Ac Lab Manual Main

LABORATORY MANUAL
For
ANALOG COMMUNICATION
(II B. Tech: ECE, II Semester, Regulation: R13)
Lab Code: RT 32047
Academic Year: 2016-17
By
M.N.L. Kalyani
Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

POTTI SRIRAMULU CHALAVADI MALLIKARJUNA RAO COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada & Approved by AICTE New Delhi)
KOTHAPET, VIJAYAWADA-520 001.
Name : ________________________________
Regd. No : ________________________________
Class : ________________________________
Year : ________________________________
1
AIM AND OBJECTIVES
AIM: The aim of this laboratory is to study various modulation schemes using hardware, utilization of SCILAB
and SCILAB XCOS.
COURSE LEARNING OBJECTIVES: The main objectives of the course is to impart

Different types of modulation schemes
Perform amplitude, frequency modulation.
Understand the Sampling theorem
Perform the spectrum analysis of modulated signals
Understand logically the utilization of MATLAB Communication tool box
Simulate different modulation schemes using MATLAB Simulink.
OUTCOMES
COURSE OUTCOMES:
CO 1: Simulate modulation and demodulation circuits such as AM, DSB-SC in hardware and MATLAB
simulation
CO 2: Simulate Angle modulation and demodulation in hardware and MATLAB simulation
CO 3: Analyze the Spectrum for Different Modulated Signals in hardware and MATLAB simulation
CO 4: Understand of Sampling Process and its effects.
CO 5: Analyze diode detector and AGC circuit.
CO 6: Verification of PAM, PWM & PPM circuits
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs): Program Outcomes or POs are abilities that a graduating engineer of
Electronics and Communication Engineering program should have after successful completion of the program.
Following POs have been defined.
The graduates of electronics and communication engineering program will be able to:
PO 1: Apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering for solving intricate engineering problems.
PO 2: Identify, formulate and analyze multifaceted engineering problems.
PO 3: Design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as
economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability.
PO 4: Design and conduct experiments based on complex engineering problems, as well as to analyze and
interpret data.
PO 5: Use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice
PO 6: Understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global, economic and societal context.
PO 7: Design and develop eco-friendly systems, making optimal utilization of available natural resources.
PO 8: Understand professional ethics and responsibilities.
PO 9: Work as a member and leader in a team in multidisciplinary environment.
PO 10: Communicate effectively.
PO 11: Manage the projects keeping in view the economical and societal considerations.
PO 12: Recognize the need for adapting to technological changes and engage in lifelong learning.
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PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs):
PSO 1: The ECE Graduates will be Equipped with knowledge of complete design flow from specification to
silicon in areas of both digital and analog VLSI Design and will be able to work in IC Design companies.
PSO 2: The ECE Graduates will be Equipped with microprocessor and microcontroller based system design
skills and can work as design and verification engineers in the area of Embedded Systems Design.
PSO 3: The ECE Graduates will be able to apply engineering knowledge for design and implementation of
projects pertaining to signal processing and Communications.
PSO 4: The ECE Graduates will be Equipped with necessary soft skills, aptitude and technical skills to work in
the software industry and IT sector.
CO, POs and PSOs Mapping:
PROGRAM SPECIFIC
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (PO)
OUTCOMES (PSO)
COURSE
OUTCOMES(CO)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4
CO 1 3 2 1 1 - - - - - -- - - 1 - - -
CO 2 3 1 2 2 - - - - - - - - 1 - - -
CO 3 2 1 2 2 - - - 1 2 - - - 1 - - -
CO 4 2 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - 1 - - -
CO5 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CO6 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
LAB CODE
1. Students should report to the lab as per the time table schedule & should sign in the Login register.
2. Students who turn up late to the labs will in no case be permitted to perform the experiment scheduled for the day.
3. After completion of the experiment, certification of the concerned staff in-charge in the observation book is necessary.
4. Students should bring observation book and should enter the readings/observations into the note book while performing
the experiment.
5. The record of observations along with the detailed experimental procedure of the experiment performed in the immediate
last session should be submitted and certified by the staff member in-charge
6. The group-wise division made in the beginning should be adhered to, and no mix up of student among different groups
will be permitted later.
7. The components required pertaining to the experiment should be collected from stores in-charge after duly filling in the
requisition form.
8. When the experiment is completed, students should disconnect the setup made by them, and should return all the
components/instruments taken for the purpose. Any damage of the equipment or burn-out of components will be viewed
seriously by putting penalty.
9. Students should be present in the labs for the total scheduled duration.
10. Students are required to prepare thoroughly to perform the experiment coming to Laboratory.
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Regulation: R13
II B. Tech, ECE, II Sem.
Lab code: RT22047
ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS SYLLABUS
1. Amplitude Modulation - Modulation & Demodulation.
2. AM - DSB SC - Modulation. & Demodulation.
3. Spectrum Analysis of Modulated signal using Spectrum Analyser
4. Diode Detector
5. Pre-emphasis & De-emphasis
6. Frequency Modulation - Modulation. & Demodulation.
7. AGC Circuits
8. Sampling Theorem
9. Pulse Amplitude Modulation - Modulation. & Demodulation.
10. PWM, PPM - Modulation. & Demodulation.
11. PLL
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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
S. NO NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE NO.
2. AM - DSB SC - Modulation. & Demodulation.
3. Spectrum Analysis of Modulated signal using Spectrum Analyser
4. Diode Detector
7. AGC Circuits
8. Sampling Theorem
11. PLL
Software Experiments ( MATLAB )
2. AM - DSB SC - Modulation. & Demodulation
Software Experiments ( SIMULINK )
Content Beyond Syllabus
1. Characteristics of Mixer
2. SSB Modulation & Demodulation
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INDEX SHEET
Expt. No Name of the Experiment Date Page No. Remarks

Amplitude Modulation - Modulation &
1. Demodulation.
AM - DSB SC - Modulation. &
2. Demodulation.
Spectrum Analysis of Modulated signal using
3. Spectrum Analyser
4. Diode Detector

Frequency Modulation - Modulation. &
6. Demodulation.
7. AGC Circuits
8. Sampling Theorem
Pulse Amplitude Modulation - Modulation. &
9. Demodulation.
11. PLL
12. Demodulation.

Frequency Modulation - Modulation. &
14. Demodulation.
15. Demodulation.

Pulse Amplitude Modulation - Modulation. &
17. Demodulation.
18. Characteristics of Mixer
19. SSB Modulation & Demodulation
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GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
1. The experiments have been designed to be performed with in the 3-hour laboratory time.
2. To successfully complete the experiment in one lab turn, come prepared to the laboratory.
3. Read the experiment in advance.
4. List and collect the components for the experiment.
5. Be sure that the specifications and values of the components are as per design.
6. Follow the experimental steps judiciously.
7. Record stepwise observations using proper test instruments.
8. Get the observation signed by the instructor.
9. Always take safety precautions while performing experiments.
GUIDANCE FOR THE LABORATORY REPORT:

1. Format of the report
Expt. No: Date:
Expt. Title:
Objective:
List of instruments and components:
Theory in brief
Procedure, Observations, Graph if any Result
2. Write the experimental observations and measurements stepwise.
3. Plot the graph neatly. Always label the axes and indicate units too. Wherever frequency response is
to be drawn, use the semi-log graph paper.
4. Compare the results with theoretical values with remarks/comments.
5. Wherever necessary, sketch the circuit diagram neatly and label the components.
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Expt. No: 1
Date:
AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION
AIM: To study the amplitude modulation and demodulation for different modulation index.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Apparatus Quantity

1 Audio signal generator 1
2 Carrier generator 1
3 Amplitude Modulator Trainer Kit 1
4 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (30 MHz) 1

5 Connecting wires Few
THEORY: Amplitude Modulation is defined as a process in which the amplitude of the carrier wave c(t) is
varied linearly with the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal m(t). The standard form of an amplitude
modulated (AM) wave is defined by
s (t ) Ac [1 K a m t ] cos 2f c t
Where K a a constant is called the amplitude sensitivity of the modulator.
The demodulation circuit is used to recover the message signal from the incoming AM wave at the receiver. An
envelope detector is a simple and yet highly effective device that is well suited for the demodulation of AM
wave, for which the percentage modulation is less than 100%. Ideally, an envelope detector produces an output
signal that follows the envelop of the input signal wave form exactly; hence, the name. Some version of this
circuit is used in almost all commercial AM radio receivers.
(Vmax Vmin )
The Modulation Index is defined as, = (Vmax Vmin ) Where,
Vmax is the maximum amplitude of the modulated wave and Vmin is the minimum amplitude of the modulated
wave.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Fig.1(a) Modulator & Demodulator
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
Fig. 1(a) Input
Fig. 1(b) Modulated Output
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Fig. 1(c) Demodulated Output
OBSERVATIONS TABLE:
Table 1: fm= , fc= ,Am= , Ac= V p-p.
Name of the signal Amplitude Time period Frequency

Modulating(AF) Signal
Carrier Signal(RF)
Demodulated Signal
Table 2:
AM Signals
%m
Am(Volts) Vmax(volts) Vmin(Volts) Modulation Index m
(m x100)
>1
<1
=1
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the Adapter to the power supply and switch on the trainer kit.
2. Connect CRO at the output of modulating signal generator and measure its amplitude and frequency.
3. Observe the carrier signal amplitude and frequency.
4. Apply the message signal and the carrier signal as input to AM modulator and Observe its output
5. Measure Amax and Amin of AM wave.
6. Vary amplitude of modulating signal and calculate different modulation index, percentage modulation.
7. Apply AM wave as input to AM demodulator and observe its output. Measure its amplitude and frequency.
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8. With the variation of modulating signal amplitude observe and note down the amplitude of detected signal.
9. Draw the wave forms of modulating signal, carrier signal, AM signal and detected signal.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check the connections before giving the power supply

2. Observations should be done carefully.
RESULT:
VIVA -VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. What is modulation?
2. Define modulation index?
3. What is the condition for over modulation?
4. In modulation what parameters of the high frequency signal are varied?
5. What are the basic types of modulation techniques?
6. Define AM and draw its spectrum?
7. Draw the phases representation of an amplitude modulated wave?
8. Give the significance of modulation index?
9. What are the different degree of modulation?
10. What are the limitations of square law modulator?
11. Compare linear and nonlinear modulators?
12. Compare base modulation and emitter modulation?
13. Explain how AM wave is detected?
14. Define detection process?
15. What are the different types of distortions that occur in an envelop detector? How can they be eliminated?
Signature of the Faculty
Expt No: 2
Date:
DSB-SC MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
11
AIM: To generate AM-Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) signal and to demodulate the DSB-
SC signal using Synchronous detector.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

3 DSB Modulator Trainer Kit 1
4 Adaptor 1
THEORY: Balanced modulator is used for generating DSB-SC signal. A balanced modulator consists of two
standard amplitude modulators arranged in a balanced configuration so as to suppress the carrier wave. The two
modulators are identical except the reversal of sign of the modulating signal applied to them. The message
signal m(t) is recovered from a DSB-SC wave s(t) by first multiplying s(t) with locally generated carrier wave
and then low-pass filtering as shown in the block diagram. It is assumed that the local oscillator output in the
detector is exactly coherent or synchronized, in both frequency and phase; with the carrier wave c(t) used to
generate s(t). This method of demodulation is known as coherent detection or synchronous detection.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Fig.1(a) Modulator & Demodulator
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
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Fig.1(b) Input and Output
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the adapter to the trainer kit and switch on the supply.
2. Connect CRO at the output of modulating signal generator and measure its amplitude and frequency.
3. Observe the carrier signal amplitude and frequency.
4. Apply the message signal and the carrier signal as input to DSB modulator and
Observe its modulated output.
5. Apply DSB modulated wave and carrier signal as inputs to synchronous demodulator and observe its output.
Measure its amplitude and frequency.
6. Draw the wave forms of modulating signal, carrier signal, DSB signal and detected signal.
OBSERVATIONS TABLE:
13
fm= , fc= ,Am= , Ac= V p-p.

Carrier Signal(RF)
Demodulated Signal
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check the connections before giving the supply

2. Observations should be done carefully
RESULT:
Expt No: 3
Date:
14
SPECTRUM ANALYSER USING AM SIGNAL
AIM: To study the spectrum of AM signals using spectrum analyzer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1 Spectrum analyzer 1
2 Function generator 1
3 AM Wave generator 1
THEORY: The analyzer of electrical signals is a fundamental problem for many Engineers and scientists. The
traditional ways of observing the electrical signal is in time domain by using oscilloscope. The time domain is
used to recover relative timing and phase information which is used to characterize electric circuit behavior. But
practically some circuits like Amplifiers, Filters, Oscillators, Modulators, Mixers etc. requires frequency domain
analysis. This frequency domain analysis can be easily studied in using Spectrum analyzer. It graphically
displays voltage or power function of frequency on a circuit.
Basically two types of spectrum analyzer are available. They are Swept tuned and Real time
The HM5010 is the swept tuned Spectrum analyzer. This spectrum analyzer permits the detection of spectrum
components of electrical signal in the frequency range of 0.15MHz to1050 MHz in the oscilloscope the
amplitude is displayed on the time domain and in spectrum analyzer it will be displayed in frequency domain.
ADVANTAGES OF SPECTRUM ANALYZER:

o Spectrum analyzer are used to observe the difference fill characteristics.
o It used to observe the Modulated wave from spectrum

o It is used to observe the Noise level in the transmission
Ex: In CATV
CONTROL ELEMENTS:
MARKER ON / OFF: When the marker push button is set to the off position the CF indicator is lit and display
shows the center frequency. When the switch is in the ON position 1 MHz the display shows the marker
15
frequency. The marker shows on the screen a sharp peak the marker frequency is adjustable by means of the
marker knob and can be aligned with a spectral line.
NOTE: Switch off the marker before taking correct amplitude reading.
CF / MK: (CENTER FREQUENCY / MARKER): The CF LED is lit when the digital display shows the
center frequency. The center frequency is the frequency, which is displayed in the horizontal center of the CRT.
The MK LED is lit when the marker pushbutton is in the ON position. The digital display shows the marker
frequency in the case.
DIGITAL DISPLAY: (DISPLAY OF CENTER FREQUENCY / MARKER FREQUENCY):
SIGM: Display with 100 KHz resolution.
UNCAL: Blinking of this LED indicates incorrectly displayed amplitude values. This is to scan width and filter
setting combinations which give to low amplitude readings because the IF filters have not being settled. This
may occur when the scanned frequency range is too large compared to the IF bandwidth (20 KHz) and or the
video filter bandwidth (4KHz). Measurements in the case can either be taken without a video filter or the scan
width has to be decreased
CENTER FREQUENCY: COARSE / FINE: Both rotary knobs are used for center frequency setting. The
center frequency is displayed at the horizontal center of the screen.
BAND WIDTH: Selects between 400 KHz. If a bandwidth of 20 KHz is selected the noise level decreases and
the selectivity is improved spectral lines which are relatively close together can be distinguished. As the small
signal transient response amplitude values if the scan width is set at too wide a frequency span. The uncial LED
will indicate this condition.
SCAN WIDTH: The scan width selectors control the scan width per division of the horizontal axis. The
frequency / Dis can be increased by means of the > button and decreased by means of the < button. The width of
the scan range is displayed in MHz / Div. and refers to each horizontal division on the graticule the center
frequency is indicated by the vertical line at middle of the horizontal axis. The frequency decreased to the left in
a similar way. In this case the left graticule line corresponds to 0 Hz with these settings a spectral line is visible
which is refereed to as zero frequency. Spectral lines displayed left of the zero frequency point are so called
image frequency. In the zero scan made the spectrum analyzer operates like a receiver with selectable band
width. The frequency is selected via the center frequency. The selected scan width / div settings are indicated by
a number of LEDs above the range setting puss buttons.
APPLICATIONS:
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1. The spectrum analyzer is useful for observing the amplitude modulation frequency, modulation frequency
spectrum.
2. It is useful in measuring low level modulation.
3. It is used in measuring carrier frequency and modulation level.
MODEL WAVEFORMS
Fig1(a).AM Spectral analysis signal

PRECAUTIONS:
5.1 Check for loose contacts of wires and components.

5.2 Keep all the control knobs in the minimum position.
5.3 Before switch on the power supply get the circuit connections verified by the teacher.
5.4 Adjust the control knobs smoothly.
5.5 After taking the readings bring back all the control knobs to minimum position.
5.6 Switch off the power supply before leaving the experimental table.
RESULT:
VIVA -VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. Define a spectrum?
2. Is it possible to visualize the time domain signals using spectrum analyzer?
3. How can we select the central frequency?
Expt No: 4
Date:
17
DIODE DETECTOR
AIM: To demodulate the Amplitude Modulated wave and also plot the appropriate waveforms of diode detector.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
3 Diode detector Trainer Kit 1
4 Adaptor 1
THEORY: The AM signal is applied to a basic half-wave rectifier circuit consisting of diode and resistor. The
diode conducts when the positive half of the AM signals occur. During the negative half cycles, the diode is
reverse-biased and no current flows through it. As a result, the voltage across resistor is a series of positive
pulses whose amplitude varies with the modulating signal. To recover the original modulating signal a capacitor
is connected across resistor. Its value is critical to good performance. The result is that the carrier is absent there
by leaving the original modulating signal. It is assumed that the local oscillator output in the detector is exactly
coherent or synchronized, in both frequency and phase; with the carrier wave c(t) used to generate s(t). This
method of demodulation is known as coherent detection or synchronous detection.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Fig.1(a) DSB-SC Modulator and demodulator
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
18
Fig. 1(b) Input
Fig. 1(c) Modulated Output
Fig. 1(d) Demodulated Output
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OBSERVATIONS TABLE:

Carrier Signal(RF)
DSB Signal
Demodulated Signal
PROCEDURE:
2. Check the AF output waveform at audio signal generator and carrier output at carrier signal generator.
3. Connect AF input and carrier to AM modulator.
4. Observe the AM output by varying AF signal (under modulation, perfect modulation and over modulation).
5. Connect AM output to the Diode detector and observe the output at diode other end.
6. Now connect the diode output to the filter and observe the demodulated output.
7. Plot the appropriate waveforms.
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Classify Amplitude modulation detector or demodulators.

2. Why envelope detector is most popular in commercial receiver circuits?
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Expt No: 5
Date:
PRE-EMPHASIS & DE-EMPHASIS
AIM: To observe the effects of Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis on given input signal.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

3 Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis trainer kit 1
4 Adaptor 1
THEORY: The noise has an effect on the higher modulating frequencies than on the lower ones. Thus, if the
higher frequencies were artificially boosted at the transmitter and correspondingly cut at the receiver, an
improvement in noise immunity could be expected, thereby increasing the SNR ratio. This boosting of the
higher modulating frequencies at the transmitter is known as pre-emphasis and the compensation at the receiver
is called de-emphasis.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
Fig. 1(a)Pre-emphasis & De-emphasis
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MODEL WAVEFORMS:
Fig. 1(b) Pre-emphasis & De-emphasis Output
PROCEDURE:
2. Apply the sinusoidal signal of amplitude 20mV as input signal to pre emphasis circuit.
3. Then by increasing the input signal frequency from 500Hz to 20KHz, observe the output voltage (v o)
and calculate gain (20 log (vo/vi)).
4. Plot the graph between gain Vs frequency.
5. Repeat above steps 2 to 4 for de-emphasis circuit (shown in Fig.2), by applying the sinusoidal signal of 5V
as input signal.
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OBSERVATIONS:
Table1:
Pre-emphasis Vi = 20 mV
Input Frequency
S.NO Vo(mV) Gain in dB(20 log Vo/Vi)
(50Hz to 2MHz)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Table2:
De-emphasis Vi = 5 V
S.NO Input Frequency

(50Hz to 2MHz) Vo(Volts) Gain in dB(20 log Vo/Vi)
1
2
3
4
5
6
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check the connections before giving the power supply

2. Observations should be done carefully
RESULT:
Expt No: 6
23
Date:
FREQUENCY MODULATION & DEMODULATION

AIM: To study the frequency modulation and demodulation for different modulation index.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
3 Frequency modulation and demodulation trainer kit 1

4 Adaptor 1
THEORY: FM Modulation is a non-linear modulation technique. In FM the frequency of carrier is varied in

accordance with amplitude of modulating signal (AF signal). But amplitude is maintained constant. Since the
variation in phase angular term it is comes under angle modulation scheme, the most important feature of FM
modulation is that it can be provide better discrimination against noise and interference than AM. The
disadvantage of FM is it requires more transmission bandwidth than AM and we transmit the FM signals to
longer distances. The quantity Kf represents frequency sensitivity of modulator. Hence Kf * Am represents the
total deviation f. Modulation index is less than one then the modulated wave is called Narrow Band FM signal.
If Modulation index is greater than one then the modulated wave is called Wide Band FM signal.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Fig.1(a) FM Modulator and demodulator
PROCEDURE:
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1.Switch on the power supply through mains card.
2. Observe the modulating signal in CRO and set the modulating voltage to 1.2 V and frequency to 10 KHz and
note down these values. (Here the carrier is internally generated signal).
3.Connect the modulating signal to modulator also connect the output of modulator to CRO and note down the
waveforms.
4. Find out the maximum and minimum frequency of frequency modulated wave from CRO and note down
these values, from these values calculate modulation index by using the above formula.
5. Connect the frequency-modulated signal to the demodulator.
6.Connect the CRO across the output terminals of the demodulator.
7.Observe the waveform of the modulating signal for different modulating indices
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check for loose contacts of wires and components.

2.Keep all the control knobs in the minimum position.
3. Before switch on the power supply get the circuit connections verified by the teacher.
4.Adjust the control knobs smoothly.
5.After taking the readings bring back all the control knobs to minimum position.
6.Switch off the power supply before leaving the experimental table.
OBSERVATIONS TABLE:
Table 1: fc = 30 KHz
f(KHz)=
S.No. fm(KHz) Tmax(sec) fmin(KHz) =f/fm BW=2(f +fm ) (KHz)
fc-fmin
Table 2:
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Name of the signal Amplitude(v) Time period Frequency
Carrier Signal(RF)
FM Signal
Demodulated Signal
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
Fig.1(b) FM Modulator and demodulator output
RESULT:
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VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define frequency modulation?
2. Mention the advantages of indirect method of FM generation?
3. Define modulation index and frequency deviation of FM?
4. What are the advantages of FM?
5. What is narrow band FM?
6. Compare narrow band FM and wide band FM?
7. Differentiate FM and AM?
10. Draw the circuit of varactor diode modulator?
11. What is the bandwidth of FM system?
Expt No: 7
27
Date:
AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL CIRCUIT
AIM: To study the characteristics of Automatic Gain Control circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

3 Automatic Gain Control trainer kit 1
4 Adaptor 1
THEORY: The selection of the overall gain of a communication receiver is usually based on the weakest signal
to be received. The detector may introduce a typical loss of -2 to -5dB if it is the diode type; and the gain of the
audio amplifier stage is in the 20 to 40 dB range. In many cases, the total gain is far greater that required for
adequate reception, excessive gain will usually cause the received signal to be distorted and the transmitted
information to be less intelligence. By using a AGC circuit adequate reception will result.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the AC adapter to the mains and switch on the supply.
2. Observe AF output on CRO, its amplitude is varying from min to max.
3. Connect AF output to the input of AGC circuit and observe the output of this on CRO.
4. Note down the output at Vout by varying the amplitude of AF signals from min to max.
5. Connect Vout to the feedback circuit and note down the output at V out by varying the amplitude of AF
signals from min to max.
6. Plot the graph between input voltage and output voltage for both the outputs.
OBSERVATIONS TABLE:
AGC without feedback
S.No. Vi= Emin (mV) Vo (mV) GAIN=( Vo / Vi)
28
AGC with feedback
S.No. Vi= Emin (mV) Vo (mV) GAIN=( Vo / Vi)

1
2
3
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the purpose of AGC?

2. What are the different applications of AGC?
Expt. No: 8
Date:
SAMPLING THEOREM
29
AIM: To convert analog signal into discrete signal by using sampling theorem and also to reconstruct it from the
sampled signal.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

2 CRO 1
3 Sampling theorem trainer kit 1
THEORY: The analog signal can be converted to a discrete time signal by a process called sampling. The
sampling theorem for a band limited signal of finite energy can be stated as,
A band limited signal of finite energy, which has no frequency component higher than W Hz is completely
described by specifying the values of the signal at instants of time separated by 1/2W seconds.
It can be recovered from knowledge of samples taken at the rate of 2W per second.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as the circuit diagram.

2. Apply the input signal with a frequency of 1 kHz using a function generator.
3. Sampling clock frequency which is variable of 500 Hz to 5 kHz should be connected across the
terminal which is indicated.
4. By using the capacitors provided on the trainer, reconstruct the signal and verify it with the give
input.
5. Reconstructed signal voltage will be depends on capacitor value.
6. Vary the sampling frequency and study the change in reconstructed signal.
7. If the sampling clock frequency is below 2 kHz you will observe the distorted output.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Carrier Signal(RF)
SAMPLED Signal
30
Demodulated Signal
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is aliasing effect?

2. What is the function of Op-amps in this circuit and what is the effect of frequency of sampling signal?
Expt. No: 9
Date:
PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION
AIM : To generate pulse amplitude modulated waves using PAM modulator and Demodulate the modulated
wave using PAM detector.
31
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

3 Pulse amplitude modulation Trainer Kit 1
4 CRO 1
THEORY: PAM is the simplest form of data modulation. The amplitude of uniformly spaced pulses is varied in
proportion to the corresponding sample values of a continuous message m (t). A PAM waveform consists of a
sequence of flat-topped pulses. The amplitude of each pulse corresponds to the value of the message signal x (t)
at the leading edge of the pulse. The pulse amplitude modulation is the process in which the amplitudes of
regularity Spaced rectangular pulses vary with the instantaneous sample values of a continuous message signal
in a one-one fashion.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Carrier Signal(RF)
PAM Signal
Demodulated Signal
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig1(a).Pulse amplitude modulation and demodulation
32
OBSERVATION TABLE:

Carrier Signal(RF)
PWM Signal
PPM SIGNAL
Demodulated Signal
MODEL GRAPHS:
Fig1(b).Pulse amplitude modulation and demodulation signals
33
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on pulse amplitude modulation and demodulation trainer.

2. In clock generator section connect pin 6 of 555 IC to the 33 PF capacitor terminals.
3. Check the clock generator (RF) output signals RF output of clock generator to the RF input of
modulator section. Connect a 1kz; 2vp-p of sine wave from function generator to the AF input of
modulator section.
4. Short the 10f terminal and 10k terminal of modulator.
5. Connect 10k terminal to pin of IC 4016.
6. Connect the CRO to modulated output of modulator section.
7. Adjust the 1k potentiometer to vary the amplitude of the modulated signal.
Adjust the AF signal frequency from 1 kHz-10 kHz to get stable output wave form. While increases
the AF signal frequency decreases the output signal pulses.
8. During demodulation, connect the modulated output to the PAM input of demodulator section.
9. Connect channel 1 of CRO to modulating signal and channel-2 to demodulated output. Observe the
two wave forms that they are 180 out of phase, since the transistor detector operates in CE
Configuration.
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What happens when the pulse train frequency is less than message signal frequency?
2. What is the effect of amplitude of sampling signal, VCC on output?
Expt. No: 10
Date:
34
PULSE WIDTH MODULATION & DEMODULATION AND
PULSE POSITION MODULATION & DEMODULATION
AIM: To generate the pulse width modulated and demodulated signals and to generate the pulse position
modulated and demodulated signals
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

3 Pulse width and pulse position modulation and 1
demodulation Trainer Kit
4 CRO 1
THEORY:
PWM: Pulse Time Modulation is also known as Pulse Width Modulation or Pulse Length Modulation. In PWM,
the samples of the message signal are used to vary the duration of the individual pulses. Width may be varied by
varying the time of occurrence of leading edge, the trailing edge or both edges of the pulse in accordance with
modulating wave. It is also called Pulse Duration Modulation.
PPM: In Pulse Position Modulation, both the pulse amplitude and pulse duration are held constant but the
position of the pulse is varied in proportional to the sampled values of the message signal. Pulse time
modulation is a class of signaling techniques that encodes the sample values of an analog signal on to the time
axis of a digital signal and it is analogous to angle modulation techniques. The two main types of PTM are
PWM and PPM. In PPM the analog sample value determines the position of a narrow pulse relative to the
clocking time. In PPM rise time of pulse decides the channel bandwidth. It has low noise interference.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PWM:
35
Fig1(a).Pulse width modulation and demodulation
Fig(b).Pulse position modulation and demodulation
PROCEDURE:
PWM:
1. Switch on pulse-width modulation and demodulation trainer.

2. Connect the clock output to the clock input terminal of pwm modulation.
3. Connect the af output to af input terminal of pwm modulation.
4. Observe the pwm output at pin-3 of 555ic on cro.
5. By varying frequency and amplitude of the modulating signal, observe the corresponding
change in the width of the output pulses.
6. During demodulation, connect the pwm output of pwm modulation to the pwm input of pwm
demodulation.
7. Observe the demodulation; connect the pwm output of pwm demodulation on cro.
PPM:
1. Switch on ppm modulator and demodulator trainer.

2. Connect the clock output to the pin-2 of 555ic.
3. Connect the af output to the pin-5 of 555ic.
4. Observe the ppm output at pin-3 of second ic555 on cro.
5. Connect the ppm output to the ppm input of ppm demodulation.
6. Observe the demodulated output on cro.
RESULT:
36
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Write the advantage of PWM compared with PPM

2. Write the disadvantage of PWM compared with PPM
3. How PPM is obtained from PWM signal
Expt. No: 11
Date:
PHASE LOCKED LOOP
AIM: To verify the capture range and lock in range for given PLL IC LM 565
37
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1 Phase Locked Loop trainer kit 1
2 Adapter 1
4 CRO 1
THEORY: The best frequency demodulator is the phase locked loop (PLL). A PLL is a frequency or phase
sensitive feedback control circuit. It used not only in frequency demodulation but also in frequency synthesizers.
All PLLs have three basic elements as illustrated in Fig.1. A phase detector or mixer is used to compare the
input or reference signal with the output of a VCO. The VCO frequency is varied by the dc output voltage from
a low pass filter. It is the output of the phase detector that the low pass filter uses to produce dc control voltage.
This dc control voltage is called the error signal and is also the feedback in this circuit and will control the VCO.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the AC adapter to the mains and switch on the supply.

2. Obtain the free running frequency fo without giving any input signal.
3. Apply the square wave as input signal at pin no.2 and then vary the input signal frequency. When input signal
is locked with VCO output in forward direction then note down the value of input signal frequency (f C1). Again
increase the input signal frequency and observe the frequency at which the PLL becomes unlocked, note down
the value of input signal frequency (fL2).
4. Again the frequency of input is reduced in backward direction and note down the frequency of the input signal
(fc2) at which input signal is locked with V CO output. And the frequency of input signal is still reduced, note
down the frequency of input signal (fL1) at which the PLL becomes unlocked.
5. Now by using formulae given calculate lock range and capture range and verify them experimentally.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
38
Fig1(a).PLL with feedback
Fig(b).PLL without feedback

OBSERVATIONS TABLE:
Theoretical(KHz) Practical(KHz)
fo
fL
fC
FORMULAE AND CALCULATIONS:

fo (free running frequency) = 1.2/4R1C1 =
39
fL = lock range = 8fo/V,
[Where V=+V-(-V)]
Theoretical lock range is, f= fo fL
fC = capture range =c
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check the connections before giving the supply
2. Observations should be done carefully.
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What are the applications of PLL.
2. What is a PLL.
3. What is a VCO.
4. Define the lock range of a PLL.
5. Define the capture range of PLL.
6. Give the expression for free running frequency f0 of a PLL.
7. What is meant by the free running frequency of a PLL.
8. Give the formulae for the lock range and capture range of the PLL.
Expt. No: 11
Date:
40
SSB MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM: To generate the SSB modulated wave and plot the appropriate waveforms
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1 SSB system trainer kit 1
2 CRO 1
THEORY: An SSB signal is produced by passing the DSB signal through a highly selective band pass filter.
This filter selects either the upper or the lower sideband. Hence transmission bandwidth can be cut by half if one
sideband is entirely suppressed. This leads to single-sideband modulation (SSB). In SSB modulation bandwidth
saving is accompanied by a considerable increase in equipment complexity.
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the trainer and measure the output of the regulated power supply i.e., 12V and -8V.
2. Observe the output of the RF generator using CRO. There are 2 outputs from the RF generator, one is direct
output and another is 90o out of phase with the direct output. The output frequency is 100 KHz and the
amplitude is 0.2VPP. (Potentiometers are provided to vary the output amplitude).
3. Observe the output of the AF generator, using CRO. There are 2 outputs from the AF generator, one is direct
output and another is 90o out of phase with the direct output. A switch is provided to select the required
frequency (2 KHz, 4KHz or 6 KHz). AGC potentiometer is provided to adjust the gain of the oscillator (or
to set the output to good shape). The oscillator output has amplitude 10V PP. This amplitude can be varied
using the potentiometers provided.
4. Measure and record the RF signal frequency using frequency counter. (or CRO).
5. Set the amplitudes of the RF signals to 0.1 V p-p and connect direct signal to one balanced modulator and 90 o
phase shift signal to another balanced modulator.
6. Select the required frequency (2KHz, 4KHz or 6KHz) of the AF generator with the help of
switch and adjust the AGC potentiometer until the output amplitude is 10 V PP (when amplitude controls
are in maximum condition).
7. Measure and record the AF signal frequency using frequency counter (or CRO).
8. Set the AF signal amplitudes to 8 Vp-p using amplitude controls and connect to the balanced modulators.:
9. Observe the outputs of both the balanced modulators simultaneously using Dual trace oscilloscope and
adjust the balance control until desired output wave forms (DSB-SC).
10. To get SSB lower side band signal, connect balanced modulator output (DSB_SC) signals to subtract or.
11. Measure and record the SSB signal frequency.
12. Calculate theoretical frequency of SSB (LSB) and compare it with the practical value.
LSB frequency = RF frequency AF frequency
41
To get SSB upper side band signal, connect the output of the balanced modulator to the summer circuit.
13. Measure and record the SSB upper side band signal frequency.
14. Calculate theoretical value of the SSB(USB) frequency and compare it with practical value. USB frequency
= RF frequency + AF frequency
15. Calculate theoretical value of the SSB(USB) frequency and compare it with practical value. USB frequency
= RF frequency + AF frequency
OBSERVATIONS:
Signal Amplitude (volts) Frequency (KHz)

Message signal
Carrier signal
SSB (LSB)
SSB (USB)
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig1.Single Side Band
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What are the different methods to generate SSB-SC signal

2. What is the advantage of SSB-SC over DSB-SC
42
3. Explain Phase Shift method for SSB generation.
4. Why SSB is not used for broadcasting
5. Give the circuit for synchronous detector
6. What are the uses of synchronous or coherent detector
Expt. No: 11
Date:
CHARACTERISTICS OF MIXER
AIM: To observe the characteristics of a Frequency Mixer and to measure its conversion gain.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
43
1 Frequency mixer trainer kit 1
3 CRO 1
THEORY: The mixer is a nonlinear device having two sets of input terminals and one set of output terminals.
Mixer will have several frequencies present in its output, including the difference between the two input
frequencies and other harmonic components
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Apply 99 kHz signal to the base of the transistor and 100 kHz, signal to the emitter of the transistor.
3. Observe a sinusoidal signal with 1kHz frequency across output terminals.
4. Vary Base signal frequency and note down O/P amplitude. The output reaches to a maximum value at a
particular frequency. Calculate conversion gain. Conversion gain = (O/P Voltage)/ (Base signal voltage)
5. Plot conversion gain vs. base signal frequency
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Fig1.Mixer circuit
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No FX FY FO VIN VOUT VO GAIN (dB)
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the need for a frequency mixer.

2. What is heterodyning.
3. Which filter is used at the o/p of transistor circuit in a frequency mixer.
4. What are the frequency components that appear at the collector of the transistor in the mixer circuit.
5. Why is the transistor operated in the nonlinear region in a frequency mixer.
44
45
SCILAB
Expt. No: 1
Date:
AMPLITUDE MODULATION& DEMODULATION
AIM: To verify Amplitude modulation and demodulation by using built-in functions in SCILAB.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
46
1 Personal computer.
2 Software SCILAB.
PROGRAM:
//Generate time domain signal

t=0:0.001:1; //declare interval
//insert all the information given
Am=2;
Ac=4;
Fm=5;
Fc=100;
//Amplitude modulation Equation
m=Am*cos(2*%pi*fm*t)
c=Ac*cos(2*% pi*fc*t)
A=Ac +Am* cos(2*%pi*fm*t)
S=A.* cos(2*% pi*fc*t)
scf(1);
subplot(411)
title(message signal, color, red)
plot(t, m)
subplot(412)
title(carrier signal, color, red)
plot(t, c)
subplot(413)
title(modulated signal, color, red)
plot(t, S)
PROCEDURE:
1.Click on the SCILAB icon/click on start button->goto programs->SCILAB.

2.Click on File Menu->New->Blank file
3.Enter the required program in the current editor.
4.Then save the current file by using .m extension
47
5.Execute the program by using run button. / go to debug menu-> click on save file and run.
6.Output waveforms will be displayed on the screen by using figure window.
RESULT:
Expt. No: 2
Date:
DSBSC MODULATION &DEMODULATION
AIM: To Verify Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC) Modulation &Demodulation by using built-in
functions in SCILAB.
48
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1 Personal Computer.
2 Software SCILAB.
PROGRAM:
T=0:0001:1; //declare interval
// Insert all the information given
Am=2;
Ac=4;
fm=5;
fc=100;
//Amplitude modulation equation
m=Am*cos(2*%pi*fm*t)
c=Ac*cos(2*% pi*fc*t)
S=m.*c
scf(1);
subplot(411)
title(message signal, color, red)
plot(t, m)
subplot(412)
title(carrier signal, color, red)
plot(t, c)
subplot(413)
title(modulated signal, color, red)
plot(t, S)
PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the SCILAB icon/click on start button->goto programs->SCILAB.

2. Click on File Menu->New->Blank file
3. Enter the required program in the current editor.
4. Then save the current file by using .m extension
5. Execute the program by using run button. / go to debug menu-> click on save file and run.
6. Output waveforms will be displayed on the screen by using figure window.
49
RESULT:
Expt. No: 3
Date:
FREQUENCY MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM: To verify Frequency modulation and demodulation using built-in functions in SCILAB.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Personal computer.
2.Software SCILAB.
PROGRAM:
50
T=0:1/1000:.5; //declare time interval
Am=4; // amplitude of modulating signal
Ac=4; // amplitude of carrier signal
fm=10; //modulating frequency
fc=50; // carrier frequency
//Carrier signal
c= Ac*cos(((2*%pi)*fc)*t);
//Modulating signal
m= Am*cos(2*%pi*fm*t);
//Frequency modulation signal
b=1.5; //modulation index
s=Ac*cos(2*%pi*fc*t+b*sin(2*%pi*fm*t));
scf(1);
subplot(311);
plot(t,c);
xlabel(TIME)
ylabel(AMPLITUDE)
title(Carrier signal)
subplot(312);
plot(t,m);
xlabel(TIME)
ylabel(AMPLITUDE)
title(Modulating signal)
subplot(313);
plot(t,s);
xlabel(TIME)
ylabel(AMPLITUDE)
title(Frequency modulated signal)
51
PROCEDURE:
1. Click on the SCILAB icon/click on start button->go to programs->SCILAB.

2. Click on File Menu->New->Blank file
3. Enter the required program in the current editor.
4. Then save the current file by using .m extension
5. Execute the program by using run button./ go to debug menu-> click on save file and run.
6. Output waveforms will be displayed on the screen by using figure window.
RESULT:
SCILAB XCOS
52
(COMMUNICATION TOOL BOX)
Expt. No:1
Date:
AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM: To develop and verify amplitude modulation and demodulation by using SCILAB XCOS tool box.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Personal computer
2. Software SCILAB
BLOCK DIAGRAM
53
PROCEDURE:
1. Double click on the SCILAB icon on the desktop.

2. Go to command window and type XCOS and press enter.
3. To create a model file go to file, click on new model.
4. To construct a circuit using library file browser.
5. i) Drag (or) copy the required components from browser to the model file.
ii) Connections are made as per the desired circuit.
iii) Make Sure that all connections are made properly or not.
iv) Save File as .model
6. To execute program by using RUN button in the toolbar.
7. Output Waveforms Will Be Displayed On The Screen.
SPECIFICATIONS REQUIRED:
1. When <1, apply 0.5V to message signal and apply 1Hz to message signal in Sine wave generator.
2. Apply 2V, 10Hz to the carrier signal in sine wave generator.
3. Apply gain 2, modulation index 2 and constant 2.
4. When =1, apply 1V, 1Hz to the message signal in sine wave generator.
5. Apply 1V,10Hz to the carrier signal in sine wave generator
6. Apply gain 2, modulation index2 and constant 2.
7. When >1, apply 4v,1Hz to message signal in sine wave generator.
8. Apply gain 2, modulation index 2 and constant 2
DEMODULATION
1. Apply 1V, 1Hz to message signal in sine wave generator.

2. Apply 2V, 10Hz to carrier signal in sine wave generator.
3. Apply Analog Filter Design-Butterworth Filters
Filter Type is Low pass Filter
Filter Order as 5
Pass band edge frequency is 5rad/sec.
54
RESULT:
Expt. No:2
Date:
DSBSC MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM: To develop and verify DSBSC modulation and demodulation by using SCILAB XCOS tool box.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
2. SCILAB
BLOCK DIAGRAM
55
Fig1.DSBSC MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
PROCEDURE:
1. Double click on the MATLAB Icon on the desktop.
2. . Go to command window and type SIMULINK and press enter.
3. To create a model file go to file ,click on new model.

4. To construct a circuit using library file browser
i) Drag or copy the required components from browser to the model file.
ii) Connections are made as per the desired circuit
iii) Make sure that all connections are made properly or not.
iv) Save File As .Model

5. To execute program by using run button in the toolbar.
6. Output waveforms will be displayed on the screen.
1. Apply 10V, 1Hz to the message signal in sine wave generator.
2. Apply 5V, 30Hz to the carrier signal in sine wave generator.

3. Apply analog filter design Butterworth filters. A) Filter type is low pass filter.
B) Filter order as 5. C) Pass band edge frequency is 5rad/sec.
RESULT:
56
Expt. No:2
Date:
PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM: To develop and verify pulse amplitude modulation and demodulation by using MATLAB SIMULINK
communication tool box.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
2. Software 7.9 version Matlab
BLOCK DIAGRAM
57
Fig.1 Pulse amplitude modulation
PROCEDURE:
1. Double click on the Matlab icon on the desktop.

2. Go to command window and type SIMULINK and press enter.
3. To create a model file go to file, click on new model.
4. To construct a circuit using library file browser.
i) Drag or copy the required components from browser to the model file.
ii) Connections are made as per the desired circuit.
iii) Make sure that all connections are made properly or not.
iv) Save File as .model
5. To execute program by using RUN button in the toolbar.
6. Output waveforms will be displayed on the screen
1. Apply 10V, 1rad/sec to the message signal in sine wave generator.
2. Apply 10V, 0.5rad/sec to the carrier signal in sine wave generator.
3. Take analog filter design method as Butterworth filters.

Filter type is low pass filter
Filter order as 5
Pass band edge frequency is 5rad/sec
RESULT:
58
59

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LABORATORY MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

COURSE LEARNING OBJECTIVES: The main objectives of the course is to impart

1. Amplitude Modulation - Modulation & Demodulation.

2. AM - DSB SC - Modulation. & Demodulation.

3. Spectrum Analysis of Modulated signal using Spectrum Analyser

5. Pre-emphasis & De-emphasis

6. Frequency Modulation - Modulation. & Demodulation.

9. Pulse Amplitude Modulation - Modulation. & Demodulation.

10. PWM, PPM - Modulation. & Demodulation.

Expt. No Name of the Experiment Date Page No. Remarks

5. Pre-emphasis & De-emphasis

10. PWM, PPM - Modulation. & Demodulation.

13. AM - DSB SC - Modulation. & Demodulation

16. AM - DSB SC - Modulation. & Demodulation

18. Characteristics of Mixer

19. SSB Modulation & Demodulation

3. Read the experiment in advance.

4. List and collect the components for the experiment.

6. Follow the experimental steps judiciously.

7. Record stepwise observations using proper test instruments.

8. Get the observation signed by the instructor.

9. Always take safety precautions while performing experiments.

GUIDANCE FOR THE LABORATORY REPORT:

S.No Apparatus Quantity

4 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (30 MHz) 1

Where K a a constant is called the amplitude sensitivity of the modulator.

Fig.1(a) Modulator & Demodulator

Fig. 1(a) Input

Fig. 1(b) Modulated Output

Table 1: fm= , fc= ,Am= , Ac= V p-p.

Name of the signal Amplitude Time period Frequency

1. Check the connections before giving the power supply

VIVA -VOCE QUESTIONS:

Signature of the Faculty

DSB-SC MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

S.No Apparatus Quantity

Fig.1(a) Modulator & Demodulator

Name of the signal Amplitude Time period Frequency

1. Check the connections before giving the supply

Signature of the Faculty

AIM: To study the spectrum of AM signals using spectrum analyzer.

S.No Apparatus Quantity

ADVANTAGES OF SPECTRUM ANALYZER:

o It used to observe the Modulated wave from spectrum

DIGITAL DISPLAY: (DISPLAY OF CENTER FREQUENCY / MARKER FREQUENCY):

SIGM: Display with 100 KHz resolution.

Fig1(a).AM Spectral analysis signal

5.1 Check for loose contacts of wires and components.

VIVA -VOCE QUESTIONS:

Signature of the Faculty

S.No Apparatus Quantity

1 Audio signal generator 1

3 Diode detector Trainer Kit 1

5 Connecting wires Few

Fig.1(a) DSB-SC Modulator and demodulator

Fig. 1(c) Modulated Output

Fig. 1(d) Demodulated Output

Name of the signal Amplitude Time period Frequency

1. Classify Amplitude modulation detector or demodulators.

Signature of the Faculty

PRE-EMPHASIS & DE-EMPHASIS

S.No Apparatus Quantity

Fig. 1(a)Pre-emphasis & De-emphasis