Integration of Nervous System

Anatomical planes

Posterior

Lateral

Anterior

Medial

Anatomical Planes
Cerebrum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Basal Ganglia
Limbic System
Organization of Cerebellum
Brain Stem
Ventricular System
Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nerves
Cranial Nerve
Neurons
Types of Neurons
Supporting cells
Functional Organization
Functional Organization of NS
Somatic Sensory Sensation
Muscle Spindle
Golgi Tendon Organ
Sensory signal Processing
Motor Control

Voluntary
Involuntary
Reticular Activating System
Organization of Reticular Neurons
General Characteristics of RAS
Noradrenergic neurons in the pons
Dopaminergic neurons in the brain stem and hypothalamus
Serotonergic Cell Groups
Cholinergic Cell Groups
Cortico-Reticulo-Spinal Projections
Effects of stimulation of reticular formation on spinal reflexes

Stimulation of the facilitory zone

(+) (shown in green) of the
reticular formation causes a
dramatic increase in the patellar
reflex as determined by EMG
measurements,
Marked suppression of this reflex
follows stimulation of the
inhibitory zone (-) (shown in red)
of the reticular formation.
Pain Is Modulated by Descending Monoaminergic Projections
Arousal and Ascending RAS
The ascending connections of the reticular formation
The electroencephalogram measures electrical activity in the cerebral
cortex.
Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation
Thalamic relay neurons have transmission and burst modes of signaling
activity
Damage to Either Branch of the Ascending Arousal System May Impair
Consciousness
Sleeping and Dreaming
The duration of sleep
The consequences of total sleep deprivation in rats
The Circadian Cycle of Sleep and Wakefulness
Stages of Sleep
Physiological changes in a male volunteer during the various sleep states
Anatomical underpinnings of circadian rhythms
Circadian rhythm physiology
SCN SCG
Eye

Melatonin

Sleep Wake Pineal

cycle

Temperature
rhythm
Melatonin secretion at night
Melatonin secretion

2.00 P.M. 8.00 P.M. 3.00 A.M 7.00 A.M.

Time Of Day
Melatonin and Sleep
Melatonin levels sleep and age

Melatonin Secretion

Sleep Duration

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Age in Year
Neural Circuits Governing Sleep
Thalamocortical Interactions
The patterns of activity of key cell groups during waking and slow wave and
REM sleep
 Cellular Mechanisms that Govern Sleep and Wakefulness
Neurotransmitter involved Activity state of the relevant brainstem
Brainstem nuclei responsible neurons

WAKEFULNESS

Cholinergic nuclei of pons-midbrain Acetylcholine Active

junction
Locus coeruleus Norepinephrine Active
Raphe nuclei Serotonin Active
NON-REM SLEEP

Cholinergic nuclei of pons-midbrain Acetylcholine Decreased

junction
Locus coeruleus Norepinephrine Decreased
Raphe nuclei Serotonin Decreased
REM SLEEP ON

Cholinergic nuclei of pons-midbrain Acetylcholine Active (PGO waves)

junction
Raphe nuclei Serotonin Inactive
REM SLEEP OFF

Locus coeruleus Norepinephrine Active

The major regions of the brain stem and forebrain involved in sleep control
are shown in this sagittal section
Possible connections of the key neuronal groups that control REM sleep
Cortical regions whose activity is increased or decreased during REM sleep.
Thank You