Defintions

1-Kinetics : It is a rate process (It takes place in

relation to time)

2-Reaction kinetics : Is the study of the rate of

chemical changes and the way by which these rate
processes are influenced by reaction conditions and
other factors (pH, temp, catalysis,solvents).

3- the law of mass action:

The rate of a chemical reaction is proportional to
the product of the molar concentration of the
reactants each raised to a power equal to the
number of molecules of the substance undergoing
reaction.

4- zero order reaction : Reactions that does not

depend on the concentration of the reactants

5- half life : it is defined as the time required for the

half of material to disappear or decompose.
6- shelf life : it is defined as the time required for 10
% of the drug to disappear or decompose

7- first order reaction : The reaction rate (speed)

depends on only one reactant concentration raised
to the first power

8- A second order reaction : is one in which the

experimentally determined rate of reaction
is found to be proportional to the concentration of
each of two reactants or second power of the
concentration of one reactant.

9- pseudo first order reaction : the rate of process

Is proportional to concentration of only one
reactants even though the reaction involves several
reaction .

10- Collision Theory : Reaction rate is expected to

be proportional to the number of collisions per unit
time
11- Hydrolysis : It is one of the most common
causes of drug degradation. Water plays the
<major role in this mechanism. Eg : Lactams
imines.< amides < esters

12- Accelerated stability : studies are designed to

increase the rate of chemical degradation or
physical change of a drug substance or drug
product by using exaggerated storage conditions.

13- Overage : It means addition of extra amount

of the drug in order to extend the shelf life of the
preparation.

14-Pharmaceutics: The area of science which deals

with formulation and preformulation of the dosage
forms.

15-Biopharmaceutics: The study of the relationship

between dosage formulation and the therapeutic
response.
16-Pharmacokinetics :The kinetic study of ADME
(Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and
Elimination) of the drug.
17-Clinical pharmacokinetics :The application of
pharmacokinetic data to the most effective and safe
therapeutic management of the individual patient.

18-Pharmacodynamics :The biological and

therapeutic effects of the drugs. Thus, the
pharmacodynamics is the major concern of
pharmacology and clinical pharmacology.

19-drug absorption : The process of uptake of the

compound from the site of administration into the
systemic circulation (the appearance of the drug in
the blood).

20-Compartment: Is a tissue or a group of tissues

that have similar blood flow or drug affinity.

21-Total Body Clearance (CLT) :The volume of

plasma or blood that is completely cleared from the
drug per unit time.
22-Organ clearance: the clearance of a drug by
specific organ.
23-Order of reaction: is the sum of the exponents of
the concentration terms in a reaction kinetics
equation that give a linear plot.

24 -Peak plasma concentration C max : The

maximum plasma concentration, related to the
dose, rate of absorption (ka), rate of elimination
(k).
25-Time of peak concentration t max : The time
to C max.
26-Area under the curve AUC : This equal to
the total amount of drug absorbed after
administration.

27-Minimum effective concentration MEC :

The minimum concentration of drug in plasma
required to produce the desired therapeutic effect.
The concentration below MEC is regarded the sub-
therapeutic concentration.

28-. Maximum safe concentration MSC :

It is also known as the minimum toxic
concentration, the concentration of a drug in
plasma beyond which side effects will results.
Concentration above the MSC is regarded to be in
the toxic level
29-Therapeutic range or therapeutic window :
The range of plasma concentration between
MEC and MSC.

30-Onset of action: The beginning of

pharmacological response, it takes places when the
plasma concentration just exceeds the required
MEC.
31-Duration of action: The period of time for
which the plasma concentration of the drug remain
above the MEC level.

6-Fraction of drug absorbed F : The ratio of the

amount of drug ultimately reaching the plasma
stream to the total dose administered