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Chapter 2 W Kuntjoro

Linear Spring
Axial spring is a simple element, which can carry only axial force
and results in spring deformation (lengthening or shortening).

T=k

T T

Spring deformation under tensile load


Chapter 2 W Kuntjoro
Linear Spring
Spring Element
k
1 2
x
f1x, d1x f2x, d2x
L

The Form of Spring Element Equation

f1x k11 k12 d1x f1x k11 d1x k12 d 2 x



f 2 x k21 k22 d 2 x f 2 x k21 d1x k22 d 2 x
Chapter 2 W Kuntjoro
Linear Spring
Element Equation k
1 2
x
f1x, d1x f2x, d2x
L

f1x k11 k12 d1x


{f} = [k] {d}
f 2 x k21 k22 d 2 x

{f} = element force matrix


[k] = element stiffness matrix
{d} = nodal displacement matrix
Chapter 2 W Kuntjoro
Linear Spring
Displacement function
a1
Linear function : u a1 a2 x u 1 x
a 2
In term of nodal displacements :
x d1x d1x
x
u 1 u N1 N 2
L L d 2 x d 2 x

N1 and N2 are shape functions


At node-1: N1 = 1 N2 = 0.
At node-2: N1 = 0 N2 = 1
Also at any other point in the element, N1 + N2 = 1
Chapter 2 W Kuntjoro
Linear Spring
Element Equation, Direct Equilibrium
k
1 2
x
k f1x, d1x f2x, d2x
L
T T


u L u 0
T=k
d 2 x d1x
f1x T
T f1x k k d 2 x d1x
f1x k d1x d 2 x f1x k k d1x

f2x T f 2 x k k d 2 x
f 2 x k d 2 x d1x
Chapter 2 W Kuntjoro
Linear Spring
Assembly of Element Equations
1 k1 3 k2 2 F
A two-spring system
1 2

The element-1 has nodes 1 and 3. The element-2 has nodes 2 and 3.
Expansion of element-1 yields: Expansion of element-2 yields:

f 1 x k1 0 k1 d 1 x f 1 x 0 0 0 d1x

f 2x 0 0 0 d 2 x f 2 x 0 k 2 k 2 d 2 x
f k 0 k1 d 3 x f 0 k k 2 d 3 x
3x 1 3x 2

Then the superposition is employed,


F1x k1 0 k1 d1x
f el1 f el 2 k el1 k el 2 d
F2 x 0 k2 k 2 d 2 x
F K d F k k2 k1 k 2
3x 1 d 3 x
Chapter 2 W Kuntjoro
Linear Spring
Structural/System Equation
1 k1 3 k2 2 F
A two-spring system
1 2

F1x k1 0 k1 d1x

F2 x 0 k2 k 2 d 2 x {F} = [K] {d}
F k k2 k1 k 2
3x 1 d 3 x

{F} = structural force matrix


[K] = structural/system stiffness matrix
{d} = nodal displacement matrix
Chapter 2 W Kuntjoro
Linear Spring
Boundary Conditions - Homogeneous
1 1 , k1 3 2 , k2 2
A two-spring system
F3x F2x

F1x k1 0 k1 0 k1d 3 x F1x



k 2 d 2 x
d1x = 0 k 2 d 2 x k 2 d 3 x F2 x
F2 x 0 k2
F k k1 k 2
3x 1 k2 d 3 x k 2 d 2 x k1 k 2 F3 x

F2 x k2 k2 d 2 x d2x and d3x can be found,



F3 x k2 k1 k2 d3 x which in turn, the
structural forces can be
found
Chapter 2 W Kuntjoro
Linear Spring
Boundary Conditions - Homogeneous
The displacement of node-1 is not zero
1 1 , k1 3 2 , k2 2
but initially displaced to the magnitude of .
Introducing this boundary condition to
F3x F2x
the structural equation yields,

F1x k1 0 k1

F2 x 0 k2 k 2 d 2 x
k1 0 d 2 x k1d 3 x F1x F k k2 k1 k 2 d 3 x
3x 1
0 k 2 d 2 x k 2 d 3 x F2 x
k1 k 2 d 2 x k1 k d 3 x F3 x

As , F2x, and F3x are known quantities,


the displacement at node-2, d2x,
k2 d 2 x k2 d3 x F2 x and at the node-3, d3x, can be calculated.
k2 d 2 x k1 k d 3 x k1 F3 x

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