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9650682121
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1- la oS/ kfud fod kl 24- Hkkj r d k egkU;k; koknh ( v uq PNsn 76)
2- Hkkj r h; l fao/ ku l Hkk 25- d sUnzh; l r d Z r k v k; ksx
3- Hkkj r h; l fao/ ku d sl zksr 26- i z'kkl fud v f/ d j . k ( v uq PNsn&323&d )
4- Hkkj r d sj k"Vh; i zrhd 27- Hkkj r h; j kt O ; oLFkk esaoj h; r k v uq e
5- la fo/ ku l Hkk d sHkkx , oad q N egRoi w . kZv uq
PNsn 28- j kT; d h d k; Z i kfy d k o fo/ kf; d k
6- la fo/ ku d h v uq lwfp; ka 29- j kT; l a ca/ ( Hkkx&11 , oa12 v kS j v uqPNsn 245
7- Hkkj r h; l fao/ ku d h i zfr l s293 r d )
8- Hkkj r h; l afo/ ku d h msf' kd k v Fkok i zLr kouk 30- ; kst uk v k; ksx
9- la ?k d k j kT; {ks=k v kS
j j kT; ksad k fuek.Zk 31- j k"Vh; fod kl i fj "kn~
10- Hkk"kk; h v k/ kj i j j kT; ksad k i q uxZBu
32- va r j kZ
T; h; i fj "kn~( v uq PNsn 263)
11- ukxfj d r k ( Hkkx&2 v uq PNsn 5 l s11)
33- la ?k , oaj kT; d sv / hu l sok; sa
12- ew y v f/ d kj
34- v ki kr mi ca /
13- j kT; d suhfr funs'kd fl ka r ( Hkkx 4 v uq PNsn
35- Hkkj r esai a p k; r h j kt
36 l s51)
36- Hkkj r esauxj h; ' kkl u
14- ekS fy d d r Z O;
15- j k"Vi fr 37- fuokZ p u v k; ksx ( Hkkx 15] v uq PNsn 324 l s
16- mi j k"Vi fr 329)
17- i z/ kuea=kh 38- j kt uhfr d ny
18- la ln 39- j kt Hkk"kk ( Hkkx 17)
19- ( v uq PNsn 368) l a fo/ ku l a ' kks/ u i zf; k 40- oS / kfud , oaLok; r l a xBu
20- U; k; i kfy d k 41- la fo/ ku esai zeq [kl a ' kks/ u
21- la fpr fuf/ ( v uq PNsn & 266( 1) ) 42- egRoi w . kZ' kCnkofy ; ka
22- v kd fLed r k fuf/ ( v uq PNsn&267) 43- oLr q fu"B i z'u
23- Hkkj r d k fu; a =kd , oaegky s[kk i j h{kd ( v uq PNsn
148 l s151)
"Study material is distributed free of cost to students, not for sale or circulation".
1773 d kj sX; q y sfVax , DV& bl , DV dks1773 esafczfV' k 1833 d k pkVZ j , DV& bl , DV i j v kS | ksfxd kafr
l lan }kjki kl fd; kx; krFkk1774 esabl sykxwfd; kx; kAbl mnkjoknhuhfr; ksadkf; kUo; u rFkk yslst i sQ ; j dsfl ka r dh
v f/ fu; e dsi zko/ ku dsrgr ( 1) dksVZv kW i QMkbjsDVj dk Nki FkhAbl dkeq [ ; i zko/ ku ( 1) dEi uhdkO;ki kfjd , dkf/
dk; Z d ky 1 o"kZdsLFkku i j 4 o"kZdj fn; k x; kA( 2) i Q ksVZ dkj i w . kZ
r %l ekIr gksx; kA( 2) dEi uhdsv c dsoy jkt uhfr
fofy; e i zslhMsa l h( ca xky) dsi z'kkl d dksv c v a xstz h{ks=kksadk v f/ dkj FksA( 3) ca xky dk xouZ j t ujy v c Hkkjr dk xouZ j
xouZ j t ujy dgkt kusyxkrFkkml dsl g; ksx dsfy, 4 l nL; ksa t ujy gksx; kA( 4) Hkkjrh; dkuw uksadksl a
fpr] fyfi c rFkk
dh, d dk; Z d kfj.khcukbZx; h] ft l sfu; e cukusrFkkv ; kns'k lq/ kjusdsms'; l s, d fof/ v k; ksx dkxBu fd; kx; kA( 5)
i kfjr djusdk v f/ dkj fn; k x; kA xouZ j t ujy dksv i us fu; q
fDr; ksadsfy, ; ksX; rk l a ca/ h eki na
M dksv i ukdj HksnHkko
dkS fl y dsfo# dk; Zdjusdkv f/ dkj ughaFkkA( 3) dydkk
a dksl ekIr dj fn; kx; kA( 6) Hkkjr esankl rkdksv oS / ( 1843
esa, d l iqzhe dksVZdh LFkki uk dh xbZ ] ft l esav a xzst h fof/ l s
esai zfrca f/ r) ?kksf"kr fd; k x; kA
U;k; gksrk FkkA( 4) deZ pkfj; ksadk fut h O;ki kj i zfrca f/ r dj
fn; kx; kA 1853 d k pkVZ j , sDV& bl ds }kjk ( 1) dEi uh dks
1784 d k fi V~ l ba fM; k , sDV& bl , sDV dsfookn dks fczfV' kl jdkj dhv ksj l sHkkjr dk{ks=kVLV ds: i esarc rd
ysd j fczVsu esaykMZukFkZrFkk i Q kW
Dl dhfeyh&t q y hl jdkj dks j[ kusdhv kKknhx; ht c rd fd fczfV' kl a l n , slkpkgsA( 2)
R;kxi =knsuki M+ kFkkA; g i gykvkS j vafre vol j Fkk] t c fdl h fof/ l nL; v c xouZ j t ujy dsdkmfUl y dk i .wkZl nL; cu
Hkkjrh; ekeyksai j fczfV' kl jdkj fxj x; hFkhAbl v fkfu; e ds x; kA( 3) l jdkjhl sokv ksaesafu; q fDr; kv c MkbjsDVjksads}kjku
eq[ ; i zko/ ku ( 1) }S / ' kkl u dhLFkki uk&dksVZv kW i QMk; jsDVl Z gksd j i zfr; ksxhi jh{kkv ksa}kjkgksusyxhA
( O;ki kfjd ekeyksadsfy, ) v kS j cksMZv kWi Qda Vksy ( jkt uhfrd 1858 d k pkVZ j , DV& ( 1) dEi uh dk ' kkl u l ekIr
ekeyksadsfy, ) ] t ks1856 rd dk; e jgkA ( 2) cEcbZrFkk dj ml dh ft Eesokjh fczfV' k kW mu dksl kS
i nh x; hAHkkjr dk
a
enzkl i zslhMsfUl ; k Hkh xouZ j t ujy , oamudsi fj"kn dsv / hu xouZ j t ujy v c ok; l jk; dgk t kusyxkA ( 2) cksMZv kW iQ
gksx; hA a( 3) xouZ j t ujy dhi fj"knksadhl a [ ; k3 dj nhx; h
da Vksy , oacksMZv kW
i QMk; jsDVj dk l eLr v f/ dkj ^Hkkjr
v kSj xouZ j dksi fj"kn~i j fo' ks"kv fkdkj fn; kx; kA( 4) xouZ j
l fpo* dksl kS i fn; k x; kA Hkkjr l fpo fczfV' k ea
a f=kea
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t ujy cksMZv kW i Qda Vksy dhv uq efr dsfcukfdl hHkkjrh; ujs'k
l nL; gksrk FkkAft l dh l gk; rk dsfy, 15 l nL; h; Hkkjrh;
l s; q , oal fa/ ughadj l drk FkkA
i fj"kn dkxBu fd; kx; kA( 3) Hkkjrh; ekeyksai j fczfV' kl a
ln
1786 d k pkVZ j , sDV& ; g , sDV dkW uZokfyl dksHkkjr
ykusdsms'; l syk; kx; kAbl ds}kjkeq [ ; l suki fr dh' kfDr dk l h/ k v f/ dkj LFkkfi r gksx; kA
xouZ j t ujy esafufgr dj nh xbZ A v c xouZ j t ujy fo' ks"k 1861 d k Hkkj r h; i fj "kn v f/ fu; e& ( 1) ; g i gyk
i fjfLFkfr esai fj"kn dsfu.kZ ; dksj dj l drk FkkA , slk v f/ fu; e Fkk ft l esafoHkkxh; i z.kkyh , oaea f=ke.Myh;
1793 d k pkVZ j , sDV& bl ds}kjk ya nu fLFkr fu; a =k.k i z.kkyh dh uha o j[ kh x; hA( 2) ok; l jk; dh dk; Z d kfj.kh dk
ckMsZdsl nL; ksa, oadeZ pkfj; ksadsosrukfn Hkkjrh; dk"skl snsusdk foLrkj gq v kA( 3) ok; l jk; dksi gyhckj v ; kns'k t kjhdjus
fu.kZ ; fd; k x; k] t ksO;oLFkk 1919 rd dk; e jghA , oafo/ ku i fj"kn }kjk i kfjr fof/ ; ksadsfo# ohVksdjusdh
1813 d kpkVZ j , sDV&bl vf/ fu; e dseq [ ; i zkokku&(1) ' kfDr i znku dhxbZ A( 4) ok; l jk; dksu; si zka
r ksadhLFkki ukrFkk
dEi uhdsO;ki kfjd , dkf/ dkj dksl ekIr dj fn; kx; k] fdUrq ml dh l hekv ksaesai fjorZu dk v fkdkj fn; k x; kA
mudsphu l srFkkpk; dsO ; ki kj i j , dkfkdkj dk; e jgkA(2)
1892 d k Hkkj r h; i fj "kn v f/ fu; e& ( 1) dsUnzh; rFkk
dEi uh dsHkkxhnkjksadksHkkjrh; jkt Lo l s10 ykHkka ' k nsusdk
i zka
r h; fo/ ku i fj"knksadh l nL; l a
[ ; k esaof dh x; hA( 2)
fu' p; fd; kx; kA( 3) Hkkjrh; ksadsfy, , d yk[ k#i ; kokf"kZ d
f' k{kk esal q/ kj] l kfgR; esal q / kj , oai qu#RFkku dsfy, v kS j pq uko i fr dhv i zR;{k' kq #v kr gq
bZ
AfuokZ pu dhi fr i w . kZ
r; k
Hkkjrh; i zns'kksaesafoKku dhi zxfr dsfy, [ kpZdjusdki zko/ ku v i zR;{kFkhA( 3) i fj"kn dsHkkjrh; l nL; ksadksokf"kZ
d ct V i j
fd; kx; kA( 4) i zFke ckj v a xzst ksadhHkkjr i j l a o/Skfud fLFkfr cgl djusrFkk l jdkj l si z'u i w Nusdk v f/ dkj fn; k x; k]
Li "V dh x; hA fdUrqosv uq iw
j d i z'u ughai wN l drsFksA
Head Office : synergy 102,manushree building
Synergy call- 9910852132/9650682121 3 Dr. Mukherjee Nagar, Opp. post office, Delhi-110009
Hkkjrh; jkt O;oLFkk
1909 d k Hkkj r h; i fj "kn v f/ fu; e& ( 1) eq l yekuksa dksnksHkkxksaesa( l a j f{kr , oagLrka r fjr) esafoHkkft r fd; k x; kA
dsfy, i Fkd erkf/ dkj , oai Fkd fuokZ pu {ks=kksadhLFkki ukdh la j f{kr fo"k; dk i z'kkl u xouZ j t ujy dq N i k"kZ nksadhl gk; rk
xbZ A( 2) Hkkjrh; ksadksfof/ fuekZ . k ; k i z'kkl u nksuka sesai zfrfuf/ l sdjrk Fkk] t ksl a ?kh; O;oLFkkfi dk dsi zfr mkjnk; h ughaFksA
Ro i znku fd; k x; kA( 3) dsUnzh; , oai zka r h; i fj"kn dsl nL; gLrka r fjr fo"k; ksadk i z'kkl u ea f=k; ksadksl kS i k x; kAea
a =kh fo/ ku
ct V i j cgl dj l drsFksv kS j v uq iw j d i z'u i w N l drsFksA e.My dsl nL; ksaesal spq ust krsFksrFkkml dsi zfr mkjnk; hgksrs
( 4) dsUnzh; o i zkrah; dk; Z d kfj.kh i fj"kn esa, d&, d Hkkjrh; FksA
l nL; fu; q Dr gq ,A bl ds}kjk 6 i z ka
r ksaesaf}l nuh; rFkk5 i zka r ksaesa, d l nuh;
i zfr f; k% & fo/ ku ea MyksadsO;oLFkk dh xbZ A
ds - , e- eq ' kh& bUgksa
a usmHkjrsgq , i zt kra =k dksekj MkykA bl ds}kjk , d l a ?kh; U;k; ky; dsxBu dh O;oLFkk dh
et w enkj&; g l q / kj dsoy pUnzek dspknuh dsl eku gS A
a xbZ Abl U;k; ky; dksekS fyd v i hyh; rFkk i jke' kZ nk=kh
{ks=kkf/ dkj i zkIr FkkA; g , d v fHkys[k U;k; ky; Hkh FkkA
1919 d k Hkkj r l j d kj v f/ fu; e ( ekW . VX; qpsEl i Q ksMZ
; g U;k; ky; v i hy dk l oksZ Pp U;k; ky; ughaFkkAbl ds
lq kkj ) & ( 1) bl esai gyh ckj mkjnk; h ' kkl u ' kCnksadk Li "V
fu.kZ ; ksadsfo# ba XyS Mdhi zhohdkS
a fl y esav i hy dht k
a
i z;ksx fd; kx; kA( 2) i zR;{kfuokZ pu i z.kkyhykxwdhx; hA(2)
l drh FkhA
fl [ kk]sa ; w
j ksfi ; uksa
] ,a Xyksba fM; uksa, oaHkkjrh; bZ l kbZdksi Fkd
i fzrfuf/ Ro fn; kx; kA( 4) dsUnzesaf}l nuh; O;oLFkkdhx; h] la ?kh; fo"k; dh dsa nzh; l w ph ( 59 fo"k; ) ] i zka r h; l w ph
i gyk jkT; i fj"kn v kS j nw l jkdsUnzh; fo/ ku l HkkAdsUnzh; fo/ ku ( 54 fo"k; ) v kS j l eorhZl w ph ( 36 fo"k; ) cukbZxbZ A
l Hkkdkdk; Z d ky rhu o"kZdkFkk] ft l sok; l jk; c<+ kHkhl drk fjt oZcS d v kW
a i Qba fM; k dh LFkki uk dh xbZ A
FkkA( 5) ct V i j cgl rksgksl drhFkh] fdUrqml i j ernku ; g u; k l a fo/ ku v uE; FkkAbl esal a ' kks/u djusdkv f/
dk v f/ dkj ughaFkkA( 6) Hkkjrh; dk; Zdhns[k&Hkky dsfy, dkj dsoy v a xzst h l a l n dksgh FkkA
, d u; k v f/ dkjh Hkkjrh; mPpk; q Dr fu; q Dr fd; k x; kA( 7)
Hkkjr jkT; l fpo dhi fj"kn l ekIr dj nhxbZ, oal a ?kh;
i kzraksaesa}S/ ' kkl u dh LFkki uk gq bZ& i gyk v kjf{kr , oanw l jk
i zkf/ dj.k dh LFkki uk dh xbZ A
gLrka r fjrAv kjf{kr fo"k; ksadk i z'kkl u xouZ j t ujy v i us}kjk
euksuhr i k"kZ nksa}kjkdjrkFkkAgLrka r fjr fo"k; ksadk' kkl u fuokZ fpr l ka i znkf; d fuokZ pu dks v kS j c<+ kdj bl s gfjt uksard
l nL; ksa}kjk pyk; kt krk FkkAt ksmkjnk; hFksA( 8) l Hkhfo"k; ksa foLrr fd; k x; kA
dksdsUnzrFkk i zka r ksaesacka Vk x; kAdsUnzh; fo"k; & fons'kh ekeys] i zfr f; k
j{kk] Mkd&rkj] l koZ t fud .k v kfnA i zka r h; fo"k; & LFkkuh; t okgjyky us g: usbl s^v uS fPNd] v i zt krka =kh; v kS j
Lo' kkl u] f' k{kk] fpfdRl k] Hkw fe] t y l a Hkj.k] v dky l gk; rk] v jk"Voknh l a fo/ ku* dh l a Kk nhA
f"k O;oLFkk v kfnA( 9) i zka r ksaesa}S / ' kkl u i z.kkyh 1 v i zS y ft U uk usbl si w . kZ
r ; k l M+ k gq v k] ewy : i l scq j k v kSj
1921 dksykxwdhx; ht ksv i zS y 1937 rd pyrhjghA( 10) fcYoq Qy v Lohr cryk; kA
fL=k; ksadksl Hkk dsfy, erkf/ dkj fn; k x; kA
t okgjyky us g: usbl sv usd czsd ksaokyki ja r qbat u jfgr
dka xzsl usbl , sDV dksfujk' kkt ud , oav l a r k"ski zn dgkA e' khu dh l a Kk nhA
1935 d k Hkkj r l j d kj v f/ fu; e& bl s3 t q y kbZ1936 t okgjyky us g: usbl snkl rk dk u; k pkVZ j dgkA
dksykxwfd; k x; kAoS l si w. kZ
: i l spq ukoksadsckn v i zS y 1937
enu eks gu ekyoh; usbl sck : i l st ura =koknh , oa
esa; g ykxwgq v kAbl v f/ fu; e esadq y 321 v uq PNsn , oa10
v uw lw fp; kaFkhA abl ds}kjkHkkjr esal oZ i zFke l a ?kh; ' kkl u i z.kkyh va nj l s[ kks[kyk dgkA
dksi zkjEHk fd; k x; kA bl l a ?k esa11 fczfV' k i zka r ] 6 phi Q Hkkj r h; Lok/ hur k v f/ fu; e 1947& ok; l jk; ykMZ
dfe' uj ds{ks=k , oaosns'khfj; kl rsat ksml esaLosPNkl s' kkfey ekma VcsVu dh ; kst uk i j v k/ kfjr ; g fo/ s;d 4 t q y kbZdks
gku sk pkgrh Fkh]a ' kkfey FksA fcfV' kl a l n esai s'kfd; kx; kA18 t q
y kbZ1947 dks' kkghl aLrq
fr
bl ds}kjki zkraksaesa}S / ' kkl u O;oLFkkdksl ekIr dj fn; k feyusi j ; g fo/ s;d v f/ fu; e cukAbl v f/ fu; e dseq [;
x; k , oadsUnzesa}S / ' kkl u O;oLFkkv i uk; hx; hAl a ?kh; fo"k; i zko/ ku bl i zd kj gS & ( 1) Hkkjr dk foHkkt u] ml dsLFkku i j
a
ANSWER
1. (c) 11. (b) 21. (b) 31. (d) 41. (d) 51. (c) 61. (a) 71. (b)
2. (a) 12. (c) 22. (b) 32. (d) 42. (b) 52. (d) 62. (a) 72. (b)
3. (c) 13. (a) 23. (d) 33. (b) 43. (d) 53. (d) 63. (d) 73. (a)
4. (d) 14. (a) 24. (c) 34. (b) 44. (b) 54. (d) 64. (c) 74. (b)
5. (d) 15. (c) 25. (c) 35. (c) 45. (d) 55. (b) 65. (d) 75. (b)
6. (c) 16. (c) 26. (c) 36. (b) 46. (c) 56. (b) 66. (a) 76. (b)
7. (d) 17. (a) 27. (b) 37. (a) 47. (a) 57. (c) 67. (c) 77. (d)
8. (a) 18. (b) 28. (b) 38. (b) 48. (a) 58. (b) 68. (d) 78. (d)
9. (d) 19. (b) 29. (d) 39. (c) 49. (c) 59. (b) 69. (b) 79. (d)
10. (d) 20. (c) 30. (a) 40. (c) 50. (d) 60. (c) 70. (c) 80. (d)