatFortDrum,seeIssueLU4).
RoadwayinfrastructureintheNorthCountryexperiencesthetypicalwearandtearfromciviliantravel,andis
furtherexacerbatedbytheharshwinterweatherconditionsandmilitaryvehicles,creatingcostlymaintenance.The
deteriorationoftheroadscanthenlimitFortDrumsmilitaryuseaswellpublicuseofRoute26and3Aiftheseare
notsufficientlymaintained.
MilitaryroadwayslocatedwithintheinstallationsboundaryistheresponsibilityofFortDrumtomaintain.The
installationreceivesDODfundingforthemaintenanceofthesemilitaryroadways.AccesstoFortDrumstraining
areasisrestrictedtothreemainaccesspoints.ThefirstisthecrossingofRoute26ontoMainTanktrail.Accessto
thesouthernmosttrainingareas(TA7E,7Fand7G)arefacilitatedbytwoapprovedcrossingpointsalongRoute3A.
RoutinemilitarytrafficisnotallowedonRoutes26,3and3A,withtheexceptionofaccessingentryintothe
trainingareaalongPleasantStreet.Additionally,thereisanapprovedammunitionroutewhichrunsfromthe
AmmunitionSupplyPoint(ASP)alongSouthTankTrailtoavoidtothemaximumextentpossibletravelalongshared
civilian/militaryroadways.
AtthetimethisJLUSwaswritten,theWatertownJeffersonCountyAreaTransportationCouncil(WJCTC),which
servesastheMetropolitanPlanningOrganizationfortheWatertownFortDrumMetropolitanStatisticalAreawas
developinga30yearlongrangetransportationplantoaddresstransportationandinfrastructureneedsforthe
WatertownandFortDrumarea.TheWJTCTwasestablishedin2014followingtheareasestablishmentasa
AsshownonFigure5.211,theWJCTCsUrbanAreaBoundaryincludesFortDrum,theCityofWatertown,the
TownsofChampionandWilna,theVillagesofBlackRiver,Dexter,Deferiet,EvansMills,Carthageand
WestCarthageBrownvilleandRutland,andtheHamletofGreatBend.WhiletheWJCTCisnotmeanttosupport
fundingformilitaryroadsonFortDrum,theremaybesomeopportunitiestodeveloppartnershipstosupport
roadwayimprovementsthatwouldsupportallstakeholdersinthearea.
Findings
TwostateroutesusedbycivilianstravelthroughFortDrumRoute26andRoute3A.
FortDrumsmilitaryusageofthetwopublicroadways,aswellastheharshwinterconditionsinthe
NorthCountrycanexacerbatethedeteriorationoftheroadwayinfrastructure,whichinturncanlimit
FortDrumsmilitaryuseaswellasthepublicsuseofthetworoadways.
TheWatertownJeffersonCountyAreaTransportationCouncilisdevelopingaRegionalTransportation
PlanforpartoftheareaaroundFortDrum,whichcouldhaveopportunitiestodevelopregional
coordinationonroadwayconcernsandneedsbetweenFortDrumandthesurroundingcommunities.
Source:WatertownJeffersonCountyAreaTransportationCouncil,2017
WheelerSackArmyAirfieldaccidentpotentialzonesextendoutsidetheinstallation
boundary
ISSUE SomeoftheaircraftaccidentpotentialzonesassociatedwithWheelerSackArmyAirfield
SA1 extendbeyondtheboundariesofFortDrumandoverneighboringcommunities.These
accidentpotentialzonesposesafetyconcernsforthecommunitieswithriskmanagement
andcompatibleuses.
Compatibility Assessment
WheelerSackArmyAirfieldhasthreefixedwingrunways.Runway3/21istheprimaryrunwayandmeasures
10,000feetinlengthandiscapableofsupportinganyaircraftintheDODsinventory.Runway15/33iscurrently
4,999feetlong,butthereisaconcepttoexpandittoapproximately8,600feetinlength(estimatedlengthbased
ondistancebetweentheclearzonesoneachend)inthefuturetosupportmoretypesofaircraftandexpandthe
operationalcapabilitiesofWSAAF.NofundinghasbeensecuredfortheprojectatthetimethisJLUSwaswritten,
andthereisnotimeframeforcompletionoftherunwayexpansion.Thisincreaseinlengthoftherunwaywould
changethesizeoftheassociatedCZsandaccidentpotentialzonesAPZsIandII.ForthepurposesoftheJLUSasa
futureplanningdocument,theincreasedCZsandAPZsareincludedfortheassessmentofthisissue.Runway8/26
is4,482feetlong.
ThedimensionsofCZsandAPZsvarybasedonthetypeandsizeofarunway.AdescriptionoftheCZsandAPZsfor
Runway3/21andtheproposedexpandedRunway15/33atWSAAFaredescribedasfollows.
TheCZistheareathatismostlikelyforanaircraftmishaptooccur.TheCZmeasures3,000feetlongfrom
theendoftherunway,withawidthof1,000feet.Permittedlanduseswithinthiszonearesubstantially
limitedandincludetransportation,communication,andutilitiesinfrastructurenecessaryforairfield
operations,aswellasunoccupiedopenspaceandlimitedagricultural.
APZIislocatedadjacenttotheCZboundaryandextendsforalengthof5,000additionalfeet,withawidth
of1,000feet.Thisareatypicallyexperienceslessaccidentsthantheclearzone;andhaslessrestrictions.
Permittedlanduseswithinthiszonearelimitedtononoccupiedstructures,thusresidentiallandusesare
prohibited.
APZIIbeginsattheoutboundaryofAPZIandextendsforalengthof7,000feetwithawidthof1,000feet.
TheAPZIIiswheredevelopmentistheleastrestrictedduetothelowerriskofaccidentsasitisfurther
fromtherunway.Warehouseandmaintenancefacilitiesarepermittedwithinthefootprint,aswellas
singlefamilyresidentialpropertiesuptotwodwellingunitsperacremaximum,asrecommendedbyDOD
guidelinesforAPZII.
Page5112 PublicDraft November2017
TheDODprovidesguidancefortypesoflandusethatarecompatibleandincompatiblewithinthedifferentzones.
AirForceInstruction(AFI)327063istheguidingdocumentationthattheAirForceusesforassessinglandwithin
theaircraftsafetyzones.Table5.221provideslandusecompatibilitybasedonAFI327063,whichisusedinthis
JLUStoperformthecompatibilityassessmentforFortDrumasabestpracticestool.
Table5.221. GeneralCompatibilityforLandUseCategoriesinAirfieldAccidentPotentialZones
SuggestedLandUseCompatibility
GeneralLandUseCategory ClearZone APZI APZII
Residential No No No
Manufacturing No Dependentupon Dependentupon
type type
Transportation,communications,andutilities Noes Yes Yes
Trade No Dependentupon Yes
type
Services No Dependentupon Dependentupon
type type
Cultural,entertainment,andrecreation No No No
ResourceProductionandExtraction No Yes Yes
Source:FortDrumInstallationCompatibleUseZoneStudy,2016
Figure5.221providesanassessmentofthecompatibilityoftheexistinglanduseswithinthesafetyzonesthat
extendbeyondFortDrumsboundary.Theexistinglandusedataisfrom2016andwasprovidedby
JeffersonCounty.ThecompatibilityassessmentwasconductedagainstthelandusesidentifiedinTable5.221.
TheCZsforallthreerunwaysarecontainedwithintheboundariesofFortDrum.
TheAPZIforrunway3/21extendspartiallyoutsidetheboundaryofFortDrumtothesouthinthevicinityofGreat
Bend,andtheentiresouthernAPZIIisoutsidetheboundary.ThereissomeresidentialdevelopmentinAPZIthat
isincompatibleforsafetyreasons.WithinAPZII,thereisadaycarefacilitythatisincompatible.Residentialin
APZIIislikelycompatibleaslongasitislessthantwodwellingunitsperacre,whichbyaerialsurvey;itappearsthis
isthecase.ThenorthernAPZsarecontainedwithinFortDrumsboundary.
AsmallportionofthesouthernAPZIfortheproposedextendedRunway15/33goesextendsoffFortDrumnear
Deferiet.AsmallamountofresidentialisinthisAPZ,whichisincompatible.AllofthesouthernAPZIIisoutsideof
FortDruminthevicinityofDeferietandHerrings.Therearesomeapartmentsinthiszone,shownascommercial,
thatareincompatible.ResidentialinAPZIIislikelycompatibleaslongasitislessthantwodwellingunitsperacre,
whichbyaerialsurvey,itappearsthisisthecase.Publicservicesareshownasconditionallycompatiblebecause
certaintypesofutilitiessuchasabovegroundtransmissionlinesarenotcompatible.
AlittleovertwothirdsofthenorthernAPZIIfortheproposedextendedRunway15/33extendspastFortDrums
northwesternboundary.Thereissomeresidentialhere,butthemajorityofthelandisforestandcompatible.
ResidentialinAPZIIislikelycompatibleaslongasitislessthantwodwellingunitsperacre,whichbyaerialsurvey,
itappearsthisisthecase.
Dr
11
Ga
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Fo
rdn Incompatible /
erv Conditionally
ille Not
Compatible
Recommended
Ro
ad
Residential
Commercial
Road Community Services
Public Services
et
on
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Compatible
Fort Drum
Black River
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ve
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vew
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3
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Cou
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oad
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Burnu
p Road ad
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oa
47
w ay 143
Drive
d
Legend
Safety Zone Fort Drum US Highway Streams
Clear Zone City / Village / Hamlet State Highway Water Body
APZ I Road Airfield / Runway
APZ II Railroad
Figure 5.22-1
0 1 Fort Drum Safety Zone Compatibility
Miles
with Existing Land Use
AllthelandintheAPZiszonedasAgriculturalResidential,whichisconditionallycompatibleaslongasresidential
unitsaresinglefamilyandbuiltatadensityoftwodwellingunitsperacreorless.TheCZandAPZforRunway8/26
arewithintheinstallationboundaries.
Findings
TherearethreerunwaysatWSAAF,Runway3/21,Runway15/33,andRunway8/26.
AllCZsforthethreerunwaysarewithintheFortDrumboundary.Inaddition,theAPZforRunway8/26is
containedwithFortDrum.
APZIandAPZIIforRunway3/21extendoutsideFortDrumssouthernboundary.Thereisincompatible
residentialinAPZIandincompatiblemultifamilyinAPZII.Thereisconditionallycompatibleresidential
andpublicserviceusesinAPZII.
Thereareplans,althoughtheyarecurrentlyunfundedandunscheduled,toexpandRunway15/33at
WSAAF.ThisexpansionwouldresultinlargerCZsandAPZsfortherunwaythatwouldgooutsidethe
boundariesofFortDrum.
TheAPZIandAPZIIfortheextendedRunway15/33gobeyondFortDrumsboundarytothesouthnear
thecommunitiesofGreatBendandDeferiet.ThereisasmallamountofexistingresidentialinAPZIthatis
incompatible.InAPZII,thereareapartmentsthatareincompatible,aswellassomeresidentialandpublic
serviceusesthatareconditionallycompatible.
Runway15/33sextendedrunwayAPZIIextendsoutthenorthwesternboundaryofFortDrumoversome
residentiallandusethatisconditionallycompatible.
OnlytheTownofLeRayhadzoningdataavailabletoassesscompatibilityintheAPZs.Onthenorthendof
proposedextendedRunway15/33,landiszonedasAgriculturalResidential,whichisconditionally
compatibleaslongasanyresidentialissinglefamilyandbuiltatadensityoflessthantwodwellingunits
peracre.
Fueltrucktransportandincidentresponse
ISSUE AllfueltoFortDrumisbroughtinbytruck.Thecommunityisconcernedthatifanaccident
SA2 weretooccur,itcouldpotentiallycauseenvironmentaldamageorcausehazardstopersonnel
orcivilians.
Compatibility Assessment
Fuelisconsideredahazardousmaterial,whichcanbedefinedasitemsthatposearisktohealth,safety,and
propertyandincludevarioustypesofgas,flammableandcombustibleliquid,andotherobject.Fuelisneededon
FortDrumtoperformvariousmilitaryoperationsandistransportedontotheinstallationviatruck.Transportation
andhandlingofhazardousmaterialcanbedangerousandcanposearisktopersonnelorciviliansor
environmentaldamageifanaccidentwheretooccurduringitstransportation.
ive
Dr
Rockbrook Road
x
Fo
Elm
Dr i
ve
d
R oa
aw
sh
La
Simonet Road
Ga
r
dn
er
vil
le
Ro
ad
d
oa
fR
of
C ut
et
on
m
Si
Fort Drum
Legend
Safety Zone Fort Drum US Highway
APZ I Road
APZ II
Figure 5.22-2
0 500 1,000 Fort Drum Safety Zone Compatibility
Feet
with Town of LeRay Zoning
Stateagenciesareresponsiblefortheestablishment,maintenance,andenforcementofhazardousmaterialroutes.
TheStateofNewYorkDepartmentofTransportation(NYDOT)setsregulationsforthetransportationofhazardous
material.Ingeneral,NewYorkStatehasadoptedtheFederalMotorCarrierSafetyRegulationsfoundinTitle49of
theCodeofFederalRegulations(49CFR)andtheHazardousMaterialsTransportationRegulationsfoundin49CFR,
Parts100through199astheyapplytointerstatehighwaytransportation.Additionally,NYDOTreportsall
designatedandrestrictedroadandhighwayroutesforhazardousmaterialstransportationtotheFederalMotor
CarrierSafetyAdministration.Currently,therearenodesignatedhazardousmaterialroutesinruralareasof
NewYork;theonlydesignatedroutesarelocatedintheCityofNewYork.
Findings
TrucksareusedtotransportfuelontoFortDrum.
TheNewYorkDepartmentofTransportationisresponsiblefortheestablishment,maintenance,and
enforcementofhazardousmaterialroutes,butnohazardoustransportationrouteshavebeenidentified
tosupportFortDrum.
IngeneralNYDOThasadoptedfederalregulationsandstandardsforthetransportationofhazardous
materialsandfuelsasidentifiedinTitle49CFR.
Dopplerweatherradarnobuildzonecompatibility
ISSUE The18thWeatherSquadronDopplerradarhasafourkilometer(2.5mile)radiusnobuild
SA3 zonearoundittoprotectthesafetyofpersonnelthatworkontheradar,butthenobuild
zoneisnotenforceable.
Compatibility Assessment
The18thWeatherSquadronWSR88Dweatherradar(KTYX)islocatedinMontagueonTugHillabout25miles
southofFortDrum.Thisweatherradarisanimportantasset,notonlyforFortDrumtomonitorandtrackweather
thatmayaffectmilitaryoperations,butalsofortheNorthCountryregionasitisalsousedbytheNationalWeather
Serviceforweatherforecasting.Therearefourimportantzonesaroundtheweatherradarthatareusedfor
assessingpotentialimpactsfromwindturbinedevelopmentthatwouldinterferewithradaroperations.The
effectsofwindturbinesontheweatherradarsoperationsarefurtherdiscussedinIssueED2.Thesezonesare
establishedbythe18thWeatherSquadronandtheNationalWeatherServiceandareonlyadvisoryinnatureas
neitherentityhasanyauthoritytoenforcethezones.Thefourzonesareasfollows.
NoBuildZone.Turbinesbuiltwithinthiszonewillsignificantlycompromiseaweatherradarsabilityto
accuratelydetecthazardousweatherandcancausemechanicaldamagetotheWSR88D,aswellaspose
radiationhazardsforpersonnelconstructingandmaintainingtheturbines.Thiszoneisaradiusoffour
kilometers(2.5miles)aroundweatherradar.
Whileallofthesezonesareimportanttoconsiderforfutureturbineplacementinregardstooperational
capabilitiesofKTYX,thisissuefocusesonthesafetyaspectifdevelopmentweretooccurwithintheNoBuildZone.
Thesafetyconcernforbuildingwithinthisfourkilometer(2.5mile)zoneisthatspinningturbinebladesmayblock
thepathofaweatherradarandtraptheradiationemittedfromit.Personnelworkingonconstructionor
maintenanceofaweatherradarorturbinesmaybeexposedtoincreasedamountsoftrappedradiationif
turbinesaredevelopedinthisarea.Additionally,turbinesbuiltinthisareawouldincreasethepotentialfor
electricalandmechanicaldamagetotheturbinesandtheweatherradarfromtheoutputoftheradiationofthe
radarsignal.
Figure5.223illustratestheNoBuildZonearoundKTYX.Therearecurrentlynoturbineswithinthiszone,but
therearetwoturbinesfromtheMapleRidgeWindFarmthatarerightoutsideit.SincetheNoBuildZoneisnot
currentlyenforceable,itwillbeimportantforfuturewindenergydevelopmenttocoordinatewiththeDODand
NationalWeatherServicetoensureturbinesarenotbuiltinthezoneforthesafetyofequipmentandconstruction
andmaintenanceworkers.
Findings
Thefourkilometer(2.5mile)NoBuildZonearoundKTYXisanareawheredevelopmentofwindturbines
wouldnotonlyhaveasignificantimpacttotheoperationalcapabilitiesofaweatherradar,butwouldalso
causesafetyconcernsduetoradiationgettingtrappedbyspinningturbineblades.Thiscouldput
constructionandmaintenanceworkersatriskforexposuretoradiation.
TheNoBuildZoneisnotcurrentlyenforceable,sowinddevelopersshouldcoordinatedirectlywiththe
DODandNationalWeatherServicetomitigateanyproposeddevelopmentwithintheNoBuildZone.
North Road
## #
Woodbattle Road
d
# # ad
oa
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ad
# S
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#
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Mcdonald Ro
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# # #
#
Existing Turbines ##
#
# #
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Sears Pond o ad
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#
Lan
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##
R
n
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Fo r
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ad
Rowsam R
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oa
d
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P KTYX Doppler Radar Site Fort Drum
Town
State Highway
Road
No-Build Zone Around KTYX Weather Radar
City / Village / Hamlet
# Operating Wind Turbine
0 3
Figure 5.22-3
Kilometers
No-Build Zone Around KTYX Weather Radar
Findings
TherewerenoScarceNaturalResourcescompatibilityissuesidentifiedfortheFortDrumJLUS.
Key Terms
ImaginarySurfaces.Thetermimaginarysurfacereferstotheareassurroundingaheliportorairfieldthatmustbe
keptclearofobjectsthatmightposeasafetythreattoaviationactivities.Amanmadeornaturalobjectthat
projectsaboveanimaginarysurfaceisanobstruction.
VerticalObstructions.Verticalobstructionsareobjectsorstructuresthatexceedaspecifiedheightaboveground
levelandextendintoairspace.Verticalobstructionsmaybecreatedbybuildings,trees,structures,orother
featuresthatareofgreaterheightthan,andencroachinto,thenavigableairspaceusedformilitaryoperations
(aircraftapproachdeparturesurfaces,transitionalsurfaces,aswellasmilitarytrainingorflightroutes).Thesecan
presentasafetyhazardtoboththepublicandmilitarypersonnelandpotentiallyimpactmilitaryreadiness.
Technical Background
Inrelationtoflightoperationsfromanairport(militaryorcivilian),verticalobstructionsareaddressedthrough
compliancewithFederalRegulationTitle14Part77,whichestablishesstandardsandnotificationrequirementsfor
objectsaffectingnavigableairspace.CommonlyreferredtoasPart77compliance,thisregulationprovidesdetails
toevaluatethepotentialforaverticalobstructionbasedontheelevationoftheairfield,theheightandresulting
elevationofthenewstructureorfacility,andthelocationofthestructureorfacilityinrelationtotheairfieldin
question.
Todeterminewhenstructuresorfacilitiesshouldbeevaluatedforverticalobstruction,Part77statesthefollowing
requirementsfornotifyingtheFAA:
77.9Anyperson/organizationwhointendstosponsoranyofthefollowingconstructionor
alterationsmustnotifytheAdministratoroftheFAA:
Anyconstructionoralterationexceeding200feetabovegroundlevel.
Anyconstructionoralteration:
within20,000feetofapublicuseormilitaryairportwhichexceedsa100:1surfacefromany
pointontherunwayofeachairportwithatleastonerunwaymorethan3,200feet.
within10,000feetofapublicuseormilitaryairportwhichexceedsa50:1surfacefromanypoint
ontherunwayofeachairportwithitslongestrunwaynomorethan3,200feet.
within5,000feetofapublicuseheliportwhichexceedsa25:1surface.
Anyhighway,railroad,orothertraversewaywhoseprescribedadjustedheightwouldexceedthe
abovenotedstandards.
November2017 PublicDraft Page5121
WhenrequestedbytheFAA:
Anyconstructionoralterationlocatedonapublicuseairportorheliportregardlessofheightor
location.
Part77alsoidentifiestheheightatwhichanobjectmaybeconsideredanobstructionatadesignateddistance:
77.17Obstructionstandards.
(a)Anexistingobject,includingamobileobject,is,andafutureobjectwouldbeanobstructionto
airnavigationifitisofgreaterheightthananyofthefollowingheightsorsurfaces:
(1)Aheightof499feetabovegroundlevelatthesiteoftheobject.
(2)Aheightthatis200feetabovegroundlevelorabovetheestablishedairportelevation,
whicheverishigher,withinthreenauticalmilesoftheestablishedreferencepointofanairport,
excludingheliports,withitslongestrunwaymorethan3,200feetinactuallength,andthatheight
increasesintheproportionof100feetforeachadditionalnauticalmilefromtheairportuptoa
maximumof499feet.
(3)Aheightwithinaterminalobstacleclearancearea,includinganinitialapproachsegment,a
departurearea,andacirclingapproacharea,whichwouldresultintheverticaldistancebetween
anypointontheobjectandanestablishedminimuminstrumentflightaltitudewithinthatareaor
segmenttobelessthantherequiredobstacleclearance.
(4)Aheightwithinanenrouteobstacleclearancearea,includingturnandterminationareas,ofa
FederalAirwayorapprovedoffairwayroute,thatwouldincreasetheminimumobstacleclearance
altitude.
(5)Thesurfaceofatakeoffandlandingareaofanairportoranyimaginarysurfaceestablished
under77.19,77.21,or77.23.However,nopartofthetakeofforlandingareaitselfwillbe
consideredanobstruction.
(b)Exceptfortraversewaysonornearanairportwithanoperativegroundtrafficcontrolservice
furnishedbyanairporttrafficcontroltowerorbytheairportmanagementandcoordinatedwith
theairtrafficcontrolservice,thestandardsofparagraph(a)ofthissectionapplytotraverseways
usedortobeusedforthepassageofmobileobjectsonlyaftertheheightsofthesetraverseways
areincreasedby:
(1)17feetforanInterstateHighwaythatispartoftheNationalSystemofMilitaryandInterstate
Highwayswhereovercrossingsaredesignedforaminimumof17feetverticaldistance.
(2)15feetforanyotherpublicroadway.
(3)10feetortheheightofthehighestmobileobjectthatwouldnormallytraversetheroad,
whicheverisgreater,foraprivateroad.
(4)23feetforarailroad.
(5)Forawaterwayoranyothertraversewaynotpreviouslymentioned,anamountequaltothe
heightofthehighestmobileobjectthatwouldnormallytraverseit.
Celltowercompatibilityandfuturesiting
ISSUE ThereareexistingcelltowerssouthofWheelerSackArmyAirfieldthatposevertical
VO1 obstructionsforaircraft.Uncoordinatedconstructionoffuturecelltowerscouldcause
additionalimpacts.
Compatibility Assessment
MilitaryaircraftoperatingatandaroundFortDrumconductlowlevel,highspeedtrainingexercisesinthespecial
useairspace,asoutlinedinChapter3MilitaryProfileofthisBackgroundReport.AsshownonFigure5.241,there
areseveralexistingcelltowersthatarelocatednearmilitarytrainingroutes(MTRs)VR724,VR725,andIR801.
TheMTRsallowflightsaslowas100feetabovegroundlevel.
Continuedcelltower,orothertallstructuredevelopmentsalongtheseMTRscouldpotentiallyrestrictlowlevel
trainingoperationsinthem.
SomemunicipalitiesaroundFortDrumhaveaddressedstructureheightsandcelltowerplacementthroughtheir
zoningregulations,including:
ThetownsofChampionandLeRayspecifywhichzoningdistrictscelltowersarepermitted.
TownofChampionhasanopublichearingwaiverifstructureisover35feet.
VillageofBlackRiver.
VillageofDeferiet.
TheTownofDianarequiresjustificationtotheplanningboardforanyproposedheightover60feet.
TheTownofWatertownandtheVillageofCarthagerequireproposeddevelopmentswithheightsover
35feettogothroughapublichearing.
Althoughthesestandardshelpbeginadiscussionofheightlimitationsforcelltowers,theregulationsmaynotbe
sufficientenoughtopreventpotentialverticalobstructions,leavingFortDrumslowlevelflighttrainingactivities
vulnerable.ThetownsofChampionsandLeRayszoningregulationsdonotmakeitcleariftheunderlyingzoning
districtdictatestheheightofacelltower.Furthermore,celltowersarepermittedintheTownofLeRaysMixed
EconomicDevelopmentDistrict,inwhichthereisnoheightlimitationgivenfornonresidentialuses.TheTownof
Dianas,CityofWatertowns,andtheVillageofCarthageszoningregulationsalsoleavethepotentialfortallcell
towersthatmaycreatefutureverticalobstructionissues.
Whilelocalmunicipalitiescanregulateheight,theyarelimitedintheextentofregulationthatcanbeimposedon
celltowers.Cellularphonetransmissionhasbeendeclaredbythestate'shighestcourttobeapublicutility,
meaningthatmunicipalzoningmustallowitareasonableopportunitytoexistandtoserveitsmarket.Futurecell
towerdevelopmentwithintheFortDrumJLUSStudyAreashouldcoordinateproposedlocationandheightwith
FortDrumtoensuretherearenoimpactstoflightoperations.
k
ee
ht: 93.9 m ADIRONDACK
Cr
#
. Be
av
er A MOA
# Hermon
Hammond
# #
S t L a w r e n c e Richville
A
12 37
C ou n t y ADIRONDACK
B MOA
CA
N AD
ht: 51.5 m
58
724 .
.
Alexandria Bay VR
Gouverneur
ga
#
tc
hie
ht: 89.9 m we
Os
# ADIRONDACK
Ri
ht: 58.8 m
ve
Redwood D MOA
.
r
ht: 98.1 m
DRUM MOA
#
.. Jefferson R-5202B
ce ht: 76.8 m
re n C ou n t y ht:
aw e r Clayton
. L
S t Ri
v R-5202A 800 60.7 m
VR 1
. La Fargeville
Theresa
Antwerp VR 7
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ht: 58.8 m
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ht: 56.1 m . Philadelphia n Harrisville
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Cape #
Depauville
11
In
ADIRONDACK
#
.
Vincent
R-5201
# C MOA
ht: 57.3 m
#
12E
.
ht: 60.7 m Evans
Mills Fort Natural
3
#
.
Chaumont
180
Calcium
781
Drum Bridge
Chaumont B Deferiet
ay
CARTHAGE
# Glen Park Black River
Dexter Great
Bend
ht: 57.6 m
Carthage
. EAST MOA
#Watertown West Carthage
VR
La Sackets
ke CARTHAGE
On
812
1
tar IR Harbor 81 WEST MOA 26
80
io 80
126
1
1 ht: 75.9 m
Copenhagen Croghan
ht: 41.1 m .
Adams ht:
ht: 80.8 m
#
. Castorland
. Center 60.8 m
#
.
r
ive
178 ht: 95.7 m
177
rR
80
# .Lowville
S
.
D
3
ht: 71.3 m
.Sa
South ndy C
re e k
IR
ht: 57.9 m
12
.
Ellisburg ht: 77.7 m
O tt
C
er r e e k
# . Mannsville
ht: 76.5 m
LOWVILLE MOA
Le w i s
ht: 92.9 m
.
ht: 75.3 m C ou n t y
ht: 35.1 m
. Os w eg o .
Sandy Creek
. . ht: ht: 82.9 m
C ou n t y Turin Lyons
Falls
59.4 m
Port Leyden
11
Su
ga
r R iv
. ht: 88.7 m
ht: 94.5 m
r
e
. .
Legend .
# Cell Tower (per DANC) Fort Drum
30-mile Study Area
Interstate
US Highway
Water Body
Stream /
FCC Licensed Cell Towers
. (Height in Meters) County Boundary State Highway
River
Figure 5.24-1
0 5 10
Miles
Cell Tower Locations
Findings
SomecelltowershavebeendevelopednearMTRs,particularlyVR724andVR725,whichallowflightsas
lowas100feetabovegroundlevel.
FurthercelltowerdevelopmentthatimpedesintotheMTRscouldpotentiallyrestrictthelowlevelflight
trainingoccurringaroundFortDrum.
Noneofthesurroundingcommunitieshaveadoptedzoningregulationsthatlimittheheightsofcell
towers.
TheDevelopmentAuthorityoftheNorthCountryiscurrentlycoordinatingwithFortDrumtoevaluatethe
constructionofacelltowerontheinstallation.Thisisstillbeingstudies,butthegoalistohavetheleastpossible
impacttoFortDrumoperationsbyplacingitwithinthecantonmentareaataheightoflessthan200feet.
Industrialwindenergydevelopmentpotentiallyimpactingflightpaths
ISSUE Growthinthewindenergydevelopmentindustryintheregioncouldcausevertical
VO2 obstructionsinlowlevelmilitarytrainingroutes.Severalcurrentlyproposedindustrialwind
energydevelopmentsareinlowlevelflighttrainingroutes.
Compatibility Assessment
SimilartoIssueVO1,windturbineshavepotentialtocauseverticalobstructionissueswithFortDrumslowlevel
flighttrainingactivities.Astechnologyadvances,industrialwindturbinesaregettinglargerandlargertoreach
greaterwindpotentialathigheraltitudessomeextendmorethan500feetabovegroundlevel.Newwind
turbineslocatedalongmilitarytrainingroutesmaycreateverticalobstructionissueswithFortDrumaviation
training.
IssueED1detailssevenproposedindustrialwindenergydevelopmentswithintheFortDrumJLUSStudyArea.As
shownonFigure5.242,militarytrainingrouteIR801travelsthroughfourofthesevenproposedindustrialwind
energydevelopments:
CopenhagenWindFarm
DeerRiverWindFarm
GallooIslandWindFarm
NumberThreeWindFarm
N
A
D
37
A Alexandria Gouverneur
Wolfe Island C Edwards
Wind Farm Bay
St. Lawrence
River
Redwood
11
58
00
R 18
Clayton
R 7 25 V
Theresa V
La Fargeville Antwerp
12E Star
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Depauville Philadelphia Harrisville Lake
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ve
Cape Horse Creek Ri R i er
Vincent Wind Farm
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781
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C h nt Deferiet
Bay Glen Black Great Carthage
Je f fe r so n
Dexter
Park River Bend
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812
C o u n t y Sackets Watertown
Carthage Copenhagen
Harbor Wind Farm
VR
Copenhagen 126
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80
O n Galloo
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Island Number
Wind Adams
177
12 Three Indepen
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Lowville Wind Farm er
Deer River
01 Wind Farm Cre e k
IR 8 Ellisburg O t ter
Mannsville Maple Ridge
Wind Farm
3 Sandy
Creek Roaring Turin
Lyons Falls
Oswego County Brook Wind
Mad River Power Project Port Leyden
Pulaski Wind
Project Lewis County
Constableville
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26 ree k
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Altmar lC
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Boonville o d
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Fulton t Prospect
481 as
E
Legend
Military Training Route Fort Drum Interstate
Proposed Wind Energy Project County US Highway
Operating Wind Energy Project Boundary State Highway
City / Village / Hamlet Railroad
Water Body
Stream / River
0 5 10
Figure 5.24-2
Miles Proposed Wind Energy Projects Near Fort Drum
with Aviation Routes
Inaddition,industrialwindenergydevelopmentsalongtheTugHill(CopenhagenandDeerRiver)mayimpact
approachanddepartureroutesandwillraisetheminimumvectoringaltitudefrom2,700feetto2,800feetinthe
area.
Intermsofflightpaths,keycriticalareastokeepfreeofwindturbinedevelopmentareapproachanddeparture
corridorsintoWheelerSackArmyAirfield,slightpathsintoRange48andaerialgunnerybombingareason
FortDrum,andlowlevelMilitaryTrainingRoutesandMilitaryOperatingAreasaroundFortDrum.Inadditional,
transmissiontowersandlinesarepotentialverticalobstructionsifnotsitedandcoordinatedwiththemilitary
footprintrequirements.Bothofthesecanbesitedinacompatiblewayrequiringcontinuedformalcoordination
andengagement.
Structuresthatareproposedtobetallerthan200feetabovegroundlevelmustgothroughareviewbytheFAAfor
adeterminationofhazards.ThisismandatedthroughCodeofFederalRegulationsTitle14,Pat77Safe,Efficient
Use,andPreservationoftheNavigableAirspace.AccordingtoContents77.9Constructionoralterationrequiring
notice,ifrequestedbytheFAA,orifanyofthefollowingtypesofconstructionoralterationisproposed,the
proposermustfilenoticewiththeFAAof:
(a)Anyconstructionoralterationthatismorethan200ft.AGLatitssite.
(b)Anyconstructionoralterationthatexceedsanimaginarysurfaceextendingoutwardandupwardatany
ofthefollowingslopes:
(1)100to1forahorizontaldistanceof20,000ft.fromthenearestpointofthenearestrunwayof
eachairportdescribedinparagraph(d)ofthissectionwithitslongestrunwaymorethan3,200ft.
inactuallength,excludingheliports.
(2)50to1forahorizontaldistanceof10,000ft.fromthenearestpointofthenearestrunwayof
eachairportdescribedinparagraph(d)ofthissectionwithitslongestrunwaynomorethan
3,200ft.inactuallength,excludingheliports.
(3)25to1forahorizontaldistanceof5,000ft.fromthenearestpointofthenearestlandingand
takeoffareaofeachheliportdescribedinparagraph(d)ofthissection.
(c)Anyhighway,railroad,orothertraversewayformobileobjects,ofaheightwhich,ifadjustedupward
17feetforanInterstateHighwaythatispartoftheNationalSystemofMilitaryandInterstateHighways
whereovercrossingsaredesignedforaminimumof17feetverticaldistance,15feetforanyotherpublic
roadway,10feetortheheightofthehighestmobileobjectthatwouldnormallytraversetheroad,
whicheverisgreater,foraprivateroad,23feetforarailroad,andforawaterwayoranyothertraverse
waynotpreviouslymentioned,anamountequaltotheheightofthehighestmobileobjectthatwould
normallytraverseit,wouldexceedastandardofparagraph(a)or(b)ofthissection.
Findings
TherearefourproposedindustrialwindenergydevelopmentsthatintersectwithFortDrumsIR801
militarytrainingroute.
Manylocaljurisdictionsdonothavezoningordinancesthatdirectlyaddresswindturbinesitingand
heightsasitrelatestomilitaryaircraftoperations.
Lackofzoningheightlimitsimpactstoflightoperations
ISSUE
SomelocalcommunitiesaroundFortDrumdonothaveheightlimitsintheirzoningcodes.
VO3
Thismayimpactflightoperationsiffuturedevelopmentresultsinobstructions.
Compatibility Assessment
TherearesomelocalcommunitiesaroundFortDrumthatdonothaveheightlimitsintheirzoningcodes.
Awarenessofvariousverticalobstructionsandhowtheycanimpacttheinstallationsoperationsandmissionsis
neededtolimitencroachmentwithinjurisdictionssurroundingamilitaryinstallation.Generaldevelopment,power
lines,industrialwindenergydevelopmentsoranyotherstructurescapableofcausingincompatibledevelopment
canultimatelydegradeaninstallationsmissioncapability.
AlackofheightrestrictionsrelativetoFAAheightstandardswithinthezoningcodescanpotentiallyallow
structuresandtowerstobedevelopedthatcouldcreateaverticalobstruction,whichwouldimpactflight
operationsatFortDrum.Structureheightsareparticularlyaconcerniflocatedwithinareaswheremilitary
operationsoccur.
Ofthe18jurisdictionwithintheJLUSstudyarea,fiveofthejurisdictionsdonotutilizeazoningcode.Thelackof
zoningcodeforthesejurisdictionsmeansthatthereisnoregulatingtooltolimitbuildingandstructureheights.
AnotherfiveofthejurisdictionsdidnothaveazoningcodeavailableforreviewatthetimeoftheJLUSprocess.
Thefollowingisanoverviewoftheheightlimitationsinthesurroundinglocalcommunitiesrespectivezoning
codes:
TheTownofChampionhasa35footheightlimitationinallzoningdistricts,exceptforHamletandRural
Corridordistricts,bothofwhichdonothavespecifiedheightlimitations.Theintendednatureofthese
zoningareasdoesnotsuggestheightsthatwouldexceedFAAPart77requirements;however,thereisno
definedheightlimitationcreatingapotentialopportunityforincompatibilityinthesedistricts.TheTownof
Championalsohasanopublichearingwaiverifastructureisover35feet.
TheTownofDianahasonezoningdistrict,whichisRuralResidential.Therearenobuildingheight
limitationsforthiszoningdistrict.Forcellulartowersover60feet,theremustbeajustificationforthe
heightofthetowerorantennapriortoconstruction.
Findings
FuturedevelopmentmayresultsinpotentialincompatibleheightswithFAAPart77duetolackofheight
regulationsinsomeofthelocalcommunitieszoningordinances.
ExistingheightregulationsinthezoningordinancesdonotexceedFAAPart77heightregulations.
VibrationfeltoutsideFortDrumsboundaries
ISSUE HelicopterflightsandartilleryfiringatFortDrumcausevibrationimpactsoutsidethe
V1 installation.Someresidentshavestatedthattheyhaveexperiencedstructuraldamagetotheir
propertyasaresultofactivitiesatFortDrum.
Compatibility Assessment
Range48istheairtogroundgunnerytrainingareaat
FortDrum.Itislocatedinthenortheastportionofthe
installation.Itisusedbybothfixedandrotarywingaircraft,
including:
AH64Apache
UH60Blackhawk
500poundMark82bombexplodingatRange48 A10Warthog
Source:USArmy
PhotoCredit:Mrs.MichelleKennedy
F16Falcon
MQ9ReaperUAV
LowflyingaircraftandlivebombtrainingoperationsatRange48havegeneratedoccasionalcomplaintsof
vibrationandnoisefromoverflightanddetonations,particularlyfromthosecommunitiesnearFortDrums
northernborder.Aircraftoftenflyatlowaltitudesastheyapproachthebombingrange,whichcausessome
vibrationandnoisebeneaththeirflightpath.
AccordingtotheFortDrumGrowthManagement
Strategy,thetwotypesofaircraftassociatedwithRange
48thataffectlocalresidentsthemostaretheF16Falcon
andA10Warthog.Thesetwoplanesruntraining
operationsanaverageof242daysperyear,withtheA
10Warthogsometimesflyingaslowas500feetabove
groundlevel(AGL),whichcapableofproducing98dBof
noise.Althoughstructuraldamagetohomesand
structuresisunlikelyduetothesevibrations,theycanbea MarylandAirNationalGuardtrainingexerciseatFortDrum,
featuringanA10pilotdropping500poundbombsonto
nuisancetoresidentsandthistypeoflowlevelflight
Range48
shouldbeavoidedwheneverpossible.
Source:USArmy
PhotoCredit:Mrs.MichelleKennedy
AccordingtotheFortDrumInstallationCompatibleUse
ZoneStudy(ICUZ),thepublicmaycontactthePublicAffairsOffice(PAO)atFortDrumregardingnoiseand
vibrationcomplaints.ThePAOwillalsoannounceupcominglargescaletrainingeventsthathavethepotentialto
TheUSArmyStaffJudgeAdvocate(SJA)ClaimsOfficehandlespropertydamageintheunfortunateeventnoiseor
vibrationscausedbymilitarytrainingactivitydamageprivateproperty.AccordingtotheICUZ,theSJAinvestigates,
processes,andfilesdamageclaims.Theyalsoreviewcomplaintstoidentifypotentialnoncompliancewith
regulationsorlawswhenappropriate.
Findings
Range48isaregularlyusedbombingrangebybothfixedwingandrotarywingaircraft.Bothlowlevel
flightsanddetonationscreatevibrationimpactsonsurroundingcommunitiesnearFortDrumsnorthern
border.
SomeresidentswithinthevicinityofRange48havecomplaintsregardingpropertydamageduetointense
vibrationsgeneratedbyRange48trainingoperations.
FortDrumhasanaggressiveprocesstoaddressnoise/vibrationcomplaintsfromlocalresidentsandthe
JSAClaimsOfficemanagesanylegitimatepropertydamageclaims.
Findings
TherewerenoWaterQuality/QuantitycompatibilityissuesidentifiedfortheFortDrumJLUS.