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ACES JOURNAL, preprint
Abstract Circuit analysis of frequency selective similar diffraction grating which used to measure
surfaces is reviewed with the aim to underline range of wavelength of specific colors and dark lines in the solar
validity of different models and their advantages in spectrum [2]. In 1902 and 1904 Wood [3] and Rayleigh
[4] debated on the popular Woods anomalies of
terms simplicity and physical insight. The circuit
periodic gratings. Rayleigh formulated a theory that
approach is based on an equivalent representation of was able to predict diffraction angles of the grating [5]
FSSs with series or shunt connections of inductances but a comprehensive understanding of resonance effects
and capacitances. Dense non-resonant periodic observed by Wood was achieved with the papers of
surfaces, i.e. grid or patch arrays, can be analyzed Fano in 1941 [6] and Hessel, Oliner in 1965 [7].
analytically by computing the values of inductors or Probably, the first microwave application of gratings at
capacitors via the homogenization theory. As the lattice microwaves is the invention of Marconi and Franklin
period increases with respect to the operating who designed in 1919 a parabolic reflector built of wire
sections instead of a continuous surface [8]. Although
wavelength or the element shape becomes resonant, a
the concept of frequency selective surface is known at
fully analytical circuital approach fails in particular in microwaves since the beginning of 20th century, the
presence of thin substrates. However, simple circuit filtering capabilities of these periodic surfaces were
approaches can be still employed by deriving lumped scarcely exploited. Some applicative works have been
parameters values via a quick pre-processing and then done in the fifties: in 1956 Trentini proposed the use of
generalizing them. The results are accurate up to the gratings for enhancing the gain of antennas [9]. In the
resonant frequency region of the element. By including same period Marcuvitz, Oliner and other scientists
studied the properties of waveguides loaded with
an additional lumped element it is possible taking into
periodic structures [10]-[12] and proposed waveguide
account the effect of the first high order Floquet antennas based on leaky-waves [13]-[16]. Besides these
harmonic. The multimode formulation is also able to aforementioned seminal research findings, early
catch the highly non-linear response of FSS screens in practical applications of selective surfaces were mainly
the grating lobe region provided that the current profile focused in Cassegainian subreflectors in parabolic dish
of the element does not change significantly. antennas. The satellite Voyager 77 exploited a
frequency selective surface for implementing a double-
Index Terms Equivalent Circuit Model, Frequency frequency reflector [17]. The principle was extended to
Selective Surfaces, Periodic Gratings. four frequency bands in the satellite Cassini in 1996
[18]. Nowadays, FSSs [19], [20] are employed at
I. INTRODUCTION microwave frequencies for designing frequency
The fact that non-continuous surfaces can diffract selective radomes [21], leaky wave/Fabry-Perot, low-
electromagnetic waves was proved for the first time by profile and low-RCS antennas [22]-[24], reflectarays,
the American physicist David Rittenhouse in 1786 [1]. trasmittarrays and lenses [25], [26], polarization
He found explanation to the curious phenomenon converting surfaces [27], waveguide filters [28],
observed by Mr. Hopkinson, that is, the presence of electromagnetic shielding [29], radar absorbing
multiple images when he tried to observe a distant materials [30] and, more in general, to synthesize the
street lamp through a silk handkerchief. Rittenhouse bidimensional version of metamaterials, that is,
reproduced a grating by using 50 hairs between two metasurfaces [31]. In the THz domain Frequency
finely threaded screws. In 1821 Fraunhofer built a Selective Surfaces are frequently addressed as
metasurfaces and are massively employed for
ACES JOURNAL, preprint
designing, sensors, spatial filters, absorbers, THz sixties, Ulrich [47] improved the equivalent circuits for
modulators and imaging devices [32]-[34]. In optical inductive and capacitive grids with an additional
domain FSSs have been recently proposed to improve capacitor or inductor respectively to take into account
the efficiency of photovoltaic cells [35], [36] but more resonant effects of these structures as the periodicity of
frequently they are employed to achieve light the mesh becomes approximately equal to . The value
diffraction (diffraction gratings). In the latter case the of these extra circuit elements was evaluated from the
lattice period is several wavelengths for achieving light measurements by matching the resonance at in the
diffraction towards different directions. Diffraction circuit model with measurements. Lee and Zarrillo [48]
gratings are used in several optical commercial devices compared the accuracy of different models for
such as monochromators, spectrometers, lasers, inductive or capacitive grids.
wavelength division multiplexing devices, optical pulse An alternative way to derive the impedance of the
compressing devices, optical microscopes and many metallic grids was proposed by Kontorovich and
other [2]. Astrakhan in [49], [50] by averaging the currents
Classical numerical methods for the analysis of flowing on the periodic structure. The expression of the
frequency selective surfaces are based on the Finite surface impedance for array of patches can be obtained
Difference Time Domain (FDTD) or Finite Element by using the Babinet principle [51]. The averaged
Method (FEM) techniques. These methodologies can be model works properly in the quasi-static regime where
applied to arbitrary FSS configurations (single-layer, grids or patches have respectively a pure inductive and
multi-layer, finite, and curved frequency-selective capacitive behavior. When the frequency increases up
surfaces) but they are computationally onerous. to the first resonance, this model clearly fails because it
Conversely, other dedicated highly efficient methods does not take into account any resonance phenomenon.
have been proposed since the seventies. The most The accuracy of the averaged capacitances/inductances
famous is the Integral Equation Method (IEM), used in can be improved further by taking into account terms of
conjunction with the Method of the Moments (MoM) higher orders [52].
[37]-[40]. The main limitations of these models are:
A helpful way to understand the FSS behavior is to only simple FSS configurations are considered;
establish an analogy between lumped filters and the the effect of a thin nearby material interface is not
periodic surfaces. A circuital analysis, unlike full-wave adequately modeled;
simulations, provides immediate results and a good Attempts to derive formulas for more complex FSS
physical insights into the design properties of the shapes (e.g. loops, crosses, Jerusalem crosses) have
structure. been made in the eighties [53]-[57] but the derived
The paper is organized as follows. In the next formulas often contain empirical derived correction
section a comprehensive review of the literature is factors turning out to lose the intuitive understanding on
presented. Third section is dedicated to the description which a model is based.
of three efficient methods to represent the FSS response The effect of substrates is generally taken into account
in different operating regimes. Section IV describes a by multiplying the FSS capacitance through the
simple procedure for calculating the transmission and averaged permittivity of the dielectrics enclosing the
reflection coefficient of the FSS within a multilayer. FSS [51]. This approximation is acceptable only for
Fifth section describes the results obtained with the thick dielectric substrates (thicker than an half of the
equivalent circuit models on various meaningful cell periodicity) or when the FSS periodicity is much
examples of FSS elements. lower than the operating wavelength [58], [59]. In
practical cases, the supporting dielectrics are usually
II. LITERATURE REVIEW OF FSS much thinner than the wavelength and the dielectric
MODELLING thickness has also to be taken into account in
In the beginning of 20th century MacFarlane [41], computing the averaged permittivity. In order to
Wessel [42], and Hornejger [43] showed that the achieve more accurate results, valid also for thin
scattering problem of a parallel wire grid can be solved substrates, a corrected single mode circuit [58] or a
using a transmission line model, where the wire grid is multimode formulation may be adopted [60]-[62].
modeled as a shunt impedance and the homogeneous
surrounding medium is modeled as infinite transmission III. FSS MODELING
lines. Initially, only simple elements comprising wire An important parameter in the FSS analysis is the
grids or patches were considered. Later, Trentini [44] wavelength at which the grating lobes or trapped modes
included the periodical loading of the wire grid with onset [1], [63]. The wavelength of the first high order
lumped circuit elements and Wait developed the Floquet harmonic reads:
MacFarlane model to analyze the reflection properties
in the vicinity of a dielectric interface [45], [46]. In the
ACES JOURNAL, preprint
g D
r
r sin (1)
respectively [65] (Fig. 2). The calculation of the
inductance or the capacitance value can be
where D represents the inter-element spacing, c is the accomplished by averaging the currents flowing on the
speed of light and is the incident angle, and r is the periodic structure. The derived FSS impedance is of the
dielectric permittivity of the media where the FSS is second order since it is angle dependent and it has a
embedded. For wavelengths longer that g (or different expression for the TE and the TM
frequencies smaller that c/ g ) the only propagating polarization. In the case of a patch array the impedance,
Floquet harmonic is the fundamental one. Higher Z TE / TM
patch 1 jC patch , is just a capacitor [51]:
modes are evanescent and decay exponentially away
from the mesh. At normal incidence the grating lobes
D 0 r1 r 2 1 k02 sin
2
wavelength is equal to the FSS periodicity. However, it patch
C TE ln 1
has to be pointed out that when the FSS is embedded sin w k 2 2
2D eff (2)
with dielectric media, the first high-order phenomenon
D 0 r1 r 2 1
is represented by the onset of trapped dielectric modes patch
C TM ln
sin w
[19] (or trapped surface waves) that occurs well below 2D
the propagation of the first grating lobe. while for grids, the impedance, Z grid j Lgrid , is an
TE / TM
In the analysis of periodic structures, three different
fundamental regions can be individuated [64]. At long inductor:
wavelengths, when the FSS periodicity D is much
larger than the operating wavelength , quasi-static D 0 1
grid
LTE ln
sin w
regime, the periodic surface can be efficiently analyzed 2 2D (3)
by using homogenized theory. The intermediate
D 0 1 k sin 2 2
frequency range, where the FSS periodicity is smaller grid
LTM ln 1 0
w
2 sin 2 D k
2
but comparable with the operating wavelength, the 2 eff
periodic surface element can be resonant. In this region where D represents the periodicity of the FSS, w is the
the FSS can still be modeled by using the circuit theory
gap between the squares patches and. k0 is the wave
but the values of the lumped parameters need to be
retrieved by using a full-wave simulations followed by
an inversion procedure.
number in free space, keff k0 r1 r 2 2 is the
wave number of the incident wave vector in the
effective host medium, is the incident angle.
B. First order retrieving method The equivalent circuit parameters are obtained for a
The simple circuit model presented in the previous particular FSS configuration but several degrees of
section can be improved by adding additional lumped freedom, e.g. repetition period of the unit cell, the angle
components which allow to follow the FSS response of incidence of the incoming wave, influence the values
even in the second zone, i.e. the resonant one. A simple of the equivalent inductance and capacitance. If these
LC circuit can fit the frequency response of a capacitive corrections are understood and modeled, the
frequency selective surface whereas a shunt LC capacitances and inductances, preemptively obtained at
connection replaces the LC series for an inductive FSS. normal incidence and stored in a database of shapes,
In absence of losses, the FSS impedance is purely can be used for computing the response of generic FSS
imaginary and it is represented by two lumped configurations with no additional computation effort.
parameters. Losses can be introduced by adding a series Let us now briefly analyze separately the effect of these
resistance in the equivalent circuit [68]-[70]. degree of freedom.
In order to compute FSS reactance, the knowledge of
the current density on the FSS element is necessary
even for the zero order approximation. Alternatively, a
retrieving approach which starts from on the
determination of the complex reflection coefficient
through a preliminary full-wave simulation can be
employed [58], [71]-[73]. Then, according to classical
transmission line theory, it is possible to obtain the
impedance of the freestanding FSS as follows:
dielectric substrates. The optimal capacitance values (D</2). According to this formulation, the patch array
obtained with the retrieving procedure are normalized capacitance for TE polarization is angle dependent [51].
to the freestanding values to obtain a thickness The same expression can be used as an interpolating
dependent effective permittivity. An expression that fits function for all elements by just replacing the number 2
very well the effective permittivity reads [58]: with a parameter which, in our case, would depend
from the chosen element:
1
eff rav rav 1 (5)
exp x k 2 sin
N 2
CTE CTE
0
1 20 (6)
where x=10*d/D, rav d1 r1 d2 r 2 d1 d 2 and k eff
N is an exponential factor that takes into account the 0
slope of the curve. This parameter can vary for different where CTE is the capacitance computed at normal
cell shapes depending on the unit cell filling factor [58]. incidence, and the other quantities have been already
The effective permittivity as a function of the dielectric defined.
thickness obtained by using MoM simulations and the
interpolating relation is shown in Fig. 4.
IV. CALCULATION OF THE FREQUENCY surface. An almost infinite set of geometries can be
RESPONSE OF A GENERIC FSS SYSTEM adopted as unit cell of a periodic screen. Some of these
geometries are more popular than others and are also
Once derived the equivalent circuit parameters, the
simple to control. We propose in Table 1 a
approximate reflection and transmission coefficients
classification of the most popular geometries on the
( s11 , s21 ) of the FSS are computed by using basis of resonant properties and equivalent circuits. The
conventional transmission line theory [76]: number of lumped elements is directly proportional to
the number of resonances. It can be demonstrated that
AZ 0 B CZ 02 DZ 0 the expression of the FSS reactance satisfies the Foster
s11 , (15) theorem [75], that is, it possesses the same pole-zero
AZ 0 B CZ 02 DZ 0
analytical properties as a passive LC network.
2Z 0
s21 . (16) Table 1: Classification of FSS elements on the basis of
AZ 0 B CZ 02 DZ 0
resonant properties. Symbols: // means shunt
where A, B, C, D represents the terms of the ABCD connection. Multiplication means series connection
matrix of the system comprising the FSS and a generic Equivalent
number N of dielectrics: Element type Element shape
circuit
Non-resonant
A B Strip, patch, wire grid C
C D M 1 ... M n M FSS M n 1 ... M N (17)
elements
Single resonant
loop, dipole, cross,
(LC)
In equation (17) the subscript n stands for the nth tripole, dogbone
dielectric substrate and M represents the scattering double cross, double
(LC)//(LC) or
matrix of every layer: Double-resonant loop, Jerusalem cross,
(LC)(L//C)
etc.
cos k zn d n jZ n sin k zn d n Multi-resonant Concentric loops, (LC)//(LC)//
(geometrical) fractal elements, (LC).
M n sin k zn d n , quadrifilar spiral,
j cos k zn d n
Multi-resonant
meandered dipole or Not
Zn (18) (current
loop, genetically physical
distribution)
1 0 optimized
M FSS 1 / Z 1
FSS In the following paragraphs some numerical results
where ZFSS is the approximate FSS impedance about some popular FSS elements are shown with the
computed with the retrieved LC parameters, aim to demonstrate the validity regions of the presented
Z nTE r 0 k zn ; Z nTM k zn r 0 are the equivalent circuits.
characteristic impedances of the slab for TE and TM
Non resonant elements patch arrays
polarization, k zn r k0 2 kt2 is the normal component The first analyzed configuration is a simple patch array.
of the wavenumber and kt k0 sin is the transverse For this element it is possible to compare the first-order
retrieving model with the analytical averaged model.
component of the wavenumber with representing the Even if a purely analytical approach should not be
incidence angle of the incoming wave with respect to compared with a semi-analytical one, this comparison
the normal and k0 the free space propagation constant. serves to show that the inclusion of the inductance in
The quantities 0 , r , 0 , r represent the free space the equivalent circuit allows going beyond the limits of
and the relative dielectric permittivity and magnetic effective grid parameters. The patch is characterized by
permeability. Since the FSS is a passive reciprocal a periodicity of 10 mm which leads to the onset of
system, the transmission coefficient of the structure is grating lobes for normal incidence at 30 GHz. Fig. 7
identical independently of the incidence side. If the reports the reflection coefficients obtained by
analyzed configuration is symmetrical (same dielectrics employing approximate impedances for two different
on both side of the FSS) also the reflection coefficients values of the patch gap. For large gaps, the retrieving
computed on the two sides of the FSS coincide method agrees very well with the MoM code up to the
(symmetric scattering matrix). propagation of the grating lobes while the averaged
model loses its validity when the cell repetition period
V. FSS ELEMENTS AND RESULTS exceeds an half wavelength. For small gaps the
The choice of the suitable element is of outmost averaged model is instead applicable closer to the
importance in the design of a frequency selective frequency where grating lobes emerge. The
capacitances obtained by using averaged relations and
ACES JOURNAL, preprint
by using the retrieving approach are summarized in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 report the impedance and the
Table 2. The values computed by the retrieving reflection coefficient for a cross shaped FSS. The
approach are systematically lower than those computed approximated responses are computed both by using the
by using averaged relations since the employed circuit retrieving method and the multimode approach. The
model considers also the inductive component of the multimode approach includes just the first high-order
impedance. mode in order to limit the complexity of the equivalent
circuit.
introduction of the first HO harmonic allows to The values of the unknown capacitance and inductances
correctly match the reflection behavior up to the onset can be computed by solving by running an iterative
of the grating lobes. Table 4 reports the geometrical matching procedure. The procedure starts from the
parameter of the simulated loop element together to the computation of the three resonance frequencies z1, z2
values of the lumped elements employed in the circuit and p2 by detecting the nulls of the derivative function
model to retrieve the FSS response. of the actual FSS impedance. The following relations
between the lumped components of the LC//LC circuit
Table 4 Geometrical parameters and values of hold:
the electrical parameters in the lumped circuits of the
simulated loop element 1 1
C s1 ; Cs 2 ;
Physical retrieving
multimode Ls1 2
z1 Ls 2 z21
circuit (1 HO
L C
parameters method) 2p2
mode) 1 (20)
z22 s1 s1 z22
D 10 mm Cs 72.34 fF Cs 72.39 fF
Ls 2 .
C 1
g 1/16*D Ls 3.45 nH Ls 0.61 nH 2p2
2/16*D s1 z22
w A1TE 2.67
The value of the inductance Ls1 is obtained by an
Multi-resonant elements iterative procedure that minimizes the Euclidean
There is often the necessity of employing more distance between the impedance computed by the MoM
complex FSS elements in the design of narrow band, approach and the one obtained by the equivalent circuit
multi-band filters or even in multi-resonant High- model. The first pole p1 falls at =0 since the FSS is
Impedance Surfaces (HIS) [77], [78]. Some FSS capacitive. Fig. 12 shows the comparison between the
ACES JOURNAL, preprint
reflection coefficients obtained by a MoM analysis and aforementioned equivalent circuits to nth order resonant
by the circuital approach for the two analyzed FSS circuits [78].
configuration. The lumped components are summarized
in Table 5 where the values of the geometrical
parameters are also specified. The value of the
capacitance Cs1 is higher than that of the simple cross
since the end loading improves the capacitive coupling
between the neighboring crosses.
The additional capacitor, due to the capacitive effect A multi-resonant element useful for understanding the
introduced by the two end loading strips aligned with limitations of the equivalent circuit approach is the
the electric field, is lower than the main effect due to spiral cross array. The matching of the reflection
the central cross as expected. coefficient of the investigated spiral structure can be
obtained by using the same equivalent circuit of Jcross
as reported in Fig. 14. However, in this case the
equivalent circuit does not catch the physical behavior
of the structure. Indeed, differently from the previous
multi-resonant element, where the resonances were due
to the element geometry, this element resonates because
of the high-order modes of the current distribution. As
it is evident from Fig. 15, the fundamental resonance
occurs when the length of the spiral approaches at half
wavelength, while the second resonance occurs when
the length of the arms is equal to 3/2.
Other more complex and more compact element exponentially by reducing the gap between adjacent
configurations are also possible [79], [80] and their elements. The inductance values can be explained by
behavior can still be matched by using a pole-zero resorting to the expression of the inductance of two
matching procedure [75]. parallel wires with length l, radius a and distance d
( L l ln d a ). As the distance between the parallel
wires decreases, the inductance decreases as well. In the
case of the patch element, we can infer that the
inductance value is very low because the plate is very
large and in the previous formula corresponds,
unwrapping the wire, to enhance the value of the wire
radius. Cross and loop elements are characterized by
higher inductances because of the narrow strips
composing the single element. By observing the
. calculated optimal values of the inductances in
Fig. 15. Surface current on the plane of the spiral cross Table 3 and in Table 4 it is evident the inductance
array at the two reflection resonances. values drop as the first TE high order mode is included
in the multimode model. This is due to the fact the
VII DISCUSSION ON LUMPED ELEMENTS impedance of the first TE harmonic is inductive. As a
VALUES consequence, the inductive component of the element is
Simple electrostatic relationships can be exploited to now shared between the inductor and the first TE
qualitatively understand the reason why certain shapes harmonic.
determine specific values of capacitance and
inductance. As it is well known, the static capacitance VIII. CONCLUSION
of an ideal parallel plate capacitor is directly A comprehensive overview of FSS circuit modeling
proportional to the plate area A and inversely has been presented. Different models based on fully
proportional to the plate separation d ( C 0 r A d ). analytical or semi-analytical formulations are described
The capacitance value of the cross element is the lowest with the aim to clarify their range of validity and their
one since the parallel plate capacitor formed by the two accuracy. Fully analytical models based on averaged
adjacent crosses has a small area. For the same reason, expressions are accurate for dense periodic arrays
the patch capacitance is comparable than the loop one. (quasi-static region) while a simple semi-analytical
approach can be employed also in the resonant region
of FSSs. The latter approach can be applied to generic
FSS elements and it can be generalized with simple
relations. Finally an efficient multimode approach
which allow to match the complex response of the FSS
screens within nonlinear grating lobes region has been
also discussed.
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