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WALLS

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FENDER WALLS

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Dwarf or Fender walls are popular garden designs for marking
boundaries at public roads, along terraces etc..,

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Bricks provides a material which blends with buildings and is often
readily available.

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FIELD STONE WALLS

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The historic association of fields enclosed by stone rubble often dates
back to original land clearance for agriculture, when stones picked out by

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hand were stacked or buit up as dry stone walls at the edge of enclosures.

Over a stable rocky subsoil larger flat stones are laid to form a stepped

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foundation.

The dry walling is then built up in tapered form to give greater stability,

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with the stones graded from large to small as the work proceeds.

The top is copped with a more flat stone against damage.

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Vertical stability depends on a tapered shape to keep the centre of
gravity low.

It also relies on geometry either curving lines or L or U shaped wall

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plans and tall walls can be buttressed.
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DRY STONE WALLS

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STONE BOUNDARY WALLS

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Greater rigidity is given by bounding stone blocks together with mortar
joints.

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The bedding mortar needs to be 20mm thick to allow for tolerance.

Flint nodules have been used for walling since roman times.

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BRICK BOUNDARY WALLS

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The traditional form of walling is the brick boundary wall.

The various thickness are
1. Half brick

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2. One brick
3. One and a half

The various bonds used are
a. Stretcher bond
b. English bond

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c. Flemish bond

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d. Garden wall bond

COMPOSITE WALLS
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PERGOLAS

Pergolas originated in vineyards as

rafter-like frameworks to carry grape
vines, partly to give growing conditions
and partly to allow easier access to the

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fruit.

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Stone or brickwork supports are
often selected for the vertical
structures due to their durability and p
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strength.

The other relevant historical

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reference is the arbour, a curved

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network of branches which initially
requires support from metal or timber
archers, this first appears in early

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renaissance gardens as shaded walks.
PERGOLA CONSTRUCTION

The generic forms of construction are given below

1. Spanning between walls

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3. Free standing timber post and beam frames
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2. Free standing structures carried on piers or columns

4. Free standing metal frames, usually made for arbours

Spanning between walls

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The simplest concept consists

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of existing walls or buildings
bridged by pergola beams.

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Pergolas propped against or over walls

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The propped pergola is often utilized

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to relieve a dull run of walling or to

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give a feature which defines entries or
particular windows on a faade

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The construction tends to occur as an
embellishment after buildings have
been completed and fixed using bolt

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 Free standing structures carried on Piers

This is an Italian tradition, care should
be taken to reduce the self weight,

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thus reducing the risk of overturning

Combination of vertical steel bars and

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the concrete core provides a
composite structure where the steel
bars take care of tensile end the

compression loading

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concrete and brick takes care of

Free standing Timber Post and beams

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These are favored for small gardens

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SURFACESr
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Soft surfaces

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Flexible surfaces

Cellular and curb paving

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Firm surfaces

Garden paving
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Timber paving

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SOFT SURFACES

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Reinforced grass
Sand

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Shingle
Gravel

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 SOFT SURFACES

REINFORCED GRASS

The most popular softsurface for landscape is the turf.

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The failure of turf is under heavy pedestrian or wheeled traffic

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

n u Reduces the requirement for hard

surfaces.
Reduced storm water run off.
Waterway contamination reduced

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by the
pollutant removal capability of grass.

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100% recycled plastic.
Reduces reflective heat.
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Applications

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Overflow, Stadium and Event Parking
On-street Parking - Grass Shoulders

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Pedestrian Walkways
Parking
Emergency Access
Erosion Control
Helicopter Landing Pads
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SAND

Sand forms the ideal materials for play areas, though care is

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needed in the specification and in providing effective drainage.

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Play pit sand is a specific product and should be a naturally
occurring soft sand that has been washed to remove loam and
other staining agents.

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The sand thickness can be 450mm over soft sub-base and a layer
of loose gravel to 150mm thickness. The sub-soil should be

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compacted and graded to drain.

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Shingle

Shingle is one of the cheapest material to lay

There are two forms of shingle
I. Naturally occuring rounded pebbles

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II. Fine crushed aggregate known as pea shingle
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The rounded form is to be preferred where child safety is important

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GRAVEL

Gravel is favored by gardeners due to the ease of laying and

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adapting to the site

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The soft nature of the finish complements plant material better
than hard surface like concrete or stone slabs

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Gravel that are naturally occurring are more suited and there are a
wide range of colors .

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Drainage is an important factor to be considered

A common mistake is to lay without adequate fall or construct

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kerbs in way that storm water is trapped inside.

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FLEXIBLE SURFACES

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Pebble
Granite setts

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Brick paving blocks

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The flexibility depends upon the sub-base
Pebble

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Pebble is probably one of the earliest methods devised for ground

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surfacing

Pebble surfaces are often regarded as a hazard area a hostile

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paving to discourage pedestrian or vehicles

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One disadvantage is slipperiness is places that become heavily used
The other problem is vandalism

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Pebble margins is an attractive area

Make an excellent tree guard to discourage people and vehicle

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Mostly used in the rock gardens

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Granite setts

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Setts and pebbles share many similar qualities in paving techniques,

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they both can be arranged in complex patterns

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An igneous stone like granite is the most appropriate compared to
Sedimentary stones such as limestone or sandstone cause they do
not have the durability of setts under hard traffic

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and ramps, parking bays, roads
They have a high second-value p
Mostly applied in crossover, margins, gutters and kerbs, pathways

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The slipperiness which develops under heavy vehicle traffic can be
countered by cutting grooves at 50mm centres

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Block & brick paving

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Brick pavers are made of clay (natural brick) or are manufactured from

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concrete and aggregate and dyed to look like brick. Genuine brick,
made from clay and shale, is dried and fired at extremely high

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temperatures, making it very strong.

Brick paved paths are used to overcome the softness of silt or loam

based soils.

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Flexible paving with clay or concrete pavers is today an accepted
method.

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They are more permeable and facilitates settling problems

Good option for paving paths and driveways with high volume and

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heavy traffic in commercial or residential building projects.

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Other factors are slip-resistant making it ideal for areas where
slipping or foot traffic safety is a concern.

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Cellular or Crib paving

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These forms resemble concrete block but have been modified to

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provide a cellular surface that will encourage grass or other plant life.

for occasional traffic and car parking.

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The purpose is to strengthen lawn areas for emergency traffic like fire
tenders or fire escape paths and another use is to reinforce soft areas

A further possibility is to use honeycomb blocks as tree guards or to

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reinforce the river banks to prevent erosion

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They are more suitable for car parks, pathways & driveways

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FIRM SURFACES

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In-Situ Concrete paving
Paving over concrete sub-base
Asphalt paving
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Ceramic tiles
Terrazzo tile
Marble paving

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Other stone paving

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In situ concrete

This is the cheapest

permanent surfacing
form of

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Care should taken for shrinkage by
forming bays

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sub-bases

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This type is adopted where the

finished surface needs continuous
support and is subjected to stress

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caused by settlement or wheel loads
causing fractures.

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Asphalt

This type is reserved for watertight

surfaces and where a totally inert

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finish is needed.

Usual thickness are threes coats of

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10mm laid

The total thickness over concrete

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bedding is 60mm.

Commonly used in construction projects

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such as road surfaces, parking lots,
and airports.

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Ceramic

Terrazzo

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Marble

Stone pavers
Garden Pavers

The usual preparation is to excavate

to a 250 300 mm depth

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To compact the subsoil and to
overlay with consolidated hardcore

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with fine or coarse aggregate

They are mostly laid with a concept

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of relaxed layout with winding paths
or irregular margins to accommodate

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planting, more natural line than
geometric

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Timber Pavers

Timber use and the wood

working skills involved in

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paving are an extension of the
construction methods
employed for fences

The materials often adopted is
the railway sleepers

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The choice of timber species p
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depends upon the locality and
durability

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Timber Pavers

Application of Timber in
Landscape

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Paving

Fences




Decks
Stepping Stones

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Timber Decks

In architecture, a deck is a flat surface capable

of supporting weight, similar to a floor, but

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typically constructed outdoors, often elevated
from the ground, and usually connected to a
building.

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