Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) Antipruritic Ointment for Skin Itch

A Research Study
Presented to the Faculty of
Trece Martires City National High School-Main

In partial fulfillment of the requirement in Research II

Frederick Aquino
Lorely Verano

March 2017
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-A CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
TRECE MARTIRES CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Trece Martires City

Phone: (046) 419-2975, E-mail: tmcnhs@gmail.com

Research study of : Lorely Verano and Frederick Aquino

Title : KAMIAS (Averrhoa bilimbi) ANTIPRURITIC OINTMENT

FOR SKIN ITCH

Approved:

MARISSA M. RODiL

_________________ _________________ ________________

Research Teacher Signature Date

MARISSA M. RODIL

_________________ _________________ ________________

Officer-in-Charge Signature Date

Science Department

CONSTANCIA D. LUCLUCAN

_________________ _________________ ________________

Principal IV Signature Date

II
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to extend their deepest appreciation and gratitude to the

individuals who in one way or another have contributed in making this research study possible.

The researchers would like to extend their profound gratitude to the following people:

First of all, to Almighty Father, for the love, guidance, support, and endless blessings He

has bestowed upon the researcher.

Ms. Ronalyn P. Salazar, research adviser in Grade 9, for her support, advices, guidance,

valuable comments, suggestions and provisions that made the study possible. Thank you for

helping the researchers in every aspect of the study and also for the extreme patience you have

given throughout the whole process of the study.

Mrs. Marissa M. Rodil, Officer-In-Charge of Science Department, research adviser, for the

guidance, concern and continuous support. Also for the patience in revising the study.

GOT7, a K-pop boy band, who give strength to Lorely Verano. They give the researcher a

strength to do the researcher, also they stayed by her side when revising the research.

Lastly, to their families, who have helped them in finding materials for the study and for

providing their financial needs; to their classmates and friends that kept on supporting them all

throughout the pursuit of this study.

To all of them, this piece of work is humbly dedicated.

Lorely Verano

Frederick Aquino

III
 ABSTRACT

The research study entitled Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) Antipruritic Ointment for Skin

Itch conducted by Lorely Verano and Frederick Aquino was conducted at JICA Laboratory in

Trece Martires City National High School from June 2016 up to March of 2017. The study aimed

(1) to determine the observable characteristics of the produced antipruritic ointment out of infused

Kamias leaves oil according to its color, scent and consistency, (2) determine the best treatment

preparation of the produced antipruritic ointment out of infused Kamias leaves oil according to

their observable physical characteristic such as color, scent and consistency, and (3) determine the

most acceptable treatment preparation in terms of effectiveness in relieving itch upon application

to the skin with skin itches.

The most important ingredient used in the study is Kamias leaves. There were 3 treatments

used in the study. The T1 (with 50 mL Infused Kamias Leaves Oil Extract in 10g beeswax), T2

(with 60 mL Infused Kamias Leaves Oil Extract in 10g beeswax) and T3 (with 70 mL Infused

Kamias Leaves Oil Extract in 10g beeswax).

The researchers conclude that antipruritic ointment for skin itch can be produced out of

Kamias Leaves. After undergoing tests and evaluation, T3 was the most accepted and most

effective treatment for relieving skin itches.

Based on the result of the study, the following are highly recommended: (1) search on other

factors and variables that may affect the effectiveness of an Anti-pruritic ointment using Kamias

as its main variable, (2) conduct this study on a larger scale for higher validity in terms of result,

(3) try other variables that can be a source of relieving itch such as Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium)

because it also contains anti-bacterial and anti-microbial properties.

IV
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................................................... I

APPROVAL SHEET ...................................................................................................................... II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................III
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................V
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND ................................................................................1
Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1
Statement of the Problem .....................................................................................................2
Objectives of the Study ........................................................................................................3
Significance of the Study .....................................................................................................3
Scope and Limitations..........................................................................................................4
Definition of Terms .............................................................................................................5
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .......................................................................................6
METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................12
Materials ............................................................................................................................12

Treatments..........................................................................................................................12

Preparation of Ointment .....................................................................................................13

Testing of the Product ........................................................................................................13

Gathering of Data ...............................................................................................................13

Statistical Analysis .............................................................................................................14

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................15

Physical Properties .............................................................................................................15

Effectiveness .....................................................................................................................18

Acceptability ......................................................................................................................19

SUMMARRY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ..................................................21

Summary ............................................................................................................................21

Conclusion .........................................................................................................................22

V
 Recommendation ...............................................................................................................22

BIBLIOGRAPHY .........................................................................................................................23
APPENDIX ...................................................................................................................................26
Appendix A (Evaluation Sheet) ........................................................................................26

Appendix B (Mean Score) ................................................................................................28

Appendix C (Analysis of Variance Result) ......................................................................30

Appendix D (Production of Antipruritic Ointment) .........................................................32

VI
 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

Being irritated because of skin itches was very common. This can result in itchiness or

sometimes can lead into a scratch because of the continuous itchy feeling encountered. These skin

itches is the irritating and uncontrollable sensation that makes people want to scratch it. Most

reactions to skin itches are mild, causing little more than redness, itching, or minor swelling.

Kamias leaves were used in many medicinal purposes because of its high acidic properties.

The leaves of Kamias tree were used as a treatment to relieve skin itches, swellings of mumps and

rheumatism. It can also be a good alternative remedy for insect and animal bites. Leaves serve as

a paste on itches. Syrup made from Kamias is a cure for fever and inflammation (de Jesus .M,

2009)

Concerning the disregard for its usage, many scientists studied this humble gift from nature

and led to the conclusions that this fruit is actually a powerhouse of health benefits with its small

amount of vitamins and minerals.

Kamias is a tropical species, it needs protection from cold and wind. Ideally, rainfall

should be rather evenly distributed throughout most of the year but there should be a 2-3 month

dry season. The tree makes slow growth in shady or semi-shady situations (Bagabe .M, 2010).

In India, Kamias fruit are used in folk medicine to fight obesity. Experts believe that the

fruit's anti-hyperlipidemic properties mainly constitutes of its ability to prevent weight gain.

1
 In the Philippines, Kamias leaves were used as a treatment relief for skin itches, swellings

of mumps and rheumatism. It can also be a good alternative remedy for insect and animal bites.

Kamias leaves can be used for cough while leaf decoction can give soothe to rectal inflammation.

It is also used as a sweetener for various local and international cuisines such as the Philippines.

The vitamins and nutrients found in a Kamias are Protein, Fiber, Phosphorous, Iron,

Calcium, Carotene, Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), Niacin, Riboflavin and Thiamine (de Jesus .M,

2009)

People only knew that Kamias is used for cooking, but actually it is a big help in relieving

itch considering its antibacterial, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.

The researchers had produced an antipruritic ointment out of infused Kamias leaves oil to

offer an alternative organic solution to people who often encounter skin itches.

Statement of the Problem:

The study determined the suitability of infused Kamias leaves oil as an antipruritic

ointment.

Specifically, the study has answered the following questions.

1. What will be the observable physical characteristics of the produced antipruritic

ointment out of infused Kamias leaves oil which will be evaluated according to its

color, scent and consistency?

2. Which will be the best treatment preparation of the produced antipruritic ointment

out of infused Kamias leaves oil according to their observable characteristics such

as color, scent, consistency and effectiveness?

2
 3. Which will be the most acceptable treatment preparation in terms of effectiveness

in relieving itch upon application?

Objectives of the Study

The study utilized the infused Kamias leaves oil for making an antipruritic ointment.

Specifically, the study determined:

1. the observable characteristics of the produced antipruritic ointment out of infused

Kamias leaves oil according to its color, scent and consistency.

2. the best treatment preparation of the produced antipruritic ointment out of infused

Kamias leaves oil according to their observable physical characteristic such as

color, scent and consistency, and

3. the most acceptable treatment preparation in terms of effectiveness in relieving itch

upon application to the skin with skin itches.

Significance of the Study:

This study produced an antipruritic ointment that can help people to relieve itchiness from

the environment. The antipruritic ointment can be used as a substitute for commercially produced

ones because it is eco-friendly and contains less synthetic chemicals.

This study will be beneficial to the people experiencing skin itches because the ointment

produced aimed to relieve itchiness and inflammation caused by the environmental factors like

dust and etc. For the future researchers, this study will serve as a basic guide in the preparation of

the future similar researches.

3
 This study will be also beneficial to the farmers who plant Kamias because it can be another

source of income for them, since the production of Kamias will increase because of its demand in

production.

Scope and Limitations

The study focused in producing and determining the acceptability of the produced

antipruritic ointment with the use of Kamias extract in terms of observable physical characteristic

and testing its effectiveness in relieving itch upon application to skin.

The material used was fresh Kamias leaves. Its effectiveness was tested to the respondents

who experienced itchiness in the skin by applying the produced treatments alone without the use

of other medications that could alter the therapeutic effect of the treatments.

The study was conducted in one of the researchers residence located at Trece Martires

City, Cavite. There were 15 respondents from the high school students of Trece Martires City

National High School who evaluated the Kamias therapeutic ointment.

4
 Definition of Terms

Kamias A fruit tree commonly found in the Philippines. It is the main

material for making the antipruritic ointment partcularly, its leaves.

Ointment Product that the researcher produced out of Kamias leaves extract

Antipruritic Anti-itch property of the produced ointment from Kamias leaves.

Skin Itch Skin irritation and uncontrollable caused by environmental factors

like dust and etc. that makes one want to scrath to relieve the feeling.

Color In this particular study the color pertains to the visual appearance of

the produced product which was categorized as light green, green or

dark green.

Consistency Consistency pertains to the viscosity of the produced ointment and

was categorized as liquid, semi-solid and solid.

Odor Odor refers to the scent emitted from the produced cream which was

categorized as odorless, pleasant or rancid.

Effectiveness In this study, effectiveness was evaluated based on how effective

does the product work in relieving itch caused by environmental

factors categorized as not effective, less effective and effective.

General Acceptability Pertains to the general acceptance of the respondents about the

product categorized as not acceptable, less acceptable and

acceptable.

5
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

KAMIAS

The Bilimbi, Averroah bilimbi Linn, (Oxalidaceae) is closely allied to the carambola but

different in appearance, manner of fruiting, flavor, and uses.

The Tree is attractive, long-lived, reaches 5-10m height, and has a short truck soon dividing

into a number of upright branches. The leaves are mainly clustered at the branch tips, 30-60 cm

long, with rounded base and pointed tip: downy: medium-green on the upper surface, pale on the

underside, 2-10 cm long, 1.2-1.25 cm wide. Small, fragrant, five petal flowers, yellowish-green or

purplish marked. The Bilimbi is ellipsoid, ovoid or nearly cylindrical. The fruit is crisp when

unripe, turn from bright green to yellowish-green, ivory or nearly white when ripe and falls to the

ground. The outer skin is glossy, very thin, soft and the flesh green, jelly-like, juicy and extremely

acid (Orwa C, et. Al, 2009).

Bilimbi are used in many medicinal purposes because of its high acidic properties. It is also

used as a sweetener for various local and international cuisines such as the Philippines.

The vitamins and nutrients found in a bilimbi are Protein, Fiber, Phosphorous, Iron, Calcium,

Carotene, Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), Niacin, Riboflavin and Thiamine.

In the Philippines, bilimbi leaves are used as a treatment relief for skin itches, swellings of

mumps and rheumatism. It can also be a good alternative remedy for insect and animal bites.

Infused bilimbi can be used for cough while leaf decoction can give soothe to rectal inflammation

(de Jesus .M, 2009).

6
 Bilimbi leaf contains a small amount of vitamins and minerals. An edible portion of 150g

of Kamias contains 0.61 g of protein, 0.6 g of fiber, 3.4 mg of calcium, 1.01 mg of iron, 11.1 mg

of phosphorus, as well as trace amounts of other minerals.

The leaves of bilimbi are used as a treatment for venereal disease. The leaf decoction is

taken as a medicine to relieve from rectal inflammation. The leaf seems to be effective against

coughs and thrush. It fights against cholesterol and is used as a tonic and laxative. The fruit is also

known to control internal bleeding in the stomach. Leaves serve as a paste on itches, swelling,

mumps or skin eruptions. Syrup made from Bilimbi is a cure for fever and inflammation. It is also

used to stop rectal bleeding and alleviate internal hemorrhoids.

It is capable enough for eliminating phlegm and reducing heat from the body. It is advised

for treating high blood pressure and the treatment is quite effective. For reducing the pain of

cavities, cucumber tree is used. The juice extracted from bilimbi fruit is effective in eliminating

cough. The fruit is good for treating rheumatism. It is effective in treating acne.

Preserved bilimbi leaf can also be used for treatment of beriberi, fever and alleviate internal

hemorrhoids. It is very effective in different viral infections because of its high ascorbic acid

content which also strengthens the immune system.

Elsewhere, they are used for bites of poisonous creatures. Bilimbi leaf infusion is used as

an after-birth tonic, while the flower infusion is used for thrush, cold, and cough.

In terms of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Bilimbi, the extract of fruit was

dependent on concentration and stage of ripening. Extracts showed antimicrobial activity against

E coli, Salmonella typhi, staph aureus and bacillus cereus. The leaves and fruits showed

antibacterial activity against bacteria. The antibacterial activity could be associated with the

presence of bioactive compounds of the flavonoids type. The antioxidant study of a methanolic

7
extract of Bilimbi leaves in carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rats showed significant inhibition of

biochemical alterations, comparable to the standard drug (Morton, J. 1987).

ANTIPRURITIC DRUGS

Antipruritic drugs are mainly used to relieve problems affecting skin. These drugs are

prescribed to combat itching, dryness, hives, skin inflammation, allergy, and skin infestations (due

to exposure to irritants and toxic chemicals). During severe itching and burning sensation, most

people often feel compelled to scratch vigorously. But this can further lead to inflammation,

soreness, pain and redness. These problems are effectively treated with antipruritic drugs

(http://www.innovateus.net/innopedia/what-are-antipruritic-drugs)

Antipruritics, also known as anti-itch drugs, are medications that inhibit the itching often

associated with sunburns, allergic reactions, eczema, psoriasis, chickenpox, fungal infections,

insect bites and stings like those from mosquitoes, fleas, and mites, and contact dermatitis and

urticarial caused by plants such as poison ivy or stinging nettle. Topical antipruritics in the form

of creams and sprays are often available over the counter. Oral anti-itch drugs also exist and are

usually prescription drugs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipruritic.)

An antipruritic drugs has four types Antihistamines, Topical Corticosteroids, Local

Anesthetics, Topical Cream and Counterirritants.

Topical ointments or creams that contain antihistamine are commonly used for localized

itching, such as that caused by an insect bite or sting. Widespread itching that is caused by a

disorder such as chickenpox can often be treated more effectively with an oral antihistamine.

8
 Small regions of skin irritation, such as those caused by insect stings or bites, may be

soothed using a local anesthetic cream or spray. These products stop itching by blocking the

transmission of impulses along the nerves in the affected area. Local anesthetics are inappropriate

for widespread itching and can worsen symptoms by causing an allergic reaction in the skin

(http://www.aviva.co.uk/health-insurance/home-of-health/medical-centre/medical-

encyclopedia/entry/antipruritic-drugs/).

A symptom with a variety of possible causes, including inflammation or dryness of the

skin, allergy, and hormone deficiency in older women, exposure to irritant substances, and skin

infections and infestations can be cured by antipruritic cream.

Body creams are used for a variety of purposes such as cleansing and moisturizing. The

ingredients of these will be different according to the desired use, however to some extent the basic

manufacturing process is the same. Products can be either an oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsion

consisting of emollients and lubricants dispersed in an oil phase, and a water phase containing

emulsifying and thickening agents, perfume, color and preservatives. Active ingredients are

dispersed in either phase depending on the raw materials and the desired properties of the end

product ((2017) (1st ed.). Retrieved from http://edge.silverson.com/assets/PDFs/AppReports/

Cosmetic/TCosmeticCreams.pdf.)

Beeswax has many varied uses. Primarily, it is used by the bees in making their honeycomb

foundations. Apart from this use by bees, the use of beeswax has become widespread and varied.

Purified and bleached beeswax is used in the production of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.

The three main types of beeswax products are yellow, white, and beeswax absolute. Yellow

9
beeswax is the crude product obtained from the honeycomb, white beeswax is bleached yellow

beeswax, and beeswax absolute is yellow beeswax treated with alcohol .

The cosmetics industry loves beeswax because not only is it natural and non-toxic, it

provides benefits to the skin and to various types of formulas. Its a thickening agent, for

instance, which means that it can help thicken creams to make them easier to use and more

spreadable on the skin. Beeswax is a natural emulsifier that infuses skin creams with the delicate

rich scent of honey while sealing in moisture. It covers skin with a light, imperceptible protective

layer that allows the skin to breath. Added to skin creams, beeswax creates the bridge between oil

and water allowing the two to mix flawlessly. Not only does beeswax allow oil and water to mix,

it adds healing, soothing and deep moisturizing properties to skin creams.

A German study found beeswax to be superior to similar barrier creams (usually mineral

oil-based creams such as petroleum jelly), when used according to its protocol. Beeswax is used

in lip balm, lip gloss, hand creams, and moisturizers; and in cosmetics such as eye shadow, blush,

and eye liner (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeswax)

Skin Itch

Itchy skin, also known as pruritus, is an irritating and uncontrollable sensation that makes

you want to scratch to relieve the feeling. The possible causes for itchiness range from internal

illnesses, such as kidney or liver disease, to skin rashes, allergies, and dermatitis.

It is important to see a doctor for itchiness if the cause isnt obvious. A doctor can find the

underlying cause and provide treatments for relief. Several home remedies such as over-the-

counter creams and moisturizers work well for itching.

10
 Itchiness can be generalized (all over the body) or localized to one small region or spot.

The possible causes are numerous and varied. It may be a result of something very serious, such

as kidney failure or diabetes (though uncommon), or can come from something less severe, such

as dry skin or insect bites (more likely).

Substances that irritate the skin and make it itchy are common. Plants such as poison ivy

and oak and insects such as mosquitoes produce substances that cause itching. Some people get

itchy when in contact with wool, perfumes, certain soaps or dyes, and chemicals. Allergies,

including food allergies, can irritate the skin as well. (http://www.healthline.com/health/itching#4)

You may have itchy skin over certain small areas, such as on an arm or leg, or over your

whole body. Itchy skin can occur without any other noticeable changes on the skin. Or it may be

associated with redness, bumps, spots or blisters, dry, cracked skin, leathery or scaly texture to the

skin.

Sometimes itchiness lasts a long time and can be intense. As you rub or scratch the area, it

gets itchier. And the more it itches, the more you scratch. Breaking this itch-scratch cycle can be

difficult, but continued scratching can damage your skin or cause infection.

(http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/itchy-skin/symptoms-causes/dxc-20262871)

11
 METHODOLOGY

Method of Research

Experimental method of research was used in this study since this investigation was

concerned with the production of antipruritic ointment out of Kamias leaves extract.

Materials:

In making the ointment out of infused Kamias leaves oil, the materials used were:

250 mL infused Kamias leaves

25 g of Beeswax

Double boiler

Container

Mortar and Pestle

Treatment/General Procedure

General Procedure

Kamias was extracted through infusion way. 60g of pounded fresh Kamias leaves was

placed into a one cup of olive oil. A double boiler was used in infusing the Kamias leaves. It was

boiled for about one hour and beeswax was melted. Infused Kamias leaves oil and melted beeswax

were mixed in a container based on the treatment preparation.

1 50 mL Infused Kamias Leaves Oil Extract + 10g Beeswax

2 60 mL Infused Kamias leaves Oil Extract + 10g Beeswax

3 70 mL Infused Kamias leaves Oil Extract + 10g Beeswax

12
Preparation of the Product

The Kamias leaves was collected at Capitol Hills Subdivision, Brgy. Lapidario located in

Trece Martires City. The beeswax was bought from the market and the other materials are provided

by the researchers.

In extracting the oil from Kamias leaves, olive oil and double boiler were used. The Kamias

leaves were crushed then placed in the double boiler with the olive oil. The double boiler was

heated until the water from the bottom portion steams. The Kamias leaves were infused for one

hour.

The beeswax was melted on the double boiler. When the beeswax was melted, the infused

Kamias leaves oil was placed with the melted beeswax. After the mixing, the beeswax was left to

cool.

Testing of the Product

On the product testing, the antipruritic ointment made from infused Kamias leaves oil was

tested. 15 respondents from the high school students of Trece Martires City National High School

was evaluated the Kamias therapeutic ointment.

Gathering of Data

The quality of the ointment was determined through the following:

For the physical properties such as the color of the ointment after combining needed

substances was categorized as: dark green, green or light green; odor of the ointment was

categorized as odorless, pleasant and rancid; and consistency of texture of the product as an

ointment was evaluated as solid, semi-solid, semi liquid. The effectiveness of the ointment were

based on its antipruritic properties and was evaluated as effective, less effective and not effective.

13
The general acceptability of the ointment was based on its acceptability as treatment for relieving

skin itches. The produced product was evaluated by 15 respondents.

Statistical Analysis

One-way ANOVA was used to determine any significant difference on the level of

acceptability among all treatments made out of infused Kamias leaves oil. One-way ANOVA was

used to determine whether there are any significant differences between the means of the

treatments made.

14
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Physical Properties

Color

The color of the ointment was categorized as light green, green or dark green color.

Table 1.1: Mean Score for Color of Antipruritic Ointment Out of Kamias Leaves Extract

Treatment Mean Description

T1 2.73 Light Green

T2 1.93 Green

T3 1.40 Dark Green

1.0-1.6 Dark Green, 1.7-2.3 Green, 2.4-3.0 Light Green
The table displayed the difference between the three treatments which had a different color.

Treatment 1 had the highest mean score which is 2.73 and was considered as light green in color;

Treatment 2 with the mean score of 1.93 considered as green in color and Treatment 3 with the

mean score of 1.40 was found to be dark green in color.

Table 1.2. ANOVA for Color of Antipruritic Ointment Out of Kamias Leaves Extract

Degrees
Source of Sum of Mean F-
of F-value p-value
variation Squares Square Critical
Freedom
Treatment 13.51 2 6.756 38.00 3.79E-10 3.12

Error 7.47 42 0.178

Total 20.98 44

Based on the result of the Analysis of Variance (F Test), the ratio of 38.00 exceeded the

critical value of 3.12 at 0.05 level of significance; therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected

15
because there was significant difference between the color of the three treatments of the ointment.

The different concentration of treatments caused the ointment to have different shade or color of

green.

Odor

The odor of the ointment was categorized as odorless, pleasant or rancid.

Table 2.1: Mean Score for Odor of Antipruritic Ointment Out of Kamias Leaves Extract

Treatment Mean Description

T1 1.73 Pleasant

T2 2.20 Pleasant

T3 2 Pleasant
1.0-1.6 Odorless, 1.7-2.3 Pleasant, 2.4-3.0 Rancid
The table shows the difference on odor of the three treatments since all of them have

pleasant odor.

Table 2.2. ANOVA for Odor of Antipruritic Ointment Out of Kamias Leaves Extract

Degrees
Source of Sum of Mean F-
of F-value p-value
variation Squares Square Critical
Freedom
Treatment 1.64 2 0.822 1.79 0.1807 3.12

Error 19.33 42 0.460

Total 20.98 44

Based on the result of the Analysis of Variance (F Test), the ratio of 1.79 did not exceed

the critical value of 3.12 at 0.05 level of significance; therefore, the null hypothesis was accepted

16
because there was no significant difference between the odor of the three treatments of the

ointment.

Consistency

The consistency of the ointment was categorized as solid, semi-solid or liquid.

Table 3.1: Mean Score for Consistency of Antipruritic Ointment Out of Kamias Leaves Extract

Treatment Mean Description

T1 2.93 Solid

T2 2.53 Solid

T3 2.00 Semi-solid
1.0-1.6 Liquid, 1.7-2.3 Semi-solid 2.4-3.0 Solid

The table displayed the difference between the three treatments. It was shown that at least

one of the treatments have a different consistency. Treatment 1 and Treatment 2 with the mean

score of 2.93 and 2.53 respectively were both considered as solid while Treatment 3 had the lowest

mean score of 2.00 and considered as semi-solid.

Table 3.2. ANOVA for Consistency of Antipruritic Ointment Out of Kamias Leaves Extract

Degrees
Source of Sum of Mean F-
of F-value p-value
variation Squares Square Critical
Freedom
Treatment 6.58 2 3.289 8.29 0.0009 3.12

Error 16.67 42 0.397

Total 23.24 44
Based on the result of the Analysis of Variance (F Test), the ratio of 8.29 exceeded the

critical value of 3.12 at 0.05 level of significance. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected

because there was significant difference between the consistencies of the three treatments of the

17
ointment. The amount of infused Kamias leaves oil extract caused the difference in the consistency

between the three treatments. The lesser the amount of infused Kamias leaves oil extract the more

it becomes solid in consistency.

Effectiveness

Effectiveness is the attribute referred to the ability of each individual treatment in relieving

skin itches. It is the most important aspect that all creams should have. This was evaluated by

directly applying the ointment to skin.

Table 4.1: Mean Score for Effectiveness of Antipruritic Ointment Out of Kamias Leaves Extract

Treatment Mean Description

T1 2.0 Less Effective

T2 2.3 Less Effective

T3 3.0 Effective
1.0-1.6 Not Effective, 1.7-2.3 Less Effective, 2.4-3.0 Effective

The table displayed that there were difference among the three treatments in terms of

effectiveness. Treatment 1 having a mean score of 2.0 and Treatment 2 having a mean score of 2.3

were both considered as less effective while Treatment 3 having the mean score of 3.0 was

considered to be effective. The concentration of the infused Kamias oil extract caused the

produced ointment to be less effective. The more concentrated the Kamias extract the more it

become effective.

18
Table 4.2. ANOVA for Effectiveness of Antipruritic Ointment Out of Kamias Leaves Extract

Degrees
Source of Sum of Mean F-
of F-value p-value
variation Squares Square Critical
Freedom
Treatment 7.78 2 3.889 49.00 1.0460 3.12

Error 3.33 42 0.079

Total 11.11 44

Based on the result of the Analysis of Variance (F Test) - ratio of 49.00 did not exceed

the critical value of 3.12 at 0.05 level of significance therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected

because there was a significant difference in the effectiveness among the treatments of the

ointment.

Acceptability in Terms of Physical Properties

The acceptability in terms of physical properties helped the researcher to distinguish which

of all the treatment is the most acceptable.

Table 5.1: Mean Score for Acceptability in Terms of Physical Properties of Antipruritic
Ointment Out Of Kamias Leaves Extract

Treatment Mean Description

T1 1.00 Not Acceptable

T2 1.93 Less Acceptable

T3 3.00 Acceptable
1.0-1.6 Not Acceptable, 1.7-2.3 Less Acceptable, 2.4-3.0 Acceptable
As shown on the table, Treatment 3 had a mean score of 3.00 and was perceived by the

respondents to be acceptable. Treatment 2 was considered to be less acceptable with a mean score

of 1.93 and Treatment 1 was classified as not acceptable with a recorded mean score of 1.00. Some

19
treatment was not acceptable because of its physical properties that did not surpass the specific

characteristic of an ointment in terms of its consistency, odor and color.

Table 5.1.1. ANOVA for Acceptability in Terms of Physical Properties of Antipruritic Ointment
Out Of Kamias Leaves Extract

Degrees
Source of Sum of Mean F-
of F-value p-value
variation Squares Square Critical
Freedom
Treatment 32.13 2 16.067 5.28 0.0090 3.12

Error 127.87 42 3.044

Total 160.00 44

Based on the result of the Analysis of Variance (F Test) - ratio of 5.28 exceeded the

critical value of 3.12 at 0.05 level of significance therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected

because there was significant difference between the acceptability in terms of physical properties

of the three treatments of the ointment.

20
 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

SUMMARY

The study entitled Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) Antipruritic Ointment for Skin Itch was

conducted in one of the researhers residence at Trece Martires City Cavite from June 2015 to

March 2017.

There were three objectives of this study which helped us to evaluate each treatment of the

ointment; the following are: 1.) Evaluate the observable physical characteristics of the produced

antipruritic ointment out of infused Kamias Leaves oil such as color, odor, and consistency; 2.)

Determine the best treatment of the Antipruritic Ointment Out of Infused Kamias Leaves Oil in

terms of observable physical characteristic such as color, odor, and consistency; 3.) Assess the

general acceptability of the cream as treatment for relieving skin itchiness.

The ointment was produced by using the infused Kamias leaves oil that acted as the one of

the important component of the ointment and was mixed with the beeswax. The product was

evaluated by 15 respondents who experienced skin itchiness.

The result showed that every treatment of the ointment has its capability to relieve each

which was truly proven in the research. It shows a distinct change on how the ointment relieve

skin itchiness upon the application of the cream. There researchers concluded that only one of the

treatments was proven to be effective.

The physical characteristic of the ointment in Treatment 3 was considered the best

treatment; where the color was categorized as dark, odor was pleasant and consistency as semi-

solid. On the other hand, in terms of effectiveness of Treatment 3 as an ointment was categorized

21
as effective while in terms of acceptability based on the physical properties it acceptable to the

respondents.

CONCLUSION

Based on the results of the study, following conclusions were considered:

1.) After conducting and testing the product, it was highly proven in this research experiment

that the Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) Antipruritic Ointment was effective as treatment for

relieving skin itches..

2.) The produced anti-pruritic ointment out of infused Kamias leaves oil were found effective.

Thus, the produced product does relieve skin itches.

RECOMMENDATION

Based on the findings gathered from this study, the researchers arrived at the following

recommendations.

For the future researches to search on other factors and variables that may affect the

effectiveness of an Anti-pruritic ointment using Kamias as its main variable. It is also

recommended to conduct this study on a larger scale for higher validity in terms of result. The

future researchers can try other variables that can be a source of relieving itch such as Kakawate

(Gliricidia sepium) because it also contains anti-bacterial and anti-microbial properties.

22
 Bibliography

de Jesus, Melody, "KAMIAS" or Bilimbi Fruit, retrieved from

http://kamiasorbilimbifruit1.blogspot.com/

East African Community, 2010, Fresh carambola Specification and grading, 17p

Jamnadass R, Kindt R, Orwa C, A Mutua, S Anthony. 2009 Agroforestree Database:a

tree reference (http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/treedbs/treedatabases.asp)

Morton, J. 1987. Bilimbi. p. 128129 In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton,

Miami, FL.)

(What are Antipruritic Drugs? (2017). Innovateus.net. Retrieved 18 February 2017, from

http://www.innovateus.net/innopedia/what-are-antipruritic-drugs)

Antipruritic. (2017). En.wikipedia.org. Retrieved 18 February 2017, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipruritic

Medical Encyclopedia - Antipruritic Drugs - Aviva. (2017). Aviva.co.uk. Retrieved 18

February 2017, from http://www.aviva.co.uk/health-insurance/home-of-health/medical-

centre/medical-encyclopedia/entry/antipruritic-drugs/

(2017) (1st ed.). Retrieved from http://edge.silverson.com/assets/PDFs/AppReports/

Cosmetic/TCosmeticCreams.pdf

Beeswax. (2017). En.wikipedia.org. Retrieved 18 February 2017, from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeswax

23
 What's Causing My Skin to Itch?. (2017). Healthline. Retrieved 7 March 2017, from

http://www.healthline.com/health/itching#4

Symptoms and causes - Itchy skin (pruritus) - Mayo Clinic. (2017). Mayoclinic.org.

Retrieved 7 March 2017, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/itchy-

skin/symptoms-causes/dxc-20262871

24
APPENDIX

25
APPENDIX A

Evaluation Sheet
Direction: Please rate the product to the following column with the appropriate column that best
describes the treatments.
Part I. Observable Properties/Characterisitc:
A. Color
Color
Treatments
Dark Green Green Light Green
1 2 3
T1

T2

T3

B. Odor
Scent
Treatments
Odorless Pleasant Rancid
1 2 3
T1

T2

T3

C. Consistency
Consistency
Treatments
Solid Semi-Solid Semi-Liquid
1 2 3
T1

T2

T3

26
Part II. Effectiveness.

Effectiveness
Treatments
Not effective Less effective Effective
1 2 3
T1

T2

T3

Part III. Acceptability

Acceptability
Treatments
Color Odor Viscosity Effectiveness
1 2 3
T1

T2

T3

Thank You!

27
APPENDIX B

Color

Appendix Table 1: Mean score for color of antipruritic ointment out of infused Kamias leaves oil

Treatment Mean Description

T1 2.73 Light Green

T2 1.93 Moderately Dark Green

T3 1.40 Dark Green
1.0-1.4 Dark, 1.5-2.4 Moderately Dark, 2.5-3.0 Light

Odor

Appendix Table 2: Mean score for odor of antipruritic ointment out of infused Kamias leaves oil

Treatment Mean Description

T1 1.73 Pleasant

T2 2.20 Pleasant
T3 2 Pleasant
1.0-1.4 Odorless, 1.5-2.4 Pleasant, 2.5-3.0 Rancid

Consistency

Appendix Table 3: Mean score for consistency of antipruritic ointment out of infused Kamias
leaves oil

Treatment Mean Description

T1 2.93 Solid

T2 2.53 Solid
T3 2 Semi-Solid
1.0-1.4 Soft, 1.5-2.4 Moderately Soft 2.5-3.0 Hard

28
Effectiveness

Appendix Table 4: Mean score for effectiveness of antipruritic ointment out of infused Kamias
leaves oil

Treatment Mean Description

T1 2.0 Less Effective

T2 2.3 Less Effective

T3 3.0 Effective
1.0-1.4 Not Effective, 1.5-2.4 Less Effective, 2.5-3.0 Effective

Acceptability in terms of Physical Properties

Appendix Table 5: Mean score for acceptability in terms of physical properties of antipruritic
ointment out of infused Kamias leaves oil

Treatment Mean Description

T1 1 Not Acceptable

T2 1.93 Less Acceptable

T3 3 Very Acceptable
1.0-1.4 Not Acceptable, 1.5-2.4 Less Acceptable, 2.5-3.0 Very Acceptable

29
APPENDIX C

Analysis of Variance Result

Physical Properties

Color

Appendix Table 1.2.Result of F test. Analysis of Variance in terms of Color

Degrees
Source of Sum of Mean F-
of F-value p-value
Variation Squares Square Critical
Freedom
Treatment 13.51 2 6.756 38.00 3.79E-10 3.12

Error 7.47 42 0.178

Total 20.98 44
Scent

Appendix Table 2.2.Result of F test. Analysis of Variance in terms of Scent

Degrees
Source of Sum of Mean F-
of F-value p-value
variation Squares Square Critical
Freedom
Treatment 1.64 2 0.822 1.79 0.1807 3.12

Error 19.33 42 0.460

Total 20.98 44
Consistency

Appendix Table 3.2.Result of F test. Analysis of Variance in terms of Consistency

Degrees
Source of Sum of Mean F-
of F-value p-value
variation Squares Square Critical
Freedom
Treatment 6.58 2 3.289 8.29 0.0009 3.12

Error 16.67 42 0.397

Total 23.24 44

30
Effectiveness

Appendix Table 4.2.Result of F test. Analysis of Variance in terms of Effectiveness

Degrees
Source of Sum of Mean F-
of F-value p-value
Variation Squares Square Critical
Freedom
Treatment 1.24 2 0.622 1.73 0.1889 3.12

Error 15.07 42 0.359

Total 16.31 44

Acceptability in terms of Physical Properties

Appendix Table 5.1.1.Result of F test. Analysis of Variance in terms of Acceptability in

Accordance of Physical Properties

Degrees
Source of Sum of Mean F-
of F-value p-value
Variation Squares Square Critical
Freedom
Treatment 32.13 2 16.067 5.28 0.0090 3.12

Error 127.87 42 3.044

Total 160.00 44

31
 Production of Antipruritic Kamias Ointment

Figure 1. Kamias tress where the leaves were gathered

Figure 2. Kamias leaves were pounded before infusing

32
Figure 3. Pounded Kamias leaves were infused using an improvised double boiler

Figure 4. Infused Kamias leaves oil were strained

33
 Figure 5. Beeswax were measured and weighed

Figure 6. Beeswax were melted and added to the infused Kamias leaves oil

34
Figure 7. Mixtures were being cooled to achieve proper consistency.

T1 T3
T2

Figure 8. Final product. Kamias Antipruritc Ointment

35