EDITORIAL REVISION

April 2002

Process Industry Practices

Structural

PIP STC01015
Structural Design Criteria
 PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES

In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has
been prepared from the technical requirements in the existing standards of major
industrial users, contractors, or standards organizations. By harmonizing these
technical requirements into a single set of Practices, administrative, application, and
engineering costs to both the purchaser and the manufacturer should be reduced. While
this Practice is expected to incorporate the majority of requirements of most users,
individual applications may involve requirements that will be appended to and take
precedence over this Practice. Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and
particular matters or application of the Practice to particular project or engineering
situations should not be made solely on information contained in these materials. The
use of trade names from time to time should not be viewed as an expression of
preference but rather recognized as normal usage in the trade. Other brands having the
same specifications are equally correct and may be substituted for those named. All
Practices or guidelines are intended to be consistent with applicable laws and
regulations including OSHA requirements. To the extent these Practices or guidelines
should conflict with OSHA or other applicable laws or regulations, such laws or
regulations must be followed. Consult an appropriate professional before applying or
acting on any material contained in or suggested by the Practice.

This Practice is subject to revision at any time by the responsible Function Team and
will be reviewed every 5 years. This Practice will be revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn.
Information on whether this Practice has been revised may be found at www.pip.org.

Process Industry Practices (PIP), Construction Industry Institute, The

University of Texas at Austin, 3925 West Braker Lane (R4500), Austin,
Texas 78759. PIP member companies and subscribers may copy this Practice
for their internal use. Changes, overlays, addenda, or modifications of any
kind are not permitted within any PIP Practice without the express written
authorization of PIP.

PIP will not consider requests for interpretations (inquiries) for this Practice.
PRINTING HISTORY
December 1998 Issued February 2002 Technical Revision
February 2002 Technical Revision April 2002 Editorial Revision

Not printed with State funds

 EDITORIAL REVISION
April 2002

Process Industry Practices

Structural

PIP STC01015
Structural Design Criteria
Table of Contents
5.1 Steel................................................. 10
1. Introduction .................................. 2 5.2 Concrete .......................................... 11
1.1 Purpose ............................................. 2 5.3 Masonry ........................................... 11
1.2 Scope................................................. 2 5.4 Elevator Supports ............................ 11
5.5 Crane Supports................................ 12
2. References .................................. 2 5.6 Allowable Drift Limits ....................... 12
2.1 Process Industry Practices ................ 2 5.7 Foundations ..................................... 13
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards .......... 2 5.8 Vibrating Machinery Supports.......... 13
2.3 Government Regulations ................... 4 5.9 Anchor Bolts .................................... 14

3. Design Loads .............................. 4

3.1 Dead Loads (D) ................................. 4
3.2 Live Loads (L) .................................... 5
3.3 Process Equipment Loads................. 5
3.4 Pipe Rack Piping and Cable Tray
Loads ................................................. 6
3.5 Wind Loads (W)................................. 6
3.6 Earthquake Loads (E)........................ 7
3.7 Impact Loads ..................................... 7
3.8 Thermal Loads................................... 7
3.9 Bundle Pull Load (Bp) ........................ 8
3.10 Traffic Loads ...................................... 8
3.11 Blast Load.......................................... 9

4. Load Combinations ..................... 9

4.1 General .............................................. 9
4.2 Typical Load Combinations ............... 9
4.3 Hydrotest Combinations .................... 9

5. Structural Design ....................... 10

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PIP STC01015 EDITORIAL REVISION
Structural Design Criteria April 2002

1. Introduction

1.1 Purpose
This Practice provides the structural engineer with engineering design criteria that
harmonize the structural design requirements of process industry companies and
engineering/construction firms into a single document.

1.2 Scope
These general criteria define the minimum requirements for the structural design of
process industry facilities at onshore U.S. sites. This Practice is intended to be used
in conjunction with PIP ARC01015, PIP CVC01015, PIP CVC01016,
PIP CVC01017, PIP CVC01018, and PIP ARC01016, as applicable.

2. References
When adopted in these criteria, the latest edition of the following applicable codes,
standards, specifications, and references in effect on the date of contract award shall be used,
except as otherwise specified. Short titles will be used herein when appropriate.

2.1 Process Industry Practices (PIP)

PIP ARC01015 - Architectural and Building Utilities Design Criteria (in
process)
PIP ARC01016 - Building Data Sheets (in process)
PIP CVC01015 - Civil Design Criteria
PIP CVC01016 - Plant Site and Project Data SheetsIntroduction and
References
PIP CVC01017 - Plant Site Data Sheet
PIP CVC01018 - Project Data Sheet
PIP REIE686/API 686 - Recommended Practices for Machinery Installation
and Installation Design
PIP STC01018 - Blast Resistant Building Design Criteria

2.2 Industry Codes and Standards

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

(AASHTO)
AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges
American Concrete Institute (ACI)
ACI 318/318R - Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and
Commentary
ACI 350R - Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures
ACI 530/ASCE 5 - Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures

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April 2002 Structural Design Criteria

American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)

AISC Manual of Steel Construction - Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
AISC Manual of Steel Construction - Load and Resistance Factor
Design (LRFD)
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
AISI SG 673, Part I - Specification for the Design for Cold-Formed Steel
Structural Members
AISI SG 673, Part II - Commentary on the Specification for the Design for
Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members
AISI SG 913, Part I - Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for
Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members
AISI SG 913, Part II - Commentary on the Load and Resistance Factor Design
Specification for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
ASCE 7 - Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
ASCE Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation and Design of Petrochemical
Facilities
ASCE Wind Loads and Anchor Bolt Design for Petrochemical Facilities
ASCE Design of Blast Resistant Buildings in Petrochemical Facilities
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
ASME A17.1 - Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
ASTM A36/A36M - Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel
ASTM A82 - Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Concrete
Reinforcement
ASTM A185 - Standard Specification for Steel Welded Wire Fabric, Plain, for
Concrete Reinforcement
ASTM A193/A193M - Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless
Steel Bolting Materials for High-Temperature Service
ASTM A307 - Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs,
60,000 psi Tensile Strength
ASTM A325 - Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat
Treated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength
ASTM A325M - Standard Specification for High-Strength Bolts for Structural
Steel Joints [Metric]
ASTM A615/A615M - Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Billet-
Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
ASTM A706/A706M - Standard Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Deformed
Bars for Concrete Reinforcement

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Structural Design Criteria April 2002

ASTM A992/A992M - Standard Specification for Steel for Structural Shapes

for Use in Building Framing
American Welding Society (AWS)
AWS D1.1 - Structural Welding Code - Steel
Crane Manufacturers Association of America (CMAA)
CMAA No. 70 - Specifications for Top Running Bridge and Gantry Type
Multiple Girder Overhead Electric Traveling Cranes
CMAA No. 74 - Specifications for Top Running and Under Running Single
Girder Overhead Overhead Electric Traveling Cranes Utilizing Under
Running Trolley Hoist
Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI)
PCI MNL 120 - Design Handbook - Precast and Prestressed Concrete
Steel Joist Institute (SJI)
SJI Standard Specifications and Load Tables

2.3 Government Regulations

Federal Standards and Instructions of the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA), including any additional requirements by state or local
agencies that have jurisdiction in the state where the project is to be constructed,
shall apply.

U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health

Administration (OSHA)
OSHA 29 CFR 1910 - Occupational Safety and Health Standards
OSHA 29 CFR 1926 - Safety and Health Regulations for Construction

3. Design Loads
New facilities, buildings, and other structures, including floor slabs and foundations, shall be
designed to resist the minimum loads defined in ASCE 7, local building codes, and this
section. In addition to the loads in this section, other loads shall be considered as appropriate.
These loads shall include, but are not limited to, snow, ice, rain, hydrostatic, dynamic, upset
conditions, earth pressure, vehicles, buoyancy, and erection. Future loads shall be considered
when specified by the owner.

For existing facilities, actual loads may be used in lieu of the minimum specified loads.

3.1 Dead Loads (D)

Dead loads are the actual weight of materials forming the building, structure,
foundation, and all permanently attached appurtenances (e.g., piping, valves,
lighting, electrical cable trays, instrumentation, HVAC, sprinkler and deluge
systems, fireproofing, and insulation). Weights of fixed process equipment and
machinery are to be treated as dead loads and are covered in Section 3.3.

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3.2 Live Loads (L)

3.2.1 Live loads are gravity loads produced by the use and occupancy of the
building or structure. These include the weight of all movable loads, such as
personnel, tools, miscellaneous equipment, movable partitions, wheel loads,
parts of dismantled equipment, stored material, etc.
3.2.2 Areas for maintenance use (e.g., heat exchanger tube bundle servicing) shall
be designed to support these loads.
3.2.3 Minimum live loads shall be in accordance with ASCE 7, applicable codes
and standards, and, unless otherwise specified, the following:
Uniform Concentrated
2
Stairs and Exitways 100 psf (4.8 kN/m ) 1,000 lbs (4.5 kN)
Walkways; Operating and 75 psf 1,000 lbs (4.5 kN)
2
Access Platforms (3.6 kN/m )
2
Control, I/O, HVAC Room 100 psf (4.8 kN/m ) 1,000 lbs (4.5 kN)
Floors
Process Manufacturing
Floors and Storage Areas:
Light 125 psf 2,000 lbs
2
(6.0 kN/m ) (9.0 kN)
Heavy 250 psf 3,000 lbs
2
(12.0 kN/m )* (13.5 kN)
2
*This 250 psf (12.0 kN/m ) live load is considered to include smaller
equipment.

3.2.4 Uniform and concentrated live loads listed in the table in Section 3.2.3 shall
not be applied simultaneously.
3.2.5 According to ASCE 7, concentrated loads equal to or greater than
1,000 pounds (4.5 kN) may be assumed to be uniformly distributed over an
area of 2.5 feet (762 mm) by 2.5 feet (762 mm) and shall be located to
produce the maximum load effects in the structural members. However, stair
treads shall be designed according to OSHA regulations or building code as
applicable.
3.2.6 Live load reductions shall be as permitted in ASCE 7. In addition, for process
manufacturing floor areas not used for storage, the live load reduction
permitted by ASCE 7 for lower live loads may be used.
3.2.7 The loadings on handrail and guardrail for process equipment structures
shall be according to OSHA 1910. The loadings on handrail and guardrail for
buildings and structures under the jurisdiction of a building code shall be
according to the building code.

3.3 Process Equipment Loads

3.3.1 Empty load (Pe) is considered the empty weight of process equipment or
vessels, including all attachments, trays, internals, insulation, packing,

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agitators, piping, ladders, platforms, etc. Empty load also includes weight of
machinery (e.g., pumps, compressors, turbines, and packaged units).
3.3.2 Operating load (Po) is considered empty load plus the maximum weight of
contents during normal operation.
3.3.3 Test load (Pt) is empty load plus the weight of test medium contained in the
system. Test medium shall be as specified in the contract documents or by
the owner. Equipment and pipes that may be simultaneously tested shall be
included. Cleaning load may be higher than hydrotest load (e.g., cleaning
fluid is heavier than water).
3.3.4 Process equipment empty, operating, and test loads shall have the same load
factor as dead loads.

3.4 Pipe Rack Piping and Cable Tray Loads

3.4.1 Piping and cable tray loads on pipe racks shall be considered dead loads and
may be estimated as follows:
a. A uniformly distributed load of 40 psf (1.9 kPa) for piping, product,
and insulation (This is equivalent to 8-inch (203-mm) diameter,
Schedule 40 pipes, full of water, at 15-inch (381-mm) spacing.)
b. A uniformly distributed dead load of 20 psf (1.0 kPa) for a single level
of cable trays and 40 psf (1.9 kPa) for a double level of cable trays
3.4.2 For any pipe larger than 12-inches (304-mm) nominal diameter, a
concentrated load, including the weight of piping, product, valves, fittings,
and insulation shall be used in lieu of the 40 psf (1.9 kPa). This load shall be
uniformly distributed over the pipes associated area.
3.4.3 For checking uplift and components controlled by minimum loadings,
60 percent of the estimated piping loads shall be used when combining with
wind or earthquake unless the actual conditions warrant a larger or smaller
percentage.
3.4.4 Pipe racks and their foundations shall be designed to support loads
associated with full utilization of the available rack space and any specified
future expansion.

3.5 Wind Loads (W)

3.5.1 Unless otherwise specified, wind loads shall be computed and applied in
accordance with ASCE 7 and the recommended guidelines for open frame
structures, pressure vessels, and pipe racks in ASCE Guidelines for Wind
Loads and Anchor Bolt Design for Petrochemical Facilities.
3.5.2 Site specific design parameters shall conform to PIP CVC01017.
3.5.3 Category II (formerly Category I in editions older than ASCE 7-95) has been
the industry standard; however, in some cases it may be appropriate to select
the current Category III or IV. When calculating wind drift (Section 5.6), the
full design wind load shall be used.

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3.6 Earthquake Loads (E)

3.6.1 Earthquake loads shall be computed and applied in accordance with ASCE 7,
unless otherwise specified. The earthquake loads in ASCE 7 are limit state
seismic loads, and this should be taken into account when using allowable
stress design methods and applying load factors from other codes.
3.6.2 Site specific design parameters shall conform to PIP CVC01017.
3.6.3 ASCE Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation and Design of Petrochemical
Facilities may also be used as a general reference for seismic design.
3.6.4 Traditionally, buildings and building-like structures, designed for earthquake
according to ASCE 7, are classified as Category II (formerly Category I in
editions older than ASCE 7-95). In some cases, it may be appropriate to
select the current Category III or IV.
3.6.5 Where ASCE 7 is used for the seismic design of non-building structures as
defined in ASCE 7, Section 9.14.1.1 and Table 9.14.2.1, the earthquake
loading shall be determined using ASCE 7, Section 9.14. Non-building
structures include elevated tanks or vessels, stacks, pipe racks, and cooling
towers. The importance factor I for non-building structures shall be
determined from ASCE 7, Table 9.14.2.1.2. In general, for non-building
structures in petrochemical process units, select seismic use group II, giving
an importance factor I of 1.25. However, in some cases, it may be
appropriate to select seismic use group I or III.

3.7 Impact Loads

Impact loads shall be according to ASCE 7. Impact loads for davits shall be the same
as those for monorail cranes (powered).

3.8 Thermal Loads

3.8.1 All support structures and elements thereof shall be designed to
accommodate the loads or effects produced by thermal expansion and
contraction of equipment and piping.
3.8.2 Thermal loads shall be included with operating loads in the appropriate load
combinations. Thermal load shall have the same load factor as dead load.
3.8.3 Thermal loads and displacements shall be calculated on the basis of the
difference between ambient or equipment design temperature and installed
temperature.
3.8.4 Friction loads caused by thermal expansion shall be determined using the
appropriate static coefficient of friction. Some commonly used coefficients
shall be taken as follows:
Steel to Steel 0.4
Steel to Concrete 0.6
Proprietary Sliding Surfaces or Per Manufacturers Instructions
Coatings (i.e., Teflon)

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3.8.5 Friction loads shall be considered temporary and shall not be combined with
wind or earthquake loads. However, anchor and guide loads (excluding their
friction component) shall be combined with wind or earthquake loads.
3.8.6 For pipe racks supporting multiple pipes, 10 percent of the total piping
weight shall be taken as an estimated horizontal friction load applied only to
local supporting beams. However, an estimated friction load equal to
5 percent of the total piping weight shall be accumulated and carried into
pipe rack struts, columns, braced anchor frames, and foundations. Under
normal loading conditions with multiple pipes, torsional effects on the local
beam need not be considered since the pipes supported by the beam limit the
rotation of the beam to the extent that the torsional stresses are minimal.
Under certain circumstances, engineering judgement shall be applied to
determine whether a higher friction load and/or torsional effects should be
considered.
3.8.7 Pipe anchor and guide loads shall have the same load factor as dead loads.
Beams, struts, columns, braced anchor frames, and foundations shall be
designed to resist actual pipe anchor and guide loads. For local beam design,
consider only the top flange effective for horizontal bending unless the pipe
anchor engages both flanges of the beam. Internal pressure and surge shall
also be considered for pipe anchor and guide loads.
3.8.8 Estimated pipe friction loads (see Section 3.8.5) shall not be combined with
wind or seismic loads for the design of pipe rack struts, columns, braced
anchor frames, and foundations where there are multiple frames. However,
anchor and guide loads (excluding their friction component) shall be
combined with wind or seismic loads.

3.9 Bundle Pull Load (Bp)

3.9.1 Structures and foundations supporting heat exchangers subject to bundle
pulling shall be designed for a horizontal load equal to 1.5 times the weight
of the removable tube bundle. However, the minimum bundle pull load shall
be either 2,000 pounds (9.0 kN) or the total weight of the exchanger,
whichever is smaller. Bundle pull load shall be applied at the center of the
bundle.
3.9.2 Bundle pull load shall have the same load factors as a live load. Because of
the short duration of bundle pull loading and ductility requirements of codes,
allowable stresses may be increased by one-third, or load factors may be
reduced by a factor of 0.75 for load combination including bundle pull.
3.9.3 The portion of the bundle pull load at the sliding end support shall equal the
friction force or half the total bundle pull load, whichever is less. The
remainder of the bundle pull load shall be resisted at the anchor end support.

3.10 Traffic Loads

Buildings, trenches, and underground installations accessible to truck loading shall
be designed to withstand HS20 load as defined by AASHTO Standard Specifications
for Highway Bridges. Maintenance or construction crane loads shall also be

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April 2002 Structural Design Criteria

considered where applicable. Truck or crane loads shall have the same load factor as
live load.

3.11 Blast Load

Blast load is the load on a structure caused by overpressure resulting from the
ignition and explosion of flammable material or by overpressure or missiles resulting
from runaway reactions. Control houses or other buildings housing personnel and
control equipment near processing plants may need to be designed for blast
resistance.
Blast load shall be computed and applied in accordance with PIP STC01018 and the
ASCE Design of Blast Resistant Buildings in Petrochemical Facilities, unless
otherwise specified.

4. Load Combinations

4.1 General
Buildings, structures, equipment, and foundations shall be designed for the
appropriate load combinations from ASCE 7, local building codes, any other
applicable design codes and standards, and any other probable and realistic
combination of loads.

4.2 Typical Load Combinations

The following non-comprehensive list of typical, non-factored load combinations
shall be considered and used as applicable. Engineering judgment shall be used in
establishing all appropriate load combinations.
1. D + Po + L Maximum Operating
2. D + Po + L + (W or E) Max. Oper. + Wind or Seismic
3. D + Po + E Earthquake Uplift *
4. D + Pe + W Wind Uplift *
5. D + Pt + 0.5L Hydrotest
6. D + Pt + 0.5L + W (50 mph, 3-sec. gust) Hydrotest + Partial Wind
7. D + Pe + Bp Bundle Pull
*Engineering judgement shall be exercised to define the dead load for the load combination
numbers 3 and 4.

4.3 Hydrotest Combinations

Full live, wind, and earthquake loads do not need to be combined with hydrotest
loads. For allowable stress design, a 20 percent allowable stress increase is permitted
for any hydrotest load combination. However, for ultimate strength/limit states
design, no load factor reduction is permitted for any hydrotest load combination.

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5. Structural Design

5.1 Steel
5.1.1 Steel design shall be in accordance with AISC ASD or AISC LRFD
specifications. For cold-formed shapes, design shall be in accordance with
AISI specifications. Steel joists shall be designed in accordance with SJI
standards.
5.1.2 Steel design, including steel joists and metal decking, shall be designed in
accordance with OSHA 29 CFR 1926, Subpart R, to provide structural
stability during erection and to protect employees from the hazards
associated with steel erection activities. A brief summary of some the more
common requirements that effect steel design follows. (This is not an all
inclusive list):
a. All column base plates must be designed with a minimum of four
anchor bolts. Posts (which weigh less than 300 pounds [136 kg]) are
distinguished from columns and are excluded from the four-anchor bolt
requirement.
b. Columns, column base plates, and their foundations must be designed
to resist a minimum eccentric gravity load of 300 pounds (136 kg)
located 18 inches (450 mm) from the extreme outer face of the column
in each direction at the top of the column shaft. Column splices must be
designed to meet the same load-resisting characteristics as those of the
columns.
c. Double connections through column webs or at beams that frame over
the tops of columns must be designed so that at least one installed bolt
remains in place to support the first beam while the second beam is
being erected. Alternatively, the fabricator must supply a seat or
equivalent device with a means of positive attachment to support the
first beam while the second beam is being erected.
d. Perimeter columns must extend 48 inches (1200 mm) above the
finished floor (unless constructability does not allow) to allow the
installation of perimeter safety cables. Provision shall be made for the
attachment of safety cables.
e. Structural members of framed metal deck openings must be turned
down to allow continuous decking, except where not allowed by design
constraints or constructability. The openings in the metal deck shall not
be cut until the hole is needed.
f. Shear stud connectors that will project vertically from or horizontally
across the top flange of the member are not to be attached to the top
flanges of beams, joists, or beam attachments until after the metal
decking or other walking/working surface has been installed.
5.1.3 Unless otherwise required, all bolted structural connections shall be type-N
(bearing-type with threads included in a shear plane) with bolts in
conformance with ASTM A325.

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5.1.4 All welded structural connections shall use weld filler material conforming
to AWS D 1.1 Section 3.3 (including Table 3.1) and have an electrode
strength of 58 ksi (400 MPa) minimum yield strength and 70 ksi (480 MPa)
tensile strength, unless otherwise required.
5.1.5 Structural steel wide-flange shapes, including WT shapes, shall be in
accordance with ASTM A992, unless otherwise specified. All other structural
shapes, plates, and bars shall be in accordance with ASTM A36/A36M, unless
otherwise specified.

5.2 Concrete
5.2.1 Concrete design shall be in accordance with ACI 318/318R. Concrete design
for liquid-containing structures shall also be designed in accordance with
ACI 350R.
5.2.2 Unless otherwise specified, all reinforcing steel shall be in accordance with
ASTM A615/A615M Grade 60 deformed. ASTM A615 Grade 60 plain wire
conforming to ASTM A82 may be used for spiral reinforcement. Welded wire
fabric shall conform to ASTM A185.
5.2.3 Reinforcement designed to resist earthquake-induced flexural and axial
forces in frame members and in wall boundary elements shall comply with
ASTM A706. ASTM A615 Grade 60 reinforcement is acceptable for these
members if (a) the actual yield strength based on mill tests does not exceed
the specified yield strength by more than 18,000 psi (retests shall not exceed
this value by more than an additional 3,000 psi), and (b) the ratio of the
actual ultimate tensile strength to the actual tensile yield strength is not less
than 1.25.
5.2.4 Precast and prestressed concrete shall be in accordance with the PCI Design
Handbook.

5.3 Masonry
Masonry design shall be in accordance with ACI 530/ASCE 5.

5.4 Elevator Supports

Elevator support design shall be according to ASME A17.1.

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5.5 Crane Supports

5.5.1 Vertical deflection of support runway girders shall not exceed the following
limits when loaded with the maximum wheel load(s), without impact (where
L = the span length):
Top-Running CMAA Class A, B, and C Cranes L/600
Top-Running CMAA Class D Cranes L/800
Top-Running CMAA Class E and F Cranes L/1000
Under-Running CMAA Class A, B, and C L/450
Cranes
Monorails L/450

5.5.2 Vertical deflection of jib crane support beams shall not exceed L/225 (where
L = the maximum distance from the support column to load location along
the length of the jib beam when loaded with the maximum lifted plus hoist
load(s), without impact.
5.5.3 Lateral deflection of support runway girders for cranes with lateral moving
trolleys shall not exceed L/400 (where L = the span length) when loaded
with a total crane lateral force not less than 20 percent of the sum of the
weights of the lifted load (without impact) and the crane trolley. The lateral
force shall be distributed to each runway girder with due regard for the
lateral stiffness of the runway girders and the structure supporting the
runway girders.
5.5.4 Crane stops shall be designed according to manufacturers requirements or,
if not specified, for the following load:
2
F = W V /(2gTn)
where:
F = Design force on crane stop, kips (kN)
W = 50% of bridge weight + 90% of trolley weight, excluding
the lifted load, kips (kN)
V = Rated crane speed, ft/sec (m/sec)
2 2
g = Acceleration of gravity, 32.2 ft/sec (9.8 m/sec )
T = Length of travel (ft) of spring or plunger required to stop
crane, from crane Manufacturer, usually 0.15 ft (50 mm)
n = Bumper efficiency factor (0.5 for helical springs; see
manufacturer for hydraulic plunger)

5.6 Allowable Drift Limits

5.6.1 Allowable wind drift limits for pipe racks shall not exceed H/100 (where
H = pipe rack height).

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5.6.2 Except as indicated in the following subsections, the allowable wind story
drift limits for occupied buildings shall not exceed H/200 (where H = story
height).
5.6.3 Allowable wind drift limits for pre-engineered metal buildings shall not
exceed H/80 (where H = building height).
5.6.4 Allowable wind drift limits for buildings with a bridge crane, which is
required to be in service even during hurricanes, shall not exceed H/400 or 2
inches (50 mm), whichever is less (where H = the height from the base of the
crane support structure to the top of the runway girder).
5.6.5 Allowable wind drift limits for buildings with bridge cranes that will not be
in service during hurricanes shall not exceed H/140 or 2 inches (50 mm)
whichever is less (see paragraph 5.6.4 for definition of H).
5.6.6 Allowable wind drift limits for process structures, and personnel access
platforms shall not exceed H/200 (where H = structure height at elevation of
drift consideration).
5.6.7 Allowable seismic drift limits shall be in accordance with ASCE 7.

5.7 Foundations
5.7.1 Foundation design shall be based on the results of a geotechnical engineering
investigation.
5.7.2 The minimum factor of safety for overturning caused by loads other than
seismic shall be 1.5.
5.7.3 The minimum factor of safety against sliding caused by loads other than
seismic shall be 1.5. Both friction and passive soil resistance, in accordance
with the geotechnical report, may be considered as resisting sliding.
5.7.4 The minimum factor of safety against overturning and sliding caused by
seismic loads shall be 1.0. For additional guidance, see Chapter 5 of ASCE
Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation and Design of Petrochemical Facilities.
5.7.5 The minimum factor of safety against buoyancy shall be 1.2.
5.7.6 Long-term and differential settlement shall be considered when designing
foundations supporting interconnected, settlement-sensitive equipment or
piping systems.

5.8 Vibrating Machinery Supports

5.8.1 Machinery foundations shall be designed in accordance with PIP REIE686
Chapter 4, equipment manufacturers recommendations, and published
design procedures and criteria for dynamic analysis. If manufacturers
vibration criteria are not available, the maximum velocity of movement
during steady-state normal operation shall be limited to 0.12 inch per second
for centrifugal machines and to 0.15 inch per second for reciprocating
machines.

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PIP STC01015 EDITORIAL REVISION
Structural Design Criteria April 2002

5.8.2 Support structures or foundations for centrifugal rotating machinery greater

than 500 horsepower shall be designed for the expected dynamic forces
using dynamic analysis procedures. For units less than 500 horsepower, in
the absence of a detailed dynamic analysis, the foundation weight shall be
designed to be at least three times the total machinery weight, unless
specified otherwise by the manufacturer.
5.8.3 For reciprocating machinery less than 200 horsepower, in the absence of a
detailed dynamic analysis, the foundation weight shall be designed to be at
least five times the total machinery weight, unless specified otherwise by the
manufacturer.
5.8.4 The allowable soil-bearing or allowable pile capacity for foundations for
equipment designed for dynamic loads shall be a maximum of half of the
normal allowable for static loads.
5.8.5 The maximum eccentricity between the center of gravity of the combined
weight of the foundation and machinery and the bearing surface shall be
5 percent in each direction.

5.9 Anchor Bolts

5.9.1 Anchor bolts shall be headed type or threaded rods with compatible nuts
using ASTM A36/A36M, A307, or A193/A193M Grade B7 material.
5.9.2 ASTM A36/A36M or A307 anchor bolts shall be designed using an allowable
tension stress of 19 ksi (131 MPa) and an allowable shear stress of 10 ksi
(69 MPa) on the gross (nominal) area of the bolt or using ultimate strength
methods with the appropriate load factors.
5.9.3 ASTM A193/A193M Grade B7 anchor bolts shall be designed using an
allowable tension stress of 38 ksi (262 MPa) and an allowable shear stress of
20 ksi (138 MPa) on the gross (nominal) area of the bolt or shall be designed
using ultimate strength methods with the appropriate load factors.
5.9.4 Allowable tension and shear stresses in the anchor bolt material may be
increased one-third when considering wind or earthquake loads.
5.9.5 Shear and tension interaction shall be considered.
5.9.6 All ASTM A36/A36M and A307 anchor bolts shall be galvanized, unless
otherwise noted.

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