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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND BUILT

ENVIRONMENT

Subject : Highway Engineering

Code : ECT 4313

Experiment : Aggregate Impact Value

Group :7

Lecturers name : Mr.Mohd Amin Shafii

Name Students ID
1. Chai Shein Qin SCM029173

2. Lim Zhi Xuan SCM 028486

3. Firas Anowr Alhadi SUKD1503872

Experiment Date: 9th November 2017

Submission Date: 15st Novemeber 2017


Introduction
Aggregate is one of the important materials in constructing road. It has a
property which is known as toughness to resist the impact. It is needed to resist their
disintegration when it is subjected to the impact due to the traffic load. Therefore, it
should be tough enough to resist fracture under this impact. Aggregate impact test is
the test to determine and evaluate the toughness of the aggregate by impact value. The
impact value of an aggregate is the percentage loss of weight of particles passing 2.36
mm sieve by the application on load by mean of 15 blows of standard hammer and drop
under specified test condition. The impact value can be determined by using the formula
below:
Weight loss
Aggregate Impact Value (percent wear) = x 100%
Initial Weight

The aggregate impact test has been standardized by the British Standard
Institution and the Indian Standard Institution. The aggregate impact value indicates a
relation measure of the resistance of aggregate to a sudden shock or an impact, which
in some aggregates differs from its resistance to a slow compressive load. Table below
shows the classification of the aggregate depends on the impact value:
Aggregate Impact Value Classification
<20% Exceptionally Strong
10 20% Strong
20-35% Satisfactory for road surfacing
>35% Weak for road surfacing
Table 1.1: Aggregate Impact Standard

Objective
To determine the impact value of the road aggregates in the laboratory and
assess their suitability in road construction on the basis of impact value.

Apparatus
1. Measure A cylinder of internal diameter 7.5 cm and 5 cm deep for measure
aggregate.
2. Impact Testing Machine It consists of a cylinder hammer of 13.5 kg which is
sliding freely between two vertical supports. Its fall
is automatically adjusted to a height of 38 cm. There
is a brass plate over which an open cylindrical steel
cup of internal diameter 10.2 cm and 5 cm depth is
placed and fixed to the brass plate.
3. Tamping Rod It is a 1 cm diameter and 23 cm long rounded at one end and
pointed at the other end rod.
4. Electronic Balance
5. Sieves 12.5 mm, 10 mm and 2.36 mm opening with pan.
6. Laboratory Oven
Procedure
1. Sample of aggregate was prepared in dry condition by using laboratory oven at
a constant temperature of 105 oC to 100 oC after washing.
2. After cooling the sample, the aggregate was sieved and obtained the portion
passing 12.5 mm and retained on 10 mm sieve.
3. This aggregate was filled into the cylindrical measure in 3 layers by tapping
each layer 25 times with the tamping rod. The surface of tamping rod must be
levelled as a using the straight edge.
4. The weight of the aggregate was measure and recorded.
5. The aggregate was transferred to the cup in 3 layers and each layer was
compacted by tamping in 25 strokes with the tamping road.
6. The hammer was released for falling freely on the aggregate and the total of 15
blows were subjected to the aggregate.
7. The aggregate was removed from the cup and sieved through 2.36 mm.
8. The weight of fraction passing the sieve was measured and recorded by using
the cylindrical measure.

Result
Sample Weight of Weight Weight Passing Weight Retained
Cylinder Measure Before (2.36mm) Sieve (2.36mm) Sieve
(g) Crushing (g) (g) (g)
1 563.8 896.3 669.2 790.1
2 549.1 873.0 662.8 758.1
Average 556.45 884.65 666.0 774.1

Sample Weight of Weight of Aggregate Weight of Aggregate


Aggregate Before Passing (2.36 mm) Retained (2.36mm)
Crushing (g) Sieve (g) Sieve (g)
1 332.5 105.4 226.3
2 323.9 113.7 209.0
Average 328.2 109.6 217.7

Calculation
Weight of Aggregate Passing (2.36 mm) Sieve
Aggregate Impact Value (percent wear) = x 100%
Weight of Aggregate Before Crushing

109.6 g
= x 100%
328.2 g

= 33.39 %
Discussion
In the construction of road, toughness of the aggregates implies its property to
resist impact. Movement of vehicles on the road surface will subject impact to the
aggregates and causes them to break into smaller pieces. Hence, AIV test should be
conducted to ensure the aggregates have sufficient toughness to resist their
disintegration due to impact. The test equipment and the test procedure are simple which
allows it to be done in short period of time whether it is at construction site or stone quarry.

According to the results obtained from the experiment, the impact value of
aggregate for sample 1 is 31.7% while for sample 2 is 35.1%. It shows that the average
impact value of aggregate from both samples is 33.4%. In fact, according to the
Aggregate Impact Standard (table 1.1), the experimental aggregate impact value is
within the range of 20% - 35% which is clasified as satisfactory strong for road
surfacing. However, it does not meet the theoretical optimum impact value based on
Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) specification which is 15%.
Theoretically, the wearing percentage (impact value) was calculated to deduce
how much loss in weight while conducting the experiment, which is approximately
33.4%. When the percentage wear increase, the aggregates tend to have higher
resistance to impact. Well-shaped cubical stones will provided higher resistance to impact
can be compared to flaky and elongated stones. Hence, this test shows the suitability of the
aggregate in road construction on the basis of impact value.
During the experiment, there were certain factors and limitations that may lead
to inaccurate result. Inconsistency of the tamping distance and strength can affect the
result as this procedure was important in ensuring each sample of aggregate was equal
in volume. Wind resistance was also one of the factor causing error during the weighing
process. The reduction of sample weight happens due to the loss of sample caused by
wind especially after being crushed.
To reduce the error, there re several precautions and improvements can be made.
To avoid inconsitency of tamping distance and strength, only one person with consitent
strength and distance conducts the tamping process. In fact, using a tamping machine
is much more effective than tamping manually. To overcome the wind resistance factor,
the experiment must be conducted in a closed area or close box of measuring machine.
Sample must be handle with care to avoid sample falling out.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the experimental aggregates impact value is 33.4%. This value is
acceptable because it is between 20-35% which classified as satisfactory for road
surfacing. However, it does not meet the requirement of JKRs specification which is
15%. The lower the value, the higher the strength of the road surface.

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