Professional Documents
Culture Documents
0.0275 m m C
o
hro 1400 W
Bi sphere 64.17
k m C
2 o
0.6 W
Interpolating in Table 4-2 for the sphere we find that A1 = 3.0863 and 1 = 1.9969 for Bi = 64.17.
We use equation (4-28) on page 230 of the text for the center temperature of the sphere.
T0 T 2 t 1 0 r02 0
0 A1e 1 ln t ln
Ti T r02 12 A1 12 A1
We want to set this equation so that we can solve for t as a function of T 0. We can substitute the
known data to get a working equation as follows.
r02 0 0.0275 m 2 1
T0 97 o C
t ln
12 A1
0.14 x10 6 m 2
ln 3.0863 8 o C 97 o C
s
1.9969 2
The final equation gives the time in minutes when the desired center temperature is entered in
degrees Celsius. This formula is evaluated for temperatures between 50 oC and 95oC and the
results are plotted using an Excel spreadsheet. The results are shown below. The table shows
that all values of t are greater than 0.2 an ex post facto demonstration that the use of the one-
term approximate solution is valid.
As expected the time increases as the desired temperature increases, however the computed
times seem quite long for cooking an egg. The assumptions used in this problem are
0.135 ft 2
t
0.05 h
2 h 0.243
2
r0 1 ft
2 in 12 in
Next we have to find the Biot number so that we can find the correct values of A 1 and 1.
For this value of Biot number, we find the value of A1 = 1.0996 and 1 = 0.8790 from the data for
the infinite cylinder in Table 4-2. Now we can apply the approximate solution in equation (4-27)
T0 T
A1e 1 1.0995e 0.8790 0.243 0.911
2 2
0
Ti T
We can then find the centerline temperature.
T0 T
0
Ti T
0.911 T0 T Ti T 0.911 1700o F 70o F 1700o F 0.911
T0 = 215oF
4-45 A long cylindrical wood log (k = 0.17 W/moC and = 1.28x10-7 m2/s) is 10 cm in diameter
and is initially at a uniform temperature of 15 oC. It is exposed to hot gases at 550oC in a
fireplace with a heat transfer coefficient of 13.6 W/m2oC on the surface. If the ignition
temperature of the wood is 420oC, determine how long it will be before the log ignites.
Assuming that the heat transfer is in the radial direction only, we can use equation (4.24) on page
230 to find the surface temperature. Because we are trying to find the time, we cannot start by
finding the Fourier number to make sure that we can use the approximate solution. However, we
can find this as part of the solution and then make sure that our use of the approximate solution is
justified.
We first find the Biot number to determine the correct values of A 1 and 1.
hro 13.6 W mo C
Bicylinder 2 o 0.05 m 4.00
k m C 0.17 W
For this value of Biot number, we find the value of A1 = 1.4698 and 1 = 1.9081 from the data for
the infinite cylinder in Table 4-2. Now we can apply the approximate solution in equation (4-24)
where we find the value of the Bessel function by interpolation in Table 4-3 on page 231. (This
interpolation gives almost the same result as using the besselj(x,n) function in Excel since there is
only a small change from the tabulated values due to the interpolation.) For the surface of the
cylinder we set r/r0 = 1.
T ( r , t ) T r
1.4698e 1.9081 J 0 1.90811 1.4698e 1.9081 0.27711
2 2 2
A1e 1 J 0 1
Ti T r0
Solving this equation for the Fourier number,, when T(r = r0) = 420oC gives.
T ( r , t ) T 420o C 550o C
0.243 1.4698e 1.9081 0.27711
2
Ti T 15 C 550 C
o o
1 0.243
ln 0.142
1.9081 1.4698 0.27711
2
This means that all our calculations have been in vain! The chart for finding temperatures at
locations other than the center of the body is based on the same approximate solution process
that we tried to use here. Since we do have a Fourier number, we can see what time it is
equivalent to, even though we know that this will not be an accurate result.
Solving the exact differential equation for this case (which we have not covered in class) gives a
solution of = 0.152; so applying the approximate solution at this point causes an error of about
7%.
4-72 A thick wood slab (k = 0.17 W/moC and = 1.28x10-7 m2/s) that is initially at a uniform
temperature of 25oC. It is exposed to hot gases at 550oC for a period of 5 minutes. The
heat transfer coefficient between the gases and the wood slab is 35 W/m2oC on the
surface. If the ignition temperature of the wood is 450 oC, determine if the wood will ignite.
We are not given the dimension of the wood slab, but we are told that it is thick. Lets assume
that we may model the surface of this thick slab as a semi-infinite surface. For such a surface
the following equation describes the temperature at any time and x location when the wood is
introduced into a convection environment at t = 0.
hx h 2t
T Ti
x k
k 2 x h t
erfc e erfc
T Ti 4t 4t k
In this case we want to find the surface temperature so we have x = 0, and the problem is
simplified to
h 2 t h 2 t
T Ti
h t
h t
erfc 0 e
k 2 k 2
erfc 1 e
erfc
T Ti k k
In the above equation we use the value of erfc(0) = 1. The terms in this equation are evaluated
below.
h t 35 W mo C 1.28 x107 m 2 h 2t
2o 5 min 60 s 1.276 1.2762 1.628
k m C 0.17 W s min k 2
With these values and Table 4-4 to find erfc(1.276), we can now find the dimensionless
temperature.
T Ti
1 e1.628erfc 1.276 1 5.094 0.0712 0.637
T Ti
We can now find the surface temperature at the end of 5 minutes.
T Ti T 25o C
T Ti 550o C 25o C
0.637 T 25o C 525o C 0.637 360o C
This is less than the ignition temperature so the
wood will not ignite .
hL 12 W mo C
Bislab 2 o 0.05 m 0.2703
k m C
2.22 W
Interpolating in Table 4-2 we find that A1 = 1.0408 and 1 = 0.4951 for this Biot number. Both of
the horizontal solutions will have the same Biot number for their half thickness of 2 cm = 0.02 m.
hL 12 W mo C
Bislab 2 o 0.02 m 0.1091
k m C
2.22 W
Interpolating in Table 4-2 we find that A1 = 1.0713 and 1 = 0.3208 for this Biot number.
Since two of our one-dimensional solutions are the same, we can write our three-dimensional
product solution as follows.
x, y , z , t 12 x, t 1 z , t
The value of = t/Li2, will be different for each dimension because the length parameter will be
different for each dimension. However, the value of time, t, will be the same. So we have to write
the equation in terms of the time, t. Substituting the one dimensional solutions, with the
appropriate values of A1, 1, , and the length parameter for each dimension and setting the
dimensionless distance in the cosine term to 1 for each solution gives.
We can not solve this equation explicitly for t, but we can solve it by an iteration algorithm or
using a calculator or a program such as Matlab or Excel. Doing this we find that t = 77,500 s =
21.5 h. We have to check the value of t to make sure that it is greater than 0.2. We only have to
check the value for a length parameter of 0.05 m. If t > 2 for this length, then it will also be > 0.2
for the length parameter of 0.02 m.
t 0.124 x10 7 m 2 77,500 s
0.384 0.2
L2 s 0.05 m 2
So the criterion that t > 0.2 is satisfied and our approach is justified; the answer is t = 21.5 h .
4-86 Consider a cubic block whose sides are 5 cm long and a cylindrical block whose height
and diameter are also 5 cm. Both blocks are initially at 20 oC and are made of granite (k =
2.5 W/moC and = 1.15x10-6 m2/s). Now both blocks are exposed to hot gases at 500oC in a
furnace on all of their surfaces with a heat transfer coefficient of 40 W/m2oC. Determine
the center temperature of each geometry after 10, 20, and 60 min.
For the cube we have three product solutions, but they are all identical because the lengths are
identical and the location at which we want to evaluate the temperature is identical for each
coordinate. Thus we can write
T T
x, y , z , t 1 x, t 1 y, t 1 z , t 1 xi , t 3
Ti T
For the minimum time of 10 min = 600 s, we can find the Fourier number, , = t/L2, where L is the
half thickness. For this problem, L = (5 cm)/2 = 2.5 cm = 0.025 m, and the Fourier number is
t 1.15 x10 6 m 2 600 s
1.104 0.2
L2 s 0.025 m 2
hL 40 W mo C
Bislab 2 o 0.025 m 0 .4
k m C
2 .5 W
For Bi = 0.4 we find that A1 = 1.0580 and 1 = 0.5932 from Table 4-2. We can now compute the
center temperature of the cube where x = y = z = 0. (Recall that cos(0) = 1.)
3 3
2 t
12
2 t
12
T T xi
x , y , z , t A1e Li
cos 1 A1e Li
Ti T Li
At t = 20 minutes = 1200 s and 60 minutes = 3600 s, -12t/L2 = 0.7770 and 2.331, respectively.
Applying the same equation gives T = 445oC and 500oC at these times.
The cylinder can be solved as the product of the solution for the infinite cylinder and that of the
infinite slab. Since the cylinder radius is the same as the half width of the cube solved above, the
Fourier number will be the same and all times will have a Fourier number greater than 0.2
allowing the use of the approximate solution. The temperature will be the product of two
solutions.
T T x r
x, r , t slab r , t cyl r , t A1e 1 cos 1 i A1e 1 J 0 1
2 2
Ti T Li s r0 c
The subscripts s for slab and c for cylinder indicate that the values of A 1 and 1 will be different for
the different solutions. The Biot numbers will be the same for both solutions because the half-
length of the cylinder height is the same as its radius.
hL hr 40 W mo C
Bislab Bicyl o 2 o 0.025 m 0.4
k k m C 2.5 W
For Bi = 0.4 Table 4-2 shows that that A1 = 1.0580 and 1 = 0.5932 for the slab and A1 = 1.0931
and 1 = 0.8516 for the cylinder. We can now compute the center temperature of the cylinder
where x = r = 0. (Note that cos(0) = J0(0) = 1.)
T T 21 0 0
cos 1 A1e 1 J 0 1 A1e 1 A1e 1
2 2 2
A1e
Ti T L s r0 c s c
Substituting numerical values for t = 10 min = 600 s, where we have previously computed =
1.104 gives.
T T 21 21
1.0580e 0.5932 1.104 1.0931e 0.8516 1.104 0.352
2 2
A1e A1e
Ti T
s
c
T T Ti T 500o C 25o C 500o C 1.050e 0.3885 331o C
3
At t = 20 minutes = 1200 s and 60 minutes = 3600 s, = 2.208 and 6.624, respectively. Applying
the same equations give T = 449oC and 500oC at these times.
The answers to this problem are summarized in the table below.
Temperatures at times shown below
Geometry
10 min 20 min 60 min
Cube 323oC 445oC 500oC
o o
Cylinder 331 C 449 C 500oC