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This is the authors version of a work that was submitted/accepted for publication in the

International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems in the following source:

Dalibor Filipovi-Gri, Boidar Filipovi-Gri, Kosjenka Capuder, Modeling of three-phase


autotransformer for short-circuit studies, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy
Systems, Volume 56, March 2014, Pages 228-234, ISSN 0142-0615,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.11.005

Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections,
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document.

Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive
version was subsequently published in International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy
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Copyright 2014 Elsevier

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.11.005

URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142061513004638
1

Modeling of Three-Phase Autotransformer for


Short-Circuit Studies
Dalibor Filipovi-Gri, Boidar Filipovi-Gri and Kosjenka Capuder

sometimes referred to as a stabilization winding, improves the


AbstractIn this paper a three-phase autotransformer is availability of the transformer by eliminating the occurrence of
represented by inductance matrix for short-circuit studies. The tertiary lead faults since only two connections from the phases,
inductance matrix consists of winding self-inductances and forming one corner of the delta that is grounded, are brought
corresponding mutual inductances between windings. For single
out of the transformer.
phase-to-ground fault the inductance matrix model results are
compared to symmetrical components results, commonly used to In reference [4] three winding transformer model for short-
analyze unsymmetrical faults in three-phase power systems. The circuit studies is presented. The model takes into account off-
influence of a delta connected tertiary winding on un-faulted nominal tap positions and the phase shifts among the windings.
phase voltages and asymmetrical fault current distribution is A systematic approach to solving power system faults using
analyzed. the three terminal Thevenins equivalent circuit is presented in
[5] and demonstrated in case of symmetrical and
Keywordsautotransformer, inductance matrix model, short- unsymmetrical faults.
circuit, symmetrical components, tertiary winding. Papers [6]-[7] describe the autotransformer models for load-
flow, short-circuit [8] and transient recovery voltage analysis
1. Introduction [9]. High-frequency autotransformer model derived from the
The autotransformer is a power transformer in which one results of a lightning electromagnetic pulse test is presented in
winding, known as the common or parallel winding, is shared [10]. Reference [11] describes the influence of a delta
between the high voltage (HV) and the low voltage (LV) connected tertiary winding on voltages and currents during
circuit. As a part of the power transmission system, in service fault conditions.
the autotransformer is exposed to various voltage and current The contribution of this paper is the development of
stresses. Short-circuit currents cause thermal and mechanical autotransformer inductance matrix model for short-circuit
stresses of transformer windings, while the ground fault studies. Model was developed and verified in Matlab/M-file
occurrence in network with an isolated neutral point may result [12]. The application of this model could be useful when
in un-faulted phase voltages significantly higher than operating performing short-circuit system studies needed for
voltages [1]. As a consequence, an internal winding fault can autotransformer dimensioning and protection relay setting
occur and eventually lead to insulation failure [2], [3]. [13], [14]. The influence of a delta connected tertiary winding
The autotransformer zero sequence impedance highly on un-faulted phase voltages and fault currents was analyzed.
depends on delta winding presence. For this reason, delta
winding is commonly used to provide a low impedance path 2. Three-Phase Autotransformer Model Based On
for third harmonic currents and to reduce current and voltage Inductance Matrix
imbalances caused by asymmetrical loading, but also for other In autotransformer the HV circuit is composed of the
purposes such as to connect compensation. Delta connected common winding and the series winding while the LV circuit
tertiary winding is usually sized for at least one third of the is composed only of the common winding [15].
rated power and having the lowest rated voltage. The tertiary The proposed autotransformer model consists of winding
must withstand the effects of a short-circuit fault across its self-inductances and corresponding mutual inductances
external terminals, as well as those due to earth faults on the between windings. In power transformers the resistance
main windings. An embedded delta tertiary winding, component of the impedance is negligible in comparison with
the inductance component, thus only the inductive component
is considered in the following calculations. This
approximation slightly overestimates short-circuits currents.
D. Filipovi-Gri is with the Konar Electrical Engineering Institute, All model parameters can be obtained from factory
Fallerovo etalite 22, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia (e-mail: dfilipovic@koncar- measurements and manufacturer data. First, the total self-
institut.hr). inductance L1 of series and parallel winding is determined
B. Filipovi-Gri is with the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical
Engineering and Computing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia (e-mail:
from open-circuit test data (1):
bozidar.filipovic-grcic@fer.hr).
K. Capuder is with the Konar Power Transformers, Josipa Mokrovia 6,
10090 Zagreb, Croatia (e-mail: kosjenka.capuder@siemens.com)
2

Mutual inductance MP3 between parallel and tertiary winding


U r21
L1 100 , (1) can be determined from the test circuit shown in Fig. 2.
I 0 Sr Voltage is applied on LV winding, while the tertiary winding
where I0 is the magnetizing current in percent of the rated is short-circuited.
current, Ur1 is the rated voltage of HV winding, Sr is the rated The equations (8) and (9) are derived from the test circuit
power and is the angular frequency. shown in Fig. 2.
Afterwards, the self-inductances LS of the series winding, LP of U r 2 ukr 23
the parallel winding and L3 of the tertiary winding are I r 2LP I 3M P3 (8)
3 100
determined from the following expressions:
M P3
U Ur2
2
I3 I r 2 (9)
LS L1 r1 , (2) L3
U r1
-jIr2
2
U
LP L1 r 2 , (3)
U r1 Ur2 ukr23

3 100 LP
U r23
L3 100 3 , (4) MP3
I 0 S r1
where Ur2 is the rated voltage of the parallel winding and Ur3 is
the rated voltage of tertiary winding.
Mutual inductance MSP between series and parallel winding -jI3 L3
can be determined from the test circuit shown in Fig. 1. LV
winding is short-circuited and voltage is increased on HV side
Fig. 2. Test circuit used for determination of Mp3
until rated current Ir1 is reached.
-jIr1 ukr23 is the rated short-circuit voltage of a transformer referred
to rated apparent power Sr23 between LV and tertiary winding.
Ur2 is the rated voltage of LV winding. From equations (8) and
(9) MP3 is determined (10).
LS
Ur1 ukr12 L
MSP U u
M P3 I r 2LP r 2 kr 23 3 (10)
3 100 3 100 I r 2

LP Mutual inductance MS3 between series and tertiary winding can
be determined from the test circuit shown in Fig. 3 and from
the results of previous tests. Voltage is applied on HV side,
-jI2 while the tertiary winding is short-circuited.
Fig. 1. Test circuit used for determination of MSP
-jIr1
The phase angle of the applied voltage is assumed to be
0 and current Ir1 lags by 90 since the load is purely inductive.
Value of the current through parallel winding I2 is unknown LS
but the direction is opposite to Ir1. The equations (5) and (6) Ur1 ukr13
are derived from the test circuit shown in Fig. 1. MSP
3 100
I r1 LS M SP I 2 LP M SP
U r1 ukr12
(5)
3 100 LP
MS3
M
I 2 I r1 SP (6)
LP MP3
ukr12 is the rated short-circuit voltage of a transformer referred
to rated apparent power Sr12 between HV and LV winding. Ur1
is the rated voltage of HV winding. MSP is determined by L3
substituting I2 in (5) with expression (6). -jI3

U u L Fig. 3. Test circuit used for determination of MS3


M SP I r1LS r1 kr12 P (7)
3 100 I r1
The equations (11) and (12) are derived from the test circuit
shown in Fig. 3.
3

U A1 I AL1 I AS Z AN 1 I AS jLS I AP jLP


I r1LS LP 2M SP I 3M S 3 M P3
U r1 ukr13
(11) (16)
3 100 I N Z N I AP jM SP I AS jM SP I 3 jM S 3 I 3 jM P3
M S 3 M P3 U A1 I AL1 I AS Z AN 1 I AL1Z AL1 I N Z N (17)
I 3 I r1 (12)
L3 Analogous to (16) and (17) the equations are derived for
ukr13 is the rated short-circuit voltage of a transformer referred phases B and C at HV. Kirchhoffs voltage law equations for
to rated apparent power Sr13 between HV and tertiary winding. LV side phase A are given in (18) and (19).
By including equation (12) into (11) MS3 is determined (13). U A2 I AL 2 I AS I AP Z AN 2 I AP jLP I N Z N
(18)
I AS jM SP I 3 jM P3

M S 3 L3 LS LP 2M SP
U r1 ukr13 L3
M P3 (13) U A2 I AL 2 I AS I AP Z AN 2 I AL 2 Z AL 2 I N Z N (19)
3 100 I r1
Analogous to (18) and (19) the equations are derived for
Active networks connected to HV and LV side are represented phases B and C at LV side.
with voltage sources and impedances ZAN1 and ZAN2: Two more equations are derived from Kirchhoffs current law:
U r21 I AP I BP I CP jM P3 I AS I BS I CS jM S 3
Z AN 1 j (14) (20)
S sc1 3I 3 jL3

U r22 I AP I BP I CP I N I AL1 I BL1 I CL1 I AL 2


Z AN 2 j (15) (21)
S sc2 I BL 2 I CL2
where Ssc1 and Ssc2 are short-circuit powers of active networks Kirchhoffs law equations can be written in matrix form (22)
on HV and LV side, respectively. The autotransformer model which can be simplified as:
is presented in Fig. 4.
Impedances ZAL1 and ZAL2 from Fig. 4 are used to simulate
I Z 1 U (23)
short-circuits on HV and LV side, while ZN represents the of
The unknown current vector [I] is calculated as a product
impedance of the autotransformer ground impedance. the inverted matrix [Z] and the vector [U] with known nodal
Kirchhoffs voltage law equations for HV side phase A are voltages.
given in (16) and (17).
IAS IBS ICS

IAL1 IBT1 ICL1


LS LS LS
ZAN1 ZAL1 MSP ZBN1 ZBT1 ZCN1 ZCL1
IAL2 ZAN2 IBL2 ZBN2 ICL2 ZCN2
LP LP LP
UA1 ZAL2 UB1 ZBL2 UC1 ZCL2
IAP UA2 IBP UB2 ICP UC2

IN
MP3 MS3
ZN

I3
L3 L3 L3

Fig. 4. Autotransformer three-phase representation for short-circuit studies


U A1 Z AN 1 0 0 0 0 0 Z AN 1 X S X SP 0 0 X P X SP 0 0 ZN X S 3 X P 3 I AL1
U
B1 0 Z BN 1 0 0 0 0 0 Z BN 1 X S X SP 0 0 X P X SP 0 ZN X S 3 X P 3 I BL1
U C1 0 0 ZCN1 0 0 0 0 0 ZCN1 X S X SP 0 0 X P X SP ZN X S 3 X P 3 I CL1

U A2 0 0 0 Z AN 2 0 0 X SP Z AN 2 0 0 Z AN 2 X P 0 0 ZN X P 3 I AL 2
U B 2 0 0 0 0 Z BN 2 0 0 X SP Z BN 2 0 0 Z BN 2 X P 0 ZN X P 3 I BL 2

U C 2 0 0 0 0 0 ZCN 2 0 0 X SP ZCN 2 0 0 ZCN 2 X P Z N X P 3 I CL2
U Z Z AL1 0 0 0 0 0 Z AN 1 0 0 0 0 0 ZN 0 I
A1 AN 1 AS
U B1 0 Z BN 1 Z BL1 0 0 0 0 0 Z BN 1 0 0 0 0 ZN 0 I BS (22)

U C1 0 0 ZCN1 ZCL1 0 0 0 0 0 ZCN1 0 0 0 ZN 0 I CS
U A2 0 0 0 Z AN 2 Z AL 2 0 0 Z AN 2 0 0 Z AN 2 0 0 ZN 0 I AP

U B 2 0 0 0 0 Z BN 2 Z BL 2 0 0 Z BN 2 0 0 Z BN 2 0 ZN 0 I BP
U 0 0 0 0 0 ZCN 2 ZCL2 0 0 ZCN 2 0 0 ZCN 2 ZN 0 I
C2 CP

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X S3 X S3 X S3 X P3 X P3 X P3 0 3X 3 I N
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 I
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 3
4

3. Symmetrical Components Model For Single Phase-to- Short-circuit reactances of the primary X1, secondary X2 and
Ground Fault tertiary winding X3, referring to Fig. 5, can be calculated by
The autotransformer model for short-circuit studies was equations (32) (34).
verified with symmetrical components [16]. Symmetrical
X HV / LV X HV / TV X LV / TV
1
components are commonly used to analyze unsymmetrical X1 (32)
2
faults in three-phase power systems since in many cases the
X HV / LV X LV / TV X HV / TV
1
unbalanced part of the physical system can be isolated for a X2 (33)
study, while the rest of the system is being considered to be in 2
balance. In such cases, the aim is to find the symmetrical
X HV / TV X LV / TV X HV / LV
1
components of the voltages and the currents at the point of X3 (34)
2
unbalance and connect the sequence networks.
Fig. 5 shows equivalent scheme for the analysis of single Reactances of the transformer windings in positive (X11, X12,
phase-to-ground fault on HV side of three-phase X13), negative (X21, X22, X23) and zero (X01, X02, X03) sequence
autotransformer. systems are determined by the equations (35) (37).
LV network X11 X 21 X 01 X1 (35)
X12 X 22 X 02 X 2 (36)
ZHVN impedance ZLVN impedance of
of the HV active the LV active network X13 X 23 X 03 X 3 (37)
network
Equivalent scheme of single phase-to-ground fault on HV side
HV
network
modeled using symmetrical components is shown in Fig. 6.
Total impedances of the positive, negative and zero sequence
HV winding LV winding Tertiary winding
X1 X2 X3 networks are determined using the equations (38) (41).
Fig. 5. Equivalent scheme of single phase-to-ground fault on HV side of Z1HVN Z1LVN X 11 X 12
Z1 (38)
three-phase autotransformer Z1LVN Z1HVN X 11 X 12
Per unit impedances of active networks can be calculated by Z 2 HVN Z 2 LVN X 21 X 22
equations (24) and (25). Z2 (39)
Z 2 LVN Z 2 HVN X 21 X 22
Sb
Z HVN (24) X 03 Z 0 LVN X 02
S scHV Zp (40)
X 03 Z 0 LVN X 02
Z LVN
Sb
S scLV
(25)
Z0

Z 0 HVN Z p X 01 (41)
Z 0 HVN Z p X 01
Sb is base power and SscHV and SscLV are short-circuit powers of
active networks. ZHVN
Currents relevant to the base power are given by equations
(26) - (28). Positive X12
Sb sequence ZLVN X11
I r1 (26) network X13
3 U r1 1-system
U=1 p.u.
Sb
I r2 (27)
3 U r2 ZHVN

Sb
I r3 (28) Negative X22
3 U r3 sequence ZLVN X21
network X23 I
The per unit short-circuit impedances are calculated by
2-system
equations (29) (31).
ukr12
X HV / LV (29) ZHVN
100
u kr13 X02
X HV / TV (30) Zero
100 sequence ZLVN X01
u kr 23 network X03
X LV / TV (31) 0-system
100
Fig. 6. Single phase-to-ground fault on HV side modeled using symmetrical
components
5

Total currents of positive, negative and zero-sequence Table 2


CALCULATION RESULTS
networks are determined by equation (42).
Current values Current values
U
I1 I 2 I 0 I (42) Tap
Current
for inductance for symmetrical Difference
Z1 Z 2 Z 0 position matrix model components (ppm)
(A) model (A)
Positive-sequence currents of HV and LV side are determined I3 24308.1585 24308.1909 1.33
High
by equation (43). IAS 3406.4256 3406.4283 0.80
tap
IAP 710.6559 710.6554 0.76
Z 1HVN
I 11 I 12 I (43) Principal
I3 23137.1589 23137.2034 1.92
Z 1LVN Z 1HVN X 11 X 12 tap
IAS 3194.4801 3194.4835 1.06
IAP 515.5074 515.5073 0.13
Negative-sequence currents of HV and LV side are determined I3 22225.8374 22225.8968 2.67
Low
by equation (44). tap
IAS 2980.4587 2980.4629 1.39
IAP 356.1546 356.1552 1.68
I 21 I 22 I 11 (44)
4.2. Influence of tertiary winding on un-faulted phase
Zero-sequence currents are determined by equations (45)
voltages for different grounding impedances
(47).
Autotransformer neutral is sometimes isolated in order to
Z 1HVN
I 01 I (45) reduce the short circuit currents in power system. In case of
Z 0HVN Z p X 01 ground fault in solidly grounded network the un-faulted phase
X 03 voltages remain unchanged, but in isolated network un-faulted
I 02 I 01 (46) phase voltages will reach the phase-to-phase values. This
Z 0LVN X 02 X 03 would almost certainly result in over excitation of the core,
I 03 I 01 I 02 (47) with greatly increased magnetizing currents and core losses.
Delta connected tertiary winding acts as short-circuit in zero
Finally, currents through HV, LV and tertiary winding are
sequence network and therefore reduces zero sequence
determined by equations (48) (50).
impedance. As a consequence, the un-faulted phase voltages
I1 I11 I 21 I 01 I r1 (48) will be reduced.
I 2 I12 I 22 I 02 I r 2 - I1 (49) The following example illustrates the effect of tertary
winding on un-faulted phase voltages for different grounding
I 3 I 03 I r (50) impedances. The single phase-to-ground fault was analyzed
and the autotransformer was represented with inductance
4. Calculation Examples matrix.
Fig. 7 shows the voltage phasor diagram in case of isolated
Calculations were performed on autotransformer with data autotransformer neutral. Black dotted line indicates the half-
given in Table 1. circular path of neutral point potential with respect to ground
Table 1 impedance.
AUTOTRANSFORMER DATA
Ur1 Ur2 Ur3 ukr12 ukr13 ukr23 UCN1
Tap
(kV) (kV) (kV) (%) (%) (%)
+ 439.87 231 13.0 9.47 10.94 9.46 UCS
UC1
0 400 231 10.5 11.63 13.92 10.66
- 371.75 231 8.76 14.14 17.02 12.14 UCN2
UCP
Rated autotransformer powers are Sr1=Sr2=400 MVA, UC2
Sr3=80 MVA. Short-circuit powers of active networks are UAP UAN2 U
UA2 A1
SscLV=3.43 GVA and SscHV=11.9 GVA. UAN1
UAS
4.1. Single phase-to-ground fault on HV side UB2
0ZN
Inductance matrix model was compared to symmetrical UBP
components for single phase-to-ground fault on HV side of UBN2
three-phase autotransformer with solidly grounded neutral. UB1
Calculation results are shown in Table 2 and the percentage UBS
difference between fault currents is calculated. Calculation UBN1
results with both autotransformer models show excellent
Fig. 7. Phasor diagram in case of isolated neutral ZN
agreement for different tap positions.
The results show that tertiary winding reduces overvoltages in
un-faulted phases by 28.6 % in case of isolated neutral. Fig. 8
shows the voltage phasor diagram when ZN=10 , to illustrate
6

the condition when neutral point is neither directly grounded UCN1


nor isolated. UCS
UC1
4.3. Influence of tertiary winding on asymmetrical fault UCN2
current distribution
In case of an asymmetrical fault current flows through tertiary UCP
UC2
winding. The following examples, calculated with inductance
UA2 UA1
matrix model, show the influence of tertiary winding presence
U
on HV and LV side currents. UAS AN2 UAN1
UB2
Figs. 9 12 show ampere-turns diagrams for asymmetrical 0ZN
UAP
faults on autotransformer with and without tertiary winding. UBP
Black dotted line represents translated ampere-turns phasor UBN2
I3N3 which is equal to difference between parallel and serial UB1
winding ampere-turns. It can be seen that tertiary winding UBS
presence reduces the currents in un-faulted windings, but UBN1
increases currents in faulty ones. Fig. 8. Phasor diagram in case of neutral grounding impedance ZN=10

IAPNP=IASNS IAPNP=IASNS

IASNS IASNS
IASNS=IBSNS=ICSNS
IAPNP IAPNP
ICSNS
ICSICP0 IAPNP=IBPNP=ICPNP
ICPICS=0 ICS=0
IBSNS
ICPNP ICPNP IBSNS
I3N3 I3N3 IASIBSICSIAPIBPICP0
I3N3 IBPNP IBPNP=IBSNS
IBPNP
IBPNP=IBSNS
a) b) c)
Fig. 9. Ampere-turns phasor diagrams for double phase-to-ground fault (phases A and B) on HV side supplied from: a) HV and LV side; b) LV side only; c)
HV side only. Blue markings refer to case without tertiary winding.

IBSNS
IBPNP=IBSNS IBSNS
IBPNP=IBSNS ICSNS IAS=IBS=ICS=0 ICSNS
IBPNP IBPNP
ICSICP0 ICPNP ICSICP0
ICPNP

I3N3 I3N3
IASNS IASNS
IAPNP I3N3 IAPNP
IAPNP=IBPNP=ICPNP
IAPNP=IASNS IAPNP=IASNS

a) b) c)
Fig. 10. Ampere-turns phasor diagrams for double phase-to-ground fault (phases A and B) on LV side supplied from: a) HV and LV side; b) LV side only; c)
HV side only. Blue markings refer to case without tertiary winding.

IASNS=IBSNS=ICSNS
IASNS IASIBSICS0
IAPNP=IASNS IAPNP=IASNS
IAPIBPICP0
IASNS
IAPNP IBSNS=ICSNS IAPNP IAPNP=IBPNP=ICPNP
IBSICSIBPICP0
IBS=ICS=0
IBPNP=ICPNP
IBPNP=ICPNP I3N3
I3N3
I3N3
a) b) c)
Fig. 11. Ampere-turns phasor diagrams for single phase-to-ground fault (phase A) on HV side supplied from: a) HV and LV side; b) LV side only; c) HV side
only. Blue markings refer to case without tertiary winding.
7

IBSNS=ICSNS IAPIBPICP0 IAS=IBS=ICS=0 IBSNS=ICSNS


IBSICSIBPICP0
IAS=IBS=ICS=0
IBPNP=ICPNP IBSICSIBPICP0
IBPNP=ICPNP
I3N3
I3N3
IAPNP=IASNS IASNS I3N3 IAPNP=IASNS
IASNS
IAPNP=IBPNP=ICPNP
IAPNP
IAPNP

a) b) c)
Fig. 12. Ampere-turns phasor diagrams for single phase-to-ground fault (phase A) on LV side supplied from: a) HV and LV side; b) LV side only; c) HV side
only. Blue markings refer to case without tertiary winding.

[3] M. Rahmatian, B. Vahidi, A. J. Ghanizadeh, G. B. Gharehpetian, H.A.


Alehosseini, Insulation failure detection in transformer winding using
5. Conclusion
cross-correlation technique with ANN and k-NN regression method
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Asymmetrical fault currents in autotransformer HV and LV Autotransformer Model for Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV)
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[10] F. Delfino, R. Procopio, M. Rossi, High-Frequency EHV/HV
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8

Dalibor Filipovi-Gri was born in Sinj, Croatia,


in 1980. He received his Ph.D. from the Faculty of
Electrical Engineering and Computing, University
of Zagreb, in 2010. Currently he is the head of the
High-Voltage Laboratory at the Konar Electrical
Engineering Institute, Transformer department. His
areas of interest include high-voltage test and
measuring techniques, instrument and power
transformers, insulation systems optimization. He is
a member of the technical committees TC E 38
Instrument Transformers and TC E 42 High voltage test techniques.

Boidar Filipovi-Gri was born in Sinj, Croatia,


in 1983. He received the B.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees
from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and
Computing, University of Zagreb, in 2007 and
2013, respectively. Currently he is working at the
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing
(Department of Energy and Power Systems). He is
the head of quality in the High Voltage Laboratory
at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and
Computing. His areas of interest include power
system transients, insulation co-ordination and high-voltage engineering. He
is a member of the IEEE society and CIGR Study Committee A3 - High
voltage equipment.

Kosjenka Capuder, M. Eng. EE, is currently


working as a research engineer at the Konar Power
Transformers in the Research and Development
Department. Her research interests include
transformer insulation systems, electric field
calculations, transformer short circuit currents and
power transformer electrical design in general. She
is a Ph.D. student at the Faculty of Electrical
Engineering, Zagreb, Croatia.

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