1.

INTRODUCTION
Due to urbanization, we need to serve more population in the same area, tall buildings
are the suitable technique for providing residence, office and commercial purposes in
the same location.

1.1. General

Tall building defined as per criteria for the structural safety of tall buildings ced 38 It is a
building of height greater than 45 m, but less than 250 m, normally intended for use as
residential, office and other commercial buildings.

Tall buildings are highly sophisticated engineering projects, due to the complexity of
designing a tall structure engineers requires advanced design techniques. The process
of designing tall buildings has changed over the past years. However, In order to design
better tall buildings information must be collected on the performance of existing
structures. For the design of the tall structure, an engineer needs to know the
performance of the building designed through code so that he can improve the
performance by using some other literature study.
Currently, the project is about the performance assessment of the tall building designed
as per the draft code recommended by CED 38 Committee. The design of tall buildings
mainly involves a conceptual design, analysis, preliminary design and optimization, to
safely carry gravity and lateral loads. The design criteria are strength, serviceability and
stability. The strength is satisfied by limit stresses, while serviceability is satisfied by
drift limits. Stability is satisfied by a factor of safety against buckling and p - effects.
The aim of the structural engineer is to arrive at suitable structural schemes, to satisfy
these criteria. The wind load study is required because for a tall structures wind is also
one of the main governing design load criteria. Tall buildings are called as Vertical
Cities
1.2. Need of Tall Structures Study
As per the recent studies, the population increased rapidly in last few decades.
However, in spite of limited land resources, the commercial and residential
requirements are satisfied by using Tall structures. Therefore, wind and seismic
performance assessment of tall building are required to improve the understanding of
the behavior of the structure.

1
1.3. Criteria of Tall Structure
There are no absolute criteria that are accepted internationally to differentiate the tall
buildings. However, there are various height criterias for tall buildings as follows
i) As per Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat, 2017
Tall Buildings: 45 m to 300 m
Super Tall Buildings: 300 m to 600 m
Mega Tall Buildings: >600 m
ii) As per High-Rise security & Fire Life safety, 3rd edition, 2009
Height at which the evacuation is difficult during an accident it is called as
High-Rise / Tall Building. Generally they started from 7 to 10 stories.
iii) As per NFPA, 2016
Tall Buildings: > 75 feets
iv) As per IS 875: Part 3, 2015
Low Rise Buildings: < 20 m
High Rise Buildings: 50 m
v) As per Draft code on Criteria For Structural Safety of Tall Building, 2016
Tall Buildings: 45 m to 250 m
Super Tall Buildings: > 250 m
vi) As per Hazus - MH MR5
Low - rise Building: < 3 storey
High rise Building: > 8 storey.

2. About CED 38
CED 38 is a technical committee for Special Structures Sectional committee.
Working under chairmanship of Devdas Menon (IIT Madras Professor). Present
code CED 38 (10639): CRITERIA FOR STRUCTURAL SAFETY OF TALL
BUILDINGS is dealt with design provisions of tall structures.

2
3. Salient Features on CED 38 (10639)
In this section, it was discussing the salient feature of the several sections on the
CED 38 draft code. They are as follows
3.1. Section 5 General Requirements
1. Height limit for various structural systems based up to their structural
efficiency, seismic zones and performance during lateral loads
2. The maximum limit for slenderness ratio for different zones and structural
systems. The effect of slenderness in the behavior of the building. The
preferable slenderness limit for the building and its effects.
3. The aerodynamic effect of the building and various methods for designing
of a building based on aerodynamically efficient.
4. The plan aspect ratio effect on the building and performance of the building
with different aspect ratios.
5. The soft/weak storey considerations in the building and lateral drift limits.
6. The natural mode of vibrations, material for the building.
7. Openings in the floor system and its maximum limits. The effect of floor
openings in the building on seismic effect.
8. The concrete and steel material grade selection for various structural
elements.
9. Progressive collapse effect on the building.
3.2. Section 6 Loads and Load Combinations
1. The load cases and load combination need to consider for the
design.
2. The wind load and wind tunnel studies consideration conditions
are specified.
3. Lateral acceleration load return period and permissible limits for
various building use.
4. Seismic loads (horizontal and vertical shaking) of the building
and its conditions to apply.

3
3.3. Section 7 Structural Analysis
1. The software (3-D) shall be used for the analysis.
2. Various consideration needs to be taken will modeling a tall
structure.
3. Crack section properties for various structural elements for
analysis.
4. Modelling consideration and building movement limits.
3.4. Section 9 Foundation
1. For foundation design, factor of safety for overturning and
sliding.
2. Geotechnical investigation about the boreholes and pits spacing
based on the building.
3. Minimum depth of foundation criteria for raft and pile
foundations.
4. Modelling of the soil is specified.
5. Permissible limits of the settlement for raft and pile foundation
for rock and soil.
3.5. Section 10 Non Structural Element
1. Importance of the non-structural elements in the building and guidelines for
the design.
2. Defined various types of NSE like Acceleration sensitive NSE,
Deformation sensitive NSE and both.
3. Design of the NSE based on the sensitive type.

3.6. Section 11 Recommendations for Seismic Monitoring

1. Instrumenting of tri-axial accelerators in the building for certain conditions.
2. Instrumenting of anemometer and accelerometer on top for wind data.
3. Instrumenting of permanent settlement markers in the foundation.

4
4. Work done
The commentary of the CED 38(10639) draft code.
Selection of the building and its geometry details.

5. Work to done
Currently, the study will be on the behavior of the RC buildings (designed as per
draft code).
The study on the design guidelines for structural systems with moment frame
system, structural wall system and dual system (structural wall + moment frame)
for a tall structure.
Analysis of the tall building.

6. REFERENCES
Burak, B., and Hakki, G. C., (2013), Effect of shear wall area to floor area ratio on the
seismic behavior of reinforced concrete buildings, Journal of Structural
Engineering, 139(11), 1928-1937.
Deger, Z. T., Yang, T. Y., Wallace, J. W., and Jack, M., (2014), Seismic performance
of reinforced concrete core wall buildings with and without moment resisting
frame, The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, 24(7), 477-490.
Dhawale, P. J., and Narule, G. N., (2016), Analysis of P-Delta effect on high rise
buildings, International Journal of Engineering Research and general sciences,
4(4), 90-103.
Gunel, M. H., and Ilgin, H. E., (2007), A proposal for the classification of structural
systems of tall buildings, Journal of Building and Environment, Elsevier, Science
Direct 42: 2667-2675.
IS 1892:1979, Subsurface Investigation for Foundation Code of Practice (first
revision), BIS, New Delhi, India.
IS 1904:1986, Design and Construction of Foundations in Soils Code of Practice
(third revision), BIS, New Delhi, India.
IS 456:2000, Plan and Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice (fourth revision), BIS,
New Delhi, India.
IS 875(Part 3):2015, Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) for buildings and
Structure- Code of Practice (third revision), BIS, New Delhi, India.

5
IS 1893(Part 1):2016, Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, part 1
general provision and building (sixth revision), BIS, New Delhi, India.
IS 13920:2016, Ductile Design and Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures
subjected to Seismic Forces Code of Practice (first revision), BIS, New Delhi,
India.
Konapure, C. G., and Dhanshetti, P.V., (2015), Effect of P-Delta action on multi-
storey buildings, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology,
4(1), 668-672.
Manasa, C. K., Manjularani, P., (2017), Effect of wind load on tall RC buildings by P-
Delta analysis, Int. conf. on current trends in Eng. Science and Technology.
Nilupa, H., Priyan, M., Tuan, N., and Nicholas, H., (2010), Seismic performance of
super tall buildings, International Conference on sustainable built environment,
160-168.
Sanjay, K. S., and Umesh, P., (2016), Effect of aspect ratio & plan configuration on
seismic performance of multi-storeyed regular R.C.C. building: An evaluation by
static analysis, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced
Engineering, 6(1), 192-197.
Sullivan, T. J., Priestley, M. J. N., and Calvi, G. M., (2008), Estimating the higher-
mode response of ductile structures." Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 12(3),
456-472.

6
ANNEXURE A

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CODE COMMENTARY
5. -GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
5.1
Elevation
5.1.1 Height Limit for Structural C.5.1.1
Systems Height of the building is an important
The maximum building height (in m) shall criterion for selection of the appropriate
not exceed values given in Table 1 for structural system.
buildings with different structural systems Generally, the moment resisting frames are
efficient up to thirty stories, however, for
buildings taller than 30 stories, the rigidity
of the frame system remains mostly
insufficient for lateral loads. So, another
framing system viz. frame-structural wall
dual system, tube, tube in tube and multi-
tube systems are efficient.
The structural wall resists the load in the
form of axial load and out-of-plane
bending action. The structural wall is
efficient in resisting lateral loads for a
structural wall to floor area ranges from 1%
to 1.5%. The higher percentage of
structural wall in the system is ineffective.
Structural wall system is recommended up
to 60 stories.
Flab slab system is more flexible than the
moment resisting frame. It more sensitive
to secondary effects. Due to lateral load
torsion cracks are appeared around the
exterior column connections is cause
failure of the perimeter moment frame
system failure. The performance of the flat

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CODE COMMENTARY
slab system during past earthquake is poor.
The storey drifts are higher in the flat slab
than compared to conventional system. So,
the flat slab system is not recommended for
high seismic zones.
The tubular system is to create a closed
loop by using the closely spaced frame or
structural wall which are connected by
using spandrels. The efficiency of the
system is derived from the more number of
rigid joints acting along the periphery.
If single tube does not have sufficient
efficiency to resist the loads. In such as
case bundled tube, outrigger system is
used.
Reference:
1. Gunel and Ilgin, Elsiver, 2007.
2. Coelho et al, 13th WCEE, 2004.
3. Burak and Comlekoglu, ASCE,
2013.
4. Pradip and Aniket, Journal of civil
engineering and environment
engineering, 2015.
5. Reinforced concrete design by
Pillai and Menon

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Table 1: Maximum values of Height h above top of base level of Buildings with different
structural systems
Structural System
Structural Moment Moment Structural Structural
Wall System Frame System Frame + Wall System Wall
Seismic Zone + Flat Slab Structural + Tube Frame
Floor System Wall System System
with
perimeter
Moment
Frame
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
V Not Allowed Not Allowed 100 m 100 m 150 m
IV Not Allowed Not Allowed 100 m 100 m 150 m
III 70 m 60 m 160 m 160 m 220 m
II 100 m 80 m 180 m 180 m 250 m

5.1.2 Slenderness Ratio C.5.1.2

The maximum values of the ratio of height The building slenderness ratio is the one of
h to minimum Base Width shall not the factor that affects the structural
exceed values given in Table 2. behavior of the building. The preferably the
slenderness ratio is less than 6. The
slenderness is taken up to 10, If there are
any special feature is considered for the
wind effect while designing. The increment
in the moment is quadratic with height of
the building (Mh2). If slenderness of the
building increase the storey drift also
increases.
Reference:
1. Awida T., A., Journal of civil
engineering and architecture, 2011
2. Super tall building design approach
by Hi Sun Choi, Vice president of
Thornton Tomasetti.

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CODE COMMENTARY
Table 2 Maximum Slenderness Ratio (= h / B)
Structural System
Structural Moment Moment Structural Structural
Wall System Frame System Frame + Wall System Wall
Seismic Zone + Flat Slab Structural + Tube Frame
Floor System Wall System System
with
perimeter
Moment
Frame
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
V Not Allowed Not Allowed 8 8 9
IV Not Allowed Not Allowed 8 8 9
III 5 4 8 8 10
II 6 5 9 9 10
5.1.3 C.5.1.3:-
Aerodynamic Effects Aerodynamic optimization is the important
Elevation profile, faade features of the portion in the design of a tall building.
building, and plan shape of the building Generally, the aerodynamic optimization is
shall be such as to attract minimum wind done by using aerodynamic modifications
drag effects. Effects of features such as and aerodynamic design. In an
sharp corners, projected balconies, etc., aerodynamic modification, there will be no
shall be considered in design. significant change in building geometry. It
is done by involving the building corners
treatment. In aerodynamic design, the
architect has more feasibility in the
building geometry. Architectural plan of
the building should act like a bluff body
(with lower drag force). By orientation
based wind speed of location, setbacks,
softened corners, twisting, porosity we can
reduce the aerodynamic effect.
Reference:
1. Jiming Xie, BBAA7, 2012.
2. Reinforced Concrete design of tall
building by Bungale S. Taranath.

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5.2
Plan
5.2.1
Plan Geometry
5.2.1.1 C.5.2.1.1
The plan shall generally be rectangular Selection of plan geometry was done based
(including square) or elliptical (including on the aerodynamic modification or design
circular). In buildings with said plan of the building. The modifications in the
geometries, structural members building don't cause any additional effect
participate efficiently in resisting lateral on the building behavior.
loads without causing additional effects Eddy simulation due to wind load needs to
arising out of re-entrant corners and be calculated. There are various geometry
others. like square, rectangle, Triangle, circular
and elliptic with tampering, Setback,
winding and Helical twisting.
There are various advantages and
drawbacks of the each geometry based on
the location, functional use selection of
geometry was done.
Reference:
1. Jiming Xie, BBAA7, 2012.
2. Tanaka and Ohtake et al,
International Journal of High-rise
building, 2013.
5.2.2 C.5.2.2
Plan Aspect Ratio Plan aspect ratio is the part of geometry of
The maximum plan aspect ratio (= L/B) of the building. Higher the aspect ratio lesser
the overall building shall not exceed 5 the performance of the building during an
earthquake. The square configuration
(aspect ratio 1) performs better compared
with rectangular configurations (aspect

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CODE COMMENTARY
ratio 4, 6, 8). The performance of the
building with an aspect ratio less than 4 is
reasonable performing well. Above this,
excessive forces, storey drift and
displacements are obtained.
Reference:
1. Sanjay and Umesh, IJETAE, 6(1),
2016.
5.3 C.5.3
Storey Stiffness and Strength Soft and weak storey criteria are discussing
Parameters influencing stiffness and in this clause. The soft storey is existed in
strength of the building should be so the building mainly due to parking purpose.
proportioned, that the following two Weak storey is intermediate storey which is
clauses are maintained: less stiffer than the above storey. There are
5.3.1 exist due to change in the functional
Lateral translational stiffness of any storey purpose of the floors.
shall not be less than that of the storey The failure risk of a building with
above. soft/weak storey during an earthquake is
5.3.2 high. The damage is vulnerable in the
Lateral translational strength of any storey buildings. There is a significant change in
shall not be less than that of the storey the storey drift at the weak storey level.
above. The stiffness of the floor is the important
factor in the lateral loads, to get through
from these soft/weak storey the floor is
strengthened by using the bracings.
References:
1. F. Hejazil et al, IOP Conf series,
Material science and Engineering,
2011.
2. L. Teresa Guevara-Perez, 15th
WCEE, 2012.

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3. N. Subramanian, ICJ, June 2016.
5.4
Deformations

5.4.1 C.5.4.1
Lateral Drift This clause is valid only for elastic
When design lateral forces are applied on analysis. The maximum lateral drift is
the building, the maximum inter-storey h/250 in working loads. The un-factored
elastic lateral drift ratio (= max / hi ) under sectional properties are considered for the
working loads (un-factored wind loads), analysis given in table 7. The lateral drift
which is estimated based on realistic limits for the non-linear analysis is not
section properties mentioned in 7.2 of this specified in this clause.
standard, shall be limited to h/250. Deflections must be limited during
earthquakes for a number of reasons, and
hence the provision of adequate stiffness is
important. Because non-structural
elements such as cladding, partitions and
pipework must be able to accept the
deflections imposed on them during an
earthquake without failure. Failure of these
non-structural members implicates the
other risks. However, some of the columns
in a building may only be designed to resist
gravity loads, if deflections are too high
they will fail due to Pdelta effects.
The maximum drift criteria as per IBC is
0.7% to 2.5% of storey height. However, as
per Euro code 8 the limits are 1% to 1.5%.
References:
1. https://www.sefindia.org/forum/fil
es/drift1_222.pdf at 25/09/2017
2. IBC 2000 and Euro code 8

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5.5
Natural Modes of Vibration
5.5.1 C.5.5.1
The natural period of fundamental The building is designed such that the
torsional mode of vibration shall not torsional mode of vibration is dominated
exceed 0.9 times the smaller of the natural mode after orthogonal direction in the plan.
periods of the fundamental translational The torsional mode of vibration shall not
modes of vibration in each of the exceed 0.9 times the smaller of the natural
orthogonal directions in plan. period because the closely spaced time
periods cause the diagonal vibration of the
building. The stiffness of the building is
less in diagonal direction compare to the
orthogonal (X and Y) direction.
5.5.2 C.5.5.2
The fundamental translational lateral Large structures or high rise buildings are
natural period in any of the two horizontal more affected by low-frequency, or slow
plan directions, shall not exceed 8 shaking. For instance, an ocean liner will
seconds. experience little disturbance by short
waves in quick succession. However, a
low-frequency swell will significantly
affect the ship. Similarly, a skyscraper will
sustain greater shaking by long-period
earthquake waves than by the shorter
waves.
Reference:
1. Buildings and earthquakes which
stand? Which fall? Document by
Iris (Incorporated research
institutions for seismology)
5.6
Floor Systems

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CODE COMMENTARY
5.6.1 C.5.6.1
Material The precast system perform poor compare
All floor slabs shall be cast-in-situ. Precast to the cast-in-situ floor system. The rigid
floor systems without a minimum screed diaphragm action, connection problem
of 75 mm concrete shall not be used in arise in the precast system. The screed
Seismic Zones III, IV and V, but can be minimum thickness 75 mm is provided
used in Seismic Zone II. because the screed the load transferring
media to precast member and create a
diaphragm action in the precast members.
The floor with structural screed can take
higher lateral load in seismic zones (III, IV,
and V). If the lateral loads are higher than
screed thickness should be more than 75
mm.
5.6.2 C.5.6.2
Openings
5.6.2.1 C.5.6.2.1
Openings in floor diaphragm shall not be Openings in the floor edges going to reduce
permitted along any floor diaphragm edge, the floor diaphragm action. However, due
unless perimeter members are shown to be to the lack of knowledge in understanding
have stability and adequate strength. the true in-plane behaviour of slabs with
openings, currently floors are designed
neglecting the effect that openings might
have on in-plane characteristics of the
floors. The floor with opening will collapse
quickly than a solid slab. While openings
the designer need to study literature where
to provide opening location and additional
reinforcement need to be provide at the
corners.

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 Code & Commentary of CED 38

CODE COMMENTARY
Reference:
1. Khajehdehi and Panahshahi,
Journal of building engineering,
Elsevier, 7(1-11), 2016.
5.6.2.2 The maximum area of openings in C.5.6.2.2
any floor diaphragm shall not exceed 30% The opening in the floor diaphragm reduce
of the plan area of diaphragm. the in-plane load carrying capacity. 25%
opening in the floor diaphragm reduce 15%
of the load carrying capacity.
Reference:
1. Khajehdehi and Panahshahi,
Journal of building engineering,
Elsevier, 7(1-11), 2016.
5.6.2.3 At any storey, the minimum width C.5.6.2.3
of floor slab along any section after Refer C.5.6.2.1 and C.5.6.2.2
deduction of openings shall not be less The opening at edges it will affect the
than 5 m. And, the minimum width of the capacity of the slab. The punching shear
slab beyond an opening to edge of slab capacity of slab is reduces. The openings at
shall not be less than 2 m. Further, the the edges are required for water and electric
cumulative width of the slab at any pipelines, drainage purpose dont provide
location shall not be less than 50% of the all opening at the same location keep the
floor width. open at the centre on all the sides so that the
diaphragm action of the floor need not be
compromised.
5.6.3 Natural Frequency of Floor C.5.6.3
System - The natural vertical vibration
frequency of any floor system shall not
exceed 3 Hz without demonstration of
acceptability using rational procedures.

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CODE COMMENTARY
5.6.4 Vertical Accelerations C.5.6.4
Under gravity loads, the peak vertical The vertical floor acceleration is simply
acceleration at any vibration frequency of called as floor response spectra. The
any floor shall not exceed values given in member in the floor under go floor
Table 4. response spectra actually not the
earthquake response. So, by limiting
vertical floor acceleration indirectly limit
the response spectre acting on the non-
structural members. Lesser the spectra
lesser the damage in the non-members.
Table 4 Permissible Maximum Vertical Floor Acceleration
Use Peak acceleration (m/s2)
at any excitation frequency
Residential 0.05
Office 0.05
Commercial 0.18

5.7
Materials
5.7.1 Concrete
5.7.1.1 The minimum grade of concrete C.5.7.1.1
shall be M30. As per, IS 456 the minimum grade of
concrete used is M20. IS 456 is for general
building whereas in tall structure there is a
major increment of load (dead, live, wind
&earthquake loads). The wind loads are
major due to tallness of the structure and
the earthquake are high due to increase in
the seismic weight.
5.7.1.2 The maximum grade of concrete C.5.7.1.2
shall be M70. When higher grades are The grade of concrete is increases the
required, the designer shall ensure through brittleness of the section increases. The

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 Code & Commentary of CED 38

CODE COMMENTARY
experimentation that such concretes shall deformations are less before failure of the
have at least a minimum crushing strain in structure. Sudden failure of the member
compression of 0.0020. takes place in the structure.
Generally, the strain considered in the
concrete is 0.0035 at the failure condition.
However, due to increase in grade of
concrete the strain at the failure is reduces.
So the study need to be done
experimentally for finding out the
minimum strain of 0.002 at concrete.
5.7.1.3 The grades of concretes used in C.5.7.1.3
slabs and beams shall not be less than 70%
of that used in columns and walls in
contact. When grade of concrete used in
columns is different from that used in
beams and slabs beyond the above limit,
concrete used in columns and walls shall
be used in the beam-column joints also; in
such a case, puddling of concrete shall be
done, as given below:
Column concrete shall be placed in the
beam/slab at column location for a
minimum of 0.6 m from face of column.
This concrete shall be well integrated with
the beam/slab concrete.
5.7.2 Reinforcing Steel
5.7.2.1 The characteristic yield strength C.5.7.2.1
of the steel reinforcement bars used in The higher change in the yield strength of
construction shall not exceed 1.2 times the the steel, the section perform like over
value used in design. reinforced section. Brittle failure occur
which is not acceptable.

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CODE COMMENTARY
5.7.2.2 The ultimate strength of C.5.7.2.2
reinforcement bars shall not exceed 1.25 If the reinforcement bars has higher margin
times the characteristic yield strength. in the yield strength and ultimate strength.
The section at failure condition concrete
will fail first (brittle failure) that is cause
sudden collapse of the structure.
5.7.2.3 No lapping of bars shall be allowed C.5.7.2.3
in RC beams, columns and walls, when When diameter of bars is less than 16mm,
diameter of bars is 16mm or higher; for binding of bars lapping can be used.
mechanical couplers shall be used to However, for bars diameter 16 mm or
extend bars. higher the mechanical couplers are used for
binding the bars.
The lapping of bars is generally done in site
for extended the bars. But, the lapping
reduces the cover for the section. During
vibration (earthquake), the binder wires
cant hold the bars together, so failure
occurs in the member by spalling of
concrete.
5.8 C.5.8
Progressive Collapse Progressive collapse when a primary
Following are general guidelines to avoid structural element fails, resulting in the
progressive collapse of structure. failure of adjoining structural elements,
which in turn causes further structural
failure.
5.8.1 Possibilities of progressive collapse C.5.8.1
shall be precluded by: The progressive collapse is an
(a) Choosing structural systems that are unacceptable failure in the structure. In this
appropriate for ensuring structural code specifies few measures to resist
integrity; and progressive collapse.

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 Code & Commentary of CED 38

CODE COMMENTARY
(b) Adopting rigorous structural (a) If there is structural integrity the
investigations that verify acceptable individual component failure are
structural behaviour, even when select eliminated and load due failure
critical members do not play their component on the slab cause
intended role. cascade failure of structure.
(c) Providing adequate redundancy and (b) If there is a wrong selection in the
integrity to the structure. critical component of the structure.
Then section is under designed the
failure was high.
(c) By high redundancy the building
have secondary load transfer path.
Reference:
1. Reinforced concrete design of tall
buildings by Bungule S. Taranadth
5.8.2 Requirements of Key Elements C.5.8.2.
5.8.2.1 Key Elements are members, joints The structural elements shall have ductile
or other components, whose failure would detailing so that they perform well during
result in a disproportionate deterioration failure, by ductile detailing the yield occur
of the building and whose presence is vital and load distribution take place so that it
to ensure ductile behaviour of the provide sufficient time before each
building. Vertical and lateral resistance of component failure
Key Elements shall be improved in many By higher partial safety factor the sections
ways, including by the use of higher sizes are increases the yield / failure load
partial safety factors for loads and also increases.
materials, to ensure that they do not yield By providing secondary load transfer path,
before the designated ductile elements. even due to failure of the member the load
5.8.2.2 Elements adjoining Key Elements transfer was not disrupted so that yielding
and capable of providing an alternative of the complete floor was eliminated.
load transfer path, shall be suitably Reference:
designed and detailed. 1. Reinforced concrete design of tall
buildings by Bungule S. Taranadth

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CODE COMMENTARY
6 LOADS AND LOAD
COMBINATIONS
6.1 The loads and load combinations C.6.1
specified in IS 875 (Parts 1 to 5), IS 456, The load combination in the design of a tall
IS 1893 (Part 1) and IS13920 shall be building are as follows:
applicable for Tall buildings also. In As per IS 456,
addition, requirements given in Limit state of collapse
subsequent subsections shall be 1. 1.5(DL+LL)
applicable. 2. 1.5(DL+WL)
3. 0.9DL+1.5WL
4. 1.2(DL+LL+WL)
& Limit State of serviceability
1. DL+LL
2. DL+WL
3. DL+0.8(LL+WL)
As per IS 1893 (Part 1):2016
For 2-D system
1) 1.2[DL+IL(ELX0.3ELY)];
1.2[DL+IL(ELY0.3ELX)];
2) 1.5 [DL (ELX 0.3 ELY)];
1.5 [DL (ELY 0.3 ELX)]; and
3) 0.9 DL 1.5 (ELX 0.3ELY);
0.9 DL 1.5 (ELY 0.3 ELX)
For 3-D system
1.2 [DL + IL (ELX 0.3 ELY 0.3 ELZ)];
1.2[DL+ IL (ELY 0.3 ELX 0.3 ELZ)];
1.5 [DL (ELX 0.3 ELY 0.3 ELZ)];
1.5 [DL (ELY 0.3 ELX 0.3 ELZ)];
0.9 DL 1.5 (ELX 0.3 ELY 0.3 ELZ) ;
0.9 DL 1.5 (ELY 0.3 ELX 0.3 ELZ).

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Reference:
1. IS 456: 2000
2. IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016
6.2 Wind Effects
6.2.1 For buildings, C.6.2.1
(a) with heights greater than 150 m, The height of the building which are more
(b) with complexities in plan or elevation than 150 m the wind load in the major load
geometry, case.
(c) sited on complex topography with In the building with higher slenderness
group effect or interference effect, (H/b) and higher aspect ratio (L/b) the
(d) Whose natural period is greater than 5 structure has high wind load in one
s, wind effects shall be determined by direction, so wind load is predominant.
Site-Specific Wind Tunnel Studies. In high altitudes locations, even the
medium rise building has higher wind
effect.
The building with high flexibility has lesser
earthquake forces (due to less Sa/g values),
then the wind load is dominant load case.
6.2.2 Site-Specific Wind Tunnel Studies C.6.2.2
6.2.2.1 When wind tunnels studies result Wind tunnel studies are required to know
in higher storey shears and overturning the actual behaviour of building due to
moments than those arrived at based on IS wind load. By wind tunnel studies we get
875 (Part 3), the same shall be used in to know the accurate distribution of wind
design. loads under the impact of surrounding
6.2.2.2 When wind tunnel studies result in structures, wind inducted motion (torsional
lower story shears and moments than velocity and acceleration) of top floors.
those arrived at based on IS 875 (Part 3), Because of wind tunnel studies, the
a) The minimum design wind base shear surrounding buildings and directional
shall be at least 70% of that derived based variation of the wind load on the building
on IS 875 (Part 3), and may reduce the wind load on the building,
the overall design load will be reduced.

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 Code & Commentary of CED 38

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b) The relative distribution of storey As per the code (CED 38), if the wind
shears shall be as obtained from wind tunnel studies given higher load than code
tunnel studies. consider tunnel loads and use its
distribution.
If wind tunnel loads are lesser than code
loads then consider at least maximum of
wind tunnel and 70% of code loads (IS
875).
6.2.2.3 When wind tunnel studies indicate C.6.2.2.3
torsional motion, structural system of the Generally we consider wind load of return
building should be modified suitably to period 50 year for design, but for tall
mitigate the torsional effects, so as to building design 10 years return period is
bring the torsional velocity below 0.003 considered.
rad/s for 10 year return period. In the wind tunnel studies, if torsional
velocity is more than 0.003 rad/s, the top
floor occupant experience excessive
motion cause problem.
By wind tunnel studies test enables the
engineer to modify the design timely and
appropriately.
6.2.2.4 The damping ratio considered shall C.6.2.2.4
not be greater than 2% of critical for As per IS 1893 (Part1):2016 the damping
concrete buildings, 1.5% for composite ratio for all materials (concrete, steel and
buildings and 1% for steel buildings. composite) considered uniformly 5% only.
By lesser damping ratio, the time period of
the system is increases and major load case
will be changing.
The code specifies same value of damping
(5% of critical) for concrete, steel, or
masonry buildings. It may be argued that
steel as a material exhibits lower damping

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 Code & Commentary of CED 38

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than masonry and therefore, different
damping should be specified for three types
of building materials. However, in the
code, the damping has direct bearing on
design seismic loads. Using a lower
damping for steel buildings than for RC
buildings will imply a higher value of
seismic coefficient for steel buildings
which cannot be justified in view of the
relative performance of the RC and steel
buildings in the past earthquakes.
Moreover, partitions and other non-seismic
members in steel building will still
contribute the same amount of energy
dissipation as in say RC building.
Reference:
1. Reinforced concrete design of tall
buildings by Bungule S. Taranadth
6.2.3 Lateral Acceleration C.6.2.3
From serviceability considerations, under Tall buildings are type of structure which
standard wind loads with return period of undergoes continuous wind effect. For
10 years, the maximum structural peak designing a building it is recommended to
combined lateral acceleration amax in the design for 10 years return period than using
building for along and across wind actions the traditional 50 years return period. By
at any floor level shall not exceed values considering higher return period the lateral
given in Table 5, without or with the use load effect is very high the structure
of wind dampers in the building. become stiff.
Recommended that consider at least 75%
of the wind load of 50 years return period
is better in long term safety of building.

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Table 5 Permissible Peak Combined Acceleration
Building Use Maximum Peak Combined
Acceleration amax (m/s2 )
Residential 0.15
Office / Commercial 0.25
6.3 Seismic Effects
6.3.1 Vertical shaking shall be considered C.6.3.1
simultaneously with horizontal shaking Generally, the horizontal acceleration is
for tall buildings in Seismic Zone V. considered in the design which is ranges
from 0.3g to 0.6g, where g is acceleration
of due to gravity. For vertical acceleration
as per IS 1893:2016 revised version of code
the value is 2/3 of the maximum horizontal
acceleration of a building (refer 6.4.6
clause of IS 1893:2016). The upward
vertical excitation force acts against gravity
and there by a net reduction in the
download (gravity) action. The building is
already designed for g, the building is in
safer side in lower zones. The horizontal
acceleration is very high in zone V, the
vertical acceleration is also have
considerable effect the gravity of the
building. So, the building in the zone V
both acceleration considered
simultaneously.
6.3.2 For buildings in Seismic Zones IV C.6.3.2
and V, deterministic site-specific design The spectra used in the code is a
spectra shall be estimated and used in normalized response spectra of SDOF
design. When site-specific investigations system of lump mass system with 5%
damping. The tall building is a distributed

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result in higher hazard estimation, the load system and has less damping ratio. So,
same shall be used. a deterministic site specific design spectra
shall be estimated for the design. Tall
buildings are important structure in
occupancy wise and cost wise, so realistic
response spectra is used for design.
For deterministic site design response
spectra refer monograph Earthquake
Criteria by A.K. Chopra
6.3.3 Design Base Shear Coefficient of a C.6.3.33
building under design lateral forces, shall This clause specific the minimum base
not be taken less than that given in Table shear coefficient (Ah) need to be
6. considered for design.
This minimum criteria is an important
clause in tall building because the building
are highly flexible then natural time period
is increased. The Sa/g value is less which
depends on the type of the soil and natural
time period of the building due to
flexibility the Ah is very less.
Reference:
1. IS 1893(Part 1): 2016
Table 6 Minimum Design Base Shear Coefficient to be used in design
Building Seismic Zone
height (H) II III IV V
H 120m 0.7% 1.1% 1.6% 2.4%
H 200m 0.5% 0.75% 1.25% 1.75%
Note: For buildings of intermediate heights in the range 120m 200m, linear
interpolation shall be used.

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7 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
7.1 Software C.7.1
Structural analysis shall be carried out Generally, for analysis of a structure was
using standard 3-D computer model using done by using a standard software for fast
well-established structural analysis and accurate results. The software was
software. selected based on the data available and
type of result we need from the analysis are
STAAD PRO, SAP 2000, ANSYS,
ABACUS, OPENSEES .etc.,
7.2 Considerations C.7.2
Computer modeling shall consider For analysis of building by using modeling
following: the following parameter need to
(1) Rigid end offsets of linear members in considering is mandatory which are not
the joint region, when centerline modeling consider in the low storey buildings.
is adopted; (1) Realistic joint behaviour can be
(2) Floor diaphragm flexibility, as achieved by modeling a joint with
applicable; rigid end offset by 60-70% of
(3) Cracked cross sectional area properties flexibility.
as per Table 7; and (2) Diaphragm action need to be
(4) P- effects. considered in the floor level to
reduce the relative displacement
between the joint.
(3) Crack section properties are need to
consider with un-factored loads, it
is the condition after earthquake
effect the building.
(4) P- effect is the additional moment
raised due to secondary effects in
the structure. In buildings taller
than 7-8 floors the moment due to
P- are need to be considered.

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Table 7. Cracked RC Section Properties
Structural Un-factored Loads Factored Loads
Element
Area Moment of Area Moment of Inertia
Inertia
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Slabs 1.0 Ag 0.36 Ig 1.00 Ag 0.25 Ig
Beams 1.0 Ag 0.7 Ig 1.00 Ag 0.35 Ig
Columns 1.0 Ag 0.9 Ig 1.00 Ag 0.70 Ig
Walls 1.0 Ag 0.9 Ig 1.00 Ag 0.70 Ig
7.3 Modelling
7.3.1 Modeling of buildings shall follow a C.7.3.1
simple approach, which reflects the In design of a tall building total loads are
distribution of mass and stiffness need to consider (DL, LL, WL, EL, SL)
properties to account for properly all based on site location. Proper mass and
significant inertial forces under seismic stiffness distribution need to be done for
actions and deformation shapes. EQ analysis (Mode shapes). The opening
are need to be model to know the wind
effect on the structure.
7.3.2 Analytical model of a building shall C.7.3.2
reflect the true behaviour of its members By analytical modeling we can see the
as well of the whole structure. One can response of the structure for different load
adopt lumped modeling (i.e., frame case and combinations. The individual
element modeling), distributed modeling structural element analysis can be compare
(i.e., finite element modeling) or a and change it time to time. Lumped mass
combination of the two. or distributed mass modeling been selected
based on the result requirements.
7.3.3 In-plane stiffness of floor slabs shall C.7.3.3
be modeled, unless it is demonstrated that
it is extremely stiff and sufficiently strong
to remain elastic under seismic actions.

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Refer IS 1893 to identify when a floor slab
may be considered to be extremely stiff in
its own plane.
7.3.4 When buildings with unreinforced C.7.3.4
masonry infill panels contribute to storey The structure time period is depend upon
lateral stiffness, their effect shall be the stiffness of the structure. In a tall
modelled as equivalent diagonal struts as structure the masonry infill contributes
per provisions of relevant clause IS 1893. considerable amount of stiffness and
reduce its time period. The modeling of the
infill need to done as per 1893 (Part
1):2016.
7.3.5 The analytical model for performing C.7.3.5
dynamic analysis of buildings with For an irregular structure, the irregularity in
irregular configuration shall adequately the structure shall be modeled so that the
represent irregularities in the change failure behaviour of the structure
configuration of the building. can be assessed due to irregularity.
7.3.6 Cracked sectional properties shall be C.7.3.6
used when representing concrete elements
as per Table 7 of this standard.
7.3.7 In reinforced concrete buildings, C.7.3.7
lateral deflections resulting from
unfactored lateral loads shall be estimated
using section properties intended for use
with unfactored lateral loads, and lateral
deflections resulting from factored lateral
loads using section properties intended for
use with factored lateral loads.
7.3.8 Buildings may be considered to be C.7.3.8
fixed at their bases for determining
seismic effects on buildings. For modeling

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flexibility of foundations, reference shall
be made to Section 8 of this standard.
When foundation flexibility is included in
linear analysis, load-deformation
characteristics of foundation-soil-system
shall be accounted for by equivalent linear
stiffness, using soil properties that are
consistent with soil strain levels
associated with the design forces. A 50%
increase and decrease in stiffness shall be
incorporated in dynamic analysis, unless
smaller variation can be justified; the
largest value of response shall be used in
the raft design.
7.3.9 Second order deformation effects (P- C.7.3.9
effects) shall always be considered. Refer C.7.2
The P- effect is a secondary moment
effect the design at least needed to be
iterate 2-3 times. Increase in the moments
after 3 iterations are insignificant.
7.3.10 In no case, the flexibility of the C.7.3.10
building shall be such that the value of
inter-
does not exceed 0.20.
7.3.11 Stiffness of flat slab frames (i.e., C.7.3.11
slab-column frames) shall be ignored in The flat-slab structural system
lateral load resistance, in all seismic performance was poor during past
regions, and especially in Seismic Zones earthquake. So, the lateral resistance due
III, IV and V. the flat-slab need to be ignored.
7.3.12 The model used in Structural
Analysis of solid, coupled, perforated or

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punched structural walls, shall represent
stiffness, strength and deformation
capacity of structural wall, structural wall
segments and coupling beams or spandrel
connections between structural walls.
Stiffness of coupling beams and spandrel
connections should capture aspect ratio of
these coupling beam and spandrel
connections, extent of cracking
anticipated and reinforcement provided in
them.
7.3.13 Eccentricity shall be considered in
analysis of loads applied by beams on
columns or applied by offset columns
above, if not dealt explicitly within the
model.
7.3.14 Effect shall be considered of
construction sequence in buildings taller
than 150m.
7.3.15 Multiple towers connected by a
single podium shall be modeled separately
and integrally. When modeled separately,
if the part of podium attached to the tower
is with more than two spans, at least two
spans to be modeled with the tower; the
design of the podium shall be based on the
worst effect from the two cases.

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9. FOUNDATION
9.1 Load paths and mechanisms shall be C.9.1
ensured explicitly for transferring vertical The structure should be redundant to create
and lateral loads between structure and soil multiple load paths. While designing the
system underneath. structure more load path are to be given for
transferring of vertical and lateral load
from structure to soil.
9.2 A Factor of Safety of 1.5 shall be C.9.2
provided against overturning and sliding As per IS 1904:1986, the factor of safety
under factored design loads. for sliding is 1.5 when dead load, live load,
wind/earthquake loads and earth pressure
are considered. If wind/earthquake is not
considered the FOS is 1.75.
For sliding is 1.5 when dead load, live
load, wind/earthquake loads and earth
pressure are considered. If
wind/earthquake is not considered the FOS
is 2.
In this code, the FOS is considered
uniform so that the design loads carrying
capacity was increased the section sizes
are reduced. But based on the soil
condition, test results accuracy better a
engineer need to consider the FOS.
9.3 Geotechnical Investigations. C.9.3

9.3.1 For geotechnical investigation, C.9.3.1

boreholes shall: As per IS 1892:1979, the number pits
(a) Be spaced at ~30m within the plan area required for the soil investigation are 5 in
of the building, no for 4000 m2 site. The tall structures
(b) Be a minimum of 2 boreholes per are highly important and costly the
tower, and accurate soil study is required. So, pits are

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(c) Have a depth of at least 1.5 times done for every 30m spacing. It is good
estimated width of foundation. that presently code was stringent in the
soil investigation.
9.4 Depth of Foundation C.9.4
The embedded depth of the building shall As per IS 1904:1986, the minimum depth
be at least 1/15 of height of building for of foundation was kept at 50 cm.
raft foundation and 1/20 of the height of In tall buildings the foundation minimum
building for pile and piled raft foundation was specified as 1/15 and 1/20 of the
(excluding pile length). But, when the height of the building for raft and pile
foundation rests on hard rock, this foundation only. For other foundation like
requirement may be relaxed. Isolated, Combined footing, well
foundation etc., the code was not specified
anything. The foundation rests on hard
rock the clause was relaxed, it may confuse
the engineers.
9.5 Podium / Basement roof slab should be C.9.5
capable of transferring in-plane shear from
the tower to the foundation.
9.6 Expansion Joints are prohibited in C.9.6
basements of tall buildings. Expansion joints are used to allow the
thermal expansions in the building. The
expansion joint in the basement is danger
because the movement of the basement can
cause a lot of disturbance to the super
structure above in it. The allowed
movement can cause the increase or
reversal of the forces in the building.
9.7 Modeling of Soil C.9.7

9.7.1 When spring constant or modulus of C.9.7.1

sub-grade reaction approach is used for The procedure for modelling was not
modelling raft foundations, then zoned specified??

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 Code & Commentary of CED 38

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spring constants or zoned modulus of sub- In raft foundation code specifies that the
grade reaction shall be utilized for design, soil need to be modelled as a spring
at least for the case of (Dead Load + Live constant or modulus of sub grade reaction.
Load) condition. For design of rafts for Modelling a soil is not done in our design
buildings taller than 150m, a soil-structure practise (consultancy).
interaction study shall be conducted, using The connection of the spring as a one unit
actual column loads and column locations is not specified. Generally we use raft for
to obtain the zoned spring constants. higher load transfer and reduce differential
settlements.
The load due to earth quake is NOT
considered in it.
9.7.2 For piled raft foundations designed C.9.7.2
with settlement reducing piles, soil- The code was expecting to do soil structure
structure interaction study shall be interaction study shall be conducted with
conducted with actual column loads and actual column loads and column locations.
column locations. This analysis shall be The soil structure interaction is
conducted at a minimum for following
load conditions:
(a) Dead + Live;
(b) Wind and Seismic (whichever governs)
in X-direction; and
(c) Wind and Seismic (whichever governs)
in Y-direction.
9.8 Settlements of Foundations

9.8.1 Maximum vertical settlement of raft C.9.8.1

or piled raft foundations under gravity As per 1904:1986, the total settlement
loads shall be limited to limits for raft foundation are 75mm and
(a) on Soil: 50 mm for raft/pile-raft 100 mm for hard and soft soils
foundations and to 25 mm for isolated respectively. The Isolated the limits are
foundations; and 50mm and 75 mm for hard and soft soils
respectively.

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 Code & Commentary of CED 38

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(b) on Rock: 50 mm for raft/pile-raft The permissible settlement was reduced
foundations and to 12 mm for isolated the foundation size is going to increases
foundations. and Ast also increases.
It is not specified for other loads (just
gravity loads) weather to consider to
consider in design or not.
10 NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

10.1 The Non-Structural Elements (NSEs) C.10.1

of Tall Buildings shall comply with all In several past earthquakes, it is seen that
relevant existing national standards and failure of non-structural elements posed
guidelines as laid down by the various safety risk to building occupants, and
statutory and non-statutory bodies as well critically impaired the performance of the
as the client owner of the hospital. In buildings as well. Moreover, in most of the
addition, specifications laid down in this buildings, non-structural elements
section shall be applicable for represent a high percentage of the total cost
a) Planning, design and construction of of the buildings. Therefore, nowadays it is
NSEs of NEW Tall Buildings; and widely recognized that good performance
b) Re-planning, assessment and retrofitting of non-structural elements during
of NSEs of EXISTING Tall Buildings. earthquakes is extremely important.
The specifications laid down in this section When the non-structural element
shall govern over similar clauses given in significantly affects structural response of
the prevalent relevant national standards. the building, the non-structural component
should be treated as structural, and the
relevant structural provisions should
apply.
Some important references on seismic
performance and design of non-structural
elements are
1. Gillengerten, J.D., Design of Non-
structural Systems and
Components, The Seismic Design

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 Code & Commentary of CED 38

CODE COMMENTARY
Handbook (Naeim, F., editor),
Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Second Edition, 682-721, 2003.
2. Villaverde, R., Seismic Analysis
and Design of Non-structural
Elements, Earth Engineering: from
Engineering Seismology to
Performance-Based Engineering
(Bozorgnia, Y., and Bereto, V.V.,
editor), CRS Press, 2004.
3. Stratta, J.L., Manual of Seismic
Design, Pearson Education, First
Indian Reprint, 184-216, 2003.
4. FEMA 368, NEHRP
Recommended Provisions for
Seismic Regulations for New
Buildings and Other Structures:
Part 1- Provisions, Building
Seismic Safety Council, National
Institute of Building Sciences,
Washington, D.C., March 2001.
5. FEMA 369, NEHRP
Recommended Provisions for
Seismic Regulations for New
Buildings and Other Structures:
Part 2- Commentary, Building
Seismic Safety Council, National
Institute of Building Sciences,
Washington, D.C, March 2001.

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 Code & Commentary of CED 38

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6. IBC 2003, International Building
Code, International Code Council,
USA.
7. Euro code 8, Design Provisions for
Earthquake Resistance of
Structures, Part 1- General Rules,
Seismic Action and Rules for
Buildings, EN 1998-1, European
Committee for Standardization,
Brussels, 2003.
10.2 Design Strategy C.10.2

NSEs shall be classified into three types Non-structural components are regarded as
depending on their earthquake behaviour, acceleration sensitive when they are
namely: mainly affected by acceleration of the
(1) Acceleration-sensitive NSEs: The supporting structure. In such a case,
lateral inertia forces generated in these structural and non-structural interaction
NSEs during earthquake shaking cause due to deformation of the supporting
their sliding or toppling to the level of their structure is not significant. Acceleration
base or lower; sensitive non-structural components are
vulnerable to sliding, overturning, or
tilting. Mechanical and electrical
components are generally acceleration
sensitive
(2) Deformation-sensitive NSEs: The Non-structural components are regarded as
relative lateral deformation in these NSE deformation sensitive when they are
spanning between two Structural Elements affected by supporting structures
(SEs) (e.g., a pipeline passing between two deformation, especially the inter-storey
parts of a building with a separation joint drift. Good performance of deformation
in between) or between an SE and a point sensitive non-structural elements can be
outside building (e.g., an electric cable ensured in two ways: (i) by limiting inter-
between the building and ground/pole storey drift of the supporting structure in

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outside the building), causes them move or case of important non-structural elements),
swing by large amounts in translation and and (ii) by designing the element to
rotation under inelastic deformations of accommodate the expected lateral
SEs imposed on them during earthquake displacement without damage.
shaking; and
(3) Acceleration-and-Deformation-
sensitive NSEs:
Both of the conditions described in (1)
and (2) above are valid. Here, one of the
effects is more dominant (and hence
called Primary Effect) and the other less
dominant (and hence called Secondary
Effect). The designer shall identify which
of the two effects is the Primary Effect.
All NSEs in Tall Buildings shall be Refer 10.1
protected against the effects mentioned Nowadays it is widely recognized that
above. Positive systems are required to good performance of non-structural
either anchor or release the restraint at the elements during earthquakes is extremely
ends (depending whether the NSE is important. The cost of the non-structural
acceleration-sensitive or displacement- members in the project is significant.
sensitive, respectively) to ensure there is
no damage to NSEs.
10.4 Design Guidelines Acceleration- C.10.4
Sensitive NSEs
The design lateral force for the design of The component amplification factor (ap)
acceleration-sensitive NSEs may be taken represents the dynamic amplification of
as: the component relative to the fundamental
period of structure. In most situations, the
x ap
Fp Z 1 I pW p non-structural element may need to be
h p
R designed without fundamental period of
the structure being available. Further, one

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where Z is the Seismic Zone Factor (as may need to carry out experimental studies
defined in IS: 1893 (Part 1)), Ip the (e.g., shake table study) to evaluate
Importance Factor of the NSE (Table 10), fundamental period of the non-structural
Rp the Component Response Modification element which may not be feasible. The
Factor (Table 11), ap the Component component response modification factor
Amplification Factor (Table 11), Wp the (Rp) represents ductility, redundancy, and
Weight of the NSE, x the height of point of energy dissipation capacity of the element
attachment of the NSE above top of the and its attachment to the structures. Not
foundation of the building, and h the much research is available on evaluation of
overall height of the building. these factors. Hence, values of ap and Rp
(Tables 9, 10, 11) are taken same as in
NEHRP provisions (FEMA 369, 2001);
these empirically specified values are
based on collective wisdom and
experience of the responsible committee.
In choosing these values, it is expected that
the component will behave as either
flexible (ap =2.5) or rigid (ap =1.0) body.
In general, values of Rp are taken as 1.5,
2.5 and 3.5 for low, limited and high
deformable structures, respectively. Input
acceleration at the point of attachment
depends on peak ground acceleration,
dynamic response of the building, and the
location of the element along the height of
the building. In this equation, the input
acceleration at the point of attachment has
been approximated as linearly varying
from the acceleration at the ground (0.5Z)
to the acceleration at the roof (Z). A lower

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 Code & Commentary of CED 38

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limit of Fp is set to assure a minimal
seismic design force.
Table 10: Proposed Importance Factors Ip of NSEs
NSE Ip
Component containing hazardous contents
Life safety component required to function after an earthquake
(e.g., fire protection sprinklers system) 2.5
Storage racks in structures open to the public
All other components 2.0

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Table 11 Coefficients ap and Rp of Architectural, Mechanical and Electrical NSEs
[adapted from FEMA 369, 2001]
a R
Sl.no NSE p p
1. Architectural Component or Element
1.1 Interior Non-structural Walls and Partitions
(a) Plain (unreinforced) masonry walls 1.0 1.5
(b) All other walls and partitions 1.0 1.5
1.2 Cantilever Elements
(Unbraced or braced to structural frame below its center of mass)
(a) Parapets and cantilever interior non-structural walls 2.5 2.5
(b) Chimneys and stacks where laterally supported by structures 2.5 2.5
1.3 Cantilever elements
(Braced to structural frame above its center of mass)
(a) Parapets 1.0 2.5
(b) Chimneys and stacks 1.0 2.5
(c) Exterior Non-structural Walls 1.0 2.5
1.4 Exterior Non-structural Wall Elements and Connections
(a) Wall Element 1.0 2.5
(b) Body of wall panel connection 1.0 2.5
(c) Fasteners of the connecting system 1.25 1.0
1.5 Veneer
(a) High deformability elements and attachments 1.0 2.5
(b) Low deformability and attachments 1.0 1.5
1.6 Penthouses 2.5 3.5
(except when framed by and extension of the building frame)
1.7 All Ceilings 1.0 2.5
1.8 Storage cabinets and laboratory equipment 1.0 2.5
1.9 Access floors
(a) Special access floors 1.0 2.5
(b) All other 1.0 1.5
1.10 Appendages and Ornamentations 2.5 2.5
1.11 Signs and Billboards 2.5 2.5
1.12 Other Rigid Components
(a) High deformability elements and attachments 1.0 3.5
(b) Limited deformability elements and attachments 1.0 2.5
(c) Low deformability elements and attachments 1.0 1.5
1.13 Other flexible Components
(a) High deformability elements and attachments 2.5 3.5
(b) Limited deformability elements and attachments 2.5 2.5
(c) Low deformability elements and attachments 2.5 1.5
2. Mechanical and Electrical Component/Element
2.1 General Mechanical
(a) Boilers and Furnaces 1.0 2.5
(b) Pressure vessels on skirts and free-standing 2.5 2.5
(c) Stacks 2.5 2.5
(d) Cantilevered chimneys 2.5 2.5

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(e) Others 1.0 2.5
2.2 Manufacturing and Process Machinery
(a) General 1.0 2.5
(b) Conveyors (non-personnel) 2.5 2.5
2.3 Piping Systems
(a) High deformability elements and attachments 1.0 2.5
(b) Limited deformability elements and attachments 1.0 2.5

(c) Low deformability elements and attachments 1.0 1.5

2.4 HVAC System Equipment
(a) Vibration isolated 2.5 2.5
(b) Non-vibration isolated 1.0 2.5
(c) Mounted in-line with ductwork 1.0 2.5
(d) Other 1.0 2.5
2.5 Elevator Components 1.0 2.5
2.6 Escalator Components 1.0 2.5
2.7 Trussed Towers (free-standing or guyed) 2.5 2.5
2.8 General Electrical
(a) Distributed systems (bus ducts, conduit, cable tray) 2.5 1.0
(b) Equipment 5.0 1.5
2.9 Lighting Fixtures 1.0 1.5

10.5 Design Guidelines Displacement- C.10.5

Sensitive NSEs
(1) Displacement-sensitive NSEs C.10.5.1
connected to buildings at multiple levels of Seismic relative displacement equations
the same building or of adjacent buildings, are provided to support the selection and
and their supports on the SEs, shall be design of cladding, stairwells, piping
designed to allow the relative systems, sprinkler systems, and other
displacements imposed at the ends by the components that are connected to the
load effects imposed on the NSE. building at multiple levels or to adjacent
buildings. These equations provide the
architect a rational basis for assessing the
flexibility or clearances required by
components and claddings and their
connections to accommodate the expected
building movements during earthquake.
(2) This imposed relative displacement can C.10.5.2
arise out of strong earthquake shaking,

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thermal conditions in the SEs and NSE, The first equation yields an estimate of
creep of materials, imposed live loads, etc. actual structural displacements, as
In such cases, the relative displacement determined by elastic analysis, with no
imposed by each of these effects shall be structural-response modification factor
cumulated to arrive at the DESIGN (R). Second equation is provided in
Relative Displacement. The effects of recognition that elastic displacements are
earthquake shaking shall be estimated no always defined or available at the time
using earthquake demand given by Eq. the component is designed or procured.
(6.1) of this guideline.
(3) NSEs shall be designed to C.10.5.3
accommodate design relative displacement Seismic relative displacements must be
determined by linear static or linear combined with the displacements due to
equivalent static analysis of the building other loads such as thermal and static
structure subjected to load effects loads.
mentioned in 8.2.5.2 of this standard.
(4) Flexibility or clearance of at least the C.10.5.4
design relative displacement shall be
provided
(a) within the NSE, if both supports on the
SE offer restraints against relative
translation between the SE and the NSE, or
(b) At the unrestrained support, if one of
the supports on the SE offers no restraint
against relative translation between the SE
and the NSE, and the other does.
(5) The NSE can be supported between C.10.5.5
two levels of the same building, or between
two different buildings, between a building
and the ground, or between building and
another system (like an electric pole or
communication antenna tower). The

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design relative displacement shall be
estimated as below:
(a) Design HORIZONTAL and
VERTICAL relative displacements X and
Y, respectively, between two levels of the
same building (Building A), one at height
hz1 and other at height hz2 from base of the
building at which the NSE is supported
consecutively, shall be estimated as:

X 1.2 zAX
1 z2
AX

Y 1.2 AY
z1 zAY
2
(b) Design HORIZONTAL and
VERTICAL relative displacements X and
Y , respectively, between two levels on
two adjoining buildings or two adjoining
parts of the same building, one on the first
building (Building A) at height hz1 from its
base and other on the second building
(Building B) at height hz2 from its base, at
which the NSE is supported consecutively,
shall be estimated as:

X zAX
1 zBX
2

Y zAY
1 z2
BY

2 and z1 , z1 , are the

where z1AX , zAX AY AY

design HORIZONTAL and VERTICAL

displacements respectively at level z1 (at
height h1) of building A and at level z2 (at
height h2) of building B, respectively, at

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which the two ends of the NSE are
supported.
11 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
SEISMIC MONITORING
11.1 Earthquake Shaking: All tall C.11.1
buildings in zone V & tall buildings This clause more like to check the
exceeding 150 m in Seismic Zone IV & III performance of the tall building during
shall be instrumented with tri-axial earthquake. It will help the engineers to
accelerometers to capture translational and find the flaws in the codal provisions
twisting behavior of buildings during through accurate seismic behaviour of a
strong earthquake shaking. structure.
The tri-axial accelerometer installation in a
tall buildings is good as it less spacious its
is better to recommended in the further
code revisions to install in all structures.
To know the actual behaviour of structure.
11.2 Wind Oscillations: Buildings over C.11.2
150 height may be instrumented with The instrumentation of the anemometer in
anemometers and accelerometers to building useful for knowing the wind load
measure wind speed, acceleration and effect on the building, and we can use the
direction on top of the buildings. wind data for the design of other building
in that location.
11.3 Foundation Settlement and
Pressure Measurement
11.3.1 Permanent settlement markers (at C.11.3.1
corners and center) should be provided at Permanent settlement markers are used to
raft top level and referenced to a measure the settlement in regular interval.
permanent benchmark. Records of The project completion time is more in tall
settlement should be maintained till building so permanent markers are used to
completion of the building and preferably calculate the settlement of the foundation.
even after completion.

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By the records of the settlement we can
cross check the settlement with
permissible settlement limits and if
required we can do some retrofitting to
stop further settlements.
We can observe settlement of the soil
(based the type) during construction
process by change in the loads in it.
11.3.2 Raft or Piled-raft shall be C.11.3.2
instrumented for monitoring long-term The foundation is completely instrumented
pressure imposed by soil on the raft, at with pressure pads and strain gauges to
appropriate number (at least 5) pressure record the pressure variation and their
pads below the raft. Alternatively, piles respective settlements in the raft or piled
can be instrumented with strain gauges at raft foundation. The observation can be
their top to measure the load on them. used for the analysing the soil pressure
variation under different service
conditions.

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