Professional Documents
Culture Documents
kitabevi
Kumar'n Eserleri:
Prophecy and Progress: The Sociology of!ndus,trial and Post-lndusrrial
Sociery
Utopia and Anti-Utopia in Modern Times
The Rise of Modern Sociery
Fron Posr-lndustrial to Post-Modern Society
1989: Revolurionary ldeas and !deals
The Making of English National !dentify
Utopianism (Open Universi ly Press, 1991, 1999; Trkesi: Oropyaclk,
imge Ki tabevi Yaynlar, 2005)
Somcl'in evirileri:
Oropyaclk (i mge Kit abevi Yaynlar, 2005)
img e D a m
Ankara ls a n b u l
Konur Sokak No: 4 3/A Kzlay Mhrdar Cad. No : 80 Kadky
Tel: (312) 417 50 95-96/418 28 65 Tel: (216) 348 60 58
Faks : (312) 425 65 32 Faks: (216) 418 26 10
E-Posa: dagii mi mge.co m.r E-Posa: kadiko y@i mge.co m.tr
Krishan Kumar
topyaclk
e viren
Ali Somel
imge Kitabevi Yaynlar
Genel Yayn Ynetmeni
ebnem iler Tabak
zgn Ad
Utopianism, 1991
Tm haklar sakldr.
Yaync izni olmadan, ksmen de olsa
fookopi, film vb. elektronik ve mekanik
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Ya vuz Alogan.
Dzelti
Alaaain Topu
Kapak
Murat zkoyuncu
Sayfa Dzeni
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Bask ve Cilt
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Mithatpaa Cad. Na: 62/1 Kzlay-Ankara
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indekiler
nsz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1 topyann Unsurlar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2 topyann Snrlar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3 topya Tarihi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
4 topya Uygulamas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5 Dnya Haritasnda topya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Kaynaka : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Dizin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
nsz
Krishan Kumar
Canterbury, Kent
ja
1
topyann Unsurlar
Hayaller ve Gerekler
sonek.
topyaclk
R. Ames, Cirizen Thomas More and His Uropia, Princeton Universily Press,
Princeton, NJ. 1 949, s. 8.
Yaplan yorumlarn iyi bir eletirisi iin bkz. Q. Skinner, 'More's Uropia',
Pas and Presenr, No. 38, 1967, s. 1 53-68. Ayrca bkz. Skinner, 'Sir Thomas
More's Uropia and he L.anguage of Renaissance Humanism', The LJnguages
of Political Theory in Early-Modern Europe, der. A. Pagden, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, 1987, s. 123-58; j. H . Hexer, The Uopian
Vision: Thomas More. Utopia and is Hisorical Milieux', The Vision of
Politics on the Eve ofthe Reformalion: More, Machiavelli and Seyssel, Ailen
Lane, Londra, 1973, s. 1 9 - 1 49.
More, Uropia, s. 1 35.
Oropyaclk
Bununla ilgili yararl bir tartma iin bkz. J. C. Davis, Uopia and he ideal
Sociey: A Sudy of English Uropan Wriing 1516-1100, Cambridge
Universiy Press, Cambridge, 1 983, s. 1 -40.
Oopyac/k
l s
topyaclk
10
Bkz. Heinberg, Memories and Visions of Paradise, s. 11 5-29; ayrca M .
Eliade, The Myth of the Eternal Return, Or, (,osmos and Hisory, Princeon
Universiy Press, Princeon, NJ, 1971 ve Myh and Realiy, Harper
Colophon, New York, 1975.
11
Bkz. G. Boas, 'Earhly Paradises', Essays on Prinitivisn and Relaed Jdeas in
the Middle Ages, Ocagon Books, New York, 1978, s. 1 54-74; ve genel ola
rak Hristiyanlka ve dier kltrlerde Cennet iin bkz. H. R. Pach, The
Other World According to Descriptions in Medieval Literature, Harvard
Universiy Press, Cambridge, MA, 1950; M. Eliade, 'Paradise and Uopia',
Uopias and Utopian Though, der. F. E. Manuel, Souvenir Press, Londra,
1 973, s. 260-80; H. B. Partin, 'Paradise', The Encyclopaedia of Religion, der.
Eliade, c. 11, s. 1 84-89.
Uopyann Unsur/an
Cockaygne Diyan
Hazreti lsa'nn dnyaya yeniden gelmesiyle yeryznde bin yllk bir cennet
kuraca inanc (.n.).
12 Modern bir biime kavuturularak yeniden basld, A . L Morton, The
English Utopia, Lwrence and Wishar, Londra, 1 969, s. 279-85; daha genel
olarak Cockaygne zerine bkz. s. 1 5-45; ve R. C. E l ott, The Shape of
Utopia: Studies in a Uerary Genre, Chicago University Press, Chicago,
1 970, s. 3-24.
topyaclk
Binyl lnanc
11
Yahudi Mesih inanc zerine bkz. G. Scholem, Toward an Undersanding of
he Messianic idea in judaism', The Messianic idea in judaism, And Other
Essays Onjewish Spirirualiry, Alien and Unwin, Londra, 1 97 1 , s. 1 - 36; R. j .
Zwi Werblowsky, '.)ewish Messianism'; Eliade, The Encyclopaedia of
Religion, c. 9, s. 472-77.
Vropyaclk
"
Binylclk zerine geni edebiyatn iyi bir eletirel armas iin bkz. H.
Schwartz, 'Millenarianism', Eliade, The Encyclopaedia of Religion, c. 9, s.
521 -32. Aynca bkz. S. Thrupp der., Millennial Dreams in Acrion, Schocken
Books, New York, 1 970; T. Olson, Millennialism, Uropianism and Progress,
Torono University Press, Toronto, 1982, l. Blm.
l20
Oropyann Unsurlar
l 21
ropyaclk
l22
Uropyann Unsurlar
123
Uopyaclk
s
Bkz. D. S. Crow, 'lslamic Messianism', Eliade, The Encyclopaedia of Relig
ion, c. 9, s. 477-8 1 .
topyanm Unsurlar
ldeal Kent
16
Bkz. R. Shek, 'Chinese Millenarian Movements', Eliadc, The Encyclopaedia
of Relgion, c. 9, s. 532-6; Chesneaux, 'Egalitarian and Uto pian Tradiions in
he Eas'; J . Needham, 'Social Devoluion and Revoluion: Ta Thung and
Thai Phing', Revolution in History, der. R. Parter ve M. Teich, Cambridge
Universiy Press, Cambridge, 1 966, s. 6 1 -73.
Otopyaclk
l2s
Utopyanm Unsurlar
18
Bkz. M. Tafuri , Architecture and Utopia, MiT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1979;
H. Rosenau, The ideal City: !ts Architectural Evolution in Europe, Methuen,
Londra, 1983; R. Fishman, 'Utopia in Three Dimensions: The ideal City and
the Origis of Modern Design', Utopias, der. P. Alexander ve R. Gill,
Duckworth, Londra, 1 984, s. 95-107; ve Urban Utopias in the Twentieth
Century, Basic Books, New York, 1977.
129
topyaclk
130
topyann Unsurlar
topyann Oluumu
1
F. E. Manuel ve F. P. Manuel, Utopian Though in he Wesern World.
Harvard University Press, Carnbridge, MA, 1979, s. 94.
topyann Unsurlar
1 33
Oropyaclk
1 34
Oopyann Unsur/an
Hayali Dnyalar
Timaeus. s. 36.
topyaclk
Timaeus, s. 38.
Atlantis sylencesinin brakt etki iin bkz. ]. Bramwell, lost Atlanris: An
Essay on the A rlanic Myth in Literature and Philosophy, Cobden
Sanderson, Londra, 1 937. Bramwell, kayp ktay konu alan 5000'in ze
rinde kitap olduunu ahmin ediyor. En iyi bilinenlerinden bir tanesi Ame
rikal topyac 1. Donnelly tarafndan kaleme alnan Antedi/u vian World,
1 882.
Uropyann !>inrlar
Timaeus, s. 3 1 .
Uopp clk
Daha modernletirilmi bir evirisi, The J'alc Edirion ofrhe Comp!ere Wok.<
of Sr Thomas More, c. 4: Uropia, der. Edward Sunz ve j . H. Hexer, Yale
Universiy Press, New Haven ve Londra, 1 965, s. 107.
Uropa, (Everyman basks) , s. 53.
"'
Peter Giles'e mektup, Uropia (Yale basks ) , s. 25 1 .
1 43
Vropyaclk
11
Bkz. D . Lodge, 'Utopia and Criticism', Encounrer, c . 32, 1 969, s . 65-75,
karlatnnz. N . Frye: 'Edebiyattaki kkleriyle topyac dnce yaratcdr ...
Yapc edebi imgelemin bir tri olarak onu grmek durumundayz.' 'Varieties
o[ Lierary Utopias', Manuel, Uropias and Uropian Thoughr, s. 3 1 -2.
12 topyann bilim kurguya dahil olmasyla ilgili bkz. D . Suvin, Metamor
phoses of Science Ficrion: On rhe Poeics and Hisrory ofa Lirerary Genre,
Yale University Press, New Haven ve Londra, 1 979, 1 . Blm.
Dropyann Srnrlar
11
Lodge, Uropia and Criricism, s . 70.
10pyaclk
<
topyann talamaya yaknl zerine bkz. Elliott, The S/ape o! Uopia,
s. 3-24.
Oopyann Smrlan
"
Antiopya hakknda ayrca bkz. K. Kumar, Uopia and Anti-Uopia in Mo
dem Time.s, Basil Blackwell, Oxford ve New York, 1 987, s. 99- 1 30.
Vtopyaclk
'" ]. C. Davis, Utopia and rhe ideal Sociery: A Srudy of English Utopian
Writing 1516-1700, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1 983, s. 1 7;
bkz. B. Goodwin ve K. Taylor, The Politics of Uropia: A Srudy in Theory and
Practice, Hutchinson, Londra, 1982, s. 27.
19
Frank Manuel'in Utopias and Uropian Thoughta yazdg nszde yapt gi
bi, s. vii.
topyachk
l so
Oropyanm Smrlar
'0
Elbee, sal opyac geleneken daha geni bu emann izini, J. Passore,
The Perfecibiliy of Man, Duckworh, Londra, 1 972. Bac entelekel arihi
iinde grkemli biimde sryor.
insann doutan kusuru metinde "ilk gnah" diye gemektedir; her insann
Adem ile Havva'nn ilk gnahn tadna dair Hrisiyan inancna afr
(.n.).
l s
topyaclk
21
Bu iki paragrafta szO geen eserlerin romunu Manueller'in ansiklopedik in
celemesi Utopian Thought in the Wesern Wor/d iernekedir. O opyac ge
lenein yine geni kapsaml aynntl bir incelemesi iin, ayrca bkz. Goodwin
ve Taylor, The Politics of Utopia, s. 1 6.
12
Bkz. rnein Passmore, The Perfecibi/iy of Man, s. 1 59.
Oopyac/k
13. de jouvenel, 'Utopia for Practical Purposes', Manuel, Uropias and Uropian
Tlougl, s. 221 .
Uropyann -inrlar
l ss
Uropyaclk
25
Kari Mannheim birok yorumcu adna unlan syleyebilir: 'Daha sonraki
m opyac kurgulann borlu olduu genel rnei Platon, zellikle de
Devle'e verdi.' 'Uopia', The Encyclopaedia of rhe Social Sciences, c. 1 5 ,
der. E . R . A . Seligman v e A . johnson, Macmillan, New York, 1 934, s . 200.
ls6
Oropyann Snrlar
26
l. Blm 'de 9-16 numaral no\arda afa bulunulan lierare bkz.
IOpyaclk
17
Bkz. J. Chesneaux, 'Egalitarian and Utopian Traditions in he Eas', Diogenes,
c. 62, 1968, s. 76-102. Chesneaux, aynca Gneydou Asyal Buddhis lkeler
de, zellikle Burma, Seylan, Laos, Tayland ve Kamboya'da topyac bir ge
lenek olduu iddiasndadr. Ancak besbelli 'copyac' erimini esnek kul
lanmaktadr.
'"
Birok afla birlikte ksa \'e iyi bir anlam iin bkz. J. Needham, 'Social
devolution and revol uion: Ta Thng and Thai Phing: Revolurion in His
ory, der. R. Porer \'e M. Teich, Cambridge Uni\'crsiy Press, Cambridge,
1 986, s. 6 1 -73. Ayrca bkz. Needham'n Sciece ;nd Ci'iliz;ion in China, c.
2: Hrory of Scienrific Thoughr, Cambridgc Univcrsity Press, Cambridge,
1956.
Uropyann !>inrrlan
19
Needham, 'Social devoluion and revoluion', s. 68. Ne var ki kendisi bunu
'topyaclk' olarak adlandrmanakadr.
Milliyci lngilizler arasnda, lngilere'yi oraada istila eden Normandiyal
fatihlerin Sakson l ngilere'nin mulu ana son verdii kansna afr
(.n.).
topyaclk
o
Ksalmal bir lngilizce eviri iin bkz. L. G. Thompson, Ta Thung Shu: The
One- World Philosophy ofKhang Yu- Wei, Faber ve Faber, Londra, 1 958.
topyann Snrlar
11
Her ne kadar F. Graus'un makalesinin bal aksini ima ese de: 'Social
Uopias in he Middle Ages', Past and Present, No. 38, 1 967, s. 3 - 1 9 . Kendi
sinin de itirar enii gibi Graus'un an ey topyalar deil, ky
Cockaygne'lar ve Aln a zerine halk sylenceleridir. Ortaada topya
nn olmad genellikle kabul grr: Bkz., rnein ]. O. Herzler, The
History of Utopian Thought, Cooper Square Publishers, New York, 1965, s.
1 2 1 ; Olsan, Millennialism, Utopianism and Progress, s. 1 59.
11
R. W. Chambers, Thonas More, jonathan Cape, Londra, 1 935, s . 1 28.
ropyann Snrlan
"
M. 1. Finley, 'Utopianisn Ancien and Modern', The Crirical Spiril: E<say< in
HonM of Herberr Marcusc, der. K . H . Wolff ve Barringon Moore jr, Beacon
Press, Doson, 1967, s. 6. Darko Suvin de topyaya 'bu-dnyal baka bir
dnya' demektedir: Meranorphoses o!Science Ficion, s. 42. topyann H
risiyan dncesine yakn olduu konusundaki kart gr iin bkz.
Manuel ve Manuel, Uropian Though in rhe Wesrern Wold, passim; ayrca
bkz. K. Lwih. Meaning in Hisrory, Chicago Universi ty Press, Chicago,
1 949. Genel bir tartma iin bkz. Krishan Kumar, Rtlgion and Uropia,
Centre for he Sudy of Religion and Sociey, Universiy o f Ken,
Canerhury, 1985).
" Olson, Millennialism, Uropianisn, and Progress, s. 1 44. 1 57 .
Otopyaclk
1 64
Oropyann Snrlar
36
Bkz. Diodorus Siculus, C. H. Oldfather evirisi, The Loeb Classical Library,
Havard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1 979, 2. Kitap, s. 55-60; 5. Kitap,
s. 4 1 -6. More'un kendi Utopia's ile bu peri masallar arasna bilinli olarak
mesafe koyduunu kaydetmeliyiz: '. . . canavarlara gelince, herhangi bir haber
gelmeyince onlar merak etmedik. nk havlayan Scyllas, a a gezinen
yrtc Celaenos ve Laestrygons, insanlar mideye indiren yaratklar ve ben
zeri kocaman ve inanlmaz canavarlar bulmaktan daha kolay yoktur. Fakat
iyi ve salkl yasalarca ynetilen yurttalar bulmak fazlasyla nadir ve g
tr.' Utopia (Everyrnan basks), s. 18.
17
Finley, 'Utopianism Ancien and Modern', s. 1 0- 1 1 .
Uropyann Snrlar
'"
Platon, The Republic, B. Joweu evirisi, Vimage Books, Ncw York, nd, s. 59
(II. Kitap, 369). Repub/icda Platon'un amac zerine ayrca bkz. s.
Alexander, 'Grimm's Utopia: Motives and Jusification', Alexander ve Gill,
Utopias, s. 3 1 -42; Frye, 'Varieties of Lierary Utopias', s. 32-4.
topyaclk
Msr'n (kutsal) kpei adna yle bir yapar ki! Kendine ait
ehirde kesinlikle bunu yapacak, ilahi bir ar olmad s
rece doduu kentte biraz zor olsa da . . .
[ Glaucon) : Anlyorum; bizim kurduumuz v e sadece fik
ren var olan kentte -nk yle bir kentin dnyada oldu
una inanmyorum- ynetici olacan kast ediyorsun.
Bence gkyznde onun bir ekli var, diye yantladm, ki
onu arzu eden farkna varr, farkna varnca da kendisini
yle ynetir. Ancak yle bir kentin var olup olmayaca o
kadar da nemli deil; nk baka ilerle bir ilgisi kalma
yaca iin o kentteki yaam biimine uygun olarak yaaya
caktr. 39
19
The Republic, s. 360 (IX. Kitap, 592), karlannz. Ayrca s. 201-2 (V. Ki
tap, 472).
Uopyann Snrlar
'"
The Repub/ic, s. 284 (Vll . Kitap, 536).
"
Platon, The Seenth Leuer, Phaedrus and Lellers V// and VI//, Walter
Hamil ton evirisi, Penguin Books, Harnondsworh, 1 973, s. 1 36 , 1 38.
Oropyaclk
topyac Gelenek
Devrim kavramnn paralel rnei iin bkz. K. Kumar, 'Revolurion, Past and
Presen', The Meaning of Contenporary Revolution, der. C. Davies,
Routledge, Londra, forhcoming).
Bu konuda -ister istemez eksikli- kant niteliinde baz dkmler iin bkz.
R. W. Gibson ve J. Max Patrick, 'Utopias and Dysopias, 1 500-1 750', St.
Thomas More: A Preliminary Bibliography of the Works and Moreana to the
Year 1 150, der. R. W. Gibson, Yale Universiy Press, New Haven, 1 96 1 ; A. B.
Samaan, 'Utopias and Utopian Novels: 1 5 1 6- 1949: A Prcliminary Bibliogra
phy', Moreana, c. 3 1 /32, 1 97 1 ; L. T. Sargen, British and Anerican Utopian
literature 1516-1985: An Annotated Chrono/ogica/ Bib/iography, Garland
Publishing, New York, 1 988: G. Negley, Utopian literature: A Bibliography
with a Supplenentary Listing of Works lnfluential in Utopian Though, The
Regents Press, Lawrence, KS, 1 977; Negley ve Patrick, Quest for Utopia, s.
1 9-22; R. Gerber, Utopian Fantasy: A Study ofEnglish Utopian Fiction Since
he End of the Nineteenth Century, Rouledge and Kegan Paul, Londra,
1 955, Appendix, s. 143-60. eili tarihler ve yorumlar, rnein Manueller,
Utopian Thought in the Western World, bu noktann zerinde nemle du
ruyor.
topya Tarihi
'" j . H. Hexter, The Utopian Vision: Thomas More. Uropia and !s Historical
Milieux', The Vision of Polirics on the Eve of the Reformarion: More,
Machia velli, and Seyssel, Alien L:.ne, Londra, 1 973, s. 1 1 8.
ropyaclk
topya ve Modernizn
11
L. Mumford, 'Uopia, he Ciy and he Machine', Manuel, Uropias and
Uropian Thoughr, s. 9. Ayrca bkz. Finley, 'Uopianism Ancien and Mo
dern', s. 1 4- 1 6.
topyaclk
12
Aristotales, The Politics, Ernest Barker evirisi, Clarendon Press, Oxford,
1 952, s. 52-4 (il. Kitap v).
topya Tarihi
11
Plaon, The Republic, B. Jowett evirisi, s. 1 27 (Ill. Kiap, 416).
"
The Republic, s. 1 89-90 (V. Kiap, 464).
" The Republic, s. 1 27 (ili. Kitap, 4 1 7 ) .
Uropyaclk
17 J. H. Hexer, The Predaory and the Uopian Vision: Machiavelli and More.
The Loom of Language and he Fabric of lmperaives: The Case o f il
Principe and Uropia', The Vision of Polirics on rhe Eve of rhe Reformarion,
s. 1 79-203.
Uopyaclk
18
Burada inandrc bir formulasyon, 1 . Wallerstein, The Modern Wor!d Sys
rem. 2 c., Academic Press, Ncw York ve londra, 1974 ve 1 980).
1
Bkz. P. B. Gove, The lnaginary Voy.ge in Prose Ficrion, Columbia Univer
sity Press, New York, 1941 .
ls s
Vropyaclk
olarak gelitirilecekti. 20
Dnemin en ok bilinen iki topyasnda dini motif
berrak ve glyd: Andreae'nin Christianopolis ve Cam
panella'nn City of the Sun i (Gne lkesi) adl yaptlar.
Her ikisi de topyalarnn merkezine bilimsel ve teknik
meraklar yerletirdi ve bunu manevi hedeflere tabi kld.
Tm zamanlarn en nl bilimsel topyas, Francis Ba
con'un Yeni A tlantis'inde de durum esas olarak byleydi .
Ne var ki Bacon'da bilimsel giriimin kendinde bir amaca
dnme tehlikesini g rmek iin, gnmzdeki tanr
tanmazlk sulamasn benimsemek gerekmez. Yeni A t
lantis bitmemi bir eserdir ve verdii mesaj o kadar da net
deildir, daima farkl yorumlamalara ak olmutur. Ancak
daha sonra Kraliyet Cemiyeti'ni kuracak olan Bacon'un ta
raftarlarnn ve daha da sonralar birounun gznde Ye
ni A tlantis, bilimsel tavrn ilk beyan oldu. Sleyman'n
Evi'nin iarn daha sonraki tm bilimsel topyalarn bay
raklatrmas mmkndr: " Kuruluumuzun Amac, Ne
denlerin ve eyann gizli hareketini bilmektir; insanlk
lmparatorluu'nun hakimiyet snrlarn mmkn olan her
eyi gerekletirecek ekilde geniletmektir."
Bylece More'dan sonraki yzylda topyaya bilim ek
lendi. More'un eitlikilii antik ideal kentin hiyerarik
yapsndan nasl koptuysa Baconcu bilim de More'un ve
More'a kadarki tm ideal toplumlarn duraan niteliini
geride brakt. Bacon'n andan itibaren demokrasi ve bi
lim modern topyann isel ve dsal ncllerini olutur
du. Ve topyann eitlikilii nasl aklcl ile zaman za
man kaptysa, bilimin dinamikleri de topyann snrla-
'"
Onyedinci yzyl ortasnda lngiltere'de Bacon'un 'yeni felsefesinin' geliimi
nin temel lokomotif gc, Samuel Hartlib halkas zerine Charles Web
ster'in almasna zellikle bkz. The Grea lnsauration: Science, Medicine,
and Reform 1 626-1660, Duckworh, Londra, 1 975. Genel olarak ayn nokta
zerinde duran K. Thomas, Religion and he Decline of Magic, Penguin
Books, Harmondsworth, 1 973.
Uopya Tarihi
21
Bkz. J. C. Davis, 'Science and Utopia: The History of a Dilemma', Nineeen
Eighl)'-Four: Science beween Utopia and Dysopia, der. E. Mendelsohn ve
H. Nowony, D. Reidel, Dordrech, 1 984.
Oopyaalk
14
F. E. Manuel, Toward a Psychological Hiscory of Ucopias', Man Jel, Uopias
and Uopian Though, s. 72-9; onalnc yzyldan onsekizinci yzyla kadar
topyalar iin ayrca bkz. E. Hanso, Perfecrion and Progress: Two Modes of
Uopian Though, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA ve Londra, 1974.
25
Bkz. M. Poster, The Uropian Thoughr of Resti( de la Breonne, New York
University Press, New York, 1 97 1 .
Oropyacrlk
26
Aydnlanma topyalar iin bkz. Berneri, journey Through Uropia, s . 1 74-
206; A. Cioranescu, L A venir du Passe: Uropie er Liuerawre, Gallimard, Pa
ris, 1 972, s. 1 56-89. Foigny'nin opyas iin lngilizce ksaltmasna bkz.
Negley ve Patrick, Quesr lor Uropia, s. 40 1 - 19; Didero'nun opyas da ayn
ekilde ksalulmnr; F. E. Manuel ve F. S. Manuel der., French Uropias: An
Anrhology of ideal Socieries, Schocken Books, New York, 1 97 1 , s. 1 49-66;
bu derleme, ayrca daha az bilinen Fransz topyalarnn birounu ierir.
Utopya Tarihi
27
Kendi iinde cinsel bir u opya olmasa da birok unsuru Wayland Young'a
dahildir, Eros Denied, Weidenfeld ve Nicolson, Londra, 1967. 'Freudo
Marxiss'ler zerine aynca bkz. P. Robinson, The Freudian Left, Harper &
Row, New York, 1 969.
topyaclk
Sosyalist topya
'9
L. S. Mercier, L'An 2440, eviren ve ksaltan Negley ve Patrick, Quesr lor
Utopia, s. 488. Gelimekte olan 'gelecein yks' zerine bkz. 1. F. Clarke,
The Parrern ofEl.pecrarion 1644-2001, Basic Books, New York, 1979, s. 1 5-
6 1 . ilerleme dncesinin derli toplu iyi bir incelemesi iin bkz. S. Pollard,
The idea of Progress, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1 97 1 ; ayrca bkz.
Olson, Millennialism, Uropianism and Progress, s. 2 1 9-62.
Uopyac/k
"'
F. E. Manuel, The New Wodd of Henri Sainr-Simon, Universiy of Nore
Dame Press, Nore Dame, i N , 1 963, s. 1 60.
topyaclk
11
Bkz. rnegin C. Brinton, 'Uopia and Democracy' iinde, Manuel, Utopias
and Utopian Thought, s. 50-68.
" N . Frye, 'Varieies of lierary Utopias' Manuel, Utopias and Utopian
Tloughr, s. 36. Ayrca bkz. P. Alexander, 'Grimm's Uopia: Motives and jus
ificaion' iinde, Alexander ve Gill, Utopias.
topya Tarihi
n
Bkz. J. Shklar, 'The Poliical Theory of Uopia' ve Afrer Uropia: The Dedine
of Polirical Fairh, Princewn Universiy Press, Princeon, NJ , 1 957.
" Bkz. Kumar, Utopia and Anri-Utopia in Modem Times, s. 49-65; Z. Bauman,
Socialism: The A crive Uropia, Alien and Unwin, Londra, 1976; V.
Uropyaclk
loo
topya Tarihi
l o
4
topyann Uygulamas
l 1 03
Uropyaclk
Bkz. S. Yeo, 'A New Life: The Religion o f Socialism in Brilain, 1883- 1896',
Hisory Workshop}ournal, No. 4, 1 977, s. 5-56.
Bkz. Kumar, Uwpia and Ani-Uwpia in Modern Times, s. 1 49-58.
J 105
topyaclk
lo6
topyann Uygulamas
l 1 07
Uropyaclk
Dnce ve Uygulama
l os
topyann Uygulamas
l109
topyactlk
12
Ksa bir aktarm iin bkz. A. R . Hail, The Scientilic Revo/urion 1500-1800, 2 .
bask, Longmans, Londra, 1962, s. 1 92-95 v e karlatrnz. Harry Levin,
The Great Good Place', New York Review o[Books, 6 Mar 1 980, s. 48.
l o
Otopyann Uygulamas
l
topyac/k
l 112
topyann Uygulamas
17
Daha ileriki gelimeler iin bkz. K. Kumar, 'Uopian Though and Com
munal Pracice: Rober Owen and he Owenie Communiies', Theory and
Society, c. 19, 1 990, s. 1 -35.
Vropyaclk
18
Manud ve Manuel, Uropian Thoughr in rhe Wesrern World, s. 9 .
1
Y . Friedman, Uropies Realisab!es, Union Generale d'Editions, Paris, 1 975.
l 114
Vopyann Uygulamas
o
B. Goodwin ve K. Taylor, The Poliics of Uopia: A Study in Theory and
Pracice, Hutchinson, Londra, 1982, s. 2 1 8-22.
11
A. Elzinga v e A. Jamison, 'Making Dreams Come True-An Essay o n the Role
of Practical Utopias in Science', Mendelsohn ve Nowotny, Nineeen Eighy
Four, s. 1 60.
j s
topyaclk
l6
topyann Uygulamas
topyac Topluluklar
11
Amerikal opluluklar iin bkz. M. Holloway, Hea vens on Earrh: Uropian
Comnuniries in Anerica 1680-1 880, Dover Publications, New York, 1 966;
A. E . Besor Jr, Backwoods Uropias: The Secrarian and Owenire Phases of
Communirarian Socialism in America, 1663-1829, Universiy of Philadel
phia Press, Philadelphia, PA, 1 950 ve 'Paen-Office Models of he Good
Soeiey', A merican Hisrorical Review, c . 58, 1953, s. 505-26; Y. Oved, Two
Hundred Years of American Communes, Transacion Books, New Bruns
wick, NJ, 1988.
topyaclk
"
Aktaran, E. P. Thompson, The Making of rhe English Working C/ass, Gol
lancz, Londra, 1963, s. 789.
25 J. H. Noyes, History of American Socialisms, J. B. Lippincou, Philadelphia,
1 870, s. 670, karlatrnz. Ayrca Bestor, Backwoods Utopias, s. 59.
26
Aktaran, L. S. Feuer, The Influence of the Ameri.can Communist Colonies
on Engels and Marx' Western Political Quarrerly, c. 1 9, 1 966, s. 459.
/ 1 19
topyaclk
27
Bestor. Backwoods Utopias, s. 38.
Uropyann Uygulamasr
18
Brianya opluluklar zerine bkz. D . Hardy, Alrernarive Communiries in
Ninereenrh Cenrury England, Longman, Londra, 1979; W. H. G. Armyage,
Hewens Below: Uropian Experimenrs in England 1560-1960, Rouledge and
Kegan Paul, Londra, 1 96 1 ; ] . Marsh, Back ro rhe Lnd: The Pasroral lmpulse
in Vicrorian Eng/and from 1880-191+, Quare Books, Londra, 1 982.
l 121
Uropyaclk
29
Harrison, Roberr Owen and rhe Owenires, s. 1 75, karlamnz. Hardy,
Alrernarive Connuniries, s. 2 1 1 . Baarszlklar i nn nedenleri iin bkz. R.
M. Kamer, Connirnenr and Connuniry: Connunes and Uropias in
Socio/ogical Perspecrive, Harvard Universiy Press, Cambridge, MA, 1972;
C. J . Erasmus, in Search of ehe Conmon Good: Uropian Experinenrs Pas
and Future, Free Press, New York, 1977.
'0
Akaran, R. S. Fogary, Dicrionary of Anerican Conmunal and Ucopian
Hisrory, Greenwood Press, Wesport, CT, 1 980, s. xiv.
l 122
Vropyann Uygulamas
ll
The /..;bour Annual 1900 muhabiri, aktaran, Hardy, Alternative c mmuni-
ties, s. 2 1 5.
"
Sargen, Brirish and Amencan Uropian Lirerawre, s. x.
"
Bkz. Bestor, Backwoods Uropias, s. 1 33-59; G. B. Lockwood, The New Har
mony Movemenr, D. Appleton and Co. , New York, 1 905, s. 3 1 4-77.
36
Bkz. B. Taylor, Eve and rhe Newjerusalem: Socialism and Feminism in rhe
Ninereenrh Cenrury, Pantheon Books, New York, 1983.
17
Bkz. A . Fein, 'Fourierism in Nineteenth-Cemury America: A Social and En
vironmental Perspective', France and Norrh A nerica: Uropias and Uropians,
der. M . Allain, University of South Louisiana, Baton Rouge, LA, 1978, s.
1 33-48.
topyann Uygulamas
1"
Yirminci yzyln ikinci yarsndaki komnlere kapsaml bir edebiyat iin
den bkz. P. Abrams ve A. McCulloch, Communes. Sociology and Society,
Cambridge Universiy Press, Cambridge, 1 976; A . Rigby, Alternative Reali
ties: A Srudy of Communes and heir Members, Rouledge and Kegan Paul,
londra, 1 97 4: K. Melville, Communes in the Counter-Culture, William
Morrow, New York, 1 972; R. Hourie, Getting Back Togeher, Coward,
McCann and Geoghegan, New York, 1 97 1 .
j 125
topyacthk
topyac Toplumlar
19
M. Buber, Paths in Utopia, Beacon Press, Boson, 1 958, s. 99; Weber iin
bkz. ibid, s. 1 28.
Uropyann Uygulamas
l 1 27
Oropyaclk
'" Bir rnek iin bkz. R. Jenkyns'in harika eseri The Vicrorians and Ancient
Creece, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1 980.
l 128
topyann Uygulamas
"
'Dnya hkmei' ya da 'dnya devleti' topyas ile karurlmamak zere;
bu hataya, zellikle H. G. Wells ve yandalarnn yazlarnda sklkla dl
mektedir. Bkz. W. W. Wagar, H G. Wells and the Wofd State, Yale
Universi ty Press, New Haven, 1 96 1 .
l 129
topyaclk
! 1 30
topyann Uygulamas
"
Aktaran Lockwood, The New H!lrmony Mo ement, s. 70.
l 131
topyaclk
l 132
Dropyann Uygulamasr
'
F. Fanon, The Wrerched ofrhe Earch, eviren C. Farrington, Penguin Books,
Harnondsworth, 1967, s. 252.
topyaclk
"
Bkz. R. Crossman, der., The God Thar Failed, Bantam Books, New York,
1 965; O. Caue, The Fellow Trave/ler.<, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, Londra,
1 973.
Uropyann Uygulamas
'8
Crossman, The God Thar Failed, s. 1 76.
'9
N . Bobbio, The Upurned Utopia', New Lefr Review, N o . 1 77, 1989, s. 37.
l 1 35
Uwpyaclk
1 137
Uropyaclk
l 138
Dnya Haritasnda topya
l 141
topyaclk
j 1 42
topyaya Kar
l 143
Vopyaclk
'"
B u lde gerekelendirilmi b i r ktmserliin bugnk nedenleri zerinde
bkz. Joe Bailey, Pessimism, Rouledge, Londra ve New York, 1 988.
l 1 45
Ucopyaclk
J 1 46
Dnya Haritasnda topya
l 1 47
Uopyilclk
l 1 48
Dnya Harirasnda Uropya
me, eviren D. At rwaer, Sheed, londra, 1 933, s. 188. evirisini biraz dei
tirdim . Anitopyaclarn temel itirazn bu grn zetledii iddias zeri
ne bkz. Kaeb, Uropia and lts Enemies, s. 1 3- 1 4; ayrca bkz. G. Woodcock,
'Utopias in he Negative', Sewanee Review, c. 64, 1 956, s. 82; E. Weber, The
Ani-Utopia of he Twenieh Cenury', Sourh A tlantic Quarerly, c. 58,
1 959, s. 440-4 1 .
11
N . Mandelsam, BBC R;dio 3 , 1 8 Ocak 1 98 1 .
14
Kolakowski, The Deah o f Uopia Reconsidered', s . 240, 242.
1149
Vwpyac/Jk
"
Bkz. rnein, N. Bobbio, The Upturned Utopia', New Lef Review, No. 1 77 ,
1 989, s. 37-9; v e baka b i r adan F. Fukuyama, The End of History?' The
j so
topyann Kullanmlan
National lnterest, Yaz 1 989, s. 3-18. 1989 sonlar ve 1990 balarnda Bau
Avrupa ve Kuzey Amerika basnnda aylar boyunca 'topyann lm' ilan
edilip durdu. Bkz. rnein P. jenkins, The Death of a Modern Creed', The
Jndependent, 6 uba 1 990. Dou Avrupa'da topyann lm zerine bkz.
W. Lepenies, 'Melancholy of Uopian Shadows', Times Higher Education
Supplement, 1 2 Ocak 1 990; ]. Lloyd, 'Leer from Prague', Samizdat, No. 8,
1 990, s. 26.
'0
Oscar Wilde, The Soul of Man Under Socialism' ( 1 89 1 ) , De Profundis and
Other Writings, der. Heskeh Pearson, Penguin Books, Harmondsworh,
1973, s. 34.
Uropyaclk
17
Bkz. Gerber, Utopian Fantasy, s . 1 3 1-2.
l s2
Dnya Haritasnda topya
l 1 53
Uropyaclk
'"
Z . Bauman, Socia/ism: The Acri'e Uropia, Alien and Unwin, Londra, 1 976, s .
4 7 ; ayrca b kz . Bauman, 'From Pillars t o Post', Marxisn Today, ubat 1990,
s . 20-25.
,. Jbid, s. 20.
Dnya Haritasnda topya
20
H. J. N. Horsburgh, The Relevance of the Utapian', Ethics, c. ; ', 1957, s.
1 36-37.
21
Ernest Bloch, The Principle ofHope, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1 986.
22
Raymond Williams, The Year 2000, Pantheon Books, New York, 1 983, s. 1 3,
karlatrnz. Geoghegan, Utopianism and Marxisn, s. 2.
21
M. Absensour, aktaran E. P. Thompson, Willian Morris: Romantic to
Revolurionary, Merlin Press, Londra, 1 977, s. 7 9 1 .
l ss
Utopyaclk
2'
H. G. Wells, The So-Called Science of Sociology', An Englishman Looks ar
the World, Casseli and Co . , londra, 1 9 1 4, s. 1 9 2-206; ayrca bkz. K . Kumar,
'Wells and the So-Called Science of Sociology', Wells Under Revision, der. P.
Parrinder ve C. Rolfe, Associaed University Presses, londra ve Toronto,
1 990, s. 192-2 1 7 .
2' Baka kullanmlan iin bkz. F . Bloch-laine, The Utiliy o f U opias for
Reformers', Manuel, Utopias and Utopian Thoughr, Goodwin ve Taylor, The
Polilics of Utopia, s. 207-25; A. Hacker, 'in Defense of Utopia', Uropias:
Social !deals and Conmunal Experinents, der. P. E. Richer, Holbrook
Press, Boston, 1 97 1 ; T. Kitwood, '"Utopia" and "Science" in he Anticipation
o f Social Change', Alrernative Furures, Yaz 1 978, s. 24-46.
l s6
Dnya Haritasnda topya
topyann Gelecei
26
Gerber, Utopian Fantasy, s. 1 32.
Uropya.clk
17
W. Morris, 'Looking Backward', The Connonwea.I, 22 Haziran 1889; M.
Morris, Willia.n Morris: Artist, Wrirer, Socia.lisr, 2 c., Basil Blackwell ,
Oxford, 1 936, c. 2, s. 502.
Dnya Haritasnda topya
2"
Bkz. rnegin popler ve saygn bir bilimkurgu yazar olarak F. Pohl'un eseri
}em, Bantam Book,, New York, 1980. Bilimkurgu ve opya zerine bkz.
Suvin, Meramorpho.<es of Science Ficrion, passim; R. Williams, 'Uopia and
Science Ficion', Problems in Maerialisn and Culure, Verso, Londra, 1980;
T. Moylan, Demand rhe lmpossib/e: Science Fiction and rhe Uropian
lmaginarion, Mehuen, New York ve Londra, 1 986; P. Parrinder, Science
Ficrion: irs Criricism and Teaching, Methuen, Londra ve New York, 1980, s.
76-82.
20
E. Bloch, The Principle ofHope, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1 986.
'0
Bkz. Kumar, Uropia andAnri- Uopia in Modern Times, s. 393-40 1 .
11
J. Habermas, The Theory of Communicarive A crion, 2 c . , Beacon Press, Bos
on, 1 984-86.
Vtopyaalk
12
Thompson, Morris, s. 792 ve karlatrnz. P. Anderson: 'Yarata tm sos
yalist dncenin topyac bir boyu tamas muhtemeldir.' 'Uwpias', Argu
ments within English Marxism, New Left Books, Londra, 1 980, s. l 75n. Son
dnemden iyi bir rnek olarak atfta bulunduu eser, R. Bahro'nun kaleme
ald The Alternative in Easten Europe, New Left Books, Londra, 1 978.
j6o
Dnya Haritasnda topya
11
Bkz. L. T. Sargen, 'Women in Uopia', Comparative Lirerature Studies, c.
1 0, 1973, s. 302- 1 6 ; E . H. Baruch, "'A Naural and Necessary Monser":
l 161
Uropyacrlk
H
Feminist opya tartmas iin bkz. C. Pearson, 'Women's Fantasies and
Feminist Utopias' Frontiers: A journal of Women 5 Sudies, c. 2, 1 977, s. 50-
6 1 ; A. Mellor, 'On Feminist Utopias' Women s Sudies, c. 9, 1982, s. 24 1 -62;
T. Moylan, Demand he lmpossible: Science Ficion and he Uwpian
lmaginalion, Methuen, New York ve Londra, 1986; F. Battkowski, Feminist
Uopias, Universiy of N ebraska Press, Lincoln, 1 989; zel say , 'Women and
the Future', Alernaive Fuures, c. 4, 1 98 1 .
l 163
topyaclk
l 164
Dnya Haritasnda Otopya
"
W. Morris, New5 !rom No where ( 1890), Three Works by William Morris,
Lawrence and Wishar, Londra, 1 973, s. 254.
1 1 65
topyaclk
"
Bkz. A. Swin[en, in Defence of Fanrasy: A Srudy of rhe Genre in Englsh and
American literarure since 1945, Rouledge and Kegan Paul, Londra, 1984, s.
1 90-229.
17
Le Guin'nin eserlerinin bir tartmas iin bkz. ]. D . Olander ve M. H.
Greenberg, der., Ursula Le Guin, Taplinger, New York, 1979; Moylan, De
mand rhe lmpossible, s. 9 1 - 1 20.
Dnya Haritasnda topya
l 1 67
topyaclk
18
Bu dnrler zerine bkz. B. Frankel, The Post-fndustria/ Uropians, Polity
Press, Cambridge, 1 987.
Dnya Harirasnda ropya
'"
Bkz. rnein N . Macrae, The 202+ Rcporr: A Concise Hisrory of rhe Future
1 91-f-202+. Sidgwick and Jackson, Londra, 1984; B. Sableford ve D. Lang
ford, The Third Millennium: A Hisrory of rhe World AD 2000-3000, Paladin
Books, Londra, 1 988.
1 Jropyaclk
l 174
Kaynaka
l 175
uupy<tUllK
l 176
Kaynaka
A Amerikan ryas, 1 3
Anari, SO, 89
Aborijin (Hayal zaman), s anayasalar, 1 09- 6
adalet, 67 Andreae, johann Valentin, 1 04,
Adams, John, 1 1 llS
Adams, Richard, 66 Christianopolis, 28, 77, 87-88
Adem ve Havva, s Anemolius, 42
aklclk, 26-28, 63-64, 82-84, 88, Antilia (efsanevi ada), 1 7
1 19, 43, 47 antitopya, 27, 1 3 S
Albeni, Leon Battista, 29 feminist, 6 - 64
Alfa kast ( Cesur Yeni Dnya da) , topyann tarihi, 76-79, 84,
28, 89-90 89, 9 , 1 00- o
Alger, Horatio, 3 dnya haritasnda topya,
Altn ag, 1 3-20, 22-23, 26, 33- 43- so, s7- S9, 6 t - 64
34, 47, S6, S8-S9, 64, 70, o6 hiciv, 46-47, 89, 9 , 1 33
Amana, 8, 1 20 topyann bir yeri, o6- 108
Amanal Esinlenmeciler, 8 Arcadia, 1 3- 4 , 3 , 33
Amerika Birleik Devletleri, bkz. Aristonicus, 6S-66
Amerika Aristotales, 26, 79-80
Amerika, 1 14, 1 29- 1 36 ateizm, 88
Amerikan topluluklar, 1 1 7- Atina, 7 , 32, 37, 39-40, 1 27
1 26 Atinal Solon, 27, 37, 3 9
l 179
Vopyaclk
lao
Dizin
C- D
l 182
Dizin
\ 1 84
Dizin
Kumran topluluu, 23 M
kurgu, 37-49, 54
kurgu, hayali, 37-49, 54 Macar Devrimi, 1 3 5
Kutsal Kent, 1 5 Machiavelli, Niccolo, The Prince
Kutsal Ruh a, 24 (Prens), 83
Kutsanmlarn Adalar, 1 6 Maclure, William, 1 24
Kuzey-Bat Pasifik Kzlderilileri, maddecilik, 1 33
25 Mahabharaca, 14
Mahdi, 24
L Maicreya, 59
manastrlar, 105, 1 14
L'Enfant, Pierre-Charles, 29 Mandelstam, Nadezhda, 149
laik topluluklar, 1 1 7, 1 19, 1 2 1 Mannheim, Kari, 146- 1 48, 1 52,
1 60
Lamartine, Alphonse de, 1 46
Manuel, F. E . , 48, 90, 1 1 4
Le Corbusier, 29, 3 1
Manuel, F. P . , 48, 1 14
LeGuin, Ursula
Mao Zedung, 58
Always Coming Home, 166
Marcuse, Herbert, 68, 93, 1 59
The Dispossessed (Mlk
An Essay on Liberacion
szler), 1 33, 1 63, 166- 167
(zgrlk zerine Bir
The Eye of the Heron, 166
Deneme), 53
The Left Hand ofDarkness,
Eros and Civilizacion (Eros ve
166
Uygarlk), 53
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 94
Martyr, Peter, 86
Lenin, Yladimir lllich, 1 26
Marx, Kari, 24, 1 30, 1 5 3, 1 5 5
Leonardo da Vinci, 29
Das Kapital. 142
liberalizm, 1 46 Economic and Philosophical
Lincoln, Abraham, 1 3 1 Manuscripcs (Ekonomi Poli
Lloyd, Heny Demarest, 1 2 2 tik ve Felsefe Elyazmalar), 53
Locke, John The German Jdeo/ogy (Alman
Some Thoughs Concerning ideolojisi), 53
Education (Eitim zerine topyann tarihi, 97- 1 00
Baz Dnceler), 53 topyac topluluklar, 1 2 1 ,
Two Treatises of Governmenc 1 25- 1 26
(Ynetim zerine iki incele topyac teori, 48, 5 1 , 53
me), 49, 5 1 Marxism, 68, 98, 1 08, 149, 1 57,
Lodge, David, 45 1 59-160, 1 64
Lovejoy, Arthur, 73 Mayland kolonisi, 1 2 1
Lucian, True Hiscory, 17, 93 Mede, joseph, 90
Luther, Martin, 83 mekansal snrlar, 56-63, 93
l ss
topyaclk
rine), 14, 86 0-
Moravyal Kardeler, 1 18
Morc, Sir Thomas, 9-1 2, 56, 60, O'Brown, Norman, Life Againsc
64, 72, 88, 98 Deach (lme Kar Hayat),
Ucopia, 27, 4 1-48, 50, 57, 6 1 , 52
70, 72, 76-78, 82, 85-87, 1 03, O'Connorville, 1 2 1
107, 109, 1 1 2, 1 16 Olmstead, Frederick Law, 1 24
Morgan, L. H . , 162 Olson, Theodore, 63, 7 3
Mormonlar, 23 Oncida Mkemmeliyetileri, 1 18-
Morris, William, 64, 1 57- 1 59 121
News !rom No where (Hibir Orbiston topluluu, 1 2 1
Yerden Haberler), 3 1 , 49, 55,
Orwcll, George, 7 1
78, 84, 93, 100, 1 05, 142,
Animal Farm (Hayvan iftli
1 53 , 1 64- 165
i), 106, 139
muhafazakarlk, 1 8
Homage co Cacalonia, 1 39
Mumford, Lewis, 25, 79
Nineceen Eighcy-Four (Bin
Munsterli Anabaptistler, 23
Dokuz Yz Seksen Drt), 47,
Muntzer, Thomas, 23
78, 100, 106-108, 1 57
Mussolini, Benito, 1 28
Mkemmel Erdem a, 1 5 otoriterizm, 1 28, 1 5 1
Mkemmeliyetiler, 1 18- 1 20 Ovid, 14, 65
mkemmelletirilebilir, 5 1 Owen, Robert Dale, 1 24
mkemmellik, 1 3 , 2 2 , 30, 34, 57, Owcn, Robcrt, 48, 1 5 3
8 1 ; 97, 1 16, 1 23, 1 49 topluluklar, 5 3 , 1 14 , 1 1 7- 1 24,
mlkiyet, 80- 8 1 , 90, 1 40 131
Dizin
p Queenswood topluluu, 1 2 1
Quiroga, Yasco de, 109
'Pansophia', 90
Pareto, Yilfredo, 33 R
Paris ( 1 968 Mays olaylar), 30
Paris Komn, 1 26 Ralahine topluluu, 1 2 1
Phalanxe, 1 1 7, 1 2 1 Reade, Winwood, Martyrdom of
Pierty, Marge, Women on ehe Man Onsann Martirlii), 53
l aa
Dizin
Taborlular, 23 u
Taiping isyan, 25
Talmon, Jacob, 144 ulus-devlet, 30
Tanr Kenti, 26, 60-6 1 , 65 Uluslar Topluluu, 1 28
Tanr, 1 2 , 19, 2 1 -22, 24, 34, 87, Uraniborg aratrma topluluu,
1 27, 1 30 ' 115
Tanndan Yuhanna 'ya Gelen /;sin- 'uygulamal topyalar', 1 14-1 1 5
/eme, 2 1
Taoizm, 1 5 , 25, 58
tarih d dnce, 73-77
Tarihsel zamann sonu, 18 a retisi, 24
Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre, The nc Dnya, 1 3 3
Phenomnon ofMan Onsan reticiler ( Devlette), 27, 8 0 , 82
Fenomeni), 53 topya (snrlar)
teknoloji, 87, 89, 94 hayali dnyalar, 37-48
Thai Phin,t;, 58-60 zaman ve mekanda topya,
Thompson, Edward, 1 59 56-63
Tiananmen Meydan katliam, topyac kurgu, 48-56
1 50 topya (unsurlar)
Tillich, Paul, 1 70 hayaller ve gerekler, 9 - 1 3
Tocqueville, Alexis de, Altn a, 1 3- 1 7
Democracy in America (Ame ideal kent, 25-32
rikan Demokrasisi), 1 30 Cockaygne Diyar, 1 7
toplum mhendislii, 71 topyann oluumu, 32-35
toplumsal hareketler, 160- 1 68 binyl, 18-25
toplumsal teori, 70, 1 1 8 topya tarihi
ve topyann gelecei, 1 59- ve modernizm, 79-86
168 bilim ve ilerleme, 87-95
topya tarihi, 78, 94-99 sosyalist topya, 9 5 - 1 0 1
topyann ykc doas, 1 37- topyac gelenek, 7 1 -79
142 topya ve modernizm, 79 -86
topyann kullanmlar, 1 52- topya
1 54 klasik dnyada topya, 63-70
topyac teori ve, 49-56 topyann oluumu, 32-35
totaliterizm, 107, 14 3-145, 14 7 aynca bkz. topyann tarihi;
Totley deneyi, 1 2 1 topyay 'haritada yerletir
Tung Chung-Shu, 59 mek'; topyann uygulanmas
Turgot, Anne Robert jacques, 52, topyac
95 topluluklar, 103, 1 1 7- 1 26
Twin Oaks topluluu, 1 1 2 kurgu, 48-56
Vtopyaclk
1 39
Weber, Max, 1 2 5 zihinsel ura/faaliyet, 87
We\ls, H . G . , 64, 94, 96 Zoar Separatistleri, 1 18, 1 20
The !sland ofDr Moreau, 4 7
Men Like Gods, 46, 1 58
A Modern Utopia (Modern
topya), 1 2 , 27, 47, 78, 86,
1 00
The Time Machine (Zaman
Makinesi), 47
Whileaway (The Female Man tle),
1 62
Wilde, Oscar, 1 5 1 - 1 52, 1 70