r

A
SEMINAR
ON

CLOUD COMPUTING
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree
of

Master of Technology
In
Computer Science & Engineering

By
Shivangi Sharma

(150530705007)

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

J B INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEHRADUN
UTTRAKHAND TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
DEHRADUN

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the seminar entitled CLOUD COMPUTING submitted for the award
of degree of Master of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering from J.B
Institute of Technology, Dehradun embodies results of original work and studies carried out
by me and the contents of the seminar do not form the basis for the award of any other degree
to me or to anybody else from this or any other University/Institute.

Shivangi Sharma
M.Tech(CSE).
Enrolment No: 150530705007
J.B Institute of Technology, Dehradun

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to all who helped
me directly or indirectly during this seminar.

First of all I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my thesis supervisor Mr. Diwaker
Mourya and his enormous help and advice and for providing inspiration which cannot be
expressed with words. I would not have accomplished this seminar without his patient care,
understanding and encouragement. His advice, encouragement and critics are source of
innovative ideas, inspiration and causes behind the successful completion of this seminar
work. The confidence shown on me by his was the biggest source of inspiration for me.

I would like to express my deep gratitude to him on behalf of the head of department
computer science and engineering department of Jb Institute of Technology, for providing
access to the good integration of intellectual properties, technical support and facilities.

I am deeply thankful to JBIT Management for providing facilities for accomplishment of

this assessment.

Date.. Shivangi `Sharma

(150530705007)

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TABLE OF CONTENT

DECLRARATION...............................................................................................2

ACKNOWLEDGMENT.....................................................................................3

LIST OF FIGURE................................................................................................6

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD COMPUTING.................7-9

CHAPTER 2: CLOUD COMPUTING BUILDING BLOCK..................10-15

2.1 DEPLOYMENT MODEL...............................................................11

2.2 SERVICE MODEL............................................................................13

CHAPTER 3: BENEFITS..............................................................................16-17

CHAPTER 4: RISK........................................................................................18-19

CHAPTER 5: CHARACTERISTICS......................................................20-22

CHAPTER 6: CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE........................23-25

6.1 FRONT END...........................................................................................24

6.2 BACK END.............................................................................................24

CHAPTER 7: CLOUD COMPUTING INFRASTRUCTURE......................26-30

7.1 CLOUD INFRASTRUCTURE COMPONENTS..............................27

7.2 INFRASTRUCTURE CONSTRAINTS..............................................29

CHAPTER 8: CLOUD COMPUTING DATA STRUCTURE.................31-34

8.1 STORAGE DEVICE...................................................................32

8.2 CLOUD STORAGE CLASSES.......................................................33

8.3 CREATING CLOUD STORAGE SYSTEM..............................33

CHAPTER 9: CHALLENGES.................................................................35-36

CHAPTER 10: CLOUD COMPUTING TECHNOLOGIES.....................37-40

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10.1 VIRTUALIZATION...........................................................................38

10.2 SERVICE ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE.....................................39

10.3 GRID COMPUTING...........................................................................39

10.4 UTILITY COMPUTER........................................................................40

REFERENCES.....................................................................................................41

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LIST OF FIGURE

Fig 1: Cloud computing............................................................................8

Fig 2: Deployment model..........................................................................11

Fig 3: Service model...................................................................................13

Fig 4: Layer of service model.....................................................................14

Fig 5: Cloud computing model.....................................................................15

Fig 6: Key characteristic...............................................................................21

Fig 7: Architecture.........................................................................................24

Fig 8: Cloud infrastructural component......................................................27

Fig 9: Infrastructural constraints.................................................................29

Fig 10: Data storage........................................................................................32

Fig 11: Virtual Storage container.................................................................34

Fig 12: Virtual cloud model............................................................................38

Fig 13: Service oriented architecture............................................................39

Fig 14: Grid computing....................................................................................40

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD
COMPUTING

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD COMPUTING

The term Cloud refers to a Network or Internet. In other words, we can say that Cloud is
something, which is present at remote location. Cloud can provide services over network, i.e.,
on public networks or on private networks, i.e., WAN, LAN or VPN. Applications such as e-
mail, web conferencing, customer relationship management (CRM),all run in cloud.[1]

Cloud Computing refers to manipulating, configuring, and accessing the applications online.
It offers online data storage, infrastructure and application.[1]

Fig 1: Cloud computing

Internet has been a driving force towards the various technologies that have been developed.
Arguably, one of the most discussed among all of these is Cloud Computing. Over the last
few years, cloud computing paradigm has witnessed an enormous shift towards its adoption
and it has become a trend in the information technology space as it promises significant cost
reductions and new business potential to its users and providers [3].

The advantages of using cloud computing include:

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i) Reduce hardware and maintenance cost,

ii) Accessibility around the globe, and

iii) Flexibility and highly automated processes wherein the customer need not worry about
mundane concerns like software up-gradation [4,5].

Cloud Computing is an emerging trend to deploy and maintain software and is being adopted
by the industry such as Google, IBM, Microsoft, and Amazon. Several prototype applications
and platforms, such as the IBM Blue Cloudinfrastructure, the Google App Engine, the
Amazon Cloud, and the Elastic Computing Platform [6]. Cloud Computing is perceived as
the next progression that will impact organizational businesses and how they manage their IT
infrastructures. The technology and architecture that cloud service and deployment models
offer are a key area of research.

According to U.S National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Cloud

Computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool
of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and
services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or
cloud provider interaction [7].

In simple words, Cloud Computing is the combination of a technology, platform that

provides hosting and storage service on the Internet [8].

Cloud Computing is a general term for anything that involves delivering hosted services over
the Internet. Instead of a static system architecture, Cloud Computing supports the ability to
dynamically scale up and quickly scale down, offering cloud consumers high reliability,
quick response times, and the flexibility to handle traffic fluctuations and demand [9].
Virtualization technology allows cloud vendors to convert one server into many virtual
machines, thereby eliminating client-server computing with single-purpose systems [10].

Benefits of Cloud computing are enormous. The most important one is that the customers
dont need to buy the resource from a third party vendor, instead they can use the resource
and pay for it as a service thus helping the customer to save time and money. Cloud is not
only for Multinational companies but its also being used by small and medium enterprises
[11]

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CHAPTER2
CLOUD COMPUTING BUILDING
BLOCKS

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CHAPTER2

CLOUD COMPUTING BUILDING BLOCKS

There are two basic building blocks, which can be consider in Cloud Computing to making
the cloud computing feasible and accessible to end users. Which are follows:-

2.1 DEPLOYMENT MODELS

In the cloud deployment model, networking, platform, storage, and software infrastructure
are provided as services that scale up or down depending on the demand as depicted. The
Cloud Computing model has four main deployment models which are [2]:

Fig 2: Deployment model

a. PUBLIC CLOUD
The Public Cloud allows systems and services to be easily accessible to the general public.
Public cloud may be less secure because of its openness, e.g., e-mail.[1]

Public cloud describes cloud computing in the traditional mainstream sense, whereby
resources are dynamically provisioned on a fine-grained, self-service basis over the Internet,
via web applications/web services, from an off-site third-party provider who shares resources
and bills on a fine-grained utility computing basis. It is typically based on a pay-per-use
model, similar to a prepaid electricity metering system which is flexible enough to cater for
spikes in demand for cloud optimization [2,12]. Examples of a public cloud include
Microsoft Azure, Google App Engine .

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b. PRIVATE CLOUD
The Private Cloud allows systems and services to be accessible within an organization. It
offers increased security because of its private nature [1]. In the private cloud, scalable
resources and virtual applications provided by the cloud vendor are pooled together and
available for cloud users to share and use. It differs from the public cloud in that all the cloud
resources and applications are managed by the organization itself, similar to Intranet
functionality. Utilization on the private cloud can be much more secure than that of the public
cloud because of its specified internal exposure. Only the organization and designated
stakeholders may have access to operate on a specific Private cloud [2,13]. One of the best
examples of a private cloud is Eucalyptus Systems.

c. COMMUNITY CLOUD
The Community Cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by group of
organizations. [1] Infrastructure shared by several organizations for a shared cause and may
be managed by them or a third party service provider and rarely offered cloud model. These
clouds are normally based on an agreement between related business organizations such as
banking or educational organizations. A cloud environment operating according to this model
may exist locally or remotely. An example of a Community Cloud includes Facebook [2].

d. HYBRID CLOUD
The Hybrid Cloud is mixture of public and private cloud. However, the critical activities are
performed using private cloud while the non-critical activities are performed using public
cloud.[1]

Hybrid cloud is a private cloud linked to one or more external cloud services, centrally
managed, provisioned as a single unit, and circumscribed by a secure network [2,14]. It
provides virtual IT solutions through a mix of both public and private clouds. Hybrid Cloud
provides more secure control of the data and applications and allows various parties to access
information over the Internet. It also has an open architecture that allows interfaces with other
management systems. Hybrid cloud can describe configuration combining a local device,
such as a Plug computer with cloud services. It can also describe configurations combining
virtual and physical, collocated assets -for example, a mostly virtualized environment that
requires physical servers, routers, or other hardware such as a network appliance acting as a
firewall or spam filter. An example of a Hybrid Cloud includes Amazon Web Services
(AWS) [2].

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Fig 3: Service Model

2.2 SERVICE MODELS

Service Models are the reference models on which the Cloud Computing is based. These can
be categorized into three basic service models as listed below:

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

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Fig 4:Layer of Service Model

Infrastructure As A Service (IAAS):-

IaaS provides access to fundamental resources such as physical machines, virtual machines,
virtual storage, etc [1].

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) refers to the sharing of hardware resources for executing
services using Virtualization technology. Its main objective is to make resources such as
servers, network and storage more readily accessible by applications and operating systems.
Thus, it offers basic infrastructure on-demand services and using Application Programming
Interface (API) for interactions with hosts, switches, and routers, and the capability of adding
new equipment in a simple and transparent manner. In general, the user does not manage the
underlying hardware in the cloud infrastructure, but he controls the operating systems,
storage and deployed applications. The service provider owns the equipment and is
responsible for housing, running and maintaining it. The client typically pays on a per-use
basis. Examples of IaaS include Amazon Elastic Cloud Computing (EC2), Amazon S3,
GoGrid [2].

Platform As A Service (PAAS):-

PaaS provides the runtime environment for applications, development & deployment tools,
etc [1].

PaaS is the delivery of a computing platform and solution stack as a service without software
downloads or installation for developers, IT managers or end-users. It provides an
infrastructure with a high level of integration in order to implement and test cloud
applications. The user does not manage the infrastructure (including network, servers,

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operating systems and storage), but he controls deployed applications and, possibly, their
configurations. Examples of PaaS includes: Force.com, Google App Engine and Microsoft
Azure [2].

Software As A Service(SAAS):-
SaaS model allows to use software applications as a service to end users [1].SaaS can be
described as a process by which Application Service Provider (ASP) provide different
software applications over the Internet. This makes the customer to get rid of installing and
operating the application on own computer and also eliminates the tremendous load of
software maintenance; continuing operation, safeguarding and support [2,15]. SaaS vendor
advertently takes responsibility for deploying and managing the IT infrastructure (servers,
operating system software, databases, data centre space, network access, power and cooling,
etc) and processes (infrastructure patches/upgrades, application patches/upgrades, backups,
etc.) required to run and manage the full solution. SaaS features a complete application
offered as a service on demand. In SaaS, there is the Divided Cloud and Convergence
coherence mechanism whereby every data item has either the Read Lock or Write
Lock [2,16]. Two types of servers are used by SaaS: the Main Consistence Server (MCS)
and Domain Consistence Server (DCS). Cache coherence is achieved by the Cloud
Computing: Overview & Current Research Challenges. Cooperation between MCS and DCS
[2,17]. In SaaS, if the MCS is damaged, or compromised, the control over the cloud
environment is lost. Hence securing the MCS is of great importance. Examples of SaaS
includes: Salesforce.com, Google Apps [2].

Fig 5: Cloud computing models

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CHAPTER 3
BENIFITS

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CHAPTER 3

BENIFITS

Cloud Computing has numerous advantages. Some of them are listed below:

1. One can access applications as utilities, over the Internet.

2. Manipulate and configure the application online at any time.

3. It does not require installing a specific piece of software to access or manipulating

cloud application.

4. Cloud Computing offers online development and deployment tools, programming

runtime environment through Platform as a Service model.

5. Cloud resources are available over the network in a manner that provides platform
independent access to any type of clients.

6. Cloud Computing offers on-demand self-service. The resources can be used without
interaction with cloud service provider.

7. Cloud Computing is highly cost effective because it operates at higher efficiencies

with greater utilization. It just requires an Internet connection.

8. Cloud Computing offers load balancing that makes it more reliable.

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CHAPTER 4
RISK

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CHAPTER 4

RISK

Although Cloud Computing is a great innovation in the world of computing, there also exist
downsides of cloud computing. Some of them are discussed below:

SECURITY & PRIVACY

It is the biggest concern about cloud computing. Since data management and infrastructure
management in cloud is provided by third-party, it is always a risk to handover the sensitive
information to such providers. Although the cloud computing vendors ensure more secure
password protected accounts, any sign of security breach would result in loss of clients and
businesses.

LOCK-IN
It is very difficult for the customers to switch from one Cloud Service Provider (CSP) to
another. It results in dependency on a particular CSP for service.

ISOLATION FAILURE
This risk involves the failure of isolation mechanism that separates storage, memory, routing
between the different tenants.

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CHAPTER 5
CHARACTERISTICS

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CHAPTER 5

CHARACTERISTICS

There are four key characteristics of cloud computing. They are shown in the following
diagram:

Fig-6 Key Characteristics

ON DEMAND SELF-SERVICE
Cloud Computing allows the users to use web services and resources on demand. One can
logon to a website at any time and use them.

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BROAD NETWORK ACCESS

Since Cloud Computing is completely web based, it can be accessed from anywhere and at
any time.

RESOURCE POOLING
Cloud Computing allows multiple tenants to share a pool of resources. One can share single
physical instance of hardware, database and basic infrastructure.

RAPID ELASTICITY
It is very easy to scale up or down the resources at any time. Resources used by the customers
or currently assigned to customers are automatically monitored and resources. It make it
possible

MEASURED SERVICE
Service Models & Deployment Models are described in above section.

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CHAPTER 6
CLOUD COMPUTING
ARCHITECTURE

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CHAPTER 6

CLOUD COMPUTING-ARCHITECTURE

The Cloud Computing architecture comprises of many cloud components, each of them are
loosely coupled. We can broadly divide the cloud architecture into two parts:

Front End

Back End

Fig 7: Architecture

Each of the ends are connected through a network, usually via Internet. The following
diagram shows the graphical view of cloud computing architecture:

6.1 FRONT END

Front End refers to the client part of cloud computing system. It consists of interfaces and
applications that are required to access the cloud computing platforms, e.g. Web Browser.

6.2 BACK END

Back End refers to the cloud itself. It consists of all the resources required to provide cloud
computing services. It comprises of huge data storage, virtual machines, security mechanism,
services, deployment models, servers, etc.

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IMPORTANT POINTS
1. It is the responsibility of the back end to provide built-in security mechanism, traffic
control and protocols.

2. The server employs certain protocols, known as middleware, helps the connected
devices to communicate with each other.

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CHAPTER 7
CLOUD COMPUTING
INFRASTUCTURE

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CHAPTER 7

CLOUD COMPUTING INFRASTRUCTURE

7.1 CLOUD INFRASTRUCTURE COMPONENTS

Cloud infrastructure consists of servers, storage, network, management software, and
deployment software and platform virtualization.

Fig 8: Cloud Infrastructural Components

a. HYPERVISOR
Hypervisor is a firmware or low-level program that acts as a Virtual Machine
Manager. It allows to share the single physical instance of cloud resources between
several tenants.

b. MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE
Management Software helps to maintain and configure the infrastructure.

c. DEPLOYMENT SOFTWARE
Deployment software helps to deploy and integrate the application on the cloud.

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d. NETWORK
Network is the key component of cloud infrastructure. It allows to connect cloud
services over the Internet. It is also possible to deliver network as a utility over the
Internet, i.e., the consumer can customize the network route and protocol.

e. SERVER
Server helps to compute the resource sharing and offer other services such as resource
allocation and deallocation, monitoring resources, security, etc.

f. STORAGE
Cloud uses distributed file system for storage purpose. If one of the storage resource
fails, then it can be extracted from another one which makes cloud computing more
reliable.

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7.2 INFRASTRUCTURAL CONSTRAINTS

Fundamental constraints that cloud infrastructure should implement are shown in the
following diagram:

Fig 9: Infrastructural Constraints

1. TRANSPARENCY
Since virtualization is the key to share resources in cloud environment. But it is not possible
to satisfy the demand with single resource or server. Therefore, there must be transparency in
resources, load balancing and application, so that we can scale them on demand.

2. SCALABILITY
Scaling up an application delivery solution is not that easy as scaling up an application
because it involves configuration overhead or even re-architecting the network. So,
application delivery solution is need to be scalable which will require the virtual
infrastructure such that resource can be provisioned and de-provisioned easily.

3. INTELLIGENT MONITORING
To achieve transparency and scalability, application solution delivery will need to be capable
of intelligent monitoring.

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4. SECURITY
The mega data centre in the cloud should be securely architected. Also the control node, a
entry point in mega data centre also needs to be secure.

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CHAPTER 8
CLOUD COMPUTING DATA
STORAGE

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CHAPTER 8

CLOUD COMPUTING DATA STORAGE

Cloud Storage is a service that allows to save data on offsite storage system managed by
third-party and is made accessible by a web services API.

Fig 10: Data Storage

8.1 STORAGE DEVICES

Storage devices can be broadly classified into two categories:

1. Block Storage Devices

2. File Storage Devices

1. BLOCK STORAGE DEVICES

Block Storage Devices offer raw storage to the clients. This raw storage can be partitioned to
create volumes.
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2. FILE STORAGE DEVICES

File Storage Devices offers storage to clients in form of files, maintaining its own file system.
This storage is in the form of Network Attached Storage (NAS).

8.2CLOUD STORAGE CLASSES

Cloud Storage can be broadly classified into two categories:

1. Unmanaged Cloud Storage

2. Managed Cloud Storage

1. UNMANAGED CLOUD STORAGE

Unmanaged Cloud Storage means that the storage is preconfigured for the consumer. The
consumer cannot format nor the consumer can install own file system or change drive
properties.

2. MANAGED CLOUD STORAGE

Managed Cloud Storage offers online storage space on demand. Managed cloud storage
system presents what appears to the user to be a raw disk that the user can partition and
format.

Creating Cloud Storage System

The cloud storage system stores multiple copies of data on multiple servers and in multiple
locations. If one system fails, then it only requires to change the pointer to stored object's
location. To aggregate storage assets into cloud storage systems, the cloud provider can use
storage virtualization software, StorageGRID. It creates a virtualization layer that fetches
storage from different storage devices into a single management system. It can also manage
data from CIFS and NFS file system over the Internet. The following diagram shows how
SystemGRID virtualizes the storage into storage clouds:

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Virtual Storage Containers
Virtual storage containers offer high performance cloud storage systems. Logical Unit
Number (LNU)of device, files and other objects are created in virtual storage containers.
Following diagram shows a virtual storage container, defining a cloud storage domain:

Fig 11: Virtual Storage Container

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CHAPTER 9
CHALLENGES

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CHAPTER 9

CHALLENGES

Storing the data in cloud is not that simple task. Apart from its flexibility and convenience, it
also has several challenges faced by the consumers. The consumers require ability to:

1. Provision additional storage on demand.

2. Know and restrict the physical location of the stored data.

3. Verify how data was erased?

4. Have access to a documented process for surely disposing of data storage hardware.

5. Administrator access control over data.

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CHAPTER 10
CLOUD COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY

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CHAPTER 10

CLOUD COMPUTING TECHNOLOGIES

There are certain technologies that are working behind the cloud computing platforms
making cloud computing flexible, reliable, usable. These technologies are listed below:

1. Virtualization

2. Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

3. Grid Computing

4. Utility Computing

10.1 Virtualization
Virtualization is a technique, which allows to share single physical instance of an application
or resource among multiple organizations or tenants (customers). It does so by assigning a
logical name to a physical resource and providing a pointer to that physical resource when
demanded.

The Multitenant architecture offers virtual isolation among the multiple tenants and therefore
the organizations can use and customize the application as though they each have its own
instance running.

Fig 12: virtual cloud model

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10.2 Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
Service-Oriented Architecture helps to use applications as a service for other applications
regardless the type of vendor, product or technology. Therefore, it is possible to exchange of
data between applications of different vendors without additional programming or making
changes to services. cloud_computing-service_oriented_architecture

Fig 13: Service oriented architecture

10.3 Grid Computing

Grid Computing refers to distributed computing in which a group of computers from multiple
locations are connected with each other to achieve common objective. These computer
resources are heterogeneous and geographically dispersed. Grid Computing breaks complex
task into smaller pieces. These smaller pieces are distributed to CPUs that reside within the
grid.

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Fig 14: Grid Computing

10.4 Utility Computing

Utility computing is based on Pay per Use model. It offers computational resources on
demand as a metered service. Cloud computing, grid computing, and managed IT services are
based on the concept of Utility computing

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