Department Of Electronics And

Communication Engineering IES IPS

Academy, Indore

Seminar Report On
4th GENERATION INTEL
CORE PROCESSOERS

SUBMITTED TO: PREPARED BY:

Mr. Gaurav Matange Krishna Jaiswal
(0808EC121056)
Neelesh kushwah
(0808EC121072)
 Table Of Content

1. Introduction To Computer Processors

2. Components Of A Processor
3. Machine cycle
4. History Of Processor
5. Multi-Tasking Processor
6. Microprocessor
7. Concept of Generation
8. 4th Generation Intel Core Processor And Its
Advantages
9. How The Performance Of Processor
is Measured
10. Turbo Boost Technology
11. Future Generations
 Introduction To Computer Processors

An electronic circuit which executes computer programs,

containing a processing unit and a control and in computer
CPU processes the machine.

A central processing unit (CPU) is the hardware within a

computer that carries out the instructions of a computer
program by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, and
input/output operations of the system.

A computer can have more than one CPU; this is called

multiprocessing. All modern CPUs are microprocessors,
meaning contained on a single chip. Some integrated
circuits (ICs) can contain multiple CPUs on a single chip;
those ICs are called multi-core processors. An IC
containing a CPU can also contain peripheral devices, and
other components of a computer system; this is called a
system on a chip (SoC).

The performance or speed of a processor depends on,

among many other factors, the clock rate (generally given
in multiples of hertz) and the instructions per clock (IPC),
which together are the factors for the instructions per
second (IPS) that the CPU can perform.
 Components Of A Processor

The arithmetic logic unit (ALU):In digital electronics, an

arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that performs
integer arithmetic and logical operations. The ALU is a
fundamental building block of the central processing unit of
a computer, and even the simplest microprocessors contain
one for purposes such as maintaining timers. The
processors found inside modern CPUs and graphics
processing units (GPUs) accommodate very powerful and
very complex ALUs; a single component may contain a
number of ALUs.

The control unit (CU): Extracts instructions from memory

and decodes-executes them, calling on the ALU when
necessary.
It directs the operation of the other units by providing
timing and control signals. All computer resources are
managed by the CU (Control Unit). It directs the flow of
data between the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and the
other devices. The control unit was historically defined as
one distinct part of the 1946 reference model of Von
Neumann architecture. In modern computer designs, the
control unit is typically an internal part of the CPU with its
overall role and operation unchanged
 Machine cycle

The four steps which the CPU carries out for each machine
language instruction: fetch, decode, execute, and store.

The fetch cycle places the current program counter contents

(the address of the next instruction to execute) on the
address bus and reads in the word at that location into the
instruction register (IR).

The decode cycle uses the contents of the IR to determine

which gates should be opened between the CPU's various
functional units and busses and what operation the ALU(s)
should perform (e.g. add, bitwise and

The execute cycle occurs when the decoding logic has

settled and entails the passing of values between the various
function units and busses and the operation of the ALU.

The store cycle is when the result of the instruction is

written to its destination, either a register or a memory
location.
 History Of Processor
1964. IBM releases the 32-bit IBM System/360 with
memory protection.
1971. Intel released the 4-bit Intel 4004, the world's first
commercially available microprocessor.
1978. Intel introduces the Intel 8086 and Intel 8088, the
first x86 chips.
1982. Intel introduces the Intel 80286, which was the
first Intel processor that could run all the software
written for its predecessors, the 8086 and 8088.
1985. Intel introduces the Intel 80386, which adds a 32-
bit instruction set to the x86 microarchitecture.
1989. Intel introduces the Intel 80486
1993. Intel launches the original Pentium
microprocessor, the first processor with a x86 superscalar
microarchitecture.
1995. Intel introduces the Pentium Pro which becomes
the foundation for the Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium
M, and Intel Core Architectures.
2000. Intel introduces Netburst which would become the
foundation of all Pentium 4 variants and later be phased
out in favor of the Core architecture.
2002. Intel releases a Pentium 4 with Hyper-Threading,
the first modern desktop processor to implement
simultaneous multithreading (SMT).
2003. Intel introduced the Pentium M, a low power
mobile derivative of the Pentium Pro architecture.
2006. Intel introduces the Core line of CPUs based on a
modified Pentium M design.
2008. About ten billion CPUs were manufactured in
2008.
In 2010 Intel introduced Core i3, i5 & i7 processors.
 Multi-Tasking Processor
In computing, multitasking is a method where multiple
tasks (also known as processes) are performed during the
same period of time they are executed concurrently (in
overlapping time periods, new tasks starting before others
have ended) instead of sequentially (one completing before
the next starts). The tasks share common processing
resources, such as a CPU and main memory.

Types of multi-tasking:

1. Primitive
2. Co-operative

1. Primitive : Operating system parcels out CPU time

slices to each program equally.

Example OS/2, Windows 95, Windows NT, UNIX.

2. Co-operative : Each program can control the CPU for as

long as it needs.

Example Microsoft Windows XP, Windows

Vista,Windows 7, Mac OSX.
 Microprocessor
A microprocessor incorporates the functions of a
computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single
integrated circuit (IC), or at most a few integrated circuits.
All modern CPUs are microprocessors making the micro-
prefix redundant. The microprocessor is a multipurpose,
programmable device that accepts digital data as input,
processes it according to instructions stored in its memory,
and provides results as output. It is an example of
sequential digital logic, as it has internal memory.
Microprocessors operate on numbers and symbols
represented in the binary numeral system.
The integration of a whole CPU onto a single chip or on a
few chips greatly reduced the cost of processing power. The
integrated circuit processor was produced in large numbers
by highly automated processes, so unit cost was low.
Single-chip processors increase reliability as there are many
fewer electrical connections to fail. As microprocessor
designs get faster, the cost of manufacturing a chip (with
smaller components built on a semiconductor chip the same
size) generally stays the same.

It includes:-

Control unit
ALU
I/O unit
Register unit
Memory unit
 Concept of Generation
4th generation Intel Core processor family-:
Processor numbers for the 4th generation Intel Core
processors use an alphanumeric scheme based on
generation and product line following the brand and its
modifier. The first digit in the four-number sequence
indicates the generation of processor, and the next three
digits are SKU numbers. Where applicable, an alpha suffix
appears at the end of the processor name, which represents
the processor line.

3rd generation Intel Core processor family-:

Processor numbers for the 3rd generation Intel Core

processors use an alphanumeric scheme based on
generation and product line following the brand and its
modifier. The first digit in the four-number sequence
indicates the generation of processor, and the next three
digits are SKU numbers. Where applicable, an alpha suffix
appears at the end of the processor name, which represents
the processor line.

2nd generation Intel Core processor family-:

Processor numbers for the 2nd generation Intel Core
processor family have an alpha/numerical identifier
followed by a four-digit numerical sequence, and may have
an alpha suffix depending on the processor. The table
below explains the alpha suffixes used for the 2nd
generation Intel Core processor family.
4th Generation Intel Core Processor And
Its Advantages

4th Generation Intel Core Processor (codenamed

haswell), more advanced, faster and new line of low-power
processor, came in 2013, aims to set a new standard for
mobile computing experiences and innovative Ultrabook,
and tablet designs.

Haswell is the codename for a processor microarchitecture

developed by Intel as the successor to the Ivy Bridge
architecture. It uses a 22 nm process. Intel officially
announced CPUs with this microarchitecture on June 4,
2013
 How The Performance Of Processor
is Measured
In computing, FLOPS (for Floating-point Operations Per
Second) is a measure of computer performance, useful in
fields of scientific calculations that make heavy use of
floating-point calculations. For such cases it is a more
accurate measure than the generic instructions per second.
Since the final S stands for "second", conservative speakers
consider "FLOPS" as both the singular and plural of the
term, although the singular "FLOP" is frequently
encountered. Alternatively, the singular FLOP (or flop) is
used as an abbreviation for "Floating-point Operation", and
a flop count is a count of these operations (e.g., required by
a given algorithm or computer program). In this context,
"flops" is simply the plural rather than a rate, which would
then be "flop/s". The expression 1 flops is actually
interpreted as.

One can calculate FLOPS using this equation:

 Turbo Boost Technology
Intel Turbo Boost Technology 2.01 automatically allows
processor cores to run faster than the rated operating
frequency if theyre operating below power, current, and
temperature specification limits.
Intel Turbo Boost Technology 2.0 is activated when the
Operating System (OS) requests a frequency higher than
the rated frequency of the processor. Whether the
processor enters into and the amount of time the processor
spends in the Intel Turbo Boost Technology 2.0 state
depends on the workload and operating environment.
Maximum turbo frequency indicates the highest possible
frequency achievable when conditions allow the processor
to enter turbo mode. Intel Turbo Boost Technology
frequency varies depending on workload, hardware,
software and overall system configuration.
Due to varying power characteristics, some parts with Intel
Turbo Boost Technology 2.0 may not achieve maximum
turbo frequencies when running heavy workloads and using
multiple cores concurrently.
Availability and frequency upside of Intel Turbo Boost
Technology 2.0 state depends upon a number of factors
including, but not limited to the following:
Type of workload
Number of active cores
Estimated current consumption
Estimated power consumption
Processor temperature
When the processor is operating below these limits and the
user's workload demands additional performance, the
processor frequency will dynamically increase until the
upper limit of frequency is reached. Intel Turbo Boost
Technology 2.0 has multiple algorithms operating in
parallel to manage current, power, and temperature to
maximize frequency and energy efficiency. Note: Intel
Turbo Boost Technology 2.0 allows the processor to
operate at a power level that is higher than its TDP
configuration and data sheet specified power for short
durations to maximize performance.
 Future Generations

Broadwell is the next generation of Intel Core CPUs. It will

power most of the laptops and desktops we'll see over the
next 18 months, among other kinds of gadget. It's not here
yet, but many, many people are eager for its arrival.
Including us.
The big claim about Broadwell is that its chips will be 30%
more efficient than Haswell's ones, using 30% less power
while providing slightly better performance at the same
clock speed. Everyone's a winner.
There's more to the Intel Broadwell upgrade too - graphics.
Intel's Core processors aren't just CPUs, they also
incorporate graphics chips. The official term for this kind of
all-in-one get-up is an APU, used to describe chipsets that
provide processors other than the main CPU. In this case
the main one is the graphics chip.