Core 14 Understanding Culture,
Charismatic people are popular and
Society and Politics
FINAL REVIEWER
COMPADRAZGO (literally co-fatherhood) is the
Spanish form of ritual kinship established through the
rites of the Catholic Church (especially at baptism,
confirmation and marriage) between a person, his or
her biological parents, and his or her godparents.
NUCLEAR FAMILY is the traditional type of family
structure. This family type consists of two parents and
children. The nuclear family was long held in esteem
by society as being the ideal in which to raise children.
EXTENDED FAMILY structure consists of two or
more adults who are related, either by blood or
marriage, living in the same home. This family
includes many relatives living together and working
toward common goals, such as raising the children
and keeping up with the household duties. Many
extended families include cousins, aunts or uncles
and grandparents living together.
NEPOTISM is a common accusation in politics when
the relative of a powerful figure ascends to similar
power seemingly without appropriate qualifications.
BAND is the most traditional and smallest type of
political organization. Familial ties connect a band.
Politically independent, a band usually does not
recognize the formal government. There are no written
codes or laws. There is no organized group of leaders.
This is the result of their tendency and nature of
moving from one place to another in search of food or
shelter.
TRIBES are traditional societies comprised of people
or group of people connected by social, religious,
ancestral, or cultural ties. Bigger than a band, tribes
are usually settled in one place and do not rely on
hunting and gathering but on agriculture for
subsistence. Just like bands, tribes do not observe
formal governments.
CHIEFDOM, unlike tribal societies, is a permanent
and formal government. Chiefdoms are formal political
organizations in a traditional society based on kinship
or the leadership of selected families.
STATE is a formal political organization in a modern
or industrial society regarded as an organized
community under a government. Characteristics of a
state include owning a certain territory, having a
particular group of people to lead it, a group of people
to take administrative roles, and freedom from
external or foreign control.
ANARCHISM is the political philosophy which rejects
(and supports the elimination of) compulsory
government or compulsory rule, and holds that society
can (and should) be organized without a coercive
state. This may, or may not, involve the rejection of
any authority at all. Anarchists believe that
government is both harmful and unnecessary.
CHARISMATIC, People who have powerful
personalities that attract and fascinate other people
are charismatic.
beloved: they are full of charm and magnetism. Being
charismatic is the opposite of being boring or dull.
Often, the term is applied to people in politics, or to
religious leaders, but there are charismatic people
everywhere.
TRADE UNION an organization whose membership
consists of workers and union leaders, united to
protect and promote their common interests.
GOVERNMENT a group of people that governs a
community or unit. It sets and administers public
policy and exercises executive, political and sovereign
power through customs, institutions, and laws within a
state.
BANK is a financial institution that accepts deposits
from the public and creates credit.[1] Lending activities
can be performed either directly or indirectly through
capital markets. Due to their importance in the
financial stability of a country, banks are highly
regulated in most countries.
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION (NGO) is
any non-profit, voluntary citizens' group which is
organized on a local, national or international level.
Task-oriented and driven by people with a common
interest, NGOs perform a variety of service and
humanitarian functions, bring citizen concerns to
Governments, advocate and monitor policies and
encourage political participation through provision of
information.
TRADITIONAL MEDICINE (also known as indigenous
or folk medicine) comprises medical aspects of
traditional knowledge that developed over generations
within various societies before the era of modern
medicine. The World Health Organization (WHO)
defines traditional medicine as "the sum total of the
knowledge, skills, and practices based on the
theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to
different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in
the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention,
diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and
mental illness"
TRANS-NATIONAL ADVOCACY NETWORKS are
fluid and open relationships among knowledgeable,
committed actors (individuals and organizations).
These relationships span nation-state boundaries.
They differ from other types of networks in that they
exist to promote principled causes, ideas and values.
They exist to change international policy as well as
make these changes real in the day-to-day lives of
ordinary people.
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION is a kind of social
differentiation whereby a society groups people into
socioeconomic strata, based upon their occupation
and income, wealth and social status, or derived
power (social and political). As such, stratification is
the relative social position of persons within a social
group, category, geographic region, or social unit.
OPEN SYSTEMS AND CLOSED SYSTEMS. The
open systems are systems that allow interactions
between their internal elements and the environment.
An open system is defined as a system in exchange
of matter with its environment, presenting import and
export, building-up and breaking-down of its material
components. Closed systems, on the other hand, are
held to be isolated from their environment. Equilibrium
thermodynamics, for example, is a field of study that
applies to closed systems.
SUDRA, Sanskrit dra, the fourth and lowest of the
traditional varnas, or social classes, of India,
traditionally artisans and labourers.
CULTURAL ASSIMILATION the process whereby a
minority group gradually adapts to the customs and
attitudes of the prevailing culture and customs
GLOBAL WARMING is the observed century-scale
rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate
system and its related effects. Multiple lines of
scientific evidence show that the climate system is
warming. Many of the observed changes since the
1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental
temperature record which extends back to the mid-
19th century, and in paleoclimate proxy records
covering thousands of years.
CULTURAL DIFFUSION is the spread of cultural
beliefs and social activities from one group to another.
The mixing of world cultures through different
ethnicities, religions and nationalities has increased
with advanced communication, transportation and
technology.
SOCIAL OSTRACISM (REJECTION) occurs when an
individual is deliberately excluded from a social
relationship or social interaction. The topic includes
interpersonal rejection (or peer rejection), romantic
rejection and familial estrangement. A person can be
rejected by individuals or an entire group of people.
Furthermore, rejection can be either active, by
bullying, teasing, or ridiculing, or passive, by ignoring
a person, or giving the "silent treatment"
ABRAHAM MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS is
a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five
tier model of human needs, often depicted as
hierarchical levels within a pyramid.
Maslow (1943, 1954) stated that people are motivated
to achieve certain needs and that some needs take
precedence over others. Our most basic need is for
physical survival, and this will be the first thing that
motivates our behavior. Once that level is fulfilled the
next level up is what motivates us, and so on.
CONFLICT THEORY is a theory propounded by Karl
Marx that claims society is in a state of perpetual
conflict due to competition for limited resources. It
holds that social order is maintained by domination
and power, rather than consensus and conformity.
According to conflict theory, those with wealth and
power try to hold on to it by any means possible,
chiefly by suppressing the poor and powerless.
FUNCTIONALISM interprets each part of society in
terms of how it contributes to the stability of the whole
society. Society is more than the sum of its parts;
rather, each part of society is functional for the stability
of the whole. Durkheim actually envisioned society as
an organism, and just like within an organism, each
component plays a necessary part, but none can
function alone, and one experiences a crisis or fails,
other parts must adapt to fill the void in some way.
EDUCATION
Education is not a privilege. It is a human right.
Education as a human right means:
the right to education is guaranteed legally for
all without any discrimination
states have the obligation to protect, respect
and fulfil the right to education
there are ways to hold states accountable for
violations or deprivations of the right to
education
MONOGAMY it is a form of marriage in which one
man marries one woman .It is the most common and
acceptable form of marriage.
POLYGAMY is a type of marriage in which there is
plurality of partners. It allows a man to marry more
than one woman or a woman to marry more than one
man at a time. Polygamy is of three types such as
polygamy, polyandry and endogamy or group
marriage.
POLYGYNY it is a form of marriage in which one man
marries more than one woman at a given time. It is of
two types - Sororal polygyny and non sororal polygyny
POLYANDRY it is the marriage of one woman with
more than one man. It is less common than polygyny.
It is of two types - Fraternal Polyandry and non
fraternal polyandry.
Reference:
De Guzman, JM., Pena, RG. and Aquino, E. (2016).
Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
DepEd (2016). Understanding Culture, Society and
Politics Reader
Microsoft Encarta 2009. 1993-2008 Microsoft
Corporation.
Prepared by:
NEIL GERALDIZO DAGOHOY
SHS Teacher