pre-treatment is the key for this application of reverse osmosis technology

identify and to characterise the diverse organic and mineral components present in the seawater in a view to
optimise the seawater pre-treatment and to develop advanced analytical methods for feed water
characterization, appropriate fouling indicators and prediction tools.

analytical tools have been developed to allow thorough characterization of seawater samples from many
aspects: (The correctness tools utilised in analysing the characterisation of feed (raw) seawater samples
among components such as inorganic content, (b) natural organic matter,(c) enumeration of micro-
organisms and phytoplankton in order to optimise the seawater pre-treatment).

Several parameters have been proposed for measuring a fouling potential and using it as a predictive tool
for assessing the adequacy of pre-treatment.

The Silt Density Index (SDI) and the Modified Fouling Index (MFI) are presently the only standard methods

The chemical constituents of the raw water must be determined to provide information for the pre
treatment selection.

oil and chemical spills have been detected in the seawater. The range of the concentration is 0 10 mg/L.
These can affect the desalination plant. Emulsified oil and grease are the principle sources of immiscible
liquid fouling in desalination facilities.

The characterization of the seawater through the main parameters which could be removed along the pre
treatment process such as, Fe, Mn, natural organic matter, SDI, bacteria and algal are very useful from many
aspects: - better understanding of site-specific seawater quality and its seasonal variation; - improved
assessment tools to evaluate and predict the impact of raw seawater quality on the performance of a
conventional pre treatment process,- additional and complementary indicators to the conventional water
quality parameters (SDI, turbidity) for quantifying the risks of fouling on the RO units. Before raw water is
desalinated, the undesirable materials will be

the first stage of fouling formation is an uncontrolled growth of microbial organisms on surfaces, with a
preliminary formation of slime, which gives a biofilm, produced by the living cells and their metabolic A
Large Review of the Pre Treatment 25 by-products.

To minimize the problems related to micro and macro-fouling in desalination plant, continuous or
intermittent injection of oxidant is added into the seawater at the intake. The pre chlorination is the most
common method for bio-fouling control in seawater applications, especially

Controlling the persistent problem of organic and biological fouling, is still a major challenge in many
reverse osmosis (RO) plants (Shon et al.,2009, Wittmann ,2011).