Unit Weight: Specific Gravity of Solid: m1 m2 V1 V2

s SL = w
(Gs + Gs )w Gs = m2 m2
= w
1+e e m2
(Gs + Se)w Bulk Specific Gravity: SL = ; SR =
= Gs V2 w
1+e g = Gs (1 n)
When S=0:
1
Gs w
Relative Compaction: Atterberg Limits G =
d 1
d = R= PI = LL PL SL
1+e SR
Volume Weight d
When S=100%:
Se = Gs PL GI = (F 35)[0.2 + 0.005(LL 40)]
(Gs + e)w Relative Density/ LI = +0.01(F 15)(PI 10)
Vv Ww W sat = LL PL
e= = = 1+e Density Index:
Vs Ws V e e LI State
sub = sat w Dr = SI = PL SL LI < 0 Semisolid PI Description
Vv WS e e 0 < LI < 1 Plastic 0 Non-plastic
n= 0<e<
n d = (Gs 1)w LL
CI = LI > 1 Liquid 1-5 Slightly plastic
V e= V sub = 1 1
1n 1+e LL PI 5-10 Low plasticity
Vw d d qu Ac Class 10-20 Medium plasticity
0<n<1 d = Dr = PI
S= e 1+ Gs w 1 1 Ac = ; St = und AC < 0.7 Inactive 20-40 High plasticity
Vv n= zav =
d d
q u rem 0.7 < AC < 1.2 Normal >40 Very High plastic
1+e 1 + Gs = % passing 0.002mm AC > 1.2 Active

Permeability Stratified Soil Dr (%) Description

Sieve Analysis
0 20 Very Loose
h v Sorting
20 40 Loose Uniformity Coeff. of Gradation
v = ki ; i = ; v = Coefficient:
L n 40 70 Medium Dense Coefficient: or Curvature:
70 85 Dense
Q = vA = kiA 85 100 Very Dense
D60 (D30 )2 D75
Cu = Cc = So =
Constant Head Test: D10 D60 D10 D25
QL Pumping Test: Suitability Number:
k=
Aht Unconfined: 3 1 1
Falling/Variable Head Test: r1 Sn = 1.7 + +
for Parallel flow:
aL h1 Q (D50 ) 2 (D20 ) 2 (D10 )2
h1 k1 + h2 k 2 +. . . +hn k n r2
k= k eq = k=
At h2 H (h1 2 h2 2 )
Hazen Formula Casagrande: for Perpendicular flow: Confined: Compressibility of Soil
k = c D10 2 k = 1.4e2 k 0.85 H r
Q 1 Compression Index, CC: Swell Index, CS:
Kozeny-Carman: Samarasinhe: k eq = r2
h1 h2 h k= Cc = 0.009(LL 10%) 1
2
e n
e + +. . . + n 2t(h1 h2 ) Cs = Cc
k = C1
1+e
k = C3
1+e
k1 k 2 kn e e 5
Cc =
P + Po
Stresses in Soil NOTE: Flow Net / Seepage
Po
Quick
Effective Stress/ condition: Isotropic soil: For normally consolidated clay:
Intergranular Stress: Nf Flow line ---- 1
pE = 0 q = kH
2
3 e e
pE = pT pw Nd S= H (for one layer only)
Capillary Rise:
Equipotential line ----
4 1+e
Pore Water Pressure/
C Non-Isotropic soil: 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 9 10 Cc H P + Po
Neutral Stress: hcr =
eD10 Nf S=
pw = w hw q = k x k z H 1+e Po
Nd Nf no. of flow channels [e.g. 4]
Total Stress: Nd no. of potential drops [e.g. 10] With Pre-consolidation pressure, Pc:
pT = 1 h1 + 2 h2 +. . . +n hn when (P+Po) < Pc:
Cs H P + Po
AT REST:
S=
Lateral Earth Pressure Shear Strength of Soil 1 + eo Po
k o = 1 sin
ACTIVE PRESSURE: angle of failure in shear when (P+Po) > pc:
1 angle of internal friction/shearing resistance Cs H Pc Cc H P + Po
pa = k a H 2 2cHk a C cohesion of soil S= +
2 1+e Po 1 + e Pc

For Inclined: = 45 + Over Consolidation Ratio (OCR):
2 pc
cos cos 2 cos 2
k a = cos TRI-AXIAL TEST: OCR = ; OCR = 1 (for normally consolidated soil)
cos + cos 2 cos 2 1 maximum principal stress
po
axial stress Coefficient of Compressibility:
For Horizontal:
additional pressure e
1 sin deviator stress
e change in void ratio
ka = av = P change in pressure
1 + sin plunger pressure P
3 minimum principal stress Coefficient of Volume Compressibility:
If there is angle of friction bet. wall and soil: confining pressure
2
cos lateral pressure e
ka = 2
radial stress
mv = P
sin( + ) sin cell pressure 1 + eave
cos [1 + ] chamber pressure
cos Coefficient of Consolidation:
Normally consolidated: Hdr height of drainage path
PASSIVE PRESSURE: r Hdr 2 Tv thickness of layer if drained 1 side
1 sin = Cv = half of thickness if drained both sides
pP = k P H 2 + 2cHk P 3 + r t Tv factor from table
2 Coefficient of Permeability: t time consolidation
For Inclined: Cohesive soil:
r k = mv Cv w
cos + cos 2 cos 2 sin =
k P = cos x + 3 + r
DIRECT SHEAR TEST:
cos cos 2 cos 2 c n normal stress Normally consolidated soil:
For Horizontal:
tan = s shear stress
x S
1 + sin tan =
kP = Unconsolidated- N
1 sin undrained test:
Cohesive soil:
If there is angle of friction bet. wall and soil: c=r
2 S c
cos tan = =
kP = Unconfined x + N x
2 compression test:
sin( ) sin
cos [1 ] S = c + N tan
cos 3 = 0
Terzaghis Bearing Capacity (Shallow Foundations) Soil Stability
General Shear Failure Bearing Capacity Factor Analysis of Infinite Slope
(dense sand & stiff clay)
Factor of safety against sliding (without seepage)
Square Footing: Nq = tan2 (45 + ) e tan C tan
2
qult = 1.3cNaSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
c + qNq + 0.4BN FS = +
Nc = (Nq 1) cot H sin cos tan
Circular Footing:
Factor of safety against sliding (with seepage) where:
qult = 1.3cNc + qNq + 0.3BN N = (Nq 1) tan 1.4 C cohesion
C tan angle of backfill from horizontal
Strip Footing: Parameters FS = + angle of internal friction
qult ultimate bearing capacity H sin cos tan H thickness of soil layer
qult = cNc + qNq + 0.5BN qu unconfined compressive strength
c cohesion of soil Analysis of Finite Slope
Local Shear Failure
(loose sand & soft clay) qu Factor of safety against sliding
c= Ff + Fc
Square Footing: 2
FS =
qult = 1.3cNc + qNq + 0.4BN q = Df (for no water table)
W sin

Circular Footing: qult Pallow Maximum height for critical equilibrium
where:
qult = 1.3cNc + qNq + 0.3BN qallow = = (FS=1.0) Ff frictional force; Ff = N
FS A
4 sin cos Fc cohesive force
Strip Footing: qult q Hcr = [ ] Fc = C x Area along trial failure plane
qult = cNc + qNq + 0.5BN qnet = 1 cos( ) W weight of soil above trial failure plane
FS
Stability No.: Stability Factor:
EFFECT OF WATER TABLE: C 1 H H
m= SF = = BC
H m tan tan

Capacity of Driven Piles (Deep Foundations)

Pile in Sand Layer Pile in Clay Layer

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Q f = PAk Q Q f = CLP

q = (Df d)+d q = Df q = Df
where: where:
3rd term = 3rd term = 3rd term = ave P perimeter of pile C cohesion
A area of pressure diagram dc L length of pile
for d B
k coefficient of lateral pressure frictional factor
ave B = d + (B d) coefficient of friction P perimeter of pile
NOTE: for d > B
Q tip = pe Nq Atip Qf Q tip = cNc Atip
= = ave = (AKA Qbearing) (AKA Qbearing)

where: where:
Group of Piles Alternate Equation for Group pe effective pressure at bottom QTIP c cohesion
Efficiency (sand only) Nq soil bearing factor Nc soil bearing factor
Group Efficiency (sand or clay) Atip Area of tip Atip Area of tip
2(m + n 2)s + 4d Critical depth, dc:
Q desgroup Eff = Q T = Q f + Q tip Loose 10 (size of pile)
Eff = mnD Dense 20 (size of pile) Q T = Q f + Q tip
Q desindiv where:
m no. of columns QT QT
n no. of rows Q des = Q des =
s spacing of piles F. S. F. S.
D diameter of pile

Weirs Froude Number Critical Depth

v For all sections:
NF = where:
gdm Q2 Ac 3 Q flow rate m3/s
where: g 9.81 m/s2
v mean velocity (Q/A)
= AC critical area
g 9.81 m/s2 g Bc BC critical width
dm hydraulic depth (A/B)
B width of liquid surface NOTE:
E is minimum for critical depth.
Rectangular Q2 B c
NF = 3 For rectangular sections ONLY:
Considering velocity of approach: where: Ac g
2 va 3/2 va 3/2 W channel width Take note that it is only derived from 3 q2
dc = = Ec
2
Q = C2g L [(H + ) ( ) ] L weir length the critical depth equation.
g 3
3 2g 2g Z weir height Critical Flow NF = 1
Neglecting velocity of approach: H weir head Subcritical Flow NF < 1 Q
2 Supercritical Flow NF > 1 q=
PARAMETERS: B where:
Q = C2g L H 3/2 q flow rate or discharge
3 C coefficient of discharge
Reynolds Number v2 per meter width
EC specific energy at
va velocity of approach m/s E = + d critical condition
Considering velocity of approach: m weir factor
2g vC critical velocity
Dv Dv
va 3/2 va 3/2 NR = = vc = gdc
Q = m L [(H + ) ( ) ] Triangular (symmetrical only)
2g 2g
Neglecting velocity of approach: 8 Laminar Flow (NR 2000) Hydraulic Jump
3/2 Q= C2g tan H 5/2 64
Q=mLH 15 2 Height of the jump: Power Lost:
hf =
Q = m H 5/2 NR d = d2 d1 P = QE
Francis Formula (when C and m is not given)
Considering velocity of approach: When =90 Length of the jump:
Turbulent Flow (NR > 2000) NF1 1
va 3/2 va 3/2 Q = 1.4H 5/2 L v 2 L = 220 d1 tanh
22
Q = 1.84 L [(H + ) ( ) ] hf = f
2g 2g Cipolletti (symmetrical, slope 4V&1H) D 2g Solving for Q:
Neglecting velocity of approach: = 755750
2
Q = 1.84 L H 3/2
Q = 1.859 L H 3/2 0.0826 f L Q For all sections:
hf =
NOTE: D5 Q
with Dam: P2 P1 = (v v2 )
L = L for suppressed
Neglecting velocity of approach:
Boundary Shear Stress g 1
L = L 0.1H for singly contracted
3/2 = RS P = hA
L = L 0.2H for doubly contracted Q = 1.71 L H
Boundary Shear Stress For rectangular sections ONLY:
Time required to discharge:
(for circular pipes only) q2 1
2As 1 1 f = (d1 d2 )(d1 + d2 )
t= [ ] o = v g 2
mL H2 H1 8
Properties of Fluids Pressure Dams Stability of Floating Bodies
s Mg 1 1
W= p = p + p F1 = Ah1 = h1 2 ; F2 = Ah2 = h2 2
2 2
W M p = h 1
= ; = U1 = h2 B ; U2 = (h1 h2 )B
V V s. g.1 2
pg h2 = h h2
= g = s. g.2 1 RM = W1 (X1 ) + W2 (X2 )+. . . +W (X ) + F2 ( )
RT 3
h = s. g.1 h1
V 1 h 1 2 MG = metacentric height
s. v. = = OM = F1 ( ) + U1 ( B) + U2 ( B) MG = MB GB
M 3 2 3 Use (-) if G is above BO and (+) if G is below BO.
Hydrostatic Forces Note that M is always above BO.
Rx = RM OM
s. g. = = Ig Ig sin RM or OM = Wx
e= e= RM R
A F FS = & FS = = W(MG sin )
P 1 OM R
EB = ; = On plane surfaces: B2 tan2
V EB B MB = [1 + ]
V F = hA = | x| 12D 2
2 Stresses/Hoops
FT On curved surfaces: vs I
= = B R 6 pD
L2 F = hA < ; q= [1 ] St = MB = =
6 B B 2t VD sin VD
L2 F = V
B 2R
= = 2T sg m
T > ; q= s= Buoyancy Abel = A
F = F + F 2 2 6 3x pD sg l tot
pd B R St = tensile stress BF = W
= NOTE:
= ; q= p = unit pressure sg m
4 BF = V Vbel = V
= vertical distance from cg of
submerged surface to liquid surface
6 B D = inside diameter sg l tot
4cos h = (for vertical only) 2R t = thickness of wall
h= = 0; q = s = spacing of hoops
d B T = tensile force Celerity (velocity of sound)
(rigid pipes)
Relative Equilibrium of Fluids Bernoullis Energy Theorem Major Losses in Pipes
z = elevation head; P/ = pressure head; v2/2g = velocity head
EB
c=
Horizontal Motion: Rotation: Darcy Weisbach Eqn: w
P1 v1 2 P2 v2 2
a 2 x z1 + + = z2 + + + H. L. L v2
tan = tan = 2g 2g (non-rigid pipes)
g g H. L. = f
D 2g EB
with pump: c=
E D
Inclined Motion: 2 2
x r2
x 2
0.0826 f L Q 2 w (1 + B )
Et
ah y= ; = P1 v1 2 P2 v2 2 H. L. =
2g h y z1 + + + HA = z2 + + + H. L. D5
tan = 2g 2g Water Hammer
g av 1 2 Mannings Formula:
V= r h with turbine:
Pmax = cv
Vertical Motion: 2 10.29 n2 L Q2
H. L. = 2L
a 1 rpm =

rad/sec P1 v1 2 P2 v2 2 D16/3 tc =
p = h (1 ) 30 z1 + + HE = z2 + + + H. L. c
g 2g 2g Hazen Williams Formula:
A. TIME of closure:
output QE
efficiency = ; HP = 10.64 L Q1.85 rapid/instantaneous
P = Pmax
Series-Parallel Pipes input 746 H. L. = 1.85 4.87
Pump Output & Turbine Input
C D Slow Closure
tc
Series Connection: P = Pmax ( )
1 atm t actual
H. L.T = H. L.1 + H. L.2 +. . . +H. L.n Fluid Flow Most Efficient Sections = 101.325 KPa B. TYPE of closure:
Q = Av Rectangular: = 2166 psf Partial Closure (vf 0)
Q T = Q1 = Q 2 = Q n = 14.7 psi P = c(vi vf )
Q discharge b = 2d
= 760 mmHg Total Closure (vf = 0)
Parallel Connection: flow rate d = 29.9 inHg P = cvi
weight flux R=
H. L.T = H. L.1 = H. L.2 = H. L.n 2
volume flow rate m3/s
weight flow rate N/s Trapezoidal: Open Channel
Q T = Q1 + Q 2 +. . . +Q n mass flow rate kg/s
x = y1 + y2 Specific Energy: Manning Formula:
2 1 1/6
Constant Head Orifice Falling Head Orifice d v
R= E= +d C= R
2 2g n
Without headloss: Time to remove water from h1 to h2 with constant cross-section:
2As Bazin Formula:
t= (h1 h2 ) Triangular: v = CRS 87
v = 2gh C=
CAo 2g b = 2d Theoretically: m
1+
With headloss: A = d2 8g R
Time to remove water from h1 to h2 with varying cross-section:
C=
v = Cv 2gh
h1
As dh = 90 f
t= Kutter Formula:
h2 CAo 2gh Semi-circular:
Q = CA o 2gh 1 0.000155
d = r (full) + 23 +
Time in which water surfaces of two tanks will reach same elevation: r C= n S
C = Cc C v (As1 )(As2 )
2 R= 1+
n
(23 +
0.000155
)
t= (h1 h2 ) 2 R S
a
Cc = CAo 2g (As1 + As2 ) Circular: TRAPEZOIDAL:
If C is not given, use Mannings in V:
A Q max if d = 0.94D For minimum seepage:
1 2/3 1/2
v Vmax if d = 0.81D
b = 4d tan v= R S
Cv = Hydrodynamics 2 n
vt
Force on Curve Vane/Blade: Force on the Jet
(at right angle):
v2 1
H. L. = [ 1] Fx = Q(v2x v1x )
2g Cv 2 F = Qv

H. L. = H[1 Cv 2 ] Fy = Q(v2y v1y )

2
x
y= Force on Pipes Bend & Reducer:
4Cv 2 h
(same as on Curve Vane/Blade)
Quadratic Equation Progression Trigonometric Identities Spherical Trigonometry
Form: AM HM = (GM)2 Squared Identities: Sine Law:
2 sin sin sin
Ax + Bx + C = 0 2 2
sin A + cos A = 1
Arithmetic Progression: = =
Roots: 1 + tan2 A = sec 2 A sin sin sin
d = a 2 a1 = a 3 a 2
s 2 4AC
B B 1 + cot 2 A = csc 2 A Cosine Law for sides:
x= a n = a1 + (n 1)d cos = cos cos + sin sin cos
2A Sum & Diff of Angles Identities:
a n = a x + (n x)d Cosine Law for angles:
Sum of Roots:
n sin (A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B cos = cos cos + sin sin cos
B Sn = (a1 + a n )
x1 + x2 = 2 cos (A B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B Spherical Polygon:
A
Harmonic Progression: tan A tan B R2 E E = spherical excess
Product of Roots: - reciprocal of arithmetic tan (A B) =
C 1 tan A tan B AB = E = (A+B+C+D) (n-2)180
progression 180
x1 x2 = + Double Angle Identities:
A Geometric Progression: Spherical Pyramid:
1 minute of arc =
r = a 2 /a1 = a 3 /a2 sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A 1 R3 E 1 nautical mile
Binomial Theorem cos 2A = cos 2 A sin2 A V = AB H = 1 nautical mile =
a n = a1 r n1 3 540
6080 feet
Form:
a n = a x r nx cos 2A = 2 cos 2 A 1 1 statute mile =
(x + y)n cos 2A = 1 2 sin2 A 5280 feet
1 rn n-sided Polygon
rth term: Sn = a1 2 tan A # of diagonals:
1 knot =
r th
= nCm x nm y m 1r tan 2A = n Interior Angle, : 1 nautical mile
a1 1 tan2 A d = (n 3) (n 2)180 per hour
where: m=r-1
S = 2 =
1r n
Deflection Angle, : Area = n ATRIANGLE
Worded Problems Tips Triangle Common Quadrilateral = 180 1
Age Problems 1 Square: Rectangle: Area = n R2 sin
A = bh Central Angle, : 2
underline specific time conditions A = s2 A = bh
2 360 1
Motion Problems P = 4s P = 2a + 2b = Area = n ah
1 n 2
a =0 A = ab sin C d = 2s d = b 2 + h2
2
s = vt Parallelogram:
1 sin B sin C Polygon Names
A = a2 A = bh 16 - hexadecagon
Work Problems 3 - triangle
2 sin A A = ab sin 17 - septadecagon
Case 1: Unequal rate 4 - quad/tetragon 18 - octadecagon
work A = s(s a)(s b)(s c) 1 5 - pentagon
A = d1 d2 sin 19 - nonadecagon
rate = 2 6 - hexagon/sexagon 20 - icosagon
time a+b+c 7 - septagon/heptagon 21 - unicosagon
Case 2: Equal rate s= Rhombus: 8 - octagon 22 - do-icosagon
usually in project management 2 A = ah 9 - nonagon 30 - tricontagon
express given to man-days or man-hours A = a2 sin 10 - decagon 31 - untricontagon
Trapezoid 1 11 - undecagon/ 40 - tetradecagon
Clock Problems A = d1 d2 monodecagon 50 - quincontagon
11M 60H 1 2 12 - dodecagon/ 60 - hexacontagon
+ if M is ahead of H
= - if M is behind of H
A = (a + b)h bidecagon 100 - hectogon
2 2
Ellipse 13 - tridecagon 1,000 - chilliagon
A1 n ma2 + nb 2 14 - quadridecagon 10,000 - myriagon
a2 + b2
Ex-circle- 1 1 1 1 = ;w = A = ab C = 2 15 - quindecagon/ 1,000,000 - megagon
A2 m m+n 2 pentadecagon - aperio (circle)
= + +
In-circle 1 2 3
Triangle-Circle Relationship General Quadrilateral
Centers of Triangle Inscribed Circle:
Circumscribing Circle: Cyclic Quadrilateral: (sum of opposite angles=180)
INCENTER abc AT = rs
- the center of the inscribed circle (incircle) AT = A = (s a)(s b)(s c)(s d)
of the triangle & the point of intersection of
4R
Escribed Circle: Ptolemys Theorem is applicable:
the angle bisectors of the triangle.
opposite side a+b+c+d
diameter = AT = R a (s a) ac + bd = d1 d2 s=
sine of angle 2
a b c AT = R b (s b) Non-cyclic Quadrilateral:
d= = = AT = R c (s c)
sin A sin B sin C
A = (s a)(s b)(s c)(s d) abcd cos 2
2
Pappus Theorem
CIRCUMCENTER
- the center of the circumscribing circle Pappus Theorem 1: Prism or Cylinder Pointed Solid
(circumcircle) & the point of intersection of SA = L 2R V = AB H = AX L 1
the perpendicular bisectors of the triangle. v
V = AB H
Pappus Theorem 2: LA = PB H = Px L 3
AB/PB Perimeter or Area of base Right Circ. Cone Reg. Pyramid
V = A 2R H Height & L slant height 1
AX/PX Perimeter or Area of cross- LA = rL LA = PB L
NOTE: It is also used to locate centroid of an area. section perpendicular to slant height 2

Spherical Lune: Spherical Wedge:

Special Solids Spherical Solids
ORTHOCENTER Alune 4R2 4
Sphere: Vwedge 3 R
3
- the point of intersection of the altitudes of Truncated Prism or Cylinder: =
4 rad 2 =
the triangle. V = AB Have V = R3 rad 2
LA = PB Have 3 Alune = 2R2 2
LA = 4R2 Vwedge = R3
3
Frustum of Cone or Pyramid: Spheroid:
H 4 Spherical Zone:
V = abc
V= (A + A2 + A1 A2 ) 3
Azone = 2Rh
3 1 LA = 4 [
a2 + b2 + c 2
]
CENTROID Spherical Sector:
3
- the point of intersection of the medians of 1
the triangle. Prolate Spheroid: V = Azone R
3
4 2
V = abb V = R2 h
3
a2 + b2 + b2 3
Prismatoid:
LA = 4 [ ] Spherical Segment:
H 3
V = (A1 + 4AM + A2 ) For one base:
6 Oblate Spheroid: about major axis 1
EULER LINE 4
V = h2 (3R h)
V = aab 3
- the line that would pass through the 3 For two bases:
orthocenter, circumcenter, and centroid of a2 + a2 + b2
LA = 4 [ ] 1
the triangle. 3 V = h(3a2 + 3b2 + h2 )
about minor axis 6
Archimedean Solids Analytic Geometry Ellipse Hyperbola
- the only 13 polyhedra that are - the locus of point that moves such - the locus of point that moves such
convex, have identical vertices, and Slope-intercept form: Distance from a point to another point: that the sum of its distances from that the difference of its distances
their faces are regular polygons. y = mx + b d = (y2 y1 )2 + (x2 x1 )2 two fixed points called the foci is from two fixed points called the foci
constant. is constant.
Nn Nn Point-slope form:
E= V= Distance from a point to a line: General Equation: General Equation:
2 v y y1
where: s m= |Ax + By + C| Ax 2 + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 Ax 2 Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
E # of edges x x1 d=
V # of vertices A2 + B 2 Standard Equation: Standard Equation:
N # of faces Two-point form: (x h)2 (y k)2 (x h)2 (y k)2
n # of sides of each face Distance of two parallel lines: =1
v # of faces meeting at a vertex y2 y1 y y2 a2
+
b2
=1
a2 b2
= |C1 C2 |
x 2 x1 x x 2 d= (x h)2 (y k)2 (y k)2 (x h)2
Conic Sections
Point-slope form:
A2 + B 2 b2
+
a2
=1
a2

b2
=1
General Equation: x y Angle between two lines:
Ax 2 + Bxy + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 + =1 m2 m1
a b tan =
Based on discriminant: 1 + m1 m2
B 2 4AC = 0 parabola
B 2 4AC < 0 ellipse Parabola
B 2 4AC > 0 hyperbola - the locus of point that moves such that it is always equidistant from a
fixed point (focus) and a fixed line (directrix).
Based on eccentricity, e=f/d: Elements: Elements:
General Equation: Elements:
= 0 circle 2 Eccentricity, e: Loc. of directrix, d:
Location of foci, c: Same as ellipse:
Length of LR,
= 1 parabola y + Dx + Ey + F = 0 Location of foci, c: a c 2 = a2 + b2 Loc. of directrix, d
df
< 1 ellipse x 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 e=
dd
=1 c 2 = a2 b2 d= Eqn of asymptote:
Eccentricity, e
e y k = m(x h)
> 1 hyperbola Standard Equation: Length of LR:
Length of latus Eccentricity, e: where:
2
(x h) = 4a(y k) rectum, LR: 2b2 c m is (+) for upward asymptote;

LR = 4a LR = e= m is (-) for downward

Circle (y k)2 = 4a(x h) a a m = b/a if the transverse axis is horizontal;

m = a/b if the transverse axis is vertical
- the locus of point that moves such
that its distance from a fixed point 1 revolution
called the center is constant. Engineering Economy
= 2 rad Unit Circle
General Equation: = 360 Simple Interest:
Versed sine:
x 2 + y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 I = Pn where:
= 400 grads vers A = 1 cos A F future worth
Standard Equation: = 6400 mills Versed cosine: F = P(1 + n) P principal or present worth
i interest rate per interest period
(x h) + (y k)2 = r 2
2
covers A = 1 sin A r nominal interest rate
Compound Interest:
Tetrahedron n no. of interest periods
Half versed sine: F = P(1 + )n m no. of interest period per year
Line Tangent to Conic Section 1 cos A t no. of years
hav A = r mt ER effective rate
To find the equation of a line 2 2 F = P (1 + )
tangent to a conic section at a H = a Exsecant:
m
given point P(x1, y1):
3 I r m
exsec A = sec A 1 ER = = (1 ) 1
In the equation of the conic 2 P m
equation, replace:
SA = a 3
Inflation: Rate of return: Continuous Compounding Interest:
2 1 2 3 f = + f + f annual net profit F = Pe rt
V=a RR =
2 1 12 capital
ER = er 1
Break-even analysis: Annual net profit
+ 1 = savings expenses

cost = revenue depreciation (sinking fund)

1
Annuity:
2 RP =
+ 1 RR (1 + )n 1 where:

F = A[ ] F future worth
2 P principal or present worth
Depreciation A periodic payment
1 + 1 (1 + )n 1

i interest rate per payment
BVm = FC Dm P = A[ ] n no. of interest periods
2 (1 + )n n no. of payments

Straight-Line: CALTECH:
Differential Calculus FC SV Mode 3 2 Perpetuity:
x y
d= (time) (BV) A
Curvature: Radius of curvature: n P= = F(1 + )n
0 FC
y" 3
Dm = d(m) n SV where:
k= 3
[1 + (y)2 ]2 C capitalized cost
= Capitalized Cost: FC first cost
[1 + (y)2 ]2 " Sinking Fund: where: OM annual operation
FC first cost OM RC SV or maintenance cost
Maxima & Minima (Critical Points): (1 + i)n 1 1 SV salvage cost C = FC + + RC replacement cost
d = (FC SV) [ ] d depreciation (1 + )n 1 SV salvage cost
per year
AC annual cost
= y = 0 (+) minima m
(1 + i) 1
n economic life
m any year before n
AC = C
(-) maxima Dm = d [ ] BVm book value (RC SV)
after m years
AC = FC + OM +
Point of inflection: Dm total depreciation
(1 + i)n 1
Sum-of-the-Years-Digit (SYD):
2 nm+1
= y" = 0 dm = (FC SV) [ ] CALTECH: Single-payment-compound-amount factor:
2 years Mode 3 3
(F/P, , n) = (1 + )n
x y
(time) (BV)
nnm+1 x 0 FC Single-payment-present-worth factor:
Integral Calculus-The Cardioid Dm = (FC SV) [ ] n SV n
n1 x n+1 SV
(P/F, , n) = (1 + )
A = 1.5a2 Equal-payment-series-compound-amount factor:
Declining Balance (Matheson):
P = 8a BVm = FC(1 k)m CALTECH: (1 + )n 1
Mode 3 6 (F/A, , n) = [ ]
r = a(1 sin ) r = a(1 cos ) SV = FC(1 k)n k obtained x y
(time) (BV)
r = a(1 + sin ) r = a(1 + cos ) Dm = FC BVm 0 FC Equal-payment-sinking-fund factor:
n SV 1
Double Declining Balance:
(1 + )n 1
(A/F, , n) = [ ]
BVm = FC(1 k)m
k = 2/n k obtained Equal-payment-series-present-worth factor:

Dm = FC BVm (1 + )n 1
where: (P/A, , n) = [ ]
FC first cost (1 + )n
Service Output Method: SV salvage cost
FC SV d depreciation per year Equal-payment-series-capital-recovery factor:
Qn qty produced during
d= 1
Qn economic life
Qm qty produced during
(1 + )n 1
up to m year
(A/P, , n) = [ ]
D = dQ m Dm total depreciation
(1 + )n
Statistics Fractiles Transportation Engineering Traffic Accident Analysis
Measure of Natural Tendency Range Design of Horizontal Curve Accident rate for 100 million
= vehicles per miles of travel in a
Mean, x, average
Minimum radius of curvature segment of a highway:
Mode Stat 1-var Coefficient of Range 2
Shift Mode s Stat Frequency? on v A (100,000,000)
= R= R=
Input + g(e + f) ADT N 365 L
AC Shift 1 var x R minimum radius of curvature
A no. of accidents during period of analysis
Quartiles e superelevation
f coeff. of side friction or ADT average daily traffic
Median, Me middle no. when n is even
skid resistance N time period in years
n+1 1 2 3 v design speed in m/s L length of segment in miles
Me th = Q1 = n Q2 = n Q3 = n g 9.82 m/s2
2 4 4 4
Accident rate per million entering
1 n n when n is odd Centrifugal ratio or impact factor
Me th
= [( ) + ( + 1)] vehicles in an intersection:
2 2 2 1 1 1 2
Q1 = (n + 1) ; Q1 = (n + 1) ; Q1 = (n + 1) v A (1,000,000)
4 4 4 Impact factor = R=
Mode, Mo most frequent gR
Interquartile Range, IQR
ADT N 365
R minimum radius of curvature
Standard Deviation v design speed in m/s A no. of accidents during period of analysis
=
g 9.82 m/s2 ADT average daily traffic entering all legs
Population standard deviation = Q3 Q1 N time period in years
Mode Stat 1-var Power to move a vehicle
Coefficient of IQR Severity ratio, SR:
Shift Mode Stat Frequency? on P = vR

Input = P power needed to move vehicle in watts fi
+ SR =
AC Shift 1 var x v velocity of vehicle in m/s
Q Q1 R sum of diff. resistances in N
fip
= 3
Sample standard deviation
Q3 + Q1 f fatal
Design of Pavement i injury
Mode Stat 1-var Quartile Deviation (semi-IQR) = IQR/2 p property damage
Shift Mode Stat Frequency? on Rigid pavement without dowels
Input Outlier Spacing mean speed, US:
AC Shift 1 var sx
extremely high or low data higher than 3W d n
or lower than the following limits: t= Us = =
f t 1
NOTE:
Q1 1.5IQR > x ( )
If not specified whether population/sample U1
in a given problem, look for POPULATION. Q 3 + 1.5IQR < x Rigid pavement with dowels
Coefficient of Linear Correlation Time mean speed, Ut:
Decile or Percentile 3W 3W
or Pearsons r d
m t= t=
im = (n) 2f 4f U1
Mode Stat A+Bx
10 or 100 Ut = t =
Input (at the edge) (at the center) n n
AC Shift 1 Reg r t thickness of pavement d sum of distance traveled by all vehicles
Normal Distribution W wheel load t sum of time traveled by all vehicles
NOTE: f allow tensile stress of concrete u1 sum of all spot speed
-1 r +1; otherwise erroneous 1/u1 reciprocal of sum of all spot speed
Flexible pavement n no. of vehicles
Population standard deviation
W Rate of flow:
Variance t= r
Z-score or
standard score Mode Stat f1 q = kUs
standard deviation =
or variate AC Shift 1 Distr f1 allow bearing pressure of subgrade q rate of flow in vehicles/hour
variance = 2 r radius of circular area of contact
left of z P( k density in vehicles/km
x between wheel load & pavement
relative variability = /x z= uS space mean speed in kph
right of z R(
Mean/Average Deviation bet. z & axis Q( Thickness of pavement in terms Minimum time headway (hrs)
x no. of observations
mean value, x Input of expansion pressure = 1/q
Mean/average value standard deviation expansion pressure
t= Spacing of vehicles (km)
b pavement density
1 = 1/k
mv = f(x)dx Exponential Distribution
ba a Stiffness factor of pavement
Peak hour factor (PHF)
P(x a) = ea = q/qmax
Mean value
P(x a) = 1 ea
Es 3 s

SF =
1 b P(a x b) = ea eb Ep
RMS = f(x)2 dx ES modulus of elasticity of subgrade
ba a EP modulus of elasticity of pavement

Discrete Probability Distributions Wallis Formula

Binomial Probability Distribution 2 [(m 1)(m 3)(m 5) (1 or 2)][(n 1)(n 3)(n 5) (1 or 2)]
P(x) = C(n, x) p q x nx cosm sinn d =
0 (m + n)(m + n 2)(m + n 4) (1 or 2)
where:
p success NOTE:
q failure
= /2 for m and n are both even
Geometric Probability Distribution =1 otherwise
x1
P(x) = p(q ) Tip to remember:
Fibonacci Numbers
Poisson Probability Distribution 2 1 = 0
n n
x 1 1 + 5 1 5 Mode Eqn 5
e
P(x) = an = [( ) ( ) ]
x! 5 2 2 =
1 5
2

Period, Amplitude & Frequency

x = r cos
Period (T) interval over which the graph of y = r sin
function repeats r = x2 + y2
Amplitude (A) greatest distance of any point y
on the graph from a horizontal line which passes = tan1
halfway between the maximum & minimum
x
values of the function
Frequency () no. of repetitions/cycles per unit
of time or 1/T

Function Period Amplitude

y = A sin (Bx + C) 2/B A
y = A cos (Bx + C) 2/B A
y = A tan (Bx + C) /B A
Statistics Fractiles Transportation Engineering Traffic Accident Analysis
Measure of Natural Tendency Range Design of Horizontal Curve Accident rate for 100 million
= vehicles per miles of travel in a
Mean, x, average
Minimum radius of curvature segment of a highway:
Mode Stat 1-var Coefficient of Range 2
Shift Mode s Stat Frequency? on v A (100,000,000)
= R= R=
Input + g(e + f) ADT N 365 L
AC Shift 1 var x R minimum radius of curvature
A no. of accidents during period of analysis
Quartiles e superelevation
f coeff. of side friction or ADT average daily traffic
Median, Me middle no. when n is even
skid resistance N time period in years
n+1 1 2 3 v design speed in m/s L length of segment in miles
Me th = Q1 = n Q2 = n Q3 = n g 9.82 m/s2
2 4 4 4
Accident rate per million entering
1 n n when n is odd Centrifugal ratio or impact factor
Me th
= [( ) + ( + 1)] vehicles in an intersection:
2 2 2 1 1 1 2
Q1 = (n + 1) ; Q1 = (n + 1) ; Q1 = (n + 1) v A (1,000,000)
4 4 4 Impact factor = R=
Mode, Mo most frequent gR
Interquartile Range, IQR
ADT N 365
R minimum radius of curvature
Standard Deviation v design speed in m/s A no. of accidents during period of analysis
=
g 9.82 m/s2 ADT average daily traffic entering all legs
Population standard deviation = Q3 Q1 N time period in years
Mode Stat 1-var Power to move a vehicle
Coefficient of IQR Severity ratio, SR:
Shift Mode Stat Frequency? on P = vR

Input = P power needed to move vehicle in watts fi
+ SR =
AC Shift 1 var x v velocity of vehicle in m/s
Q Q1 R sum of diff. resistances in N
fip
= 3
Sample standard deviation
Q3 + Q1 f fatal
Design of Pavement i injury
Mode Stat 1-var Quartile Deviation (semi-IQR) = IQR/2 p property damage
Shift Mode Stat Frequency? on Rigid pavement without dowels
Input Outlier Spacing mean speed, US:
AC Shift 1 var sx
extremely high or low data higher than 3W d n
or lower than the following limits: t= Us = =
f t 1
NOTE:
Q1 1.5IQR > x ( )
If not specified whether population/sample U1
in a given problem, look for POPULATION. Q 3 + 1.5IQR < x Rigid pavement with dowels
Coefficient of Linear Correlation Time mean speed, Ut:
Decile or Percentile 3W 3W
or Pearsons r d
m t= t=
im = (n) 2f 4f U1
Mode Stat A+Bx
10 or 100 Ut = t =
Input (at the edge) (at the center) n n
AC Shift 1 Reg r t thickness of pavement d sum of distance traveled by all vehicles
Normal Distribution W wheel load t sum of time traveled by all vehicles
NOTE: f allow tensile stress of concrete u1 sum of all spot speed
-1 r +1; otherwise erroneous 1/u1 reciprocal of sum of all spot speed
Flexible pavement n no. of vehicles
Population standard deviation
W Rate of flow:
Variance t= r
Z-score or
standard score Mode Stat f1 q = kUs
standard deviation =
or variate AC Shift 1 Distr f1 allow bearing pressure of subgrade q rate of flow in vehicles/hour
variance = 2 r radius of circular area of contact
left of z P( k density in vehicles/km
x between wheel load & pavement
relative variability = /x z= uS space mean speed in kph
right of z R(
Mean/Average Deviation bet. z & axis Q( Thickness of pavement in terms Minimum time headway (hrs)
x no. of observations
mean value, x Input of expansion pressure = 1/q
Mean/average value standard deviation expansion pressure
t= Spacing of vehicles (km)
b pavement density
1 = 1/k
mv = f(x)dx Exponential Distribution
ba a Stiffness factor of pavement
Peak hour factor (PHF)
P(x a) = ea = q/qmax
Mean value
P(x a) = 1 ea
Es 3 s

SF =
1 b P(a x b) = ea eb Ep
RMS = f(x)2 dx ES modulus of elasticity of subgrade
ba a EP modulus of elasticity of pavement

Discrete Probability Distributions Wallis Formula

Binomial Probability Distribution 2 [(m 1)(m 3)(m 5) (1 or 2)][(n 1)(n 3)(n 5) (1 or 2)]
P(x) = C(n, x) p q x nx cosm sinn d =
0 (m + n)(m + n 2)(m + n 4) (1 or 2)
where:
p success NOTE:
q failure
= /2 for m and n are both even
Geometric Probability Distribution =1 otherwise
x1
P(x) = p(q ) Tip to remember:
Fibonacci Numbers
Poisson Probability Distribution 2 1 = 0
n n
x 1 1 + 5 1 5 Mode Eqn 5
e
P(x) = an = [( ) ( ) ]
x! 5 2 2 =
1 5
2

Period, Amplitude & Frequency

x = r cos
Period (T) interval over which the graph of y = r sin
function repeats r = x2 + y2
Amplitude (A) greatest distance of any point y
on the graph from a horizontal line which passes = tan1
halfway between the maximum & minimum
x
values of the function
Frequency () no. of repetitions/cycles per unit
of time or 1/T

Function Period Amplitude

y = A sin (Bx + C) 2/B A
y = A cos (Bx + C) 2/B A
y = A tan (Bx + C) /B A
Design of Beam Stirrups T-Beam Thickness of One-way Slab & Beam
NSCP Provisions for effective flange width: NSCP Provisions for minimum thickness:

i. Interior Beam: ii. exterior Beam: Canti- Simple One Both

L L lever Support End Ends
(1st) Solve for Vu: bf = bf = bw +
NSCP Provisions for 4 12 Slab L/10 L/20 L/24 L/28
Fv = 0 max. stirrups spacing: s1 s2 s1
bf = bw + + bf = bw + Beams L/8 L/16 L/18.5 L/21
Vu = R wu d 1 2 2 2
2Vc = fc bw d fy
wu L 3 bf = bw + 8t f bf = bw + 6t f Factor: [0.4 + ] [1.65 0.0003 ]
Vu = wu d 700
(for lightweight concrete only)
2 i. when Vs < 2Vc,
(2nd) Solve for Vc: d Minimum Steel Ratio
1 smax = or 600mm
Vc = fc bw d 2
For one-way bending:
6 k steel ratio
ii. when Vs > 2Vc,
(3rd) Solve for Vs: d i. fy = 275 MPa,
Vu = (Vc + Vs ) smax = or 300mm
4 k = 0.0020
Vs obtained ii. fy = 415 MPa,
iii. & not greater than to: k = 0.0018
(4th) Theoretical Spacing: 3Av fy iii. fy > 415 MPa,
n
dA v fy smax = 400
s= n b k = 0.0018 [ ]
fy
Vs
NOTE: For two-way bending:
steel ratio
fyn steel strength for shear reinforcement
Av area of shear reinforcement
1.4 fc
n no. of shear legs min = min =
2 fy 4fy
Av = d n
4 (choose larger between the 2)

Design of One-way Slab

LONGITUDINAL OR MAIN BARS TEMPERATURE BARS/
(1st) Compute ultimate moment, Mu:
SHRINKAGE BARS
WU = 1.4WD + 1.7WL (6th) Compute steel ratio, :
As (11th) Solve for As:
WU L2 =
MU = bd As = kb h
8
(7th) Check for minimum steel ratio: NSCP Provision for k:
(2nd) Solve for slab thickness, h: i. fy = 275 MPa, k = 0.0020
See NSCP Provisions for minimum thickness. 1.4 fc ii. fy = 415 MPa, k = 0.0018
min = & min = iii. fy > 415 MPa, k = 0.0018 (400/fy)
fy 4fy
(3rd) Solve for effective depth, d:
(12th) Determine # of reqd temp. bars:
db If min < , use .
d = h cc If min > , use min & recompute As. As As
2 N= =
(8th) Determine # of reqd main bars:
Ab d 2
(4th) Solve for a: 4 b
a
As As
Mu = (C) [d ] N= = 2 (13th) Determine spacing of temp. bars:
2 Ab
a d b
4 b
Mu = (0.85fc ab) [d ] s=
2 (9th) Determine spacing of main bars:
N
a obtained b (14th) Check for max. spacing of temp. bars:
s=
(5th) Solve for As: N smax = 5h or 450mm
C=T
(10th) Check for max. spacing of main bars:
0.85fc ab = As fy smax = 3h or 450mm
As obtained

Design of Column TIED COLUMN SPIRAL COLUMN

P = PC + PS PN = 0.8P PN = 0.85P
PU = 0.8P ; = 0.7 PU = 0.85P ; = 0.75
P = 0.85fc (Ag Ast ) + Ast fy
PU = (0.7)(0.8)[0.85fc (Ag Ast ) + Ast fy ] PU = (0.75)(0.85)[0.85fc (Ag Ast ) + Ast fy ]
Ast
= No. of main bars: Spacing of bars: fc Ag volume of spiral
Ag s = 0.45 [ 1] =
Ast fy Ac volume of core
Thus, N= s = 16db
P Ab s = 48dt
Ag =

0.85fc (1 ) + fy N is based on Pu. s = least dimension (dsp )2 (Dc dsp ) 4Asp
s=4 =
0.01Ag < Ast < 0.08Ag NOTE: If spacing of main bars < 150mm, use 1 tie per set. (D )2 s Dc s
4 c

Design of Footing WIDE BEAM SHEAR PUNCHING/DIAGONAL TENSION SHEAR BENDING MOMENT
VU1 = qU (B)(x) VU2 = PU qU (a + d)(b + d) x
qA = qS + qC + qsur + qE MU = qU (B)(x) ( )
2
P PU fc fc ** design of main bars and
qE = ; qU = VU1 Vwb = Bd VU2 Vpc = b d
A ftg Aftg 6 3 o temperature bars
Same as slab.
where: VU1 VU2
qA allowable bearing pressure wb = pc =
Bd bo d
qS soil pressure
qC concrete pressure
qsur surcharge
fc fc
wb(allw) = pc(allw) =
qE effective pressure 6 3
qU ultimate bearing pressure
= 0.85
Measurement measure lay-out too long Effect of Curvature & Refraction
too long add subtract e Azimuth
Corrections too short subtract add
CD = MD (1 + )
TL hcr = 0.067K 2 from South
Due to temperature: too short
e D2
(add/subtract); measured length Probable Errors h = h2 + (h h2 ) 0.067D1 D2
CD = MD (1 ) D1 + D2 1
C = L(T2 T1 ) TL Reduction to
Probable Error (single):
Sea Level
Due to pull: Stadia Measurement Leveling
(add/subtract); measured length (x x) CD MD
E = 0.6745 Horizontal: =
(P2 P1 )L n1 Elev = Elev + R R+h
C=
EA D = d + (f + c) Inclined Upward:
Probable Error (mean):
Due to sag: error/setup = eBS + eFS
(subtract only); unsupported length D = ( )s +C Subtense Bar
E (x x) Inclined Downward:

w 2 L3 Em = = 0.6745 D = Ks + C error/setup = +eBS eFS

C= n n(n 1) D = cot
24P 2 Inclined: Total Error: 2
Proportionalities of weight, w: eT = error/setup no. of setups
Due to slope: D = Ks cos + C
(subtract only); measured length E=error; d=distance; n=no. of trials

1 1 H = D cos
C 2 = S 2 h2 Double Meridian Distance Method DMD
V = D sin
2 DMD = Dep
Normal Tension:
DMD = DMD1 + Dep1 + Dep
0.204WAE Area of Closed Traverse Area of Irregular Boundaries
PN = DMD = Dep
PN P Trapezoidal Rule: 2A = (DMD Lat)
Lat = L cos
Dep = L sin d
A= [h + hn + 2h]
Error of Closure:
2 1 Double Parallel Distance Method DPD
Parabolic Curves Simpsons 1/3 Rule:
= L2 + D2 DPD = Lat
Symmetrical: d DPD = DPD1 + Lat 1 + Lat
Relative Error/Precision: A = [h1 + hn + 2h + 4h ]
L Error of Closure 3 DPD = Lat
H = (g1 + g 2 ) =
Perimeter Note: n must be odd 2A = (DMD Dep)
8
L 2
x 2 ( 2) 1 acre = Simple, Compound & Reverse Curves Spiral Curve
= L 4047 m2
y H 1
Unsymmetrical:
L1 L2
H= (g + g 2 )
2(L1 +L2 ) 1
g 3 (L1 +L2 ) = g1 L1 + g 2 L2
Note: Consider signs.

Earthworks
0
L2 180
=
f w I 2RLs
A= (d + dR ) + (fL + fR ) T = R tan
2
2 L 4 Ls 2
I i= ; p=
Volume (End Area): E = R [sec 1] 3 24R
2
L I
L3
Ve = (A1 + A2 ) m = R [1 cos ] x=
2 2 6RLs
Volume (Prismoidal): L = 2R sin
I L5 LT long tangent
ST short tangent
2 Y=L 2 R radius of simple curve
L 40R2 Ls L length of spiral from TS to any point
VP = (A1 + 4Am + A2 ) along the spiral

6 Lc = RI Ls I Ls length of spiral
180 Ts = + (R + p) tan I angle of intersection
I c angle of intersection of the simple
Prismoidal Correction: 2 2 curve
20 2R p length of throw or the distance from
= I tangent that the circular curve has been
L D 360 Es = (R + p) sec R offset
CP = (c c2 )(d1 d2 ) 2 x offset distance (right angle
12 1 1145.916 distance) from tangent to any point on
R= 0.036k 3 the spiral
xc offset distance (right angle
VP = Ve Cp D Ls = distance) from tangent to SC
R Ec external distance of the simple
Volume (Truncated): 0.0079k 2
curve
spiral angle from tangent to any
h e= point on the spiral
VT = ABase Have = A( ) R S spiral angle from tangent to SC
n i deflection angle from TS to any point
A D L on the spiral
is deflection angle from TS to SC
VT = (h1 + 2h2 + 3h3 + 4h4 ) = y distance from TS along the tangent
n DC Ls to any point on the spiral

Stopping Sight Distance Parabolic Summit Curve Parabolic Sag Curve Underpass Sight Distance Horizontal Curve
L>S
v2 L>S L>S L>S
S = vt + A(S)2
2g(f G) L= 2 A(S)2 A(S)2 h1 + h2 S2
L= L= H= C R=
a = g(f G) (deceleration) 200(h1 + h2 ) 122 + 3.5S 800H 2 8M
v L<S L<S L<S L<S
2
tb = (breaking time)
200(h1 + h2 ) 122 + 3.5S 800H L(2S L)
g(f G) L = 2(S) L = 2(S) L = 2(S) R=
A A A 8M
f
Eff = (100) L length of summit curve A algebraic difference A algebraic difference of L length of horizontal
fave S sight distance of grades, in percent grades, in percent curve
v speed in m/s h1 height of drivers eye L length of sag curve L length of sag curve S sight distance
t perception-reaction time h1 = 1.143 m or 3.75 ft S sight distance A(K)2 R radius of the curve
For passengers comfort,
f coefficient of friction h2 height of object L= where K is speed in KPH
M clearance from the
G grade/slope of road h2 = 0.15 m or 0.50 ft
395 centerline of the road