You are on page 1of 172

Physicists Gift for Geographers

Abstract

Bla Kocen (Blasius Kozenn) had done a lot for the Modern Geography Teachings in
Mid-European Milieu. Early modern geographical researchers in the lands inhabited by
Slovenes started with Herman of Carinthia and most of all with Sigismund Herberstein (*
1486 Vipava; 1566 Vienna), who discovered Russia for Europe. Slovenes have at least a
half millennium old scientific geography tradition up to now.

In Protestant times Ljubljana had such eminent teachers as Nikodem Frischlin (* 1547
Balingen; 1590 Hohen-Urach at Wrttenberg), who published several treatises on
astronomy with some geographical data included. His Ljubljana Protestant School was soon
replaced by the Jesuit one. The Jesuits taught young Carniolan males for nearly two centuries.
They provided geographical lectures at their high school and after the year 1705 also at the
university level of their philosophical studies.

The Jesuits gained strong support of the local nobility. The Carniolan nobles traditionally
nourished a great interest for geographical matters and developed many first-rate libraries
with excellent geographical books at the baroque Ljubljana. The Prince Auerspergs Trust
library of Ljubljana had a hundred excellent geographical books mostly collected by Count
Volf Engelbert Auersperg (* 1610; 1671) and his brother Prince Janez Vajkard Auersperg
(* 1615; 1677). Volfs young friend and admirer Baron Janez Vajkard Valvasor
accomplished a library which was by no means smaller and even slightly more modern.
Valvasor also bought French, Dutch, and English books. He was able to broaden his
geographical knowledge as a Fellow of the London Royal Society. The Society expected
Valvasor to extend his cartography towards Turkish regions of Balkan which they hoped in
vain to be rechristened soon.

Volfs first cousins son, Volf Engelbert Auersperg (* 1641; 1709), invented a geographical
game Orbis Lusus during his studies at the University of Graz in 1659. He published a huge
volume of 250 pages to describe its geographical context with the help of his professor of
mathematics, the Jesuit Kirchoffer von Kirchoffen. The Middle European nobility enjoyed
Auerspergs game for several decades. They used turning-around table covered with the map.
The map was divided among 1680 parts called areolas. They played all around the world they
knew. Certainly, their Australia was described as "nothing but the sea", but they eventually
provided a good enough description of the Americas because the Auerspergs had several
books describing the geography of the new continent. The players used a Compass to
orientate themselves and eventually considered their game to be useful for education.

1
Geography was a part of the applied mathematics curriculum until the 19th century. Only later
geography became connected with the humanities most of all with history. Geography became
an outspoken part of the historical curriculum in Middle Europe only after the 1848 Spring of
Nations to become an independent teaching chair a quarter of century later. Therefore,
Auerspergs geographical game-dissertation in 1659 was supervised by the professor of
mathematics. This happened just four years after the fascinating exchange of letters about the
games of chance between Blaise Pascal and Pierre Fermat that extended over four months in
the summer and autumn of 1654. Auersperg and Kirchoffer von Kirchoffens geographical
game was clearly in the mainstream of the era.

Janez Baptist Mayr published his first Ljubljana bookselling catalogue in 1678 with several
excellent geographical volumes included. Mayr cleverly predicted a successful market at
Ljubljana considering the growing interest for geography among the Carniolan folks. The
descendants of Volfs customs officer Erberg became members of Volfs intellectual circle
with Valvasor and Janez Ludwig Schnleben included. All of them gathered an admirable
amount of geographical titles at their library.

Auerspergs and Erbergs widely supported Ljubljana Jesuits. Many Barons Erbergs studied
and taught in Ljubljana as Jesuits. Several members of the Baron Erberg family made
worldwide geographical contribution as missionaries, especially Innocent Erberg at Uruguay-
Paraguay and his nephew Augustin Hallerstein at Beijing. Innocents brother Anton published
geographical books and his cousin Jesuit Bernard Ferdinand baron Erberg (* 1718; 1773)
bought useful geographical instruments for the Jesuit college of Ljubljana in 1751.

Ljubljana Jesuits published their first geographical books soon after they opened the
philosophical studies in 1705 when geography was still a part of the applied mathematics
chair. During the Empress Maria Thereses era they usually put several geographical
examinational questions to their students at the lower as well as at the higher studies. Gabriel
Gruber began to teach cartography at Ljubljana. His former students became able engineers
and drew exceptionally good pictures of the rivers Sava and Mura for navigational purposes.
The later famous Jurij Vega was among the best of Grubers cartographers trained at Grubers
Ljubljana school.

The next to last baron Erberg, Janez Kalasanc, inherited a huge library with geographical
books included and made friends with another important baron of Ljubljana, iga Zois. Zois
also collected geographical books with growing modern connotations. As the Count Volf
(Wolf) Engelbert Auersperg a century and a half before him, Zois gathered important young
people at his home. Many of Zois young friends contributed major steps toward the modern
Slovene geography, among them the historian Anton Toma Linhart and teacher Valentin
Vodnik.

During the decades before the 1848 Spring of Nations Janez Kerstnik (Baptist) Kersnik and
Karl Hummel were the professors of physics and mathematics at Ljubljana. They used
geographical tools and published geographical textbooks. After the revolution of 1848, Karel
Robida, born in the suburbs of Ljubljana, became a highly influential professor of physics and
mathematics at Klagenfurt (Celovec). He taught Joef Stefan, probably the most successful
scientist of Slovenian origin. Robida published a preliminary to the first geographical
textbook in the Slovenian language. Geographic research was nourished at the Ljubljana
Museum Society under the leadership of Karl Deman. The young Styrian teacher Bla
Kocen was an active member of the Museum Society. Kocen lectured on local meteorological

2
data at one of the very first Museum Society meetings. Kocen taught at the Ljubljana high
School and Demans liberal circles influenced his passion for geography.

The development of geography in the lands inhabited by Slovenians was closely connected
with local school textbooks especially in the 19th century, after the Jesuits lost their
pedagogical monopoly. Kocen made his name in geography, but his publication in
meteorology and astronomy also deserve to be put at the limelight. The same goes for his
pedagogical work in mathematics and even more in physics. He learned the modern
experimental method at Andreas von Ettingshausens Viennese Physics institute where Joef
Stefan also studied.

Kocen published famous geography textbooks for primary and secondary schools covering
most need of the Habsburg Monarchy. Kocen published exceptionally successful geographical
books and his work stimulated many other efforts in the lands inhabited by Slovenes, most
notably Peter Kozler and finally Janez Jesenko and Cigale who began to use Slovenian
geographical language. Kocen's contributions could be compared to Franc Monik's
mathematical textbooks. In a way he was even more successful. Kocen was able to sell his
textbooks to newly established German lands north of his native Habsburg monarchy. Kocen's
textbooks began with mathematical and physical geography. Kocen's excellent drawings
included in the introductory paragraphs of mathematical geography helped the youth to
accomplish the first steps towards solid astronomical knowledge.

The former inhabitants of now Slovenian lands with their once mixed Slovene-German-Italian
inhabitants and cultures considerably contributed to the development of the worldwide
geography. Kocens success was just a top of the efforts of his predecessors and contemporary
country men who mapped the Middle Europe as we know it today.

Keywords: Bla Kocen, Auersperg, History of Astronomy, Ljubljana, Gorizia (Gorica),


Olomouc, Vienna, History of Geography, History of Cartography, History of Physics, Graz,
Vienna, Melania Trump, Balloon Aeronautics.

1. Introduction: BLA KOCENS (BLASIUS KOZENN) LIFE AND WORK

The future physicist and geographer Bla Kocen was born on January 24, 1821 in a small
Slovenian village Hotunje by Ponikva in a relatively poor rural family. He showed his talent
and diligence very early. He studied in secondary schools in Celje, later in Gradec (Graz) and
finally to theological studies in Celovec (Klagenfurt). For a few years he worked as a chaplain
in the Slovenian part of the province tajerska (Styria, Steiermark). After a thorough school
reform in Austria in 1848, he became a high school teacher. He began his professorship as a
substitute teacher in his former High school in Celje, but soon he finished his studies in the
Physics Institute in Vienna and moved to Ljubljana and later to Gorica (Gorizia). In Ljubljana
and Gorizia Kocen started his scientific work, with his study of Climate of Gorizia County

3
and his first geographical textbook Grundzge der Geographie (The Basics of Geography). In
the year 1858 he got a job in German High school in Bohemian-Moravian Olomouc, where he
published another three textbooks and numberless wall and hand maps. Soon he became
famous for his works in geography used in all kinds of educations from primary to secondary
schools all over the Habsburg Monarchy. With his works he tried to fulfill the didactical part
of schools, where the shortage in Austria was the greatest, as he said in one of his editorials.
As a mostly self-made man he was one of the pioneers in the field of school atlases,
textbooks, great wall-maps, and smaller hand maps. Because these school maps were one of
the first ones written in their national languages, he was also highly valued in Bohemia,
Poland and Hungary. He can be denoted as the most important author of works for school
geography in the second half of the 19th century in Austria. He won his fame with atlases for
secondary schools, which have established his name since 1861 till today. They have been
issued in more than 200 editions and reprints in almost all Central European languages. But
he also published six other atlases during his lifetime. One of them was the first regional
school atlas of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire.

Practically all his work was completed in the last decade of his life in Olomouc in Moravia
(nowadays Czech Republic), 1858-1870. His work was deeply related with his publisher
Eduard Hlzel. When Hlzel moved his publishing house from Olomouc to Vienna, Kocen
followed him. He spent only last year of his life in Vienna, where he died on May 29, 1871,
only 50 years old. Although Kocen was reproached as nationally negligent while he lived in
Ljubljana and Gorizia (Gorica), he showed his attitude towards his roots with his special
index of Slovenian topographical names and the ethnographical border on the Map of Alpine
lands. Soon after his death Ivan Lapajne translated his textbook for Public schools into
Slovenian language. Kocen tried to combine practicability, economy, clearness and scientific
newness in his works. Until his death 56 editions and reprints were published and altogether
almost 300 editions (mostly atlases) have born his name until today. KOZENN ATLAS is still
probably the best-known trade-mark in Austria in the field of school geography. As a
geographer he was able to export his works even outside Habsburg Empire, namely to the
newly established German Reich.

Kocens publications in meteorology and astronomy certainly deserve to be put at the


limelight. The same goes for his mathematical pedagogical work and even more his physics.
He learned the modern experimental method at Gintls Graz Lyceum-University course and at
Andreas von Ettingshausens Viennese Physics institute where Joef Stefan also studied and
later made an extraordinary success.

Before the Spring of Nations of 1848, Janez Krstnik Kersnik and Karl Hummel were the
professors of physics and mathematics at Ljubljana. They used geographical tools and
Hummel published a geographical textbook. After the March revolution Karel Robida, born in
the suburbs of Ljubljana, became a highly influential professor of physics and mathematics at
Klagenfurt. He taught Joef Stefan, probably the most successful scientist of Slovenian origin.
Robida published a preliminary to the first geographical textbook in the Slovenian language
and paved the way for Kocens success.

The geographic research was nourished at the Ljubljana Museum Society under the leadership
of Karl Deman. The young Styrian teacher Bla Kocen became an active member of the
Museum Society and participated his own paper. He lectured on local meteorological data at
one of the very first Museum Society meetings. Kocen taught at the Ljubljana high School
and Demans liberal circles influenced his passion for geography.

4
Kocens role as the curator of nature historical instrument at Ljubljana high school was
discussed and documented for the first time. The geography was included in his cabinet and
Kocens acquisitions mirrors his early scientific or pedagogical interests.

Kocen's textbooks began with the mathematical and physical geography. Kocen's excellent
drawings included in the introductory paragraphs of mathematical geography helped the youth
to accomplish the first steps towards solid astronomical knowledge.

The geography was a part of the applied mathematics curriculum until the 19th century. Only
later geography connected itself to the humanities. The geography became an outspoken part
of the Middle Europe historical curriculum only after the Spring of Nations and became an
independent chair a quarter of century later.

Kocen's contributions could be compared to the success of Franc Monik's mathematical


textbooks. In a way Kocen was even more successful. He was able to sell his textbooks to
newly formed German state north of his native Habsburg monarchy.

Bla Kocen was also Meteorologist, Astronomer and Physicist. Kocen made his name in
geography, but his meteorology and astronomy research also deserve to be put at the
limelight. The same goes for his pedagogical work in mathematics and even more in physics.
He learned the modern experimental method at Gintls Graz University course and at Andreas
von Ettingshausens Viennese Physics institute where Joef Stefan also studied.

The young Styrian teacher Bla Kocen was an active member of the Museum Society. Kocen
lectured on local meteorological data at one of the very first Museum Society meetings.
Kocen taught at the Ljubljana high School and Demans liberal circles influenced his passion
for geography.

The geographic and similar natural history research was nourished at the Ljubljana Museum
Society under the leadership of Karl Deman. Kocen was very active at Demans circle and
participated his own paper.

Kocens role as the curator of nature historical instrument at Ljubljana high school was
discussed and documented for the first time. The geography was part of his cabinet and Kocen
acquisitions show his early scientific or pedagogical interests.

The Styrian Bla Kocen is known as a cartographer and a geographer. However, his basic
education was focused on physics. It is also worth to look at his successes in meteorology and
astronomy. In his youth, he studied the history of astronomy and the Gorizia (Gorika)
climate. In the introductory chapters of his geographical textbooks he constantly engaged
astronomy as mathematical geography, and meteorology as part of physical geography with
climatic descriptions. Later, he focused entirely on the field of school geography and was the
author of numerous textbooks, wall and handcards, and atlases that best glorified his name. In
addition, Kocen was one of the pioneers of geographical didactics in the territory of the
Habsburg monarchy, through his publications on geographical teachings.

There is something personal in mapmaking. I loved it always, beginning with the early
childish games with the maps involved. I just cannot resist maps, especially the old maps.
Travel is never so much fun as maps are. For one reason or another I did not study geography

5
but physics. Just like Kocen did before me. Thats why I like the guy. The previous research
of Bla Kocen is due primary to his younger compatriot, the professor of geography Role
Bratec Mrvar in last decade. Some of our joint publications include:

1. 28th March 2007. Simpozij o Blau Kocenu, geografu, kartografu, meteorologu, astronomu in
fiziku. Slovenska matica, dvorana/I, Ljubljana, Kongresni trg 8. Bla Kocen, meteorolog,
astronom in fizik.
2.
3. May 2007. (with Role Bratec-Mrvar & Stane Okoli) Bla Kocen in zaetki pouka geografskih
vsebin na Kranjskem (Blasius Kozen). Katalog razstave v Slovenskem olskem muzeju.
Ljubljana: Slovenski olski muzej.
www.solski-muzej.si/eng/exhibits.php?item=83

4. 2009 April. Bla Kocen, meteorolog, astronom in fizik. Bla Kocen 1821-1871 ivljenje in
delo oeta Kocenovih atlasov (ed. Kunaver, Jurij). Ljubljana: Slovenska matica. 63-84.
Illustrated.

Outline of the examination of geographical content and geography among Slovenes began
with Herman of Carinthia in the 12th century.

2. Herman of Carinthia and Sigismund Herberstein

Herman of Carinthia traveled through France, France, Northern Italy, South Croatia, and
through Greece to Constantinople, the Crusaders of Palestine and Damascus. There they
became acquainted with the Arabic version of the ancient Greek-Roman culture, which was
more advanced than the then European. They returned on the other hand and through Sicily
arrived in Spain in 1138.

Sigismund Herberstein, who "discovered" Russia to other Europeans, was also successful in
Russia because he could easily learn Russian which was not far from Slovenian language.
Similar achievements in Russia are for other Slovenian diplomats: Janez Baron Kobencl has
proved himself to be a diplomat in Russia and a guest of Ivan Grozny, who wrote the toast as
he rushed in Russian. Kobencl was the originator of the "dynasty" of first-rate Slovenian
diplomats. Count Janez Filip Kobencl was a diplomat in Petersburg at a time when Caesarean
diplomacy was secretly led by Jesuit General Gabriel Gruber.

Figure 1: Herberstein's Viennese university before he published his Moscow Lands (European
Russia) from 1549

6
3. The beginnings of geography in lands inhabited by Slovenes: Protestants

Between 1533-1560, the inhabitants of Ljubljana visited the Protestant School of Music
(Landschaftsschulen). Between March 28, 1563 and October 30, 1598, the Ljubljana
Protestants maintained a high school, a gymnasium. According to Bohori's school order of
1575, gifted students in Ljubljana taught the basic concepts of natural philosophy, geography
and interested students, even the basics of astronomy (doctrine sphaerica). Unfortunately, the
provincial princes of Habsburgs in 1580 prohibited bourgeois children from attending a
Protestant school, which was, of course, the beginning of its end.

The Protestant School in Ljubljana had five classes since 1582, which they also retained after
the school Frischlin Order of 1584. Frischlin was from 1582 to 1584 a school headmaster in
Ljubljana; he published astronomy and a Latin-written ode about Lake Cerknica, which was
later translated into German by A. Urbas more than three centuries later.

Figure 2: Geographical sketches from Frischlin's astronomy

Between 1536 and 1543, a cartographer Augustin Hirschvogel (* 1503; 1553) lived in
Ljubljana, who also studied pits in Slovenian lands. Its almost half one meter or so wide map
of Carniola, Croatia, Istria, Slavonia and Bosnia was engraved in 1570.

4. Auerspergs trust Library and Orbis Lusus

Figure 3: Orbis Lusus Dissertation in Graz in 1759.

7
Figure 4: Orbis Lusus catalogued several copies in Auerspergs trust Library of Ljubljana.

Dr. Jernej Sekolec of Vienna as the great collector of Slovenian related antiquities and not so
great mediator of Slovenian-Croatian borders is the best researcher of Orbis Lusus game. In
the middle of the 17th century, Count Wolf Engelbert Auersperg (Volf Turjaki) collected one
of the richest Baroque libraries in Europe. In the textbook obtained by Wolf, Gautruche
divided mathematical science into arithmetic, elementary and practical geometry, cosmology,
chronology, history, geography, optics and music. What a richer look for today, when only the
first of these branches still belong to mathematics.

Figure 5: Geographical books from Wolf's library in Ljubljana: Sir Robert Dudley (* 1574;
1649) on Mercator's scale of the secrets of seas.

Figure 6: Geographical books from Wolf's library in Ljubljana: Blaeu New Maps with 278
handy colored maps in 1641.

8
Table 1: Books on the geography of Europe in the Wolf's catalog (1668) according to the
transcript from 1762 (HHStA, FAA)

Writer Year Title and place of issue

Mnster, Sebastiani 1552 Cosmographia universalis, Basilea


Mnster, Sebastiani 1628 Cosmographia, Basilea
Pantaleonis, Henrici 1561 Chronographia, Basilei
Strabonis (Strabo) 1562 Geographia tradota dGreco, Venetiis
Camocio, G.F. 1575- Isole famose, porti
1580
Ramusio, G. & Bartoli 1583 Della navigatione et viaggi
Mercatoris, Geraldi 1585- Atlas sive cosmographicae meditationes de fabrica Mund
1595
Mercatoris, Geraldi 1589 Italia, Sclavonia et Graecia tabula geographica, Duisburg
Mercatoris, Geraldi 1589 Fons Germania tabula geographica, Duisburg
Huny (Hondius), Jodaci; 1619 Atlas sive meditationis cosmographica, Amstelodami
Mercatoris, Geraldi
Hond, Iodoci; Mercatori, 1631 Atlas minor, Amstelodami
Geraldi
Botero, Giovanni 1585 Le relationi universali
Botero, Giovanni 1622 Le relationi universali
Braun, Georgi 1590 Theatrum mundi, Coloniae.
Braun, Georgi, Hoheberg, 1582- Beschreibung und Contrafactur
Franz 1600
Braun, Georgi, Hoheberg, 1612- Civitates Orbis Terrarum
Franz 1618
Ptolemei, Claudij 1599 Geographia, Venetiis
Quad, Mathias 1600 Compendium universi
Paglioni, Joanni Nicolai 1606 Theatri universae, Venetiis
Paglioni, Joanni Nicolai 1623 Amfiteatro dEuropa overo cosmographia, Venetiis 4 pr. Belo.
Fournier, Georgi 1668 Geographica orbis notitia per litora maris et ripas fluviorum.
Francoforti
Meisner, Daniel 1642 Sciographia cosmica, Norimbergae
Hall, bishop Joseph 1643 Mundus alter er Idem. Sive Terra Australia antehac semper incognita
Barezzo, Barezzi 1643 Il proprio mio historia geographia et poeti, Venetia
Morisotus, Claudius 1643 Orbis maritimi
Bartholomeaus
Jansson (Janszon), 1644 Novus atlas
Johannes
Alsted, Joannis Henrici 1645 Enciclopedia 1-4 (each part separated), Lugduni
Merian, Matthus (Anhalt- 1646 Der Fruchtbringenden Gesellschaft Hamen, Vorhaben, Gemhlde
Kthen, Ludwig und Wrter. Frankfurt: Merian
Siri, Victor 1649 Mercator overo istoria di tempo corento
Vareni, Bernhardi 1650 Geographia Generalis, Amstelodami
Brulius, Joachim 1651 Historiae Peruanae

9
Merian, Matthus 1649 Typographia Austriacorum Provincarum Austria, Styria, Carinthia,
Carniola et Tyrolis, Frankfurt
Merian, Matthus 1635- Theatrum Europaeum, vol. I-V & VIII. Frankfurt
1667
Merian, Matthus 1656 Dodatek k Typographia Frankfurt (argi, 2002, 288)
Olearius, Adam (Bircher, 1656 Newe Beschrebung der Muscowitischen und Persichen Reise.
1995, 295) Schleswig
Zeiller, Martin 1652 Topographia Electorati Brandenburgici
Zeiller, Martin 1649- Topographia provinciarum Austriacum
56
Zeiller, Martin 1655- Topographia Galliae
56
Fikritch, Georgi; Serlini 1656 Orbis Lumen et Atlantis juga tecta retrecta, Frankoforti
Wilhelm (printers!,
writers: Linda, Akity,
Laet)
Vossi, Isaac 1658
Observationes an Pomponi Melani de Situ orbi. Hagae
Auersperg, Wolfgang 1659
Orbis Lusus. Gradec (4 izvodi)
Cellari, Andrea Palatini 1661
Harmonia macrocosmica seu atlas universalis, Amstel, fol. Perg.
Belo.
Blaeu, Joanis; Blaeu, W. 1641- Novus Atlas. Amsterdam.
1642
Blaeu, Joanis 1649 Novum ac magnum theatrum. Amsterdam.
Blaeu, Joanis 1655 Novus atlas. Amsterdam.
Blaeu, Joanis 1661 Atlas maior sive cosmographia Blaviana, 1-11, Amstelodami, fol.
Blaeu, Joanis 1663 Theatrum civitatum. Amsterdam.
Flitner, Joanne 1663 Jocoseria, Frankfurt
Bion, Joannis 1663 Theatrum sive atlas Italia
Von Rheinfelden, Ignatius 1667 Neue Jerosolymitaniche Pilger-Fahrt

Figure 7: Wolf and Auersperg's prince trust library of Ljubljana with Ignatius von
Rheinfelden's map of 1667.

Orbis Lusus was great. Among mathematical works, Volf librarian also listed the dissertation
of his cousin Wolf Engelbert's nephew who was also named Wolf Engelbert Auersperg (*
1641). Dissertation had a title: The world is a game of Geography (Orbis Lusus). It was
defended at Kirchoffens class in Graz in August 1659. In the Princely Library of Ljubljana, it
was kept in four copies. The mathematical part of the table game with the use of the map of
the world was written by the more experienced Kirchoffen, and the less demanding is Count
Murphy's younger Count Wolf. They listened to the works that Volf Auersperg had in his
Ljubljana library: Seneca, Cicero, Ovid, Aristotle, Ptolemy and Tasso. In any case even more
than the same books. Wolf the younger dealt with his play even later, when he publicly

10
presented it in Ljubljana in three decades after the Graz publication. On this occasion, he
shared his work with the graffiti with the audience. One copy was found in the library of
Ljubljana Academy of Operosorum. The Operosorum guys certainly took it over from one of
the descendants of the members of the former circles of Wolf Auersperg the elder. Volf
(Wolf) Engelbert Auersperg the younger, after his father's death, became the hereditary
Marshal; married to Katarina Elizabeth von Trilleck from the family of later barons. Volf
Engelbert Auersperg (Turjak) the younger chose the adjective nickname God-lover as a
member of the United Society of St. Dizma. Until 1943, Volf Engelbert Auersperg the
younger and his wifes portrait was in the Turjak castle, then for three years ot was at the
National Museum and since 1946 at the National Gallery. Thus, in terms of color and content,
a similar picture of Wolf's younger woman hung in the former Auersperg and Apfaltrers
castle Kri-Mekinje near Komenda; both were probably made according to a common
proposition that is not preserved today. In 1698, the Land of the Land of Carniola Volf
Engelbert Auersperg (Turjaki, * 1641) entered a long-standing dispute with the provincial
states of Carniola, the regional governor of Carniola Janez Herbert von Kacianar with
Begunje manor and the regional governor of Carniola Eggenberg due to the election of the
provincial governor, regional recipients and trustees. On 17 March 1680, he bought the Cave
manor in Upper (Zgornja) ika, in 1692 Namrelj in 1686, under the abandoned old castle
Nadliek (Zvezda-Tabor), built the castle Pajkovo, which was part of the trust (fidejkomis)
together with Turjak manor from 1739. In 1680, Valvasor dedicated the Count Wolfgang
Engelbert Auespergs (Turjak) younger, artfully formed Ovid Metamorphoses, and in Slava
the image of Turjak castle with a view of the mountains of the mountains. In his collection,
besides Orbis Lusus, the regional governor Volf kept numerous other books on social games,
including the Weikhman's book on chess and the similar work of August II. Duke of
Braunschweig-Lneburg and Francesco Barozzi, published under the pseudonym of Gustavo
Selenius. Wolfe also had F. Barozzi's Cosmography with Sacro Bosco's critique, while the
other works of the Baroque were kept by Galilei in his library. The Orbis Lusus was played
with 38 figures, between whom were eagles, horses, sailboats, dog vestiges, divers, passers-by
and so on. For each figure, the rules for spatial in which the player may travel or occupy them,
were subject. Thus, the eagle was a universal figure and could occupy any land, while the
other figures had limitations. Areole on the map had holes in which the figure that occupied
the land. Areoles represented real geographical surfaces that were well described. Of course,
among them Carniolan, as well as a general description of the American continent, was
apparently also made based on many such books in the Volfs Library. Considering the islands
from the southern seas or unexplored places, the descriptions were relatively short, sometimes
as "nothing but the sea". Artificial figures could be made on the model of chess, to save time
and money, it was possible to play with the leaflets on which they wrote which figure they
represent. They used a special gaming table with various drawers. Father Wolf of the younger,
Janez Andrej Auersperg (Turjaki), was the owner of Dragomlje, Turjak and the Ljubljana
Palace in his sudden death in 1664, in which he left two gaming tables; maybe they were
meant to play Orbis Lusus, which was designed by his son five years earlier.

Figure 8: The Orbis Lusus geography game, published by Count Wolfgang Auersperg
(Turjaki) in Graz as his final work with Professor Kirchoffen.

5. Geographical books in Valvasor's library

11
In 1689, Valvasor, with his Die Ehre des Herzogthums Crain has been the most important and
fundamental cartographic, ethnological, historical and geographical source of Carniola for the
whole of Europe for many decades. Thus, according to his work, Johann Baptist Homman
inspired Johann Baptist Homman, who in 1714 and 1730 issued Nurnberg a map of the Duchy
of Carniola, the Slovenian Littoral and Istria with the images of Lake Cerknica and Ljubljana
at its corner, and a little later (1747), Tobias Lotter in his Grand world atlas, which was
printed in Nuremberg, in the same city as Valvasor's Glory.

Figure 9: Tabula Ducatus Carnioliae, Vindorum Marchiae et Histriae ex mente Illustr. Mi


quondam L.B. Valvasorii, 1714

Valvasor's rich library was sold in Zagreb at the Metropolitan Library, since the Carniola
provincial states did not decide to buy it for that occasion. Unfortunately, the collection was
partially damaged and stolen a few years ago.

Table 2: Interesting Valvasor's geographical books from his library.

Dauthendey, Casparus. 1639. Fundametum Geographicum ... Braunschweg: Duncker.

Goclenius, Rudolf Gckel ml. 1620. Synopsis methodology of geometry, astronomy,


astrology, optics and geography ... Francoforti: Unckel.

Hubernius, Mauritius. 1615. Globorum coelestis et terrestris fabrica and usus ... Nuremberg:
Fuhrmann.

Hulsius, Levinus. 1598. ... newen Reise oder Schiffahrt, die die Hollendischen Schifft ...
Nrnberg: Lochner.

Hulsius, Levinus. 1603. ..., Guinea ... Franckfurt: Richtern.

Mnster, Sebastian. 1579. Cosmographia ... Basel: Henricipetrina.

Praetorius, Johann. 1668. ... geographischen Bericht .... Lipsiae: Hle.

Quadt, Matthias. 1598. Enchiridon Cosmographicum ... Clln am Rhein: Ltzenkirchen.

Quadt, Matthias. 1598. Geographischen ... Clln am Rhein: Buxemacher.

6. Geographical books for sale at the new Ljubljana printing press of Mayr.

Table 3: Mayr's Ljubljana offer of geographical works in the Latin language in 1678

Author Title catalog page Format

12
Bucelini Germania Topo- Chrono- Stemmato-Graphica, Sacra 69 Fol.
& profana, Tomus III. & IV.1
Cellarij Nucleus Geographiae antiquae & novae 71 12
Cluverij Germania antiqua2 71 4
Cluverij Sicilia, Sardinia, & Corsica antiqua3 71 4
Cluverij Italia antiqua4 71 4
Cluverij Introductio in universam Geographiam tam veteram, 71 4
quam novam
Cluverij Epitome Historiarum totium Mundi 72 4
Heidmanni Europa, S. Manductio ad Geographiam veteram 77 4
Paulli Orbis terraqueus, in Tabula Geographicis & 85 8
Hydrographicis descriptus
Potomographia Europea , h. e. Bevis ac succincta 86
recensio Fluviorum Europae
Schaevij Sceleton Geographicum5 89 Fol.
Schottl, F6 Intinerarum Italiae 89 12

Philippus Cluverius (* 1580; 1622) from Danzig settled in Leiden after travels in Germany,
Italy, France and England and specializes in the geography of the Neighbor East, and
antiquity. His greatest work was "Introduction and Universam Geographiam, there veterans
quam novan, libri VI" (1628), which was issued at least 30 times until the beginning of the
18th century. He was also interested in Africa and America, more for people than for nature.
He was a good friend to Thomas Bartholin.

1
Bucelin, Gabriel. 1665. Germania Topo-Chrono-Stemmato-Graphica Sacra et Profana. In qua Brevi
Compendio Regno. Ulm; Overham, Gregor. 1662. Gabriel Bucelinus O.S.B., Germania topo-, chrono-,
stemmato-graphica sacra et profana in qua brevi compendio regnorum et provinciarun euiusdem amplitudo,
situs et qualitas designantur II. Ulm.
Gregor Overham (* 1619 (baptized as Tilmann); 3. 8. 1687 Helmstedt), brother of Adolph (* 1631; 1686),
educated in monastery school of Werdener. In 1644 began to teach, in 1647 became priest. For a year taught
rhetoric in Sint-Truien (Saint-Trond), later deputy prior in Werden. Served as notary, archivist and finally prior
in Werden, in 1671 provost in Helmstedt.
2
Cluverius, Philippus. 1616. Germania antiqua Leiden Elzevir.
3
Cluverius, Philippus. 1619. Sicilia antiqua. Leyden; Cluverius, Philippus. 1619. Sicilia antiqua Leyden;
Cluverius, Philippus. 1659. Sicilia antique (Sardinia &Corsica Antiqua).
4
Cluverius, Philippus. 1624. Italia antiqua. Leyden: Elsevier; Cluverius, Philippus. 1624. Italia antiqua, Lugduni
Batavorum; Cluverius, Philippus. 1624. Italiae Antiquae Novissima Tabula, Ex officina Nicolai Visscher;
Cluverius, Philippus. 1659. Italia antiqua. Guelpherbyti, Sumptibus C. Bunonis; Cluverius, Philippus. 1624.
Italiae Antiquae Novissima Tabula, Ex officina Nicolai Visscher; Italia antique. Leyden Elsevier.
5
Schaevius, Heinricus. Henrici Schaevii Lexicon Mythistorologico-geographicum Statianum, cum Paraphrasi
Statiana. Opera, ex cura M. Friderici Redtelij Scholae Stetinens(sis) conrectoris, qui olim in sua juventute id
tanquam discipulus ab autore tanquam suo praeceptore ex professore publico excepit, in lucem editum;
Schaevius, Heinricus. 1683... Mythologia, Deorum Ac Heroum, ex Natali Comite, Torrentino, Ravisii Officinaac
Potis Classicis Methodice contracta, cum Geographia Potica & Mantissa materie Potice; ast Jam multis in
Locis auctior correctior reddita, M. Friderico Redtelio, Landsberg, Neo-Marchita. Stetini [Stetin]: Impensis
Johann-Adami Plenneri ...,Typis Hredum Hpfnerianorum. 12 o, pp [xiv], 48, 858: Schaevius, Heinricus;
Hauenstein, Th. H. 1662. Sceleton geographicum...
6
Frans Schott. Itinerarium nobiliorum Italiae regionum, urbium, oppidorum et locorum Zusatz : Nunc feri`o
auctum, & Tabellis Chorographicis, & Topographicis locupletiam In quo, tamquam in Theatro, Nobilis
adolescens, etiam domi ...; Frans Schott. Itinerario, Overo Nova Descrittione De' Viaggi Principali D'Italia
Zusatz : nellaquale si h`a piena notitia di tutte le cose pi`u notabili, & degne d'esser vedute; Nouamente tradotto
dal Latino in lingua Italiana,

13
Table 4: Mayr's Ljubljana offer of geographical works in German Language

Author Title Format

Aigenler Tabula Geographico-Horologa universalis (1664) 4/65


Bartoli Geographia Politico-Moralis7 8/67
Bornameist Pharus Geographica 8/69
eri
Francisci Neu-Polirter Geschicht: Kunst: und sitten=Spiegel Auslandischen Fol./111
Vlche8
Francisci Das erffnete Lust=Haus der Obern und Nidern welt 4/111
Francisci Hoher Tauer= Saal (three parts) 8/111
Francisci Ost: und West Indianischer/ wie auch Sinnesische Lust= und Staats= Fol./111
Garten
Mnsters9 Cosmographia Fol./115
Starckens Mercatorische Rechen=Stuben 8/119

7
Bartoli, Daniello. 1664. De la Geographia transformata al morale parte prima (Geographia Politico-Moralis)
Roma: Egidio Ghezi (NUK-386: 8o; 476 pages).
8
Francisci. 1670. Neu-polirter Geschicht- Kunst- und Sitten-Spiegel auslndischer Vlcker, frnemlich der
Sineser, Japaner, Indostaner, Malabaren, Peguaner, Siammer, Peruaner, Mexicaner, Brasilianer, Abyssiner,
Guineer, Congianer, Asiatischer Tartaren, Perser, Armenier, Trcken, Russen, und theils anderer Nationen
mehr ... Folio. Nurnberg: J. A. Endter und W. Endter Erben. First printing of a book of unusual folks with
practical copperplates. Published many useful data which Schiller used in his "Kampf mit dem Drachen".
Francisci took his data from the whole library of itineraries. More than 100 pages with the pictures of native
folks he devoted to America, but not just on one place in his book.
9
Mnster. 1537. Basel; 1545, 1546, 1548, 1550 (enlarged), 1555, about 30 reprints up to 1578, Venice 1588,
printing of his grandson Sebastian (Henri) Petri: 1592, 1598, 1614, 1628, 1638. Cosmographia universalis. With
a map of China.

14
Table 5: Travelogues sold at Mayrs shop in Ljubljana in the autumn of 1678

Author Title Scope Page of Form


catalogu at
e

Schefferi Lapponia, i. e. Regionis Lapponium & gentis Laponska 89 4


Descriptio
Caron Beschreibung Japan, Siam, und Chorrea Daljni vzhod 109 8
Murh Beschreibung einer Astronomisch=und Astronomija, 4/115
Geographich Kunst=Bewegung tudi latinska
Neutzschens Sieben=jahrige and gefhrliche Stare celine 115 8
Europae=Asiat=und Afrikanische
Welt=Beschauung
Nubila Jubila Oder Glucks=Werwandlung dess Knigreichs Anglija 115 3
Engeland
Reiss=Beschreibung durch ganz Italien Italija 117 12
Reiss=Gespann von allerhand 117 12
lustigen=Historien
Echeffers Beschreibung Lappland Laponska 118 4
Viatorium Burgicum, Oder Vollkmmener Nizozemska 119 12
Weegweiser in das Nider=und Holland
zureisen
Wenners Trckisches Reiss=Buch Otomansko 120 4
ces.
Zeilers Itineratium Germaniae (in German) Nemko ces. 120 8
Zeilers Itineratium Galiae (in German) Francija 120 8

Mayr offered many atlases, including the general cosmography of one of Valvasor's samples
of Mnster, which also contained a map of China. Thus, Hallerstein could already familiarize
himself with the country in which he spent the second half of his life.

Mayr had for sale Latin and German Mut(h)s work on horology, astronomy and geography.
He offered other publications in only one of the two languages.

15
Figure 10: Geographical books with Cluverius included for sale in Mayrs office in Ljubljana
in 1678.

7. Mnster and Apian on Carniola

Figure 11: 1575 issue of Apians map no. 16 in Auersperg princes trust library of Ljubljana.

Figure 12: 1575 issue of Apians book cataloguerd in Auersperg princes trust library of
Ljubljana.

16
Mnster's Cosmography was, of course, also by Wolf Auersperg (Turjaki), Valvasor,
Ferdinand von Siebeneck (Siebeneck), the owner of the Gerben castle in Litija until 1683,
Adam Langenmantl in Kostel in 1681 and many other Carniolan guys, as it was sold by Mayr.
In addition to France, Mnster was the most important Valvasor role model, since he later
described the entire Lake Cerknica in his later editions of the Cosmography. NUK stores
numerous Mnster's books, including four different editions of Cosmography. The
cosmography from 1548 was purchased by Peter Lukani from the first owner two years
after the print, and he wrote his bookplate into it. In addition to the Flemish guy German
genus Abraham Ortelius and Mercator, Professor Mnster was the most famous cartographer
in the 16th century. First, he studied philosophy and theology in Heidelberg, and later
mathematics in Johann Stfflers (Stoefler, Stofler) class in Tbingen. He became a
mathematician and professor of Hebrew language. Mnster was franchised from 1515 until
his transfer to Basel in 1529, when he accepted the Lutheran faith. He was a professor in
Heidelberg, and in 1537 he was a regular professor of Hebrew at a high school and a citizen
of Basel. After his death due to plague, his son Henry Petri continued his betrayal, followed
by Henri's son, Sebastian Henri Petri, who summarized the surname as his father's personal
name. This was particularly pronounced at the second edition of Copernicus in 1566. The
surname of Mnster was thus rejected by Sebastian's descendants because of the outstanding
business success and popularity of his son, Henri Petri. Printed by Henri Petri from 1508
(sic!), The capuchins were kept in Krko (Gurckfeld). In 1533, Mnster published a Latin
book on sunshine in fifty-five books. First, he interfered with the theory of clock, in the fourth
book he described a horizontal sunny clock, in the tenth vertical, in the 14th wall, at 33 in
Italy, in Bohemia and in other countries, in the 40th composition of the portable quadrant, and
in the 47th night time device measurements of time. In the end, he also gave readers the tables
of the movement of the Sun and its declinations. In front of the Latin Mnster treatment of the
sunny hours (1633) Wolf volunteered the first edition of Apian's cosmology from 1524, but
without the cover page; The year of publication can be read only at the end of the last book in
the mooring, alongside the sign of the Basel printer Henri Petri. In the first chapter, Apian
defined cosmography, geography, and topography. In the third chapter he dealt with the
sphere, the horizon, the meridian, the equinox, the ecliptic, and the zodiac. In chapter 4, he
presented the star areas to the reader. The sixth chapter described the climate, the seventh
longitude of the Earth, the eighth latitude and inclination of the poles, the ninth height of the
poles, the tenth brown moon, the fourteenth geography, the fifteenth number and the nature of
the winds. In the second part of the book he dealt with the sea and the peninsula. He inserted
many color images, which were relatively well preserved over half a millennium. He painted
a typical Ptolemaic solar system in which he also spreads the interior of the Earth on the coils.
He proved the shape of the earth with the round shape of the Earth's shadow, which the Sun
casts on the moon. Of course, the constellations were equipped with animal sketches, and
specifically described Luna's eclipse. The map was then drawn by the South (Africa) at the
top of the map.

17
Figure 13: Mnsters book for sale by Mayr in Ljubljana in 1678.

Figure 14: Mnsters book in Adam baron Langenmantls castle Kostel in 1681.

8. Thullner and the oldest Ljubljana geographical print

Thullner entered the Jesuit in Leoben at the age of 19. In Vienna, he taught in poetics and
rhetoric in grammar schools, and published two prose poems, in which he celebrated the
imperial city. In 1702, as a confessor, he taught ethics in Graz. He began to teach philosophy
in Gorizia between 1703 and 1704. Here he designed a geographical and historical work on
Gorizia, which he published in Ljubljana. His Gorizia (Gorica) lectures on physics and
horology were preserved in the manuscript of Ale iga Dolniar's student manuscript.
Thullner persuaded his students of physics into the round shape of the Earth, illustrating the
observation of a lighthouse from a ship approaching the sea. Student Dolniar accompanied
the explanation with a nice drawing. In describing the rivers, he described the Danube, the
Sava River in Carniola, the Pad River and Lake Cerknica with its unusual change in the level
of the year.

Figure 15: Ljubljana optic-gnomon exam theses in Thullners class in 1709.

18
Figure 16: The first geographical work printed in Ljubljana: Thullner, Janez Baptist. 1704.
Memorabilia Orbis et Civitatis Goritiensis, and saecula XXXII. Lustra IV, et integram fere
Olympiadem ab anno Mundi 2635 usque post Christum natum 1704. Labaci. 4o.

Figure 17: Dolniar's sketches in Thullner's Gorizia (Gorica) lectures on physics and
horology.

9. Mathematical tools in the discourse issued from the exam of the year 1716.

The course was the dialogue between the expert for the solar clock (Sciothericus) and the
precision (Periergus). The eloquent names of the participants of the talks strongly resemble
hundreds of years old Galileo's work. They mentioned several geographical and astronomical
expeditions, but without anniversaries, for example for observations in Cusco and Quito. The
famous French expedition measured the length of the meridian in Peru much later, between
1735 and 1744; therefore, Sebastian Stainer (* July 2, 1679 Wels, SJ on October 9, 1696 in
Trenin, Slovakia; 12 June 1748 in Graz) was almost lecturing on one of the older
expeditions. The positions of the Sun were determined according to celestial signs, and many
remarks related to weather conditions. 46 degrees were recorded for the latitude of Ljubljana,
which is quite close to the current accuracy, although somewhat lower than the correct value.
The solar ray clings to the body of the "light" and "shadow" angles, which together give a
stretched angle. In different latitudes, the Sun is very high and shows different useful times.
The length of the shadow was described geometrically with the help of angles after the then
mathematical habits. The commitment to geometry and the attachment to the Solar Clock
(gnomon) was especially characteristic of Kircher's approach to physics, and Stainer also
devoted to gnomons both of his published works. After the derivation, the proof was
followed. Instead of the central angles, easier geometrical proof with the peripheral angles
was used.

Figure 18: Benjamin Erbergs (* 3 November 1699 Ljubljana; SJ 27 October 1716 Ljubljana-
1725; 1759 Dol) examination in Stainers class about Geography and gnomons.

10. Kraus's second geographical book in Ljubljana

Joef Kraus (* 9. 11. 1678 Neumarkt in Styria by the Upper Mura River; SJ 6. 10. 1696
Judenburg; 16. 11. 1718 Osijek) was eighteen years old when he entered the Jesuit Society
in Judenburg. After a gymnasium in Vienna, he studied philosophy in Graz and specialized

19
mathematics between 1700 and 1704. He then worked in Klagenfurt, Judenburg and Graz, but
he taught philosophy and mathematics only in Ljubljana for the last three years before his
death. In 1717, while examining the Cistercian Karl Rode, he had printed geographical work
with mathematical exercises in Ljubljana. The work had two pages dedicated to St. Xavier,
two pages dedicated to the reader and 120 pages of dialogs with six pictures on one board.
The dialogue was written with frequent inserts of the form "Let the Ljubljana Mathematics
live". Despite of length, the dialogue was probably staged on public defense. Up to page 91,
the conversation was conducted between mathematics and a geographer in five "solatium
(comfort)". Among the most ancient authors, Flavius and Ptolemy were named, and among
others, Riccioli, Mercator, Joanes Jansoni, Blaeu, Vishe, etc.

In the conversation, the geographers listed the latitudes and longitudes of various places at
home and abroad. He also cited the size of the extensions of Germany and France in miles. He
described in detail the newly conquered Turkish lands in the Balkans. The Carniola was
approximately placed between 45 and 47 parallel. He mentioned the planets, but only after the
mathematician replaced a disciple (discipulorum) and a conversation outside the geography
occurred. The geographer and his pupil dealt with climate, ecliptic, zodiac, northern pole,
horizon, meridian, and equator. The first picture showed the position of the ellipse and the
parabola on the globe, the second picture presented the city of Ljubljana on the globe, the
third picture had a globe with concentric circles, the fourth picture contained two globes with
the inserted city of Istanbul (Constantinople), the fifth picture presented stream of the Danube
to the mouth of the Black Sea with the northern Adriatic, and the last sixth picture contained
the "horographic" map of Carniola including the Croatian Karlovac under Inner Austrian
command, as well as the Carniolan rnomelj, Snenik, Lo, Novo mesto, Cerknica Lake and
the mostly imagined forest south of it. The imperial cities, castles and battlefields were
specifically marked.

Like his predecessor Stainer, Kraus was a mathematician and physicist in Ljubljana. Their
works were printed in Ljubljana under the rectors Josef Spindler (* 1674; 1730) from
Augsburg and the Styrian Maximilian Galler (* 1669; 1750).

Figure 19: Drawings of Ljubljana and other places in Kraus' geography (1717).

11. Janez Dizma Florjani

Janez Dizma Florjani de Grienfeld was the son of a lawyer and academician of Ljubljana,
Ivan tefan, who was interested in mathematics and was among the co-founders of higher
philosophical studies in Ljubljana in 1704. J.D. Florjani studied in Ljubljana in the class of
Schmelzer, who taught mathematics and physics in 1710/11 and 1711/12. J.D. Florjani was
most interested in mathematics, astronomy and cartography. The preserved notes of the
mathematical and physics lectures of Florjani's companion from Ljubljana, Leopold
Friderik von Breckerfeld show their academic knowhow. While studying Philosophy in
Ljubljana, J.D. Florjani entered the Jesuit order, but after two years, he changed his mind
just like three decades before his father did. In 1744 he painted the best Theresian map of
Carniola entitled DUCATUS CARNIOLIAE TABULA CHOROGRAPHICA in Latin on a
dozen leaves in the scale of 1: 111.000. It was made according to Valvasor's tradition, but it

20
exceeded Valvasor in precision. It was cut into the copperplate by Abraham Kaltschmidt, who
previously worked with Durchlasser. Florjani performed about 300 measurements on his
own. He published his map in 2000 copies which were immediately sold out. Florjani spent
about ten years of state holidays to produce the map. In the upper right corner of the map, the
excellent ground plan of the city of Ljubljana was published, which began to spread heavily
through the medieval city borders. The reprint came out in 1799.

In 1715, Janez Dizma Florjani completed his theological studies and became a priest. He
worked in several Slovenian towns and eventually settled in the Styrian Cistercian monastery.

On July 30, 1751, the court mathematician Johann Jakob Marinoni praised the seven-year-old
Florjani map of Carniola and added some data on the latitudes and latitudes of European
cities. At the same time, Erberg acquired Marinoni's astronomical textbook for the Ljubljana
college. Marinoni was famed for his concept of the Milan map for the measurement of land in
the Milan area of 19,220 square kilometers. For this purpose, Marinoni has already improved
the previously known measuring table, which became the basic instrument for measuring the
cadastral data and was even taken over by the army.

12. Lavreni as physics professor: Lavreni on geography

Nikola Laurenchich (Lavreni, Lavreni, * 31. 10. 1707 Zagreb; SJ 14. 10. 1724; 25. 9.
1762 Zagreb) was a professor of philosophy in Zagreb (1741-1744) and in Ljubljana from
1745 to 1747. In January 1746, as a philosopher, he taught physics in Ljubljana. As a young
magister, he was famous for drawing maps and writing geographical works. After his
philosophy, he taught moral theology in Zagreb (1748-1749, 1752-1753, 1755-1762) and
Gorizia (1750-1751).

Figure 20: Koevje (Gottschee) Areas with its border with Kostel in 1727 (NZ Wien;
Koroec, 1993, 82).

13. Anton Erberg and the geographer Granelli

From 4/8. 12. 1744 until his death, Franc Ksaver Anton Erberg was the rector in Ljubljana.
He published two books on topography. By that time, Erberg first established himself as a
promoter of popular books to be able to publish his own works later. Prior to his departure
from Graz, topographies of all three regions of inner Austria were published as promoters,
also inhabited by Slovenes. He used the extracts of his patron Joseph Ritter who served as the
confessor of the Portuguese Queen Maria of Habsburg, On 14 August 1754, Erberg

21
summarized from the Austrian topography published by the Jesuit Karl Granelli in 1701. In
1765, Granelli's description of Ljubljana was again published by the professor of physics in
Ljubljana, Janez Krstnik Pogrietsnig. In 1727, Anton Erberg reprinted the topography of
Styria an examination of the thesis and a list of twenty-two promoted baccalaureates. The
book was acquired six years later by Baron Maximilian Anton Ignac Taufferer, the father of
the later professor of physics Innocent Taufferer in Ljubljana; He entered his exile in it. In
1728, Anton Erberg published Ritter's extracts from Granelli's topography of Carinthia and
Carniola as a promoter. He included the short histories of Koevje, Idrija and other places. He
mentioned works of Schnleben, Fugger and other older authors. The booklet was linked to
two Aristotle exams, which were defended by thirty-three promoted doctors listed on four
pages. The examination was conducted by professor Anton Erberg and theologian Sigmund
Posch in August 1728.

Figure 21: Anton Erberg's summary of the geographer Granelli (NUK-7047 and tied NUK-
7048 (joint binding of both books); NM, sig 15484 (duplicate 2331).

Janez Krstnik Pogrietschnig was professor of general and special physics in Ljubljana
between 1764-1768. In 1766 he published extracts from the topography of Ljubljana, which
were part of the book of the Jesuits of Karl (Charles) Granelli: Compendiaria metropolis
Carnioliae descriptio e topographia Germaniae Austriacae Caroli Granelli SJ excerpta,
auditoribus oblata, dum Assertationes ex universa philosophia in archiducali, et academico
Soc. Jesu Collegio Antho M.DCC.LXVI Mense Augusto, die publice propugnarent Eruditus,
ac perdoctus dominus Michael Castelliz, Carniolus Labac E Seminario Soc. Jesu, eruditus, ac
perdoctus dominus Simon Schillitz, Styrus ex Fano S. Petri, Philosophi Absoluti ex
praelectionibus rp Joannis Baptistae Pogrietsnig e Soc. Jesu, Philosophiae Professoris publ.
Ordin Labaci, Typis Joannis Friderici Eger, Inclyt. Province Carniol. Typograph i.
Pogrietschnigs student Styrian Schillitz tied his examination papers to Granelli's work. He
defended seventeen theses from logic, one from metaphysics, ten from ontology, and theses
from pneumatic and 40 from general physics.

Figure 22: Pogrietschnigs geographical work (NM, sign: diss; NUK-6688).

14. Maps of Carniolan missionaries

Anton's brother Innocent Volbenk (Volfgang) Anton Franc Erberg has been in Paraguay since
1726, and in 1738 he became the head of the St. Ludwig in Uruguay. In 1727, he issued a map
of Paraguay, like the later Augustine map of Macao and the Chinese province Mu-lan.
Innocent missionary work is also described in Slovene literature. Augustine Hallerstein
painted the map of Macao and the Chinese province of Mu-lan. On 29 June 1738, he and his
companions sank a mile far from the Portuguese port of Malaya (Malacce, Malakka) on a
peninsula of the same name. From the group of Jesuits, only Hallerstein stayed in the city
fortress and with a French ship he sailed to China later on 4 August 1738. On 28 August
1738, they put their anchor in front of the Portuguese harbor Macao (Aomen) in China. On
September 1, 1738, Hallerstein landed in Canton (Guangzhou) and in a hundred kilometers
southern Macao three days later. At the end of 1738, at the request of the governor of Macao,

22
he made a map of the city with its surroundings, which was printed next year in the French
language for governor's use. The second copy of the map was copied by Hallersteins student
Neugebauer for the Portuguese king.

Figure 23: A. Gaubil and Hallerstein's maps of Beijing published in London Phil.Trans.

In 1749, Hallerstein reported to his brother in Brussels, and the following year he reported to
the Royal Society in London about the relief map of the Imperial autumn hunting ground in
Mu-lan, beyond the large wall near Korea. The map was created with the help of Hallersteins
assistant de Rocha in 1748. In 1749, de Rocha and Hallerstein, following the ruler's order,
continued with the topographic and horographic mapping of the western Tartars in the north
of China beyond the large wall. Rocha also performed astronomical measurements there.
They visited the land of Harzin and Oguyot. The province was a single chain and a maze of
mountains and valleys without a population. There were wild beasts, deer, boars, bears and
tigers. Rocha and Hallerstein drew a section, wide and long for one degree of latitude between
41.5 and 42.5 degrees. The western border of the drawing was the meridian of the city of
Beijing, which the Chinese used as the first meridian in their astronomy and geography. Thus,
they plotted a square map of the far north of the present-day Hebei province.

Figure 24: Hallerstein's description of the Karst landscape of Mu-Lan (Phil.Trans 1753 (1751-
1752) 47: 322).

23
Figure 25: Castigliones famous Hunting in Mulan during the mapping of the country

The area described had a northwestern corner at the border of today's inner Mongolia (Nei
Monggol) with today's city of Doulun, and on the northeast corner on the border with today's
Liaoning Province with oil shales that stretch eastward to the Korean border. Hallerstein
praised Koreans as very smart folks, just the opposite as did Trump with his short fat Korean
fellow president. The map was long and wide extending to four shoes, so it was drawn
approximately in a ratio of 1: 90,000. This was already a decent map of high resolution, which
the emperor urgently needed, since every third year he went hunting from his summer
residence in Jehol. The fountains in Jehol were designed and built by Castiglione in a
European style of Versailles. Benoist managed the fountains to the great emperor satisfaction.
Castiglione drew the famous Hunting in Mulan during the mapping of the country. At that
time, the Habsburg Monarchy began to produce maps like Hallerstein's. In 1744, already
mentioned Ivan Dizma Florjani de Grienfeld published a map of the Duchy of Carniola in
the approximate scale of 1: 111,000. In the years 1784 to 1787, twenty-two mappers led by
Colonel Neuve measured and mapped Carniola, Lower Styria, and parts of Carinthia and
Gorizia Areas at a scale of 1: 28,800, which was three times more precise than Hallerstein's
map.

In 1749 Hallerstein apologized to his brother and a year later to the secretary of the Royal
Society because he was unable to send them a copy of the map. He did not mention the
military secret that protected the later Hapsburg Josephine military maps. Perhaps
Hallerstein's map was among those sent by Gaubil to Royal Society in London in April 1755.

15. Anton's cousin Bernard Ferdinand Erberg on Geography and Mapping Tools

Bernard Ferdinand Erberg published a list of geographically fragmented works on the famous
Bohemia kingdom in Vienna in 1760. Similar work was also prepared on Carniola, but did not
finish it.

Table 6: Erberg's school tools for geography from 1755

Tools:

1. Iron globe with rings (which enable rotation), purchased as early as 1706

5. Globe after Joh. Gabr. Dopplerer

24
8. Tables of design forms

9. Flow with mathematical devices, including a hexagon, ruler, etc.

12. The magnetic needle in the copper container.

13. Earth embroidery.

14. The smaller earthen rod

16. Vinja Gora native Innocent Taufferer

Innocent Taufferer drew two maps on the territorial division of the Ljubljana Archdiocese in
1778. He also questioned his geography students of physics in 1760. The earth is made up of
land and water; inside is a small flame of fire, around which there is the atmosphere. Despite
the successful Jesuit meridian merits, they thought that the absolute size of the Earth cannot
yet be reliably determined; it's like a dot compared to all the universe. They have general
geographical concepts. The Earth's surface consists of various types of soils, liquids and
fossils. Inaccessible interior is allegedly made of earth, sandy and stone layers; in between are
cavities filled with water and fire associated with the glowing center of the Earth.
Underground fire is caused by earthquakes with a sudden expansion of air and a pair in
underground cavities. Due to the movement of the Earth, the underground fire is suddenly
caused by the dilution and expansion of gases and vapors in underground caves. The
mountains are not all created by a dive, but are mostly the same as the Earth. Springs get
water from rain, melted snow and also from underground vapor. Underground minerals are
supposed to come from the flow of various metals, polymers, liquids whose molecules are
secreted and mixed due to the heat of underground fires at the outbreaks of the lava.

25
Figure 26: Geographical Questions at Taufferers class in his Copernican astronomy of 1760.
His nephew Janez Siegfried Taufferer visited the first year of lower studies in the Jesuits in
1763 Ljubljana. In history, geography and religion he took the first place.

Figure 27: Geographical theses of spherocal Earth and oceans at Taufferers class in his
Copernican astronomy of 1760.

17. Bokovi's friends and friends of the Jesuits

Bokovi visited Ljubljana on several occasions, so that the Jesuits of Ljubljana immediately
obtained his report on the measurement of the meridian in the Papal States with the map of the
Pope's country; They kept just two copies. Three years after the print, Bernard Ferdinand
Erberg wrote an exquisite on Bokovis book in Ljubljana: "Inscriptus Catalogo Bibliotheca
Philosophica Coll.Labac.S.J.1758 a P. Bernardino Erber". The book was re-reprinted twice
(Bonnoniae 1757 and Vienna 1776), and the supplemented French translation was published
in Paris in 1770 under the title Voyage astronomique et gographique. Bokovi's friend
Jesuit Christoph Maire was the rector of the English College in Rome, known for his work in
practical astronomy. In 1772, Bokovi first published a travel document in his French
translation of his journey from Istanbul to Poland. The Jesuits of Ljubljana also bought the
book by Bokovi's friend Franois Jacquier, who was a professor of mathematics on the
Lyceum of Rome. In 1766, in General Physics, he published sections on fluid (I), light and
fire (II), astronomy (III) and geography (IV) in "Special physics". Jacquier was regarded as
the co-publisher of Newton's Principles in Geneva in 1739, 1740 and 1742 with Latin
commentaries and additions. There are thirteen preserved printed theses for physics
examination at the Jesuit college in Ljubljana in the years 1709, 1716, 1717, 1732, 1754,
1759, 1760, 1766, 1768 (2), 1771, 1772, and 1773. Some of the theses were published in solo
editions and deal only with specific parts of physics: optics (1709, 1772), hydraulics (1771)
and physical astronomy (1773). Others were linked to a major part of pedagogy (1732),
physics (1754, 1761, 1768), physiology (1716), geography (1717, 1766) or astronomy (1768).

26
Figure 28: Title page of Barbolans promotion of H. Fabris (Faber) Jesuit geographical
dialogues Efiander in Ljubljana in 1732.

27
Figure 29: Index of Barbolans promotion of H. Fabris (Faber) Jesuit geographical dialogues
Efiander in Ljubljana with Geography on page 146 in 1732.

Figure 30: First geographical page on page 146-147 of Barbolans promotion of H. Fabris
(Faber) Jesuit geographical dialogues Efiander in Ljubljana in 1732.

Figure 31: Ljubljana's geographical books of Bokovi and his friends.

18. Liesganigs measures the meridian in towns of Slovenian areas.

28
In 1750-1756, the efforts of the Jesuit surveyors, and especially Bokovi in the papal state,
encouraged the acquisition of earthworks in Ljubljana in 1755. They bought a landing link
and a smaller earth-wave stick. Measuring the meridian has become a kind of parade horse of
Jesuit scientists. In Styria, the meridian was measured by Joseph Xavier Liesganig, who also
taught Gruber. Of course, the meridian of the meridian of the meridian did not pass without
the participation of the Ljubljana professors of mathematics. In addition to Bokovi and the
Croat Ignac Szentmartony, who taught in Graz, in 1750, to delimit Spanish and Portuguese
possessions in South America, also the professor of mathematics, Croat Haller, was also
called upon by the Portuguese King and Jesuit General Retz. After finishing the demarcation,
Bokovi wanted to measure the meridian, while Haller was interested in missionary work in
South America. On May 19, 1750, the Jesuit general Haller approved the trip to Portuguese
Brazil, but he had to wait for a long time for a boat in Lisbon. On 14 February 1754, Cdiz
was escorted as a member of the Spanish expedition and, on 24 April 1755, went to the mouth
of Orinoco River, but died two months later on June 24, 1755 for an epidemic on the island of
Trinidad. Thus, in the new world, he did not meet another Ljubljana missionary Innocent
Erberg. Bokovi's friend Jesuit Liesganig and Scherffer measured the meridian between 1762
and 1767 between Brno and Varadin, and between 1768 and 1769 in the area Czurok-
Petrovaradin (today Novi sad)-Kitelek. During this time, Scherffer in Vienna taught the
mathematics of G. Gruber and later of his half-brother Tobias and provided them with his
earthquake experiences. He measured Scherffer's advice from 1762 to 1767 between Brno and
Varadin. In addition to the producer of the quadrant and other tools of the Jesuit Joseph
Ramspoeck, he was also assisted by Veg's later head, then engineering Lieutenant
Unterberger, and Hippolyt Verit. In 1768 and 1769, Liesganig continued to measure in the
area of Czurok-Petrovaradin-Kitelek, and in 1771 he became dean of the Faculty of
Philosophy in Vienna. Later on, it turned out that Liesganig committed a double error in
measuring the eighth triangle between St. Urban above Maribor, Wildon and St. George.
Magdalena above Radgona when he measured from the tower of the castle Schatzenthurn to
Zgornja (Upper) Radgona. Due to the error, he set the meridian to Varadin too east, which
was corrected by Laplace in 1799. Of course, Liesganig therefore heard many ugly words
from Zach, who also corrected Liesganig's Hungarian measurements. The base in Vienna's
new city, however, Liesganig so well intended that his army's results were used a century
later. The meridian between Rijeka and Krk was measured in 1825 by Parisian astronomers.

Figure 32: A monument and brand dedicated to Liesganig, who measured the meridian in
Slovenian towns.

19. Books of the Jesuits of Ljubljana:

Figure 33: Giuseppe Rosaccios book of 1666 from former Ljubljana Jesuit library noted in
Wildes Lyceum catalogue.

Rosaccio, Giuseppe. 1666, 1674. Teatro del cielo, a della terra. In quest 'ultima impressione
adornata di bellissime figure ... In Trevigi: Francesco Righettini 141 pages with pictures and

29
maps, 15 cm. In the catalog of Franz Xavier Wild, a librarian in the Lige Library. With
woodcuts in Europe, Spain, France, Central Europe, Russia, Greece, Africa, Asia and
America on double sides. On single pages the maps of England, Corsica and Sicily.

Table 7: Other Ljubljana's Jesuit books on the 1775 census of geography:

Verzeichnis der vom Feuer geretteten Bcher des gewesten Collegii S. J.: 11. Veteris et novae
geographiae compendiosa Congres.

207. Thesaurus vita terrestris et coelestis.

226. Austria mappis geographicalis distincta.

421. Roger Joseph Boscovich S.J. (1711-1787), Theoria Philosophiae Naturalis, Venetiis,
1763 (NUK-8179; NUK-8180). De litteraria expeditione per pontificam ditionem ad
dimetiendos duos meridiani gradus et corrigendam mappam geographic jussu, et auspiciis
Benedicti XIV Pont. Max suscepta a Patribus Societ. Are Christophoro Maire et Rogerio
Josepho Boscovich, Romae, 1755 (NUK-4243).

443. Epitome elementorum matheseos universae. Pars quarta P. Philippo Steinmeyer S.J.
Philipp Steinmeyer (Philemon, * 1710; 1797) S.J. 1766. Epitome elementorum matheseos
universae. Pars quarta, complectens spherical cum trigonometria spherica, astronomiam, et
geographiam. Faugustae Vindel, Friborgi Brisg .: Ign. & Ant. Wagner. (NUK-4784).

590. series Ducum and regum Bohemia. 594. Series regum Gallia.

598. Beschardungder Relation ber den ein zug und Erbhuldigung actum in dem Hertzoghum
Krnten

20. Gregor Schttl

On arrival in Ljubljana, perhaps before the appearance of a professorial service not mentioned
in proprietary notices, Mr Schttl donated a Jesuit library of the book to which the unrated
bookplate: "In Soc." Was written. Bibl. Phil. Coll. Lab. S.J. Dono P. Greg. Schttl . Among
the donated works was the genealogical study of the Counts (and princes) of the Celje,
connected with the examination thesis, which Baron Edmund Brabeck defended in 1755 with
Professor of Physics, Erasmus Frlich, at Theresienstadt. Veronica Deseniska was not
mentioned in the genealogical section on 118 pages, but he mentioned the violent death of
Ulrik II of Celje and his killers. The writer was drawn from the Celje chronicle, Valvasor and
Anea Silvius, and the Jesuit Antonio Steyer pointed out to the imperial documentation. It was
followed by 17 pages of history issues (one page), cosmographies (3 pages), chronology, re-
history, optics, ethics, general and special physics. He was defended by canonical Brabeck, a
listener of the second year of philosophy, mathematics and history. Following these theses
from his school days, Schttl followed suit later in the course of teaching in Ljubljana. He
first described the movement of the Sun in geography. The student had to tell what is the
ecliptic, the equator, the zenith, and the arc. He had to describe the Sun's declination and the

30
declination of stars (Frlich, 1755, 4-6). The only geographical theorem required the
determination of the geographical length of the place and the direction of the (northern) pole.
It was followed by solving several problems, including the lines of the meridians of star
declination, the mapping of the map to degrees of latitude and the length with the index in
miles. The questions from the chronology followed, where he was interested in the urgent
corrections of the Julian calendar and the Gregorian calendar (Frlich, 1755, 8). Among the
five preserved disputations by G. Schttl from 1769-1775, 1773 can also be found in fifty-five
theses on astronomy and weigh heavier. Janez Bonnes from Tolmin, Prevodnig, Ljubljana's
bourgeois Toma Sedej and Verweg at the end of the second year of the philosophy of 1773.
The public defense of physics astronomy exams was carried out by Schttl. Four of their
classmates, the Bohemian Ignac Zumper, Vinja Gora native Maksimilijan Wreger, the
Gottscheer Janez Tschinkl and Janez Jabornik, they preferred publicly defending the theses
from ethics. They responded to the following geographically colored questions:

5) From where do we know the shape of the Earth? Do we feel Earths roundness? How big is
it? How did they first suspect the Earth was round shaped? On what basis do we judge the
shape of the Earth? How do we determine the shape of the Earth and the size of the degree of
meridian? What famous men did the meridian measurement? Why is Cassini's measurements
in Gaul not convincing? They have a fault.

6) Earth is in fact half-compressed, on the equator is widespread.

16) What are the horizon, zenith, bend, pole, celestial axes, equator, meridians, height of stars,
vertical circles, ecliptic? What is the zodiac and what is his distribution?

Figure 34: The Jesuit Gregor Schttl's Thesis on Geography and astronomy in Ljubljana in
1773.

Figure 35: The Jesuit Gregor Schttl's title page of Thesis on Geography and astronomy in
Ljubljana in 1773.

31
20. Kauffmann, Schmidt and Maffei

Kauffmann came to Ljubljana in 1766, when the Jesuits, with the help of the Carniola
Agricultural Society, established a cathedra for mechanics and drawing, and started teaching
masons and carpenters. The most distinguished professor at the department was since 1769,
G. Gruber, who taught drawing geometry, mechanics and hydraulics. The beginnings of
geodetic education in Slovenia date back to the 18th century. At the management of the
mercury mine in Idrija, there was a cave, mining, land-based and drawing school almost at the
same time as Gruber started to teach mechanics, surveying and landing drawing. His teaching
at the Ljubljana Higher Studies and Craft School in Ljubljana is the beginning of higher
education theoretical engineering geodesy; complemented by a practical lesson of
measurement and mapping at a craft school. Geodesy was the "parade" of the Jesuits of the
time, who conducted all measurements of the meridian in the Habsburg monarchy and in the
papal state with Bokovi, Liesganig and Scherffer. In 1766, the residents of Ljubljana printed
twelve Kauffmann mathematical theses, and in 1768 two were less; they were set up for
Pogrietschnig's physics-related theses. Physics was the closest chapter on cosmography and
on the measurement and planning of the field on issues of mercury, geodesy and military
construction. The examination of cosmos was the same in 1771 and 1772, and he dealt with
mathematical geography of the Earth. The students had to know:

How can we see that the Earth is round, what is the Earth's axis, what is the course, the
equator, the parallel, the meridian, the horizon, the zenith, the nadir; how the Sun moves
along the ecliptic, what is the zodiac; what is the geographical length and width of which are
the sides of the sky; how is the weather in different parts of the earth, how long the day is,
what is the climate in different bands (that is: tropical, polar), which parts of the world are
inhabited by different people.

The students tasks followed:

to give the triple position of the sphere, to explain the six-month day in the courses, to
determine the geographical location of the killing place (using the globe or map), to determine
the local times, to determine the climate of various places in relation to the length of the day.

Figure 36: Examination theses on geography at Kauffmans class in July 1772.

32
Figure 37: Examination theses on geography at Kauffmans class in July 1772.

Figure 38: Examination theses on geography at Kauffmans class on 13. 7. 1772.

33
Figure 39: Examination theses on geography at Kauffmans class in 1773.

In July 1772, after Kauffman's departure, he became professor of mathematics at the Jesuit
College in Ljubljana, Michael Schmidt, who was also a catechist and recorder of the history
of the house. The following year was replaced by Joseph Jakob Liberatus Maffei von
Glattfort. Kauffmann came to Ljubljana in 1766, when the Jesuits, with the help of the
Carniolan agricultural society, founded a chair for mechanics and drawing, and began
teaching masons and carpenters. Since 1769, Gabriel Gruber, the most distinguished professor
of the department, taught drawing geometry, mechanics and hydraulics. Gruber started to
lecture in Ljubljana on mechanics, earthworks and earthworks drawing. His teaching at the
Ljubljana Higher Studies and Craft School in Ljubljana is the beginning of higher education
theoretical engineering geodesy; complemented the practical lessons of measurement and
mapping at the craft school. The mathematician, geodesist and famous artillery officer Vega
studied the lower works and mapping at the Jesuit Department of Mechanics in Ljubljana.

21. Gabriel Gruber and Jurij Vega

Gabriel Gruber, Vega and other engineers in Ljubljana, took care for the Mura River
navigations between Radgona and Gradec in the 1770s. Gruber, who was a native of Vienna,
worked in Ljubljana between 1768 and 1784. He also taught his growth on the Ljubljana
Lyceum in mapping, and also painted the excellent situation map of the Ljubljansko barje
(1780), which served to prepare for his project of drying the marshes with a canal that today
bears his name and was opened in 1780. Gabriel Gruber published in 1802 a debate on the
editing of the Sava in the Prague Geographic Magazine. Gruber seemed to be able to dig, as
the altitudes of 246 m in the lowlands of up to 500 m in the mountain range, which was
particularly impressive around Venice, gave the impression of the Dutch landscape. He was
thinking about digging the Sava for better navigation in the debate, which was printed just a
few months before his election for the general. In Prague, Gabriel's half-brother Toby sent the
text to Prague: "Because the Sava River in Carniola has a strong fall, it is also up to 20 seeds
deep in places. The other places the gravel in the trenches, loses its fall, floods, rings and
changes its course in Hungary and Croatia. To Krko we can ship 150-180 cents, and from
300 to 400 cents from Krko to Belgrade. However, navigation is dangerous. Therefore, the

34
old riverbed should be aligned. This is undoubtedly the work of Heracles, but necessary and
useful, as well as his cleaning of Augeas' barns.

Figure 40: Gruber's publication in the Prague Geographic magazine.

The valuator of the discussion" of navigational engineer Abb Gabr. Gruber "suggested a"
welcome reception "proposal. Just a few months later, the "Navigational Engineer" became
the Jesuit general. There was no implementation in Gruber's dimensions. Today, the situation
had changed and sailing is becoming a popular sport of the wealthier. Perhaps a new
opportunity to re-establish Gruber's sailing boats on the Argonaut waterways? Vega's 1798
debate on the direction of gravity was written in the form of questions and answers. On page
156, Vega also posed geographical questions:

1) What is the direction of gravity at different poles in the free, dormant, non-rotating, perfect
ellipsoid of uniform density and known size, mass and length of the axis?

3) What are the relationships between the lengths of the simple second pendulum and the
associated acceleration of the force of gravity at different (geographical) lengths?

4) What is the apparent length of the meridian on different (longitudinal) lengths?

22. Zois Library

iga Zois was the head of the Enlightenment Circle in Carniola, who with his rivals had a
decisive influence on Vodnik, Linhart, Hacquet, Kopitar, Japelj. Zois was systematically
collecting natural and Slavic books, which formed one of the best and largest private libraries.
Most of the books were transferred to the library of the libraries in 1827 and are now in the
NUK.

Table 8: A collection of books from the former Zois Library in Ljubljana's NUK

Lalande (Joseph Jrme Le Franois). 1769. Voyage d'un Franois en l'Italie. 8 tom Querero
(2 fl: 0 kr).

Eppilly. 1769. Le geographie manuel. Paris.2

Robert. 1767. Geographie universelle. Paris (0:45).

Fresnoy. 1768. Methode pour tudier la gographie. Paris (5:00).

La Martiniers. 1737. Grand dictionaire geographie (10:00)

Gmelin. 1767. Siberia.

35
Philipus. 1773. Pole Boreal.

Bougainville. 1771. Atour de Monde et Suppement.

Byron, Commodore. 1774. Voyage atour de monde. (12:00).

Cooke (captain). 1778. Voyage dans l'hemisphre Austral et autour du monde 1772-1775.
Paris. (9:00).

Kolbe. 1743. Descriptio de Cap de Bone Experance o Histoire de Hotentotes.

Sonnerat. 1776. Voyage a la nouveau Guine avec ... Paris.

Bajon. 1777. Memoire for the service of the Histoire de Cayene et de Gijana Franois. (0:50).

Atlas de toutes les parties connues du globe terrestre, presse pur l'histoire susdite. 1780 ???.
Fol.

De Ulloa. 1781. Physikalische Nachrichte in Sddliche und Nordstliche Amerika.2

Atlas universelles avec 141 cartes pr. Sandini ven 4 fil. (20:00)

1 humarme siser Atlas 25 Karten. (3:00)

166?. Geografia delli Enfanti lest da frenoy. (0:30).

Figure 41: The Italy of Tartini description in Lalande, (Joseph Jrme Le Franois). 1769.
Voyage d'un Franois en l'Italie. 8 tom Querero sold in Zois library for 2 fl: 0 kr.

23. Idrija - practical geometry and cartography

36
Figure 42: Janez Anton, the son of Franc Anton Steinberg made such a funny Bansk
tiavnica picture in 1745.

The Idrija miners failed to establish two grammar schools after the request of the court
chamber sent on 7 July 1716. Steinberg, the mining director, established a jammer school in
1728. Among his students, he quickly noticed the talented host of Joseph Mrak, who well
educated him so that on 28 April 1752 Mrak could take the lessons of surveying, mining
measuring, cartography, geometry, geodesy and drawing. For Scopoli a decree was issued for
the Idrija Mining School in 1763. However, with Scopoli's departure to Bansk tiavnica,
unfortunately, the school ceased to work, while Mraks Miners and Cartography School was
still a part of the efforts of Joseph Mrak (1776) for several years under his son Anton, an
assistant teacher and a cartographer. In 1778, the Idrija miners maintained a private
gymnasium, and during the Illyrian provinces, they even had a special mathematical
department for a year. In the introduction of Josephine tuition fees in 1784, the Idrija miners
responded in their own way; they just did not want to be excluded from the higher education
system, which, after the abolition of the Jesuits, was supposedly reserved for the rich. That is
why they organized classes at the upper secondary school in the range of three grades of
gymnasium. Of course, the authorities did not look with their eyes on their doing, and the
Idrija class did not want to officially recognize them. Thus, the graduates of the
complementary Idrija school were required to take additional exams for enrollment in the
fourth grade of the Ljubljana Gymnasium; A similar obligation was intended for all who
studied privately. In the period of the Illyrian provinces, in 1810/11, in Idrija, a special two-
level mathematical department was established. They taught higher mathematics and drawing.
Unfortunately, the situation has changed dramatically rapidly during those times; so the
promising section worked for just one year. From 1838 to 1875, the Idrijans visited a Sunday
school and renamed the primary school in 1869 into a mining school. In 1876, to keep Idrija
girls from staying behind for boys, they established a school for them, and they founded a
forestry school which operated from 1892 to 1909. In any case, Idrija was a great exception in
the quality of cartographic and mathematical lessons; it is not surprising that Monik and
Peternel have gained initial knowledge in this Idrija-Cerkno areas.

Figure 43: Illuminated illustration of Joef Mraks (* 25. 2. 1709 Idrija; 13/14. 8. 1786
Idrija) mine of Bansk tiavnica (Schemnitz) in 1744/1745 where he practiced in that time.

37
Table 9: Teachers in Idrija

Steinberg 1728 cartography in geodetic school


Joef Mrak 28. 4. 1752 1769 Cave-Measuring School
Janez Anton Scopoli 1763-1769 School for metallurgical and chemical sciences
Josip Reisner 1904/1905 Real School
Julij Nardin 1905-1912 Real School
Lavo ermelj 1914-Early March 1920 Real Gymnasium

24. Balthasar Hacquet

Balthasar Hacquet was one of the most interesting and mysterious personalities of
enlightenment in Slovenian areas. It was allegedly of French origin, but it has been operating
for more than two decades in Slovenia (Idrija, Ljubljana. The landscape of Carniola in four
parts was published in Leipzig with Breitkopf, 1778-89. It contains a description of the
inanimate nature in Carniola and its passages: the desires of profit and without untruth, but
merely from the inclination to say that what was seen and sought out of the love of one
country of the mightiest and most widespread people of the old world.

Hacquets MAPS:

Alpkarte - Krainska deschela, Mappa Litho-Hydrographica nationis slavicae ad occidentem


solem sitae - Lithium hydrographic map of the Slavic nationsContinuatio Mappae Litho-
Hydrographicae nationis slavicae ad occidentem solem sitae - Continuation of the previous
map covering the territory of Croatia to Una and Drava.

CARNIOLA DESTRA: Black and white lithography (original size 65 x 43 cm), signed by
Franz Xaver Baraga, made in Ljubljana in 1778, then known to copycat Jacob Jacob Adam (*
1748; 1811). the names on it are mostly in Slovene or dialect. Especially this is the area
between the sea and the Alps to the Sava River in Zasavje and the Slovenian Mark. In the
upper right corner there is an interesting veil of rafts.

Figure 44: Hacquet's Land of Carniola and neighborhood in his Physikalisch-politische


(Physical-political) Reise aus den Dinarischen durch die Julischen, Carnischen, Rhtitschen in
die Norischen Alpen in 1785.

38
On another map are the rocks and waters of the Slavic nation lying to the west of the Sun. He
was signed by the engineer. Leopold Lieber, was made in Ljubljana, in 1782, and the copper
was also Adam, interesting is its rococo address and presentation of the population in local
costumes, the geographical names are Slovenian and north of the Karavanke bilingual, as well
as the naming of regional affiliations. The third map contains the continuation of the previous
map, compiled by Georg Reider, and the copper cut by Johann Hieronymus Loeschenkohl (
1807). On the upper left there is a beautiful veduta with Istrian and Dolenjska couples in
typical costumes.

Table 10: Other Hacquets Geographical Works writen in Carniola:

1776. Schreiben an H. Ignaz v. Born ber verschiedene auf einer Reise nach Semlin
gesammelte Beobachtungen. Abhandlungen einer Privatgesellschaft in Bhmen zur
Aufnahme der Mathematik etc. (Prague) (2): 230-257. (NUK-166). Italian translation: 1778.
Partial German reprint: 1808.

1778. Beschreibung einer Reise durch das sterreichische und Trkische Illyrien. Opuscoli
scelti sulle scienze e sulle arti (Milano) (1): 1778. Lettera odejawica del Sig. Prof. Hacquet at
Sign. Cavaliere di Born, content and details of the fluviatile, fatto pell. Illieio Ungarese e
Turchesco da Lubiana in Carniola sino a Semlin nel Sirmiuo. Opuscoli scelti sulle scienze e
sulle arti (Milano) Part 1: 5-27. Translation of the work from 1776 (Reprint: 1984).

1782. Aus einem Schreiben des Herrn Doctor Reineggs aus Tiflis vom 21sten January 1780
and Herrn Prof. Hacquet in Laybach. Schriften der Berlinischen Gesellschaft naturforschender
Freunde (3): 398-406. (Reprint: 1994. Deutsche Zeitschriften des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts.
1783. Schreiben eines reisenden aus Zermanien or Tedanum des alten Illyriens, welches nun
with the sterreichische Kroatien gehrt. (Johan Ernst) Fabri's geography Magazine (Band 2)
Heft 7.1784 Hacquets Mineralogisch = Botanische Lustreisen, der dem Berg Terglou in
Krain, zu den Berg Glockner in Tyrol, im Jahre 1779 und 81. Wien: Johann Paul Krauss. 149
pages. (Zwote (sic!) Vernderte und vermehrte Auflage). (Reprint: (1784): Schriften der
Berlinischen Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde (Th. 1): 119-171).

1785. Physikalisch-politische (Physical-political) Reise aus den Dinarischen durch die


Julischen, Carnischen, Rhtitschen in die Norischen Alpen im Jahre 1781 und 1783
unternomen von Hacquet Leipzig: Adam Friedrich Bhme, I-II, 156 + 220 pages, 6 + 12
copperplates.

Figure 45: Hacquets Oryctographia in 1789.

39
Hacquets items published after he left Carniola:

1789. Oryctographia Carniolica or physicist Bescheibung des Herzogthums Krain, Istrien und
zum Theil der benachbarten Lnder. ttlob Immanuel Breitkopf. IV. part. VIII-XVI, 1-91
pages.

1790. Hacquet's neueste physikalisch-politische Reisen in den Jahren 1788 und 1789. durch
die Dacischen und Sarmatischen oder Nrdlichen Karpathen. Nuremberg: Raspe. Part I. 206
pages. 7 copper plates with as many pictures. Reise durch die Norischen Alpen
Physikalischen und anderen Inhalts unternommen in den Jahren 1784 bis 1786. Nrnberg:
Raspe. I-II. 263 pages. And part of 5 vignettes, two copperplates Part II of the vignette, two
copper cuts. Etwas ber die Karpatischen Gebirgen, und einige Mineralwasser. Chemische
Annalen fr Freunde der Naturlehre, Arzneygelahrheit, Haushaltungskunst und Manufakturen
von Lorenz Crell (Helmstaedt und Leipzig: J. G. Mller) (Stck 2):] 136-139.

1791. Hacquet's neueste physics-political Reisen in the Jahren 1788. 89 and 90. durch die
Dacischen und Sarmatischen or Nrdlichen Karpathen. Nuremberg: Raspe. Part II. 249 pages,
4 pages correction, 8 images on 6 copper plates.1792. Sur les monts Carpaths. Journal of
Physique (Paris) (Th. 40): 317-318.

1794. Hacquet's neueste physikalisch-politische Reisen in den Jahren 1791. 92. und 93. durch
die Dacischen und Sarmatischen oder Nrdlichen Karpathen. Nuremberg: Raspe. III. part. 247
pages, 1 revision page II. work. 3 tables, 7 copper cuts with identical pictures.

1794. Hacquets Mineralogisch = Botanische Lustreise, von der Berg Terglou in Krain, zu den
Berg Glockner in Tyrol, im Jahre 1779 und 1781. Wien: Johann Paul Kaustschen. 149 pages.

ber die Salzberg and Siebengebirgen und Galitzien. Moll's Jahrbcher fr Bergbau und
Httenkunde (in der Mayerschen Buchhandlung). 1: 596. Reprint: 1794. Gttinger gelehrte
Anzeiger No. 41.

1796. Hacquet's neueste physicist-politiche Reisen den Jahren 1794 und 95. durch die
Dacischen und Sarmatischen oder Nrdlichen Karpathen. Nuremberg: Raspe. IV. part. 254
pages. 6 copper plates with as many pictures.1797-1799. Von einer Reise durch Deutschland
und Skandinavien. Allgemeiner Leipziger Anzeiger (Leipzig).

1798. Reise durch die neu eroberten Provinzen Russlands, in Jahr 1797, mit Rcksicht auf
Handel, Manufakturen, Fabriken, Geographie, Statistik, Politik, konomie, Naturgeschichte,
Botanik u.s.w. Schreiben an einem Freund and L. Journal for Fabric, Manufaktur, Handlung
und Mode (Leipzig: Christian Adolph Hempel) July: 1-33; August: 89-131.

1801-1808. Abbildung und Beschreibung der sdwest- und stlischen Wenden, Illyrer und
Slaven, der geographische Ausbereitung von Adriatischen Meere bis an den Ponto, deren
Sitten, Gebrauchhe, Hanthierung, Gewerbe, religion u.s.w. nach einer zehnjhrigen Reise und
vierzigjhrigen Aufenthalte in jenen Gegenden. Leipzig: Im Industrie-Comptoir. Erster Theil.
Heft 1-5. Heft 1: XII + 246 pages.

1801-1808. Carniolan, gel and hydrographic description, especially the Gorenjska region.
Prints from Hacquet's Oryctographia Carniolica. AS, Collection of Manuscripts and
Urbarians, II - 66r.

40
1808. Skizze ber das Karpatische Gebirge. Beu Annalen der Literatur des sterreichischen
Kaiserthumes (Wien: Anton Doll (sterreichische Annalen).) 2. Heft, 1815. L'Illyrie et la
Dalmatie, ou meurs, habens et costumes de l'htures et de laux des contres voisines. Traduit
de l'allemand de M. le docteur Hacquet M. Breton: Augment d'un Mmoire sur la Croatie
militaire; orn de trente-deux planches, dont vingt-quatre d'aprs les dessins originaux indits
Paris: Nepveu. Part I: XII + 155 pages, Tables Part II: 175 pages 1816. The Miniaturge of the
Lnder and the Vlkerkunde Illyrien and Dalmatian or the Sitten, Gerauch und Trachten
Illyrier in Dalmatier und inhnen Nachbarn (from the French to the Hacquet) Fortiss and
Cassis Verfassen Werke des Herren reton bersetzt von Jamis Pannonius 36 copper cuts
Partially prepared Hacquet, part of original legacy notes Pesth.

The Berlin pharmacist and practical physician Friedrich Heinrich Wilhelm Martini issued the
first four volumes of the Beschftigungen der Berlinischen Gesellschaft naturforschender
Freunde. Then, the editorial office Beschftigungen and the Schriften took over Johann
Friedrich Wilhelm Otto of Berlin, who in 1783 (see the picture dated the year before) and in
1788 also published letters from Scopoli's pupil dr. Jacob Reineggs from Georgia with
Hacquet's explanations. Reineggs, in the letter Hacquet highlighted as his best friend,
throwing a new light on the mysterious Hacquet person. He started as a shaving assistant in
Leipzig and an entertainer, and finished his medicine in Trnava with a dissertation on
chemical systems in 1773. He then traveled to the east. He was a Russian diplomat in
Georgia, a councilor at Russian schools and then a school student director of the Institute for
Young Offenders in St. Petersburg. In 1796 and 1797 he published an important historical-
geographical study of the Caucasus. The report was translated twice as follows: A General,
Historical, and topographical description of Mount Caucasus. 1797. London: C. Taylor; 1800.
Mmoire historique sur la Gorgie. Paris.

Figure 46: 1782. Aus einem Schreiben des Herrn Doctor Reineggs aus Tiflis vom 21sten
Januar 1780 an Herrn Prof. Hacquet in Laybach. Schriften der Berlinischen Gesellschaft
naturforschender Freunde (3): 398-406.

25. Anton Toma Linhart

41
Linhart made two maps, which served as an annex to his Test of the history of Carniola and
other lands of southern Slavs, which remained unfinished. The first volume was published in
1788 and included a map of the Province between the river Drava and the Adriatic Sea in
antiquity, which was created with the help of Alojz Kralj three years earlier. The surface is
only roughly indicated by hills, and the settlement and river networks are also very simplified.
The template was also used by Hacquets Carniolan Land, but in one of the smaller versions
of this map.

Figure 47: Linhart's Map of Carantania.

In the second volume, published in 1791 by Wilhelm Heinrich Korn in Ljubljana, it was also
Linharts map of Carantania from the time before the Frankish occupation. On the map, the
names of the Slavic origin were added to some already Germanized areas. The artistic
equipment was like ascetic, but it contains some Slovenian and bilingual names, even though
Linharts Poskus (Experiment) itself was published in German. The work itself is one of the
fundamental works for Slovenian history also for its the myth of the Carantania.

26. Illyrian provinces

The role of the Ljubljana lyceum was very important in the period of the French education
(1810-1813). He served as a central school for other gymnasiums, which were significantly
changed. In 1810/11, Valentin Vodnik taught geography in Slovene for the first time, but only
in the 1st grade of the Ljubljana lyceum, since in higher classes he was in French. For his
lectures, he also created his own scripts, which, unfortunately, did not survive. The study of
geography and history was mostly conducted in the Slovene language at the Postojna
grammar school and probably also the Idrija grammar school. Unfortunately, the financial
distress in the following year led to the first reorganization and contraction of schools and
curriculum (also geography). Otherwise, the geography of the following year was again
returned to it but was taught in German, and at the end of the school year 1812/13, the Illyrian
education was dismantled.

Figure 48: Illyrian provinces.

27. Janez Baptist Kersnik and Karl Hummel

Janez Baptist Kersnik from the Most by irovnica in the Upper Carniola (Gorenjska) region,
the grandfather of the late writer Kersnik, lectured on physics at the University of Ljubljana.
After studying in Ljubljana, he studied two more years of philosophy. He attended physics in
the 2nd year of 1802-1803 two hours a week at the former Jesuits Schaler. He was replaced
by Neumann after 3rd March 1803. After the philosophy was finished, Kersnik completed
another theological year of studies in 1803-1804, but he was not consecrated to the
priesthood. On 15 September 1804, he became a 4th grade teacher on a regular basis in

42
Ljubljana. On December 10, 1808 he was appointed as a full professor of physics on the
Lyceum of Ljubljana in the city of Matija Kalister. Kersnik was also a member of the
Carniolan Agricultural Society.

Figure 49: Kersnik's list of globes and maps from 1845 noted in 1847 (SI_ZAL).

Hummel from Moravia was Kersnik's colleague, while Hummel was teaching elementary
mathematics in the first year of the Lyceum in Ljubljana from 1835 until his departure to
Graz. In 1850, st the University of Graz, Hummel became the first professor of physics and
retained the cathedra until his retirement on 31 May 1867. In 1855, he published a book on
physical geography in Graz.

Figure 50: The title page of Hummel's geographical book of 1855.

43
Figure 51: The beginning of index of Hummel's geographical book of 1855.

Figure 52: The second page of index of Hummel's geographical book of 1855.

Figure 53: The fourth page of index of Hummel's geographical book of 1855.

44
Figure 54: The last page of index of Hummel's geographical book with list of his physics and
mathematical published works in 1855.

Figure 55: The beginning of text of Hummel's geographical book in 1855.

28. Karl Robida

The Benedictine Karel Robida was born in the suburbs of Ljubljana. Like Carniolan and a
deceived Slovenian, he was keen on Slovenian culture and language. For this reason, he had
to experience a pondering which in Carinthia was in dangerous shape after 1848. During this
time, Robida was very active, since he participated in Slomek's journal "Drobtinice" from the
first year of 1846 and in Janei's "Slovenska Bela" from the first issue where he introduced
the Introduction to the General Geography in 1850. Robida proved the round shape of the
earth by the fact that a traveler first sees from a distance a belfry. In 1866, he described the
determination of altitudes with the barometer.

Figure 56: Robida's Introduction to Geography from the Slovenian Bee (Bela).

29. Peter Kozler

Peter Kozler was a son of Ivan Kozler (1780-1864). He grew up in the manor of Ortnek,
which his father bought in 1820. Peter began to study at St. Gregor, and then, he attended a
normal and gymnasium in Ljubljana between 1835-1840. He lived in Ljubljana with his high
school professor of physics, Janez Kersnik, and took part in his circle. He studied philosophy
in Italy under Habsburg dominance. He studied his first year (logic) in Padua, while he
attended the second (physics) in Pavia. He then enrolled at the University of Vienna and
ended his law studies in 1843-1846. Until 1856 he worked in civil services in Istria and in
Trieste. During the spring of the nations, he conceived and in 1853 he printed the first map of
the Slovenian ethnic territory, which, however, was not released until 1861 due to a polices
ban. It was reprinted back in 1864 and 1871. Between 1857-1863 he was a notary in Seana,
and then after his father's death, he took over his trade in Vienna. In May 1867, together with
his three brothers and sisters he founded and led the largest brewery in Carniola, the
predecessor of today's Union. Since 1875 he was the vice president of the Carniolan
Agricultural Society. In 1875, the publisher added to Kocens posthumously printed map a
special map of Slovenian lands under the influence of Kozler's map. Kozler together with

45
Matej Cigale participated in the first general geographical publication of Slovenian Matica, at
the publication of Slovenian Atlas, which brought three maps in the first volume in 1869,
among them:

Whole Earth,
Europe and
the Habsburg Monarchy.

Initially they wanted to summarize them by Kocen atlases. Between 1867 and 1877, Kozler
was a member of the national party in the provincial assembly for the districts of Koevje,
Ribnica and Velike Lae, between 1868 and 1877, he was deputy regional governor. On the
wrath of the German Koevje district governor, the Slovene-oriented Luka Svetec and Peter
Kozler were chosen at the elections in 1870. Svetec and Kozler won 51 or 47 votes in total in
the 1890s, while their German counterparts F. Kromer and I. Wenedikter won only 36 votes.
Kozler also ran on the list of young people for the National Assembly in 1873, but was
defeated by Count Barbo. He died on 16 April 1879 in Ljubljana.

Figure 57: Kozler's map for which he was nearly imprisoned like Carles Puigdemonts
fellows.

30. Deman and his circle.

Deman revived the Museum Society and edited his newsletter. Deman first collected and
published a sufficiently detailed collection of heights in Carniolan places after Kocen's
professor of science, Andreas Baumgartner, in his Ettingshausen und Baumgartner's
Zeitschrift fr Physik und Mathematik magazine, published general cadastral trigonometric
measurements for the monarchy, from which they summarized the data for the Carniola
"homeland geography ". For Triglav, 1506 Viennese clappers were planned. Deman
communicated numerous high-profile studies of plant geography.

On 11 November 1857, Karel Aleksander Adam von Ulepi. Krainfels read the report of
Kranj native Anton Pirc on South America, Australia and Penguin islands in front of the
Museum Society, of which Kocen was member under Deman's leadership.

46
Figure 58: Deman's note on Ulepis summary of Pircs reports on Penguin island and
Patagonia (Museum Jahresberichte Ljubljana, 11. 11. 1857, p. 126-127).

Figure 59: Deman's note on Ulepis summary of Pircs reports on Penguin island (Museum
Jahresberichte Ljubljana, 11. 11. 1857, p. 128-129).

Figure 60: Deman's note on Pircs reports on Penguin island (Museum Jahresberichte
Ljubljana, 1857, p. 132-133).

47
Figure 61: Deman's index with his measurements of heights in the beginning (Museum
Jahresberichte Ljubljana, 1857).

Figure 62: Deman's index with Pircs Penguin Island descriptions, Ulepis Roman
antiquities, Peters geological names of Upper Carniola, Schwarzs Geognosy of materials of
Dobrepolje (Gutenfeldes) valley (Museum Jahresberichte Ljubljana, 1857, pp. 126-135, etc.).

48
Figure 63: Deman shared his part in climate of Carniola book in 1883.

Figure 64: Index showing Demans part in climate of Carniola book in 1883.

49
Figure 65: Beginning of Demans share in climate of Carniola book in 1883.

Figure 66: Deman's description of the Inner Carniola and Cerknica lakes from the first
Slovene gymnasium reading book (Berilo) issued in 1850.

In 1850, Deman was also the author of the geographical description of the Inner Carniola
region and especially of the Lake Cerknica, published in the Slovene Reading Book (Berilo)
for the first gymnasium class in Ljubljana and edited by the Ljubljana gymnasium director
Johann Kleemann and editor of Agricultural and Handicraft News, Janez Bleiweis.

31. Life path and home town of Bla Kocen

Figure 67: The memorial plate in Kocens native Hotunje in 2002 (Photo: Role Bratec
Mrvar).

Kocen was born in a humble family farm in Hotunje near Slomeks Ponikva settlement.
After successfully studying at the trivial lower school in Ponikva, he continued his education

50
at the primary school and gymnasium in Celje. Kocen finished his Lyceum in Graz, and the
theological studies in Klagenfurt. At the age of 24 he was consecrated to the priest. He spent
five years in the lower Styria (entrupert, Rogatec and otanj). In 1850, he followed the
invitation of the state, which, due to the great reform of the gymnasium, needed new powers
and accepted the service of a substitute professor at his former gymnasium in Celje. He taught
mathematics and physics, or natural writing. In 1852, in a year at the Physics Institute in
Vienna, he graduated with honors at prof. Ettinghausen class and received the appropriate
professorship. He immediately received a job at the Ljubljana Gymnasium, where he
remained only for two years. He had a lot of meetings with Karl Deman and his circle at the
Museum Society, where he was also active himself. Probably, Deman was the most highly
regarded one who, though physics and mathematics, impressed Jocen with geography. In
1855, Kocen relocated to Gorizia Grammar School (Gorica Gymnasium). He started his
scientific work and issues his first works as a study of the climate in the Gorizia (Gorika)
region and a textbook of the Basics of Geography. However, his most fertile period followed
in Moravia. He left for Moravia in 1858 and stayed there until 1870. He spent the last year of
his life in Vienna, where he died in the suburbs of Hernals only 50 years old ful of new plans.

Figure 68: Bla Kocen with his father.

Figure 69: Bla Kocen not looking like extremely happy.

Kocen was born in a rather remote part of lower Styria, where the better connected larger
towns emerged only after the construction of the Southern Railway in 1846. Kocen was proud
of his neighbor bishop Anton Martin Slomek - whom Kocen often set as his example. Kocen
managed to become a highly respected cartographer and teacher. Kocen was already
impressed by nature, plants, animals and the history of local places, which significantly
influenced his later decision to abandon the priesthood profession and find happiness in
school, despite the opposite wishes of his mother. Already in his early years, he was known as
an excellent painter, which was also shown later in the drawing of his maps.

The success of Kocen's geographical books was based on rich foundations. Bla Kocen
attended a six-year Celje high school. He studied philosophy in Graz in the classes of Gintl
and Josef K. Knar (* 1. 1. 1800 Hartberg 50 km east of Graz; 1. 6. 1865 Graz) in 1839-
1841. Knar published a lot of mathematics in Baumgartner-Ettingshausens journal. In those
times, Graz slowly became a university place again after the degradation between the reign of
Maria Theresa and Joseph II (1773-1782). In 1821, the Archduke Janez (Johann) founded
Joanneum as the ancestor of the Polytechnic, and in 1828 they reestablished a university in
Graz. The first professor of physics at the University of Graz was the former professor of
mathematics in Ljubljana, the doctor of Philosophy Karl Hummel, who led the Graz chair
between 1850 and 31. 5. 1867. After theological studies in Klagenfurt, Kocen was

51
consecrated in 1845 to the priest. He served as a chaplain enough close to the domestic cabin
in entrupert above Laki, otanj and Rogatec. When philosophical studies after the March
Revolution joined gymnasiums, many gymnasiums were completed up to eight grades even in
places where no lessons of philosophy. Therefore, of course, new learning power was needed.
According to the Exner-Bonitz reform, geography and history became a common subject at
eight-year gymnasiums, and geography became an independent subject in 1870 at teachers'
schools, and in 1878 it was based on realm. Kocen opted for a professor's profession, like
priest-chemist Mihael Peternel and before Benedictine Karel Robida. Kocen started his
lectures at the Celje gymnasium (1849), which he finished a decade earlier. Immediately after
Kocen's departure, beside gymnasium, Celje developed a lower secondary school in the
elementary school building in 1852/53.

Table 11: Physicists at the Celje High School of Kocens era

Name Teaching and research Institution

Bla Kocen 1849-1852 supplied professor Grammar School (Gymnasium)


Joef Essl10 -1855-1856 Grammar School (Gymnasium)
Anton antel11 -1872 Grammar School (Gymnasium)
Maurer12 1873-13 Grammar School (Gymnasium)

32. Kocen in Vienna

To retain his job, Kocen had to pass the necessary exams at the Viennese Physics Institute in
Natural Sciences, Physics and Mathematics on 5 December 1852 and on October 10, 1853.
The Viennese Physics Institute was founded on 17 January 1850 under the Doppler
leadership. Unfortunately, this famous Salzburg physicist, discovering after him the named
effect of changing the frequency of the sound of the moving source, just before the start of
Kocen's studies fell ill in autumn 1852, went on a long vacation and resigned. So Kocen
studied at Ettingshausens class. Between 1853-1858 Ettingshausen led the institute, and
afterwards he was replaced by Stefan who was followed by Boltzmann. The chemistry
institute was led by J. Redtenbacher, mathematics was taught by Moth in 1853, and physics
by Kunzek, Petzval, Ettingshausen and Grailich. Apart from them, the famous Viennese
professors were also Littrow astronomer and physicist Baumgartner. In parallel with Kocen,
Simon ubic studied mathematics and physics in Vienna between 1852 and 1856, and after a
year Joef Stefan listened to lectures of mathematics at the calls of Professor Moth, and
theoretical physics chapter in Kunzek and Doppler's opponent Mathematics Petzval.

10
The German Josef Essl (* 21. 1. 1830 Perneck in Bohemia), professor of math and physics on 14. 11. 1856
(Dassenbacher, 1868).
11
Anton antel (* 13. 1. 1845 Pesnica in Styria; 28. 4. 1920 Krko).
12
Dr. Ferdinand Maurer (* 1837 Wettern in Bohemia; Cistercian).
13
Anton antel, 2006, 438.

52
Table 12: Carniolan students at the Viennese University of Kocens Time

Faculty of Philosophy All University

Year: Carniolan Total Number Carniolan Skupaj Number


folks winter/summer of Ph.D. folks zimski/letni of Ph.D.
semester

1847/48 0 49
1848/49 ? 189/189 8 28 929/ 929 125
1849/50 ? 110/110 6 28 808/ 808 145
1850/51 0 84/ 65 2 16 2283/2189 131
1851/52 2 81/ 66 2 11 3060/2864 128
1852/53 9 110/107 1 16 2652/2387 142
1853/54 5 163/149 0 13 2508/2206 187
1854/55 7 215/198 1 13 2534/2253 300
1855/56 11 275/259 1 15 2695/2482 251
1856/57 7 280/254 3 15 2925/2464 225
1857/58 5 258/248 4 15 2722/2511 234
1858/59 3 161/229 5 15 2437/2270 250
1859/60 2 138/144 4 13 2343/2386 217

Ettingshausen was the closest associate of Cauchy in the Habsburg Monarchy. A father was
brought to Vienna by his father; He first studied Philosophy, Law and Artillery at
Bombardierschule, where until recently he lectured Yuri Vega. Ettingshausen became an
associate professor of mathematics at the University of Innsbruck in 1817. From 1821 to
1835, he was a professor of senior mathematics at the University of Vienna, then replaced the
Chair of Physics, Applied Mathematics and Mechanics. In 1826, together with Baumgartner
in Vienna, he began to publish a highly respected physics-mathematical magazine. On 4
March 1840, he was the first in the world to take a photograph through a microscope. In 1852
he became a professor of engineering at the Viennese Polytechnic Institute. He founded the
Vienna Academy of Sciences and led him as secretary general from 1847 to 1850. In 1862 he
was the rector of the University of Vienna; Unfortunately, he soon began to suffer of the
disease and had to choose Joseph Stefan as the heir to the Physics Institute. The Physics
Institute was from the 1st of April 1850 to a large university building where today is the
Academy of Sciences. In 1851, he was transferred to Erdberg, where he studied Kocen. The
Physics Institute operated there until 1875, when it was transferred to Trkenstrasse no. 3. In
Kocens time, the Physics Institute had 1300 fl. C.M. year grants, and he kept his library with
863 books in 3132 volumes, which Kocen used.

53
Figure 70: View from the road to the Physics Institute in Vienna-Erdberg, where Kocen
studied.

Figure 71: Kocen's professor of physics sciences Andreas von Ettingshausen in Vienna.

Ettingshausen mostly examined Cauchy's Gorizia optical theories. On 29 November 1838,


Cauchy described the spread of flat waves in a molecular system that attracted and rejected at
very small distances. From the very simple procedure, the surface wave equation was
immediately followed. A similar equation was derived by Ettingshausen for polarization in
transparent bodies base on Cauchy's Gorizia discussion published on 29 October 1837.
Ettingshausen explained the light and dark lines in the spectrum of the Sun or other light with
a wave theory of light and reported results to Cauchy. In a few years, Cauchy published a
similar complementary theory at the Paris Academy (April 22, 1839) developed from the
older Gorizia based findings. Together with Kocen and ubic, Wurner and Schrey studied
mathematics and science in Vienna, with the help of Knafeljs scholarships. All of them later
became high school professors. Wurner became a gymnasium professor in 1862 and was the
most important meteorologist in Carniola next to Deman and Vovk. Schrey was a professor
and director at the libraries in Ljubljana and Klagenfurt and a member of the Carniolan
Museum Society. Unlike ubic and Wurner, Schrey did not publish debates in the Slovene
language. In 1851-1854, he studied mathematics and science of the Augustinian monk the
Bohemian Mendel, later a pioneer of genetics, in Vienna. In 1855/56, the "Vajevci", the
former Kocens students of Ljubljana, among them naturalists Fran Erjavec and Ivan Tuek,
entered the Viennese Faculty of Philosophy. During his studies in Vienna, Kocen also came in
contact with local geographers. Geography was taught by private assistant Adolph von
Schmidl, who studied the caves and most of all Planina-Hhle, with such a fondness that he
got the nickname "Hhlen Schmidl". He participated in the debate about Proteus at the Vienna
Academy between 3 and 31. 10. 1850 and later the same year. These explorations of the
human fish have significantly influenced Deman and the Museum Society of Carniola.
According to Schmidt, in 1851 Friderich Simony became the first professor of geography at
the University of Vienna. He developed into a successful researcher of the Alps, a physical

54
geographer and a founder of teaching aids in his own equipped cabinet. It is also likely that
during the years spent in the Moravia, Kocen often visited Vienna as the seat of the Hlzel's
cartographic institute, which made his maps and atlases. In addition, he was also a member of
the Educational Council, between 1863-7, founded on the initiative of Fran Mikloi. After
completing his studies, Kocen moved to Vienna for the second time in 1870, with his home
label Hlzel (Hoelzel) moving. He asked for early retirement in Olomouc, but nevertheless
continued his work in the field of school geography as he died on May 29, 1871 in the Vienna
western suburb of Hernals, in the middle of work with a "cartographic sketch in hand". The
burial was supposed to be on the old Hernals cemetery, but in 1872 it was moved to a new
place where his remains are still restored today.

33. Professor in Ljubljana and Gorizia

Figure 72: The passage instrument which Deman used to determine the geographic
coordinates (ARS, Privatae a arhiv Karl Deman, signature SI_AS 854, map 12,
Kosmographia).

Figure 73: The passage instrument which Deman used to determine the geographic
coordinates (ARS, Privatae a arhiv Karl Deman, signature SI_AS 854, map 12,
Kosmographia).

At the end of studies, Kocen came to the Grammar School in Ljubljana, along with a good
year younger Mitteis, who also taught mathematics and physics. An interesting purchase in

55
the physics cabinet of the gymnasium in Ljubljana was presented by the Bohemian German
Mitteis to the Carniolan Museum Society, which brought him closer to the simple
presentation of his physics cabinet, which was also the purpose of later school exhibitions. He
was appointed as teacher of mathematics and physics on 11 October 1851 and began teaching
at the Vienna Therese Academy. Between 1862-1865 he was a member of the city council of
the Ljubljana municipality. After Peternel he took over the management of the realism in
1861/62, and between 1862-1866 he was also the director of the gymnasium in Ljubljana. He
became a member of the Philharmonic Society and the Museum Society, while for thirteen
years (1853-1866) he taught physics and occasionally mathematics in Ljubljana. He dealt with
meteorology and seismology. He investigated electromagnetic phenomena and focused on
their history. In 1856, he had four lectures on electricity in front of the Carniolan Museum
Society, among which the three involved in history. Kocen collaborated with him in the
Deman homemade circle at the Museum Society for Carniola and helped in the preparation
of the first year of Deman's museum researches. On 4 July 1855, Kocen lectured on the
development of astronomy from the earliest times to Hipparchus at the first every-month
meeting of the Museum Society. He studied Hipparchus on the island of Rhodes and proved
to the utmost the utterance of the saying: hic Rhodus, hic salta. From the parallax, the first
determined the distance to the Moon and the Sun. He compiled a map with over a thousand
stars, discovered a supernova, which of course was not yet able to explain and prove the
movement of all stars from west to east as they cross the 36-inch equinox per year, which was
well described only by Copernicus, the causes of which are were clear barely after Newton's
surveys. The Hipparchus movement value of 36'' is now more accurately measured today
than 50''. The Hipparchus' star map could later become the cause for Kocen's own work on
maps, of course, earthly and not celestial. Hipparchus was the pioneer of modern
mathematical cartography, since he introduced the principle of determining coordinates of
points on the surface of the Earth, latitude and longitude. He also compiled the first
trigonometric tables with "hard" sizes corresponding to modern sinuses. None of Hipparchus'
books were preserved, but Ptolemy was, of course, called to it. Unfortunately, Hipparchus
episodes became realistic and tangible to most of the later researchers, not just constructed
lines; this led to many problems of astronomers in front of Copernicus. He did not give up his
studies of astronomy even later, since he had been involved in the introductory chapters of his
geographical books under the title "Mathematical Geography". He began to publish
geographical books soon after leaving Ljubljana as a professor in Gorizia and Olomouc. The
chapter is usually described in about fifteen pages from the study of the universe, the Sun's
system, the Moon, the Earth's shape, and the changing of seasons. According to Deman,
Radics and Mitteis liberal views, Kocen summarized the relatively cool attitude towards the
intellectual elements of the Slovene national movement and did not use Slovene at school.
Among the Moravians in Olomouc, he became a nationalized Slovenian. Radics, after
mediating Deman's enemy Etbin Costa, became a syllable at the Ljubljana Gymnasium from
the autumn of 1858/59 until the end of the winter semester of 1862. Radics walked to some
extent the opposite way from Kocen: Radics studied geography but instead dealt mainly with
history, while Kocen studied natural sciences in mathematics and was primarily concerned
with geography.

Table 13: Kocen among Ljubljana physicists and geographers

56
Name Taught and researched Institution

Janez Nepomuk Kleeman 1848/49- Grammar School


(Gymnasium)
Fran Keinzl 1850-1852 Lower Real school
Karel Deman 1851/52 Grammar School
Georg Luscher 1852-1858 Grammar School
Anton Globonik 1852/53 Grammar School
Peter Petruzzi 1852/53 Grammar School
Jan Neasek 1852/53 Grammar School
Bla Kocen 1853 24. 9. 1855, full professor on 30. 1. Grammar School
1854
Heinrich Mitteis 1853/54-1865/66 Grammar School
Mihael Wurner 1856-24. 9. 1862, 1868/69-1887/88 Real school
J. Belovi 1859-1860/61 supplied professor Grammar School
J. Smole 1866- director Grammar School
Mihael Peternel 1853-1861 chemistry Lower Real school
Wilhelm Kukula (Kukule) 1861/62 Lower Real school
Ignaz Shonta 1864/65 supplied professor Grammar School
Josip Nejedli 1862-1884 mathematics Grammar School
Kukule (Julever) Wilhelm (*30. 6. Hired in 1857, member of the Geographical, Real school
1833 Mglitz in Moravia), Zoological and Botanical Society of Vienna
German and the Historical Society of Carniola, went
to Linz in 1868 (Dassenbacher, 1868)
Peter Pavel Radics 1858/59-1862 Grammar School

On 30. 1. 1854 Kocen was confirmed as a true professor. Nevertheless, it was not popular
with the Ljubljana school authorities. On September 24, 1855, he became a full-time
professor at the Gymnasium in Gorizia and, on 9 June 1857, he became a permanent professor
for his free-thought and at the same time for the Jet. Gorizia was still under strong Cauchy
influences, although Cauchy worked there as the native teacher of the Bourbon pretender only
from 21 October 1836 to mid-October 1838. In the Gorizia reports for 1857, Kocen published
the paper Das Klima von Grz. He also admired Gorizia's climate because he had a favorable
effect on his lungs. With this, he became an advocate of professor Seidel, professor of the
climate in Gorizia, with the help of his former New York professor, Franciscan meteorologist
Bernard Vovk. Kocen taught physics in the third and last two grammar schools. He took care
of the science cabinet and the botanical garden. Philip Jordan has taken over a richly equipped
physics cabinet. Philip was the father of Archbishop Andrew Jordan, ops acquaintance and
correspondent. Just before the arrival of Kocen, in 1846, Philip provided the most necessary
devices for physics experimentations to the Franciscan classroom in Kostanjevica.

57
Figure 74: Kocens Das Klima von Grz.

Table 14: Physics, mathematicians, geographers and historians in Gorizia of Kocens era.
MUK stays for the Franciscan Philosophy studies in Kostanjevica above Gorizia

Name Taught physics Institution

Augustin Cauchy October 1836-october 1836 Private Tutor


Franc Monik 1836-1846 mathematics 4th class of Normal
school
Filip Jordan14 1825-185515 Lyceum, Grammar
school
(Gymnasium)
Bla Kozenn (Kocen) 24. 9. 1855 18. 7. 185816 mathematics, Grammar School
physics
Anton Diak 1. semester 1. class,1.semester 4.r. history, Grammar School
geography
Ferdinand Gatti 2. s. 1. r.,2.semester 8.r. history, geography Grammar School
Franz Kott 2. r. history, geography Grammar School
Dr. Ludwig Preiss 3. r., 2. semester 4. r., 5., 6.,7.r, 1.semester Grammar School
8.r. history, geography
Nicolaus Tessari17 -1863- Real School
Pater Engelbert (Matej) Vovk 1863 8th class18 MUK, Grammar
School
Dr. Egid Schreiber19 -1864-1868- Real School
Franz Villich20 1858?-1867 Real School

14
Filip Jordan (* Malence by Kostanjevica in Lower Carniola; 15. 11. 1857 Gorizia).
15
Marui, 1991, 42-44.
16
SBL, 1: 480.
17
Nicolaus Tessari (* 1835 Koper, employed 1861 (Dassenbacher, 1868)).
18
Franciscan lists, 1863: 17. Between 1867-1868 taught physics in Novo Mesto Grammar school, on 2. 9. 1868
retired because of illness (Vrhovec, 1891, 297).
19
Egid Schreiber (* 1836).
20
Franz Villicus (Villicius, * 1826 Domain in Bohemia).

58
Mansvet majdek21 (1843)-1853-1859-(1868) MUK, Grammar
School
Pater Evstahij Osimk22 1845-1853- (1882/1891) mathematics, MUK, Grammar
23
physics School
Matija Hartmann -1845/46-1851/52 mathematics24 Grammar School
Filip Paui (Pauschitz)25 3. 10. 1853-19. 9.1869 mathematics, physics Grammar School
Hubert Leitgeb26 Fizika, Natural History -1860-1869- Grammar School
Moshammer27 -1862- mathematics Real School
J. Streissler28 -1865- mathematics Real School
Thomas Klime29 mathematics, technical drawings -1868- Grammar School
Joef Borghi30 30. 10. 1869-1869/70 candidate-supplied Grammar School
professor of mathematics & physics
Simon Kos31 -1871/72- Real School
Jakob ebular32 1871-1904 mathematics, physics Real School
Heinrich knight Egger33 -1861-1870/71- mathematics, physics, Real School,
professor 31. 5. 1872 Grammar School
Clemens Barchanek -1873-1888- mathematics Real School
Anton antel 31. 5. 1872-1907 mathematics, physics Grammar School
th
Mathias Lazar -1873/74 4 class Grammar School
Johan Zindler34 1874/75-1876/77 mathematics, physics, Grammar School
director (21. 8. 1874-30. 8. 1878)
Willibaldus Sever35 -1881- mathematics, physics, philosophical MUK, Grammar
propaedeutic School
Henrich Schreiner36 1884-1891 director Grammar School
Ferdinand Seidl37 February 1887-1915 Natural History, physics Real School
Bernard Vovk38 1884-1893 MUK

21
Mansvet majdek (Schmaidek, baptized as Janez, * 1. 3. 1819 Soteska by Dolenjske Toplice; Franciscan 22.
8. 1836 Novo mesto; 10. 4. 1868 Kostanjevica above Gorizia (Franciscan Lists, 1853: 12, 1855: 16, 1859: 17;
PBL, 3: 561)).
22
Pater Evstahij Osimk (Ozimk, Ozimek, baptized as Joef, * 24. 1. 1817 entvid by Stina; Franciscan 25. 9.
1838; after 1894 (Franciscan Lists, 1853, 12; 1855, 16, 1859: 17, 1860: 17, 1863: 17, 1881: 17, 1892: 12,
1893: 12, 1894: 12.
23
krabec, 2002, 79, 81.
24
Marui, 1991, 42
25
German from Carinthia Philip Paushitz (* 26. 5. 1824 Ntsch in Carinthia).
26
Hubert Leitgeb (* 1835 Portendorf in Carinthia, German employed in 1857 (Dassenbacher, 1868)).
27
Karl Moshammer (* 27. 9. 1837 Eisenstadt in Hungary).
28
Joseph Streissler (* 1839 Drevikov na ekem).
29
Thomas Klime (* 1834 Horusic na ekem), nastavljen 1862 (Dassenbacher, 1868).
30
Joef Borghi (Borgh, Borgim, * 6. 10. 1846 Motovun v Istri; 30. 12. 1896 Ljubljana).
31
Pupin, 1977, 20-23; Erjevec, 1934, 77-78.
32
Jakob ebular (* 31. 7. 1844 Tekaevo pri Rogaki Slatini; 3. 7. 1929 Ljubljana).
33
Heinrich vitez pl. Egger (* 1831 Pavia), suplent za geometrijo in nartovalno geometrijo leta 1868 na niji
realki v Roveretu na Tirolskem (Dassenbacher, 1868).
34
Johann Zindler (* 1835 Palanka v leziji (Marui, 1991, 81)).
35
Willibaldus Bernard Sever (Vilibald, * 22. 8. 1845 Ribnica na Dolenjskem; OFM 28. 8. 1863; 13. 6, 1924
Vi v Ljubljani (Franikanski ematizmi, 1881: 17, 29; sporoilo Patra Felicijana Pevca 23. 10. 2006)).
36
Henrich Schreiner (* 1850 Ljutomer; 1920 Maribor).
37
Ferdo Seidl (* 1856; 1942).
38
Bernard Vovk (Andrej Vouk, * 11. 11. 1824 Ovsie nad Savo na Gorenjskem; franikan 29. 8. 1843; 8. 3.
1911 Breice).

59
34. Olomouc

On 18 July 1858, Kocen left for professor of mathematics and history at the Higher German
School in Olomouc, where the university chair was held for two years by the former Gorizia
professor of trivial school Franc Monik by 13 December 1850. Thus, Kocen finally wrote the
history of geography, which was, of course, the closest to him. Among Kocens colleagues at
the Olomouc high school (gymnasium) was Schenk, who immediately after the arrival of
Kocen announced two discussions on astronomy in the school reports. Kocen's papers
followed the pedagogical significance of geography with the description of didactic starting
points for production of school maps. Here he has published a great deal of his work in the
dozen years: three textbooks in ten different editions; seven different atlases in more than fifty
editions, more than twenty different hand maps of Austria, Hungary, various Austrian and
neighboring countries including the Alpine countries, the Austrian Alpine countries, Carniola
and Istria, Carinthia and Styria. Kocen also published at least eleven school wall maps, among
them Carinthia and at least two editions of home Styria. Although Kocen was a great
individualist and almost self-educated in geography, he established the foundations that led
Hlzel to take the leading position in school cartography in the then-Austrian region, as
Hlzels market share exceeded 40 percent from the middle of the 19th century to the end of
the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Figure 75: Kocens wall map of Europe printed by Hlzel in Vienna around 1870.

Figure 76: Kocens map old world printed by Hlzel in Vienna.

60
Figure 77: Kocens map new world printed by Hlzel in Vienna.

Figure 78: Olomouc publishing house Hlzel

Figure 79: Edvard Hlzel.

In August 1870 Kocen was given a holiday for cartographic studies and moved to Vienna as a
well-known cartographer, whose scientific achievement was already mastered by Stefan.
Unfortunately, Kocen died suddenly due to a fever. He signed his surname as Kozenn to
prevent an incorrect pronunciation. He published the best geographical textbooks in the
monarchy, just as Monik was at the same time fortunate in mathematics. It was no
coincidence: Monik and Kocen both studied applied mathematics in Graz in the same times,
and they both had Slovenian background although Moniks family seems to be much more
well-to-do. In 1860-1861 Kocen had printed a map for elementary and vocational schools,
used for six decades in forty-three German (1861-) and sixteen Bohemian editions (1862-), as
well as prints in Slovenian, Croatian, Polish, and Italian. In 1861 and 1863 he translated the
Slovenian national border into Czoernig and added a list of Slovene local names. Czoernig
was president of the Administrative Statistical Commission until 1865, and between 1852 and
1863 he was also the chairman of the Central Commission for the Conservation of Artistic
and Historical Heritage. The 1850 edition of Kocens map put together a special map of the
Slovenian lands under the influence of Peter Kozler's print in 1864 and In 1871, Kozler
participated in the first general geographical publication of Slovenian Matica, at the Slovene
Atlas, which in 1869 brought in the first volume three maps: the whole earth, Europe and the
Habsburg Monarchy; Initially they wanted to summarize them at Kocen atlases.

61
35. Kocen's German Atlas for the School

Atlas of the schools was his first published atlas. It was published in July 1861 and is also his
most famous work, which is completely changed, but still under his name (Neuer Kozenn
Atlas). The Atlas was originally published under the title "Geographiescher SCHUL-ATLAS
fr die Gymnasien, Real- und Handels-Schulen der sterreichischen Monarchie von B.
Kozenn k.k.Professor." However, the next edition was a year later worn by a different
address, which was maintained over a long time "B. Kozenn's geographiescher Schul-Atlas
fr die Gymnasien, Real- und Handel-Schulen der sterreichischen Monarchie . The first
edition was published in four languages (German, Hungarian, Czech and Polish). In spite of
the "birth" problems, Atlas had a great success, and was also commercially successful, since it
has been practically uninterrupted since almost 18 years in almost 200 different editions and
reps in a total of one million copies. It is still considered one of the most famous brands in
Austrian cartography.

Figure 80: First Edition of the Secondary School Atlas of Kocen.

Figure 81: Kocens geography.

Kocen also criticized the foreign atlases for dissatisfaction with the space and the lack of
scientific regulation, for beginners as well as for more demanding users. All this is said to be
found in his atlas, where "physical maps outperform all of the past." In further study, Kocen
stated that the geography is largely "ancillary science" in history, and has therefore added to
its atlas hundreds of historical settlements, maps of the Austrian Crown Lnder, which are
made so "exhaustive and correct" as they are not found in large atlases. They draw special
attention to the dual map of the Alpine countries and the Mediterranean, which, as such, are
unique in school atlases. With economical mapping, it was possible to present on 31 sheets
the most abundant content in school atlases so far. The Atlas is also characterized by a simple
and comparable criterion, which facilitates comparisons, explanations of projections and
cartographic elements, which do not contain other atlases. In addition, the price is lower than
at most school atlases, and the atlas can also be divided into three separate volumes that could
be purchased separately, which made it even easier to purchase. Other atlases: Already one
year after the high school atlas, in summer (autumn 1862) after secondary school was
published by the Small Geographical School Atlas, which contained the abridged content of

62
the previous edition. It was then targeted at various elementary schools. Initially, he was not
as successful as secondary school, as he did not have the second edition in six years, which
was largely because atlases were not obligatory in lower schools. At that time, he appeared in
three variants with 6, 12 or 18 leaves, and was published by the end of the seventies of the
19th century. The Oro-Hydrographic Atlas was published in three editions between 1864-73
and it contained only physical maps of continental and central Europe (the Alpine,
Carpathian, Bohemian, German and ...). Parallel to the last edition of 1873, the same name is
also given of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy (Crown Lands), which, in part, was the work of
his successors. It was a special type of atlas with "gentle" maps. Shortly after his death, in
1873, the Oro-Hydrographic Atlas of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was also published.
The school atlas of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was the last complete Kocen's work
since he came out shortly before his death (1870). It contained maps of the Austro-Hungarian
Empire and was one of the most important novelties - as a regional school atlas, intended
primarily for lower grades. Only the first issue contained a special map of the South Slavic
countries, which we can no longer find in the second edition of 1875. It was republished until
1882.

Figure 82: The front page of Kocens atlas for the school from 1879.

Table 15: Kocens atlases

KOCENs atlases 1861-2007


Type\Languages German Czech Polish Hungarian Croatian Italian Total
1. for middle 113 27 20 2 19 4 185
schools
2. Oro- 3 1 0 0 0 0 4
hydrographic
3. In 6 maps 1 2 1 1 0 0 5
4. In 12 maps 6 1 1 1 0 0 9
5. In 18 maps 3 1 2 1 0 0 7
6. Small for 1 2 0 0 0 0 3
schools
7. Austro- 6 1 0 0 0 0 7
Hungarian
8. Oro- 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
hydrographic AO
9. For city 5 0 0 0 0 0 5
schools
10. Kocen- 5 0 0 0 0 0 5
Letoschek
11. Kocen- 4 0 0 0 0 0 4
Seibert
12. Kocen- 7 0 0 0 0 0 7
Sonklar
13. Kocen- 15 0 0 0 0 0 15
Gttenberger

63
14. New Kocens 10 0 0 0 0 0 10
atlas
Total 180 35 24 5 19 4 267

36. Kocen's Atlases in Other Languages

The first translation of Kocen's atlases was published in Czech language, but Kocen's atlases
were established only in the mid-seventies after they were processed by prof. Jiriek.
Together, by the end of the First World War, when it was published, over 20 editions and 13
reprints of Kocens atlases were published. More than three quarters of these were athletes at
secondary schools, in addition to the primary school small, oro-hydrographic and atlas of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire. Kocen's atlases were also well-known in Croatia, but they started
to emerge only at the end of the 1880s. Although he initially came out of the elementary
school (small) atlas, he was more successful in the upper secondary school, which was still in
existence during the Second World War (1943). Together, there were as many as 20 editions
of this. Interestingly, the famous Slovenian geographer Valter Bohinec also participated in the
publication. The main Croatian co-workers were Dobilovi, Hranilovi and Milan enoa.
These atlases were very often encountered and used by Slovenian high school students during
the two wars. In Poland, Kocen's atlases were used even after the First World War until 1926.
At least 23 editions and reprints were published. Here the high school atlas was most
established outside of the German states, since half a century was the most popular secondary
school atlas. After a less successful first edition he succeeded at the end of the nineteenth
century, mainly after the processing of Gustawicz. In the last years of the Austro-Hungarian
monarchy, Kocens secondary school atlas was also published in Italian language in 1904-
1917. Together, there were 4 issues and reps. At least Kocen's atlases were successful in
Hungarian. The first edition, which had just the prefabricated introductory part of the
Bohemia and Poland, and the core of the German edition, was a loud response, and soon they
released a revised edition. Nevertheless, the breakthrough on the Hungarian market failed and
the secondary atlas in Hungarian was no longer coming out. Kocen tried again at the end of
the sixties with a small elementary atlas, which added a special map of Hungary, but after
three editions since 1870, he did not even come out.

37. Kocen's didactics

The Geographische Lehrmittel was the most important Kocen's didactic work, published in
the gossip of the German gymnasium in 1861. He wrote it after the publication of his first
textbooks and immediately after the outcome of his first high school atlas. In it, he explains
his basic didactic principles of teaching geography, and he assessed thoroughly the then-day
teaching in the Austrian market (especially atlases). For the fundamental principle, he had
from a "familiar, lightweight and simple gradual to unknown, difficult and synthetic
knowledge." He did not support naked preradition and learning by heart. He believes that "the
value of geography lies largely in its image and the strong impression of impressions about its
objects." Learning names is no less appropriate, and the student will best test his knowledge
by drawing parts of the Earth and islands, the boundaries of large countries, streams, glimpses
of larger mountains, location and distance between famous places and drawing profiles from
memory. Thus, it can create feelings and understanding for great relationships, which,

64
according to Kocen's opinion, is to be the fundamental goal of geographical lessons.
However, he strongly advocated the direct mapping, because he said that "a lot of people
draw as many maps as I do, but this has contributed little to my geographical knowledge." He
also tried to substantiate some didactic novelties from his atlases like the correct
pronunciation and record of foreign geographical names, single units of measure on maps ...
In one of his introductions, which were also didactically colored, he also based his decision on
the creation of geographical lessons with a major shortage in this school area in the then-
Austrian region.

38. Kocen's textbooks and articles

In 1857 in Gorizia grammar school gazette, Kocen announced the debate Das Klima von
Grz. Kocen appointed his Climate of Gorizia (Klima Gorike) in German as in the same way
as doctor Anton Muznik 76 years earlier in the Latin language. During all 15 years of his stay
in Gorizia, the museum was conducting meteorological observations. Together with
Muznikov's, Joseph Barzellini published his somewhat dubious measurements in the local
rural press from 1 January 1781 to 31 March 1788 every three months. Kocen started to
measure three times a day soon after coming to Gorizia from June 1856. He recorded the
temperature in the shade and under the sun's rays, pressure, amount of precipitation, flashing,
humidity, cloudiness, wind and earthquakes. The first Kocens textbook of the Foundations of
Geography was printed in Gorizia (Gorica) in 1858 on 86 pages at Hartleben. All subsequent
editions were published by Hlzel in Vienna and Olomouc. Since it turned out that separate
textbooks for lower and secondary schools are required after the 4th edition, two processed
and supplemented textbooks should be published. Kocens Guide to Geography was
published in 1868 on 192 pages and was intended for secondary schools, containing at first
twenty-seven woodcuts. Later it was published separately in four parts, which were processed
and supplemented by the successors of Kocen until 1898, when the last edition of the 11th
edition came out. The geography of folk schools was published in 1869, when geography
began to be specially taught in such schools. The content was slightly reduced compared to
the Basics since it contained ten woodcuts on eighty pages. In total, the 11th edition was
published until 1878. Shortly after his death (1872), the homonymous textbook Austro-
Hungarian Monarchy for Geographical Education was published on 84 pages, completed and
completed by Dr. Ferdinand Krautschneider. Unlike other editions, this tutorial was not
marketable and did not show any reprint or new edition.

TABLE 16: Kocen's textbooks

KOCENs textbooks
1858-1871 later SKUPAJ
Basic geography 5 0 5
Guide through 2 19 21
geography
Geography for folks 4 10 14
schools
Avstrian-Hungarian 0 1 1
monarchy
Total 11 30 41

65
39. Kocen's maps

Kocen was the author of many wall and hand maps, which Unfortunately, few are preserved.
Perhaps the majority of pupils met directly with their parts exactly in this form, as at first
school atlases in lower-level schools were not yet mandatory. Most of them were published in
German, but many editions were published in Hungarian, Czech and Polish languages. Since
it was also the first or one of the first such works for use in schools in these three languages,
Bla Kocen is still highly appreciated today in the development of school geography in these
countries. Much of the quality of his works is that many have been used for decades after his
death, despite great advances in technique (color lithography). His wall maps included:

Hemispheres of Earth,
The Physical and Political Map of Europe,
The Physical and Political Map of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Palestine, the Kingdom of
Bohemia with Moravia and Silesia, Lower Austria, Upper Austria, Carinthia, Styria, Upper
Austria and Salzburg Areas.

In addition to all these titles, several other national maps were published: Hungary and
neighboring countries, Galicia with Bukovina, Land of the Hungarian Crown, Carpathian
Land, Tyrol with Vorarlberg, Bavaria, Wuertemberg, Baden, Switzerland and even Carniola
and Istria.

40. Slovene Kocen's Records for Ivan Lapajne

Kocen's books were compiled for the Slovene market by primary school teacher Ivan Lapajne
(* 2. 2. 1849 Vojsko by Idrija; 17. 11. 1931 Krko), who during this work was a pupil and
head of the school in Ljutomer (February 1872 - September 1878) and head of the newly
established bourgeois school in Krko (until May 1906). Lapajne made the first edition
published in 1870 in Kocen's life and first released it in Maribor without pictures (1877), then
with ten astronomical images in Vienna (1879). Lapajne's translation was 8 pages less than
the Gothic printed originals. Translated the second chapter as "The Sun". Unlike Robida
(1849), who in his physics escaped the newly discovered Neptune, Kocen also listed him and
"100 small planets, stars (asteroids) between Mars and Jupiter ... around some planets circling
the moons." He also mentioned repatriates (comets), the dual motion of the Earth, and the
constellation. "So the earth is round, a bit shapped like for example, like an apple, "he wrote
to everyone in a funny way. Similarly, he continued in the concluding chapter of physical
geography dedicated to meteorology or the atmosphere: "The movement of the wind part of
the wind ..." The revised edition of Lapajne in Vienna in 1879 was published by Hlzel, who
naturally tried to maintain a monopoly over Kocen's books. Among the 10 astronomical
images, he added planets in proportional sizes, which made pupils understand how small the
Earth was compared to others. From the original, he outlined the Earth's sphere, the
inclination of ecliptic with the zodiac, the "moon's change", the movement of the moon and
the moon. The chapter on the atmosphere and other non-astronomical chapters did not contain
any pictures. Chapters on the part of the Slovenian regions of Carinthia, Styria, Carniola and
Littoral (Primorska) Lapajne were not specifically expanded, but he attempted to harmonize
the data with new human counts and surface measurements. He wrote a Short description of

66
Styria, Carinthia, Carniola and Primorje before Kocen's geography (1876) was published in
Maribor. In the meantime between the two editions of Dominos (1878) and a decade later
(1889), the textbook Domoznanstvo, published in Ljubljana.

Table 17: Population and area with Slovenes inhabited by the Habsburg countries

Kocen 1870 Kocen, Lapajne Kocen, Lapajne


Erdbeschreibung 1877 1879
Inhabitants of Styria (in 1.170 1.156 1.178
thousands)
Area of Styria 390 miles2 In the units In the units
miriam as miriam,
miles
Inhabitants of Carniola (in 350 336 339
thousands)
Inhabitants of Carinthia 520 463 479
(in thousands)

That was how Styria had in the Slovenian edition of 1879 for 8000 more folks than in the
German edition of 1870, while the Carinthia folks was less by 11,000, and the Carniolan folks
even for 50,000! We hope that students did not just learn all these numbers by heart. Lapajne
added some lines about Slovene Lands in his translation and otherwise revised paragraphs. He
also changed the order of the chapters, and thus gave the political emphasis of the United
Slovenia as a matter of fact, since the Slovenian regions followed in his book one after
another as 21. Styria, 22. Carinthia, 23. Carniola, 24. Littoral (Primorska), 25. Tyrol. Kocen's
edition of 1870 did not go as far as this, and the chapters were distributed as follows: 21.
Styria, 22. Carinthia, 23. Tyrol, 24. Carniola, 25. Littoral (Primorska). Kocen was no
revolutionary, but he certainly knew very well how to make money in the marketing niche
made by the lack od useful geographical textbooks of his times.

Lapajne also translated the books about physics, including the textbook by Eugen Netoliczka
who was the professor of natural science and physics since 1853. Netoliczka lectured at the
gymnasium in Brno in the rimes before 1860 until after 1868. As a permanent director of the
bourgeois school in Krko since February 1883, Lapajne also influenced the design of the
Slovene School Museum. On the first permanent teaching collection in Krko, confirmed at a
session of the Committee of the Pedagogical Society on 16 February 1888, they also exhibited
"apparatus", of which, of course, most were needed for experiments in physics. The founder,
president and administrator of the Pedagogical Society in Krko was Fran Gabrek between
1886-1896. Lapajne's speech at the assembly of the Slovene Teachers Association in October
1887 "On the need for a permanent exhibition of teaching for Slovenian schools" was one of
the stones in the mosaic from which the Slovenian School of Music was created in Ljubljana,
also due to the need to centralize the exhibition.

41. Kocen's books in the USA and in Europe

67
Table 18: Kocens Geographies and geographical maps of Viennese publisher Hlzel in the
United States and the Netherlands

Year of Title Number of Notes


printing university
libraries

186039 Geographischer Schul-Atlas fr 1 (Yale) 26 maps; 26 cm


Brgerschulen. 3. izdaja
1860s Herzogthum Steiermark 1 (Chicago) map 133x127 cm, 1:180.000
1863 Der ffentliche Unterricht im Lichte 1 (Yale) 204 pages; 22 cm
der Verfassung
1867 Grundzge der Geographie 1 (Yale)
1870 Atlas fr Mittelschulen (Gymnasien, 1
Realschulen, komerziele und
verwandte Lehranstalten
1889 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 1
1901 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 1 ed. V. von Haardt, W.
Schmidt et all
1904 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 1 ed. V. von Haardt, W.
Schmidt et all
1905 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 1
1906 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 1 Zagreb
1912 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 2
1912 Karte von Krnten 1
1913- Geographichen Atlas fr 1
1922 Mittelschulen
1919 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 1
1925 Atlas 1
1929 Atlas 1 ed. Heinrich Gttenberger,
Hermann Leiter
1930 Atlas 1 ed. Heinrich Gttenberger,
Hermann Leiter
1930 Atlas 1 ed. Heinrich Gttenberger
1931 Atlas 2 ed. Heinrich Gttenberger,
Hermann Leiter
1932 Atlas fr Mittelschulen 1
1933 Atlas 1 ed. Heinrich Gttenberger
1935 Atlas fr Mittelschulen 1
1937 Atlas fr Hauptschulen in 1 Olomuc (Olmtz)
Niedersterreich
1937 Atlas fr Hauptschulen in 1 Olmtz
Obersterreich
1937 Atlas fr Hauptschulen in Steilermark 1 Olmtz
1937 Atlas fr Hauptschulen im Krnten 1 Olmtz

39
Po Bratec Mrvarju (sporoilo 22. 1. 2007) naj bi prva izdaja izla ele leta 1862!

68
1937 Atlas 1
1938 Atlas 1
1939 Atlas 1 Zagreb, ed. enoa
1943 Atlas 1
1944 Atlas 1
1945 Atlas 1
1951 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 2
1952 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 2 ed. Hans Slanar
1953 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 2
1954 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 2
1956 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 3
1958 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 7
1960 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 2
1961 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas: 2
(Kozenn-Atlas)
1961 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas: 1 ed. Walter Strzygowski
(Kozenn-Atlas)
1966 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 3
1967 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 2 (Amsterdam; 167 pages; 31 cm
Rijkuniversiteit
Groningen)

In the United States, there are at least 60 Kocens textbooks today, which is not much in terms
of the huge prints in the Habsburg and German markets. Among them there are Croatian
translations, while all other books are German. Both Kocen and Moniks books, unlike
Vegas books, were not translated into English, Spanish, or other best renowned languages.
This means that Kocens books, perhaps except the maps, were not used by American
students and were purchased by the American Library primarily to research the history of the
development of European geography and not for teaching in the USA. Melania Trump born
near Kocens birthplace was much more successful in USA. But Kocen was much more
successful in Slovenia compared to Melania Trump. As Melania Trumps university faculty of
architecture teacher of freehand drawings Janez Suhadolc and her classmates Mima Suhadolc
and Urh used to tell. Melania Trump was an excelent student in Ljubljana, but she soon had so
much to do in Milano fashion designs that she dropped from her studies, just like Nikola Tesla
in Graz before her. Nikola Tesla soon got the honorary Ph.D. in Graz, and Melania Trump
deserves to get his honorary Ph.D. in her Slovenian Ljubljana if the mayor there would not be
a semi-Serbian and the university rector a semi-Croatian. What a crazy coincidence: Melania
Trump would come, her son Barron could make a fine little speech in Slovenian, and no
Donald would be missed at the gala show. After the celebration, everybody will talk about
Melania Trumps University of Ljubljana. If folks could like the fest, the University of
Ljubljana could be later even officially renamed into Melania Trumps University of
Ljubljana and the date of its establishment could be easily pushed down to the Jesuit
Ljubljana university of 1704. But a semi-Serbian Ljubljana mayor and the semi-Croatian
university of Ljubljana rector do not want any of those because in that case the university of
Ljubljana could compete in age with their Croatian university of Zagreb and Serbian
university of Beograd. Weird! The ugly politics deep to the guts just as Cerar arresting his
main antagonist Jana to will the Slovenian polls, Mariano Rajoy arresting Carles Puigdemont
to win his Barca Catalan polls, or Bloke folks playing on their famous balloonist to get more

69
votes for another same mayor Josephus Dole and his saint wife after Dole contacted the
balloonist researcher with no mention of his academic titles and refused to pay the proper
honorarium for his balloonist exhibition while indicating that the Sparrow of Martina Hilly
might be in charge while Hilly returns the paying ping-pong ball to Dole and Pack in
Preerens style of rtomirs butchering battle to humiliate any fine memory of the great
balloonist who could therefore be ashamed to get his monuments in their areas. The import of
monuments geographical books is apparently almost as politically determined as the
importation of historical books: it is difficult to get them into domestic schools, especially at a
lower level. The fact that Kocen successfully sold his books in the new emerging Bismarcks
Germany represented a great Kocen's success, but he could not, of course, make that success
everywhere or in all times, let say in Merkels Germany. A crucial part of Kocen's success
was his detailed knowledge of the needs of elementary and secondary schools and the
organization of individual chapters devoted to certain provinces of the Habsburg Monarchy.
He heavily relied on the Jesuits geographical heritage, but despite of his neighbor Slomeks
support the priest Kocen was a guy of his times and refused to focus much of Catholic
approach into his geography to enable the spread of Kocens books into protestant parts of
Germany or into increasingly atheist Bohemia. Slomek used to say to his two decades
younger neighbor Kocen in Slovenian language: Well, my dear Bla, I understand very well
your ambitions in textbook publishing. Whats more, Ill support them whenever I could. But
I must warn you that the liberal German party of Deman is not my favorite. Not just because
he is not a great Catholic, but mostly because he betrayed his own Slovenian folks in
Viennese parliament. Im a Catholic priest as you, they call us with the title knz which is
something like a prince. Im proud of that as you should be also. Kocen was quite upset but
he dared to oppose: Quite right, my lord bishop. If I will be permitted to say, Deman is a
learned guy anyway

His Moravian job might have influences Kocens Slavic feelings, but he was able to hide
them for better success of Kocens books. In his national feelings, Kocen might not be that
pragmatic as his Ljubljana collaborator Deman, but Kocen still felt that the German speaking
folks were the Central-European chiefs and Kocen had no will or ambitions to change that
seemingly natural fact. Kocens pedagogical work began with a Habsburg school reform in
1848 which transformed the priest Kocen into a high school teacher, but Kocen was no great
fan of Spring of Nations, not in social nor in national Slavic sense, just like Kocens
Carniolan mathematical alter ego Monik who also served in Olomouc for a while. The
Slovenes Kocen and Monik were rarely pragmatic in both aspects of their daily politics,
social and national, and that fact was basically a fundament of their successful textbooks. The
emperor just loved and needed them both, they were exactly the kind of guys he wanted, the
fans of Habsburg shaky future. The teaching was always a political affair as Jesuits learned
among the first but lost their games of power as they developed into a hidden ruling group
without any army or navy on their direct disposal except for some Guaran warriors. The
Freemasons, Jews before Israel State, modern Catalans with just partially obedient Mossos
d'Esquadra, and other similar secretly ruling societies performed the similar mistakes which
made them extremely vulnerable in their times of troubles when they failed to secure the
support of guys with armies and navies under their command which supported the dissolving
of European communist states in 1990s but feared to support anything similar afterwards
because their EU relied on similar conservative status quo like Metternichs Holy alliance two
centuries later. Napoleonic and Soviet Union debacle had similar consequences after
Napoleon upgraded Robespierre and Stalinists upgraded Lenin into an unified big part of
Europe which did not please Anglo-American businessmen who had better navies on their
disposal. The only possible dissolution of EU is s new Spring of Nations which could resolve

70
the European national tensions again. If Metternichs four decades of Holy Alliance survived
Spring of Nations just until the Crimean Wars, the 1992/93 Maastricht Treaty and its children
might be expected to dissolve about 2030 with Markel on flight dressed in other sex costume
like Metternich after the outbreak of the Viennese revolts in March 1848 if the Brexit EU will
fail to develop its own army-navy up to date. Like in the Crimean wars, the immediate
reasons for the debacle of EU will emerge outside European borders from the very same
Crimea, the Near East oil wars or/and from Korean semi-nuclear conflicts in South and East
China seas. The seemingly conservative Kocen might have been a fan of Holy Alliance which
kept the old good Kocens atlases unchanged and useful. The conservative Holy Alliance or
EU are in fact the best aides of the mapmakers who do not want to change their published
bestselling data all the times. The Catalan, Basque, Flemish, Scottish, Kurdish, Tibetan
secessionists were always enemies of Kocen-like freaks, as well as the Arabic-Muslim or
Latin American unionist rebels who oppose the borders arbitrary dawn by European powers
once upon time. The successful mapmakers and geographers tends to be at last a little bit
conservative to keep their business afloat even in the modern digital eras and not just in
Kocens times.

42. Kocen's successors

Konrad Jarc was a teacher, a geographer, and a historian. He was born right on the present-
day Slovenian-Austrian border near Kozjak. He served as a artillery lieutenant with the
emperor Maximilians volunteers in Mexico. Later, he completed his doctorate studies in
Graz in 1873 and became a high school professor at Znojm (1878-1885) and later in Brno
(1885-1887). In 1892 Konrad Jarc became a regional school inspector in Styria and later in
Moravia. In addition to perfecting Kocen's textbooks and atlases, he wrote about currents in
the North Atlantic (1877), Didactic Links of Geography and History (1885) The Last Battles
for the Mexican Crown (1889)... The Mexican experience certainly broaded Konrad Jarcs
geographic insights.

During his work in today's Bohemia, Konrad Jarc collaborated with Hlzel as a co-author of
high school atlases from 1873 to 1877 and at the Guide to Geography from 1878 to 1898.

Vincent Von Haardt completed his Military Academy in Vienna and participated in the war in
Italy in 1866. After 1869 he served in the General Staff of the Austrian Army and became a
professor in 1872 Military Technical Academy, 1877 became Technical Manager of the
Hlzel Publishing House and in 1897, Head of the Military-Geographical Institute. Shortly
before his death in 1912, he became a member of the ministerial council in 1912. His work in
the field of school geography, cartography and cartography history (especially in Austria and
the Balkans) is important. He co-operated from the period from 1877 to 1905 when he
coached at the College of Secondary School athletes, and made a major contribution to
consolidating their position on the market. He was also the author of Hlzel's atlases for lower
schools, which were intended for individual Austrian countries. Thus, he was the author of the
Geographischer Atlas fr Volksschulen des Herzogthums Krain, which was published in 7
maps in 1882. It is important because it was processed by Simon Rutar and Fran Oroen and
published as the FIRST SLOVENIAN SCHOOL ATLAS under the title Haard's
Geographical Atlas for People's Schools Slovenian language in 1899.

Figure 83: Haardt geographical atlas for folk schools.

71
Valter Bohinjec was one of the first doctors at the Department of Geography in Ljubljana
(1921) and one of the most important Slovenian geographers of the 20th century. He received
his doctorate at Anton Melik. He worked at the Institute of Geography as a high school
professor and for more than three decades in the NUK's cartographic department. He
collaborated with the Croatian editions of Kocen's high school atlases between 1934 and
1940, which were published at the Kugli publishing house and were widely used in Slovenian
schools. Hlzel publisher's archive also keeps his letter in German in which he proposes many
improvements and additions to their high school atlases. He was also the author of first
Slovenian history of geography, published in the first issue of the Geographical Gazette
entitled Development of Geography in Slovenian areas in 1925.

43. Vinko Fereri Klun and Georg Supan

Vinko Fereri Klun was the author of numerous textbooks and professors of geography at the
Vienna Trade Academy (after 1857) and the University (assistant professor after 1862). He
was also active in the Viennese Geographical Society. He wrote General Geography
(Allgemeine Geographie 1860), Guide to Geographical Education (Leitfaden fuer den
geographieschen Unterricht 1861-72) ... His student Janez Jesenko used his textbook as the
basis for Jesenkos first textbook Geographical Initial (Zemljepisna zaetnica). He received
his PhD from philosophy in Padua and returned to Ljubljana, where he was the secretary,
editor of their newspaper and the central figure of the Historical Society for Carniola in the
1850s. In 1856 he even temporarily emigrated to Switzerland for too many liberal positions.
At the end of the 1860s, he was first elected to the Carniolan and then the state provincial
assembly on the list of the Slovenian party. However, he soon crossed into the "pronoun"
Constituent Law and accumulated many enemies un the country, the active enemies. He also
wrote about the ethnographic-demographic characteristics and the history of Slovenes in the
journal Russkaja Beseda (Russian Word) in 1857 and 1859, and Knoblehar's journal for the
first travel of White Nile in 1850-1851. Aleksander Georg Supan was born in South Tyrol, but
he attended the Ljubljana Gymnasium and received his doctorate at the University of Graz in
1870. He then took up the post of professor at the Higher School in Ljubljana, but soon went
to study geography in Vienna, Dresden and Halle, and returned in 1877. In 1881, he received
a professorial post at the University of Czernowitz, and in 1884 became the editor of
Petermanns Mitteilungen, where he led one of the central geographical magazines in Central
Europe until 1909, when he went to Breslau as head of the Department of Geography. Under
his guidance, Mitteilungen devoted more attention to reports and evaluations of geographical
works, than to publishing his works and discovering. He strongly encouraged the publication
of various supplements to the magazine like the Economic Production in North America in
the period 1880-85, which was published in 1886, the continuation of the Settlement of the
Earth from 1890-1910... After 1889, he was the editor of Gotha's Almanac. He himself most
concerned with climatology and oceanography, and especially writing high school textbooks,
which many published in Ljubljana (Lehrbuch der Geographie... 1874-1904 and had more
than 10 editions). His most important works, which were no longer created during his
Ljubljana era, are: Grundzuege der physischen Erdkunde 1884-1911, Deutsche
Schulgeographie (1895-1915), Die territorialische Entwicklung der europaischen Kolonien
(1906).

72
44. Janez Jesenko

Figure 84: Janez Jesenko's (* 1838 Poljane of Upper Carniola; 1908 Trieste) Geography
which the senate of Slovenska Matica decided to publish on 6. 5. 1874.

The former Gorizia Gymnasium supplied professor Janez Jesenko is regarded as a novice
among writers of geographical textbooks (especially for secondary schools). In 1865, at the
Paternolli Publishing House in Gorizia, his first textbook for gymnasiums and geographical
geography was published. The high quality Geographical Geography of 1873 and the Natural
Geography of 1874 followed. However, they have already been published at the Slovenska
matica in Ljubljana. New textbooks for high school are published until 1890s. He also wrote
an interesting popular scientific discussion about the earthquake that emerged in the
Ljubljanski Zvon (Ljubljana bell) in fourteen continuations in 1881-1882, mainly because of
the accusations that he devoted too little attention to the earthquakes in his textbooks.

45. Matej Cigale

Matej Cigale was a lawyer and linguist who had long been involved in the translation of
Austrian laws into Slovene and for the introduction of Slovenian scientific terminology, but
together with Petar Kozler, he initiated the emergence of the first Slovenian atlas. The Atlant
was made under his leadership in 1869-1877. Three maps were published annually, except the
one of the years 1870, 1873 and 1876 (total of 18). However, there was no single issue in a
single bundle. He was also the author of the: Shorted List of the Austrian Empire (1861) and
the translation of the excellent Schubert Geographical Textbook, which remained only in the
manuscript. Between 1869 and 1877, Cigale published his Atlant, which was proposed by the
Slovenian Matica (Matrix) together with Peter Kozlers questionable map on 11. 1 1866.
Together with Deman, Cigale published a dictionary of scientific terminology (1875),
whereby Fran Erjavec and ebular (1880) from Gorizia assisted them with the help of more
completed Croatian terminology in eternal search for the new scientific expressions.

46. Native-focused collection of Slovenska Matica (Slovenian Matric-Nut)

In 1864, the Slovenians founded their oldest scientific society and the publishing house
named Slovenska matica, which for one of its basic tasks assigned to publishing popular
scientific works with natural, historical, cultural and homeland content. In the first years of its
operation, it was again published by Kozler's Map and started the project of the first
Slovenian atlas - Atlant, led by Matej Cigale. At the end of the sixties, he started publishing

73
the first collection of geographical, statistical and historical reviews of the descriptions of
Slovenian landscapes:

Joef Erben: Carniola (1866),


Joef Erben: Carinthia (1866)

Rodoljubi uman, ua and Majcinger: Styria, part 1. (1868)


Ivan Gershak: Styria, part 2. (1870)

47. Zbirka Slovenska zemlja (1892-1926): Collections of natural, statistical, cultural and
historical descriptions of Slovene landscapes

They began with the works of Simon Rutar with the description of Gorizia and Burgenland
(1892), Trieste and Istria (1897) and the Venetian Slovenia (1899). Fran Oroen (1901)
continued the description of Duchy of Carniola, which he started with Viljem Urbas, who
unfortunately died before. The fifth part of Ferdinand Seidls Kamnik Alps or Savinja Alps
(1907) was also very good. Seidl was a professor of natural science at the Gorizia (Gorika)
Real School from February 1887 until 1915. Seidl was followed by the description of Duchy
of Carinthia, written by Matej Potonik in 1909. Unfortunately, the outbreak of the First
World War interrupted the publishing of the collection, so the description of Styria was not
published until 1926. Unfortunately, the descriptions were rather uneven, so the older
descriptions of Rutar, Oroen and Seidl were applicable to the best.

Figure 85: Seidls Das Klima von Krain published in Gorizia in 1902.

Figure 86: Seidls paper on seismology after Ljubljana earthquake (Wien.Ber, 1898).

48. Joef Blaznik and Peter Hicinger

Idrija native Joef Blaznik was one of the most important printers and publishers not only in
Ljubljana in the 19th century. In addition to other works, he also printed a series of maps of

74
Carniola, the South Railway between Ljubljana and Trieste, Ljubljana with its surroundings
and others. He also published the interesting map of the world by Peter Hicinger with the
areas of the whole earth in two semicolons (1852), which was supposedly intended for the
teaching of geographical contents at lower levels in the Slovene language, Besides the two
halves, it contained the planets, the Earth's path around Sun and Moon around the Earth, the
size of continents with the number of population and the description of the old world.
Unfortunately, the Ministry of Education did not approve it for school use, but Anton Martin
Slomek included it into his book Lifes happy path. It was part of the Book of the List of
World with a brief reminder of all times and nations, which can be considered as the first
attempt towards a geographical textbook in Slovenian language, which unfortunately did not
come into use in the schools of those years.

For many years (1847-59), Peter Hicinger was a curse in the Podlip and later until his death a
pastor and dean in Postojna. He was also a poet and historian. He was highly regarded by
Hicinger's work the Areas of the World.

49. Ivan Tuek and Heinrich Schreiner

Figure 87: Tueks map of Europe in his translated Physics of Frideric Schdler.

75
Figure 88: Tueks map of Europe in his translated Physics of Frideric Schdler.

Ivan Tuek translated Physics of Frideric Schdler. In addition to Pisko, he referred to


Robida's two decades old Slovene expression needed for physics. Tuek was a student at the
Ljubljana Gymnasium also the author of the first geodetic-earth language Slovene textbook
for lower schools on 87 pages, which was published in Ljubljana in 1872 and was an
adaptation of the textbook by Vekoslav Krskeny from the Croatian settlement of Krievci.
Tuek was a professor of mathematics and natural science on the realms in Zagreb and
Ljubljana. Slovenian Henrich Schreiner studied physics with Anton antel at the Maribor high
school. He studied naturalistic studies, mathematics and physics in Vienna in 1877. He was a
professor and director at the gymnasium in Gorizia between 1884-1891. In 1884, at the
Slovene Matica in Ljubljana, he published a discussion about botany. In 1891, he began to
teach mathematics at the private Franciscan grammar school in Bolzano, Tyrol. At the
beginning of his lectures, he published a textbook of physics, which had a decisive influence
in Slovenia. He went from Bolzano to Maribor. On May 23, 1903 in Maribor, he became the
first vice president of the Historical Society for Lower Styria, which began publishing the
oldest Slovene historical magazine. From 1900 until his death, he presided over the Slovenian
School Matrix. In 1891 he published Physics in Bolzano, which also contained the basis of
geography.

Figure 89: Schreiners physics.

76
Figure 90: Schreiners geography in his physics.

Figure 91: Schreiners geography and astronomy in his physics.

50. Fran Oroen

Fran Oroen was from the well-known family of Lako in Styria. He was a nephew of Ignacij
Oroen who wrote the excellent local history of the diocese of Maribor in eight books. At the
University of Vienna, he studied history and geography at the first professor of geography in
Simony, and then taught in Koper, Novo mesto and Ljubljana. Simon Rutar worked together
with the first full Slovenian school atlas Haardt Geographical Atlas for folk schools with the
Slovene language of learning (1899), which was the work of Kocen's successor Vincent von
Haardt at the Hoelzel publishing house and was published in German in 1882. The second
edition of this atlas, which was twice as large as 14 cards, was published in 1902. He was also
an important councilor and co-worker of the Slovenian Matica with its collection Slovenska
zemlja and the first president (head of the central committee) of the Slovenian
Mountaineering Society (1893-1908) and the Society of Slovenian Teachers (1906-1909),
since he was a longtime professor at the Ljubljana Teachers' College (1889-1912). He was
also the author of several geographical textbooks for bourgeois schools, dating from 1891 to
1911, the geography of the Austro-Hungarian state for the 4th grades of secondary schools
(1907) and the textbook Kranjsko domoznanstvo (1909). He was also the author of the first
Slovene Methodology of Geography, published in 1891 and 1898.

77
51. Simon Rutar

Simon Rutar was a high school teacher in Gorizia, Kotor, Split and Ljubljana, who was
known as an excellent pedagogue. He worked as a historian, archaeologist and geographer,
and a co-worker of the Slovenian Native in the collection Slovenska zemlja. He graduated at
Graz University. He was one of the founders of Slovenian scientific historiography and
archaeologist. In addition to his homeland history books on Tolmin, Venetian Slovenia,
Gorizia and Burgenland, and Trieste and Istria, he was also the author of a secondary school
textbook (Geography for lower and middle classes of Austrian secondary schools, Ljubljana
1896), and the Slovenian wall map of Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was one of the main
personalities of Slovenian cultural life in the second half of the 19th century.40

52. Works of teachers and teachers societies in domestic geography

Many teachers' associations have pledged or were the initiators of the issuance of homemade
books, maps and the like for schools of useable materials. these works significantly expanded
the national consciousness and knowledge of individual parts of today's Slovenia. It was
characteristic that they were active in areas with a stronger national consciousness and a
smaller part of the German-speaking population. Among them is the Juvans map of Logatec
areas (1910) issued by the Local School Council in Ljubljana, with its size of 76x90 cm and a
scale of 1: 75,000 cm. It was used as a wall map. The practical bookmark was also published
as an attachment (1911).

Figure 92: Juvans map of the Logatec Areas.

During his student years (around 1890), one of the most interesting Slovene impressionists
Matej Sternen, in a small unusual scale of 1: 459,000, was cast into stone (lithography). It
contained an overview of places with population.

53. The maps of Carniola

Georg Ludwig von Ritter made the perfect Special map of Carniola in 1831. The lithograph
was made by Joseph Kaiser. It appeared in Ljubljana at the Peternolli publishing house, which
later published in Gorizia the first Jesenice geographical textbook. It was consecrated to
Anton Codelli, and in the center, it also had the coat of arms of Carniola and the pages of the
list of districts and a note on the size of the territory and the number of inhabitants in them. In
less than a quarter of a century, von Ritter issued a similar Styrian card, and he was also the
author of road maps of the Kingdom of Illyria, published the same year as the map of the
Carniolan and road maps of Styria and Carinthia. After the collapse of the French Illyrian
provinces, the Slovenian places were often named The Kingdom of Illyria, as can be seen in
the title of the Ljubljana Gubernia map of 1836, drawn by Renner and Appelt. It was an
administrative map showing the distribution to the then districts and the beautifully mapped

40
ES, Simon Rutar.

78
internal division of Carniola to Upper, Lower and Inner part, which was officially in force
until 1850, but has remained in the folk consciousness to this day. A similar map was also
made by the Military-Geographical Institute in Vienna a few years later (1843), and in
addition to these three counties (Ljubljana, Novo mesto and Postojna), the Klagenfurt and
Villach districts were also included, which also belonged to this province and province of
Trieste, which included the city of Trieste, and the districts of Istria and Gorizia. In 1843, the
German publisher, Mueller in Vienna, published an excellent and accurate map of Carniola
(Karte des Herzogthums Krain) on 16 sheets, in the barely 800 copies of the Koper-based
provincial museum curator Henrik Freyer, who was a student of Franc Hladnik. For the
template, he used a general chart card from 1834 and used German-Slovenian bilingual names
on it. He has been collecting material for this card since 1832. He belonged to Zois's circle,
but the market failure of this card misled him into a dispute with the publisher. In the upper
right he placed a dedication to Emperor Franz Ferdinand I.

54. The maps of Carinthia and Styria

Jakob Pauliny is better known as the author of the first school reliefs in Austria, which
partially showcase Slovenian places around Postojna and the surroundings of Cerknica and
were certainly used in schools in Slovenian lands after they were created in the years 1858-
1860. His map of Duchy of Carinthia from 1861 was published at the Military Geographical
Institute in Vienna and was included in Wagner & Hartmann's Guide through Carinthia.
Georg Matthaeus Vischer, who was also the author of similar maps of Lower and Upper
Austria, made the best map of Styria in 17th century. It was published in 1678 under the title
New geographical description of the most prolific Duchy of Styria (Styriae Ducatus
fertilissimi nova geographica descriptio). It came out on 12 sheets. Three years later, a
monograph entitled Topography of the Duchy of Styria (Topographia Ducatus Stiriae) was
published, containing as many as 400 graphs of various Styrian sites, castles and castles.

55. Kocen as physicist, meteorologist and astronomer

Bla Kocen is known as a cartographer and a geographer, although his basic education was
focused on physics. It is certainly not without point to look at his successes in meteorology
and astronomy. As a young professor he studied and published on the history of astronomy
and the Gorizia (Gorika) climate. Among the initial chapters of geographical textbooks,
astronomy has always been involved in mathematical geography, and meteorology as part of
physical geography with climate descriptions. He later celebrated his name with school
geography. In parallel, in the Habsburg monarchy, the oral ice of didactics is a wide range of
natural sciences with geography.

56. Life path

He studied at the primary school and gymnasium in Celje, his Lyceum in Graz and theology
in Klagenfurt. In 1850, he considered the needs of new gymnasium lecturers and accepted the
services of a substitute professor at his former gymnasium in Celje. Similarly, many other
priests, including Benedictine Robida and chemist Mihael Peternel, former Kersniks assistant
in chemistry classes, decided on the pedagogical profession at that time. The Gorizia teacher

79
Monik was a classmate of Kocen in Graz, and later a pioneer textbook writer.

Kocen taught mathematics and physics (natural science, Naturgeschichte) or Naturlehre. After
two years of practice, he graduated with a degree in proficiency at the Ettingshausen Institute
of Physics and obtained the appropriate professorship. During two years at the Ljubljana
Gymnasium, he had a lot of friends with Karl Deman and his circle at the Museum Society
in which he was very active. Deman's examined physics and mathematics. Kocen was
enthusiastic about geography and meteorology, so Kocen published his first exploration of the
climate in the Gorizia (Gorika) region and the textbook of the Geography. Kocen published
those as a professor of the Grammar School of Gorizia (1855-1858).

57. Dean Leopold Haler, Kocens Graduate Professor of History (with Geography)

Bla Kocen studied at the six-year Celje gymnasium while he lacked funds. He was even
more poor when he studied philosophy in Graz (1839-1841), which gradually turned into a
university city again after the abolition of the university under Joseph II. The Jesuits
conducted higher studies at the University of Graz between 1585/86 and 1773. After the
abolition of the Jesuit order, similar personnel problems occurred on a two-year Lyceum in
Ljubljana. Joseph II. he abolished the Graz University, so that between 1782-1826 they had
only a three-year-old son in Graz. Nevertheless, the professors mostly remained the same,
among them physicist Biwald, who started his career as a lecturer in Ljubljana. In 1828, the
Graz University was reestablished and the Technische Hochschule was developed in 1864
from Joanneum, which was founded by Archduke Janez (Johann) in 1811.

FIGURE 93 (MocnikDrugiSemester1839_40 ExerciseFara1): Optional Haler lectures on the


history of geography at the Faculty of Philosophy in Graz in the second semester of 1839/40,
in the time when Kocen attended higher philosophical studies in Graz (Universittsarchiv
Graz, Philosophische Fakultt, Studentenkatalog, 1839 / 40-1843) .

The dean Haler lectured on Austrian (Habsburg) state history at the University of Graz as an
optional course in the second semester during the Phoenician Studies of Philosophy. He
published a book in that topics few years later. In 1839/40, in both semesters of the first year
of the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Graz, Knar taught the basics of mathematics,
Matheu Muchar lectured on Latin philology, Lorenz Gabriel was a professor of (theoretical
and practical) philosophy, and Widerhofer taught theology. In the second year of 1839/40
Gintl lectured on physics and applied mathematics (in the second semester of physics),
Widerhofer taught theology, Muchar lectured on Latin philology and Gabriel taught moral
philosophy in the second semester of philosophy. Non-compulsory subjects were: Gabriel's
History of Philosophy, Haler's World History, Widerhofer's Educational Doctrine, Haler's
State History and Muchar's Classical Philology. In the second semester, Muchar did not teach
his optional subject, so Knar offered his applied geometry to rare student involved probably
with Kocen included, Kvas taught optional Slovenian language, while Josef August Rossi
lectured on optional language. Director of Philosophical Studies was the Regional Councilor
Karl Appeltauer.

80
In 1842 just after Kocen finished his studies in Graz and resettled to Klagenfurt, Hassler
(Haler) published his famous Geschichte des Osterreichischen Kaiserstaates: nach Quellen
und den besten vaterlandischen Hilfswerken in Vienna with the printer Ignaz Klang in 532
pages. The book was divided in paragraphs divided horologic by the Habsburg rulers up to
date. Not a single map was included, which made Kocen suspicious even if Leopold Haler
became a University rector in Graz in 1846/48 and two years later that post was given to
Knar. Kocen decided that no more histories should be published without maps and he was
instrumental to provide them. Napoleonic changing of border was over, Hitlerian changing of
European borders was not on the agenda as far, therefore the borders on Kovens maps
seemed to be fixed, at least gor the time being.

FIGURE 94 (MocnikDoktorandi1839_40izrezanoFaRA1): Signatures of Kocens Professors


in Graz under the record of the Doctorates of the Faculty of Philosophy of the Graz University
in the academic year 1839/40 (Universittsarchiv Graz, Philosophische Fakultt,
Rigorosenprotokolle, 1823-1866 / 1-140, Nr.33d, 1839 / 40- 1843).

During the optional lectures, subsequent lectures on applied geometry in Knar were important
for Kocen's later cartographic work, while the lessons learned from the Slovene language of
Kocens Styrian compatriot Kvas were not exceptionally attractive. After almost ten years of
vacancy, the Chair of the Slovene language on the Graz lyceum, due to Primic's disease,
became a temporary chair, and then Kvas became a regular professor from 28 April 1836 until
Kvass death of 1867. At the time of Kocens Studies, Kvas lectured three hours a week as a
co-author Danjko's grammar which was not very popular in Preeren-op networks. Preeren
even composed some funny poems to ridicule his onetime classmate Slomek as Zlomek and
to discard Ahacels poetry as not the real Slovenian ethnic folk songs.

58. Kocen's Graz professor of applied mathematics and physics Gintl

In 1830, Cauchy's associate Hessler became a regular full (permanent) professor of


mathematics and physics in Graz. On 15 June 1835, Hessler took over the chair of physics in
Prague. On June 5, 1836, the teacher of physics in Graz became Kocens future teacher
(Julius) Wilhelm Gintl. He did not have optional subjects, as he was still a leading electrical
engineer in the monarchy with the profession duties in industry, therefore he certainly could
not afford enough time for the optional lecturing. Gintl studied in Prague and served as a
private assistant there until he became an adjunct for mathematics and physics in Vienna in
February 1833. He measured the heights with a mercury thermometer while he did not forget
to consider the influence of the pressure in 1835, 1837, and 1849. Gintl studied the magnets
(1837), explained the ice on the Mura River (1838) compared to the then European theories
and described the weather conditions in Graz (1837-1842) as his student Kocen did later in
Gorizia. Certainly, Kocen would find it hard to find a more experienced and practical teacher
who would overtake Gintl. In 1847 Gintl accepted the telegraph inspector's service in post
Vienna, and Franz Steinz became an assistant professor of physics and mathematics at the
Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Graz. The following year, when the Vienna
Academy was established, Gintl became its correspondent member. He invented the first
portable telegraph and designed an interesting plan for sending two simultaneous telegrams
on the same cable (1854).

81
After Kocen left Graz, the first professor at the independent department of physics at the
University of Graz became Doctor of Philosophy Karl Hummel, who was previously a
professor of mathematics in the first year of the Lyceum in Ljubljana. In 1849/50, Hummels
pupil Janez Trdina did not enjoy Hummel's lectures in mathematics. They did not quite please
everybody, although Trdina strongly pushed in his heart the Slovenian-oriented incentives of
the professor of physics Kersnik.

59. Knar as Kocens professor of basic mathematics

In 1820, the Styrian Knar began teaching mathematics in Graz and he was promoted to the
title of a regular full (permanent) professor in 1824. In 1834/35 Knar became rector of the
Graz University, in 1854/55 and between 1857-1859 he was dean of the Faculty of
Philosophy in Graz. Haler was the dean of the Faculty of Philosophy in Graz from 1836 to
1838, and again at the time of Kocens Studies in 1839 and 1840. In 1824, Knar published a
book on the new procedure for calculating the roots of numbers. Knar studied the
development of functions (1827, 1856), combinatorics (1827), Euclidean fifth axiom of
parallels (1827, 1828), and harmonic types (1861, 1865) in Grunerts Mathematical Archives.
In 1830, according to the example of the late Jurij Vega, Knar was among the first to
undertake the reform of the measures on the French decimal model, which was only slowly
established in the Habsburg monarchy.

60. Ph.D. in Klagenfurt

Kocen studied theology of Klagenfurt (Celovec). He received his Ph.D. in theology from the
study of theology in Klagenfurt in 1841-1845. In 1773, the Jesuit higher studies of Klagenfurt
changed into a Lyceum, which the Benedictines from St. Paul led together with gymnasium
between 1807 and 1871. During the war in 1809, the buildings were emptied, and after the
March Revolution, the Lyceum changed into the last two classes of grammar school. Kocen
met a slightly older Benedictine Robida in Klagenfurt and consolidated his natural science
horizons. For fifteen years (1830-1845), Robida taught in the first humanity class of the
Klagenfurt Grammar School, and he published a Slovenian prayer book in Bohoriica script
in Klagenfurt in 1843. After the March Revolution, in 1850, the Introduction to General
Geography published as one of the foundations of Kocen's work.

Table 19: Physics and mathematics in Klagenfurt during Kocens studies of theology

Name Taught Institution

Matija Ahacel41 1801- supplied professor, 1807-1845 mathematics 1824-1845 Lyceum


Natural History

41
Ordnung der ffentlichen Vorlesungen am k.k. Lyceum zu Klagenfurt 1824.

82
Paul Spach42 -1832-1837- physics Lyceum
Victor Pierre43 -1847- physics Lyceum
Karel Robida 1831-1878; 1845-1847 in 1849-1874 mathematics Lyceum,
Grammar School
(Gymnasium)
Engelbert Passler44 1848-1852 mathematics Lyceum
Prettner 1851 mathematics Grammar School
(Gymnasium)
J. G. Sepper45 -1852- mathematics 6th and 7th class Grammar School
(Gymnasium)
E. Paser -1852- mathematics 1st class Grammar School
(Gymnasium)

The Klagenfurt branch of the Society for the Promotion of Industry and Crafts under the
auspices of Archduke Janez helped to organize the lectures of the Agricultural Society, and
from 1842-1845 enabled lectures on mechanics and chemistry of Ahacel, Prettner and later of
Robida. The climatologist and meteorologist Prettner was appointed as teacher of
mathematics in Klagenfurt in 1851; he became a member of the Historical Society for Styria
and Carniola, and together with Deman, from 1870 until his death he was a member of the
Styrian Natural Science Society (Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein fr Steiermark), which was
founded in Graz on 4 April 1862. Prettner reported on the Carinthia climate at the societies,
but he published the results barely after Kocen's death (1873). With the lectures on
experimental physics, mechanics and similar interest, the Ro native Ahacel Kobentlar started
in Klagenfurt. He continued his studies at the gymnasium (1794-1799) and the Lyceum (1800,
1801). From 1809 to 1811 he attended lectures from agriculture, so that he could take over a
chair for the subject in Klagenfurt in 1820. Under the influence of physiocrats and agricultural
companies, Slovenians, and above all Ahazel, seemed to be agriculture as the most important
industry. Of course, in 1811, Ahacel joined the Agricultural Society; as a professor of
agriculture, he gained a good reputation in the Society, so he was elected Chancellor in 1820.
In 1825, Ahacel took up lectures from natural science on the Klagenfurt Lyceum, and even
participated in establishing loans. He helped his uninitiated compatriots with free instruction
at a craft school and supported the school for organisms. Kocen later followed Ahacel in
many ways as the curator of the agriculture cabinet at the Ljubljana Gymnasium.

61. Chaplain in Lower Styria became professor in Celje

42
Provizorien in nato po letu 1832 oziroma 1837 pravi profesor fizike, ivel v Benediktinskem kolegiju kot
duhovnik samostana St. Paul (Schematismus des Laibacher Gouvernements-Gebiethes im Knigreiche Illyrien
fr das Jahr 1832, stran 148; 1837, stran 165).
43
Doktor filozofije in medicine, adjunkt pri katedri za matematiko in fiziko na Dunaju, provizorini profesor,
stanoval na Neuer Platz t 18 (Schematismus des Laibacher Gouvernements-Gebiethes im Knigreiche Illyrien
fr das Jahr 1847, stran 227).
44
Kapitular benediktinskega samostana St. Paul (Schematismus des Laibacher Gouvernements-Gebiethes im
Knigreiche Illyrien fr das Jahr 1848, stran 227).
45
Predaval tri ure na teden po Monikovem ubeniku (Izvestja gimnazije Celovec, 1853, 1854, 1861, 1865,
1876, 1888.

83
Kocen was a professor at Celje and studied theology in Klagenfurt, where Slomek became a
spiritual in Klagenfurt Seminary on 29 October 1929. Kocen was consecrated as priest in
1845. He served as a chaplain close enough to his home in entrupert above Lako, otanj
and Rogatec. When philosophical studies after the March Revolution joined gymnasiums,
many gymnasiums were completed up to eight classes even in places where previously there
was no lessons in philosophy. Therefore, of course, new learning power was needed. Kocen
started his lectures at the Celje gymnasium (1849), which he finished with a decade earlier.
Immediately after Kocen's departure, in addition to the Gymnasium, he received a lower
secondary school in the building of the elementary school in 1852/53.

Among the students in Celje was Poljane Valley native Simon ubic, who from 1844-1850
attended a gymnasium in Celje. In the first grade of the lower secondary school, in 1844/45,
among the thirty-six classmates, the best (first premier) was Toma Janei, who after the
studies, was employed as a librarian of Joanneum in Graz. In the second grade of 1845/46,
among the thirty students, Vonjak was the best student. In the following year, he continued
his studies at the Grammar School in Graz with the Krells Scholarship.

In the first two classes of the Celje gymnasium, they taught: religion, Latin, geography,
history and mathematics, while in the third grade it is also Greek. When he arrived in Celje,
ubic knew almost no German Language, so he had many learning difficulties between four
years younger classmates. In the second grade of the higher gymnasium in 1849/50, ubic
already ranks among the premiers at the beginning of Kocen's lesson. Kocen's high school
prefect, Hartrid Dorfmann, received the poor Simon ubic into his apartment until the autumn
of 1850, and Simon had to do his best to help Dorfmanns office work. The Admont monk
and humanity teacher of the Grammar School became the prefect of the gymnasium in Celje
in November of 1827 and found a numismatic collection there. In 1850/51 he was replaced by
Gassner.

62. Kocens exams in Vienna

To maintain the position of a professor at the gymnasium, Kocen had to pass the necessary
exams at the Viennese Physics Institute in Natural Sciences, Physics and Mathematics (5. 12.
1852-9. 10. 1853). At the Vienna University, there are historical and philosophical lectures by
Aschbach, Lott, Lichtenfels and other experts. Aschbach was particularly fond of the history
of his Alma mater (1865). The Physics Institute was led by Cauchy's colleague Ettingshausen.
Father' officer brought born Ettingshausen to Vienna. He studied philosophy, law and artillery
at Bombardierschule, where lectured Vega until recently, followed by the professor Ramutha.
Next, Ettingshausen was largely dependent on a mathematical muse. In 1817 he became a
mathematics associate at the University of Innsbruck. From 1821 to 1835, he was a professor
of advanced mathematics at the University of Vienna, which he replaced by the Chair of
Physics, Applied Mathematics and Mechanics. In 1826, together with Baumgartner, he began
to publish a highly respected Viennese physics-mathematical magazine. In 1852 he became a
professor of engineering at the Viennese Polytechnic Institute. In 1853, he reorganized the
Doppler Institute of Physics at the University of Vienna for high-level confirmation of the
existence of atoms. He founded the Vienna Academy of Sciences and led it as secretary
general from 1847 to 1850. In 1862 he was the rector of the University of Vienna.

84
Unfortunately, he soon started to suffer from the disease, so that his position had to be taken
over by Slovenian Joef Stefan.

63. Professor in Ljubljana

After completing his studies, Kocen came to the gymnasium in Ljubljana, along with a good
year to the younger Mitteis, who also taught mathematics and physics. The Bohemian German
Mitteis presented several interesting presentations in the physics cabinet of gymnasium in
Ljubljana in front of the Carniolan Museum Society, and as such approached the most popular
presentations of his physics cabinet, which was also the purpose of later school exhibitions.
Mitteisd became the teacher of mathematics and physics at the Vienna Theresian Academy on
11 October 1851. Between 1862-1865 he was a member of the city council of the Ljubljana
municipality. After Peternel he took over the management of the real School in Ljubljana in
1861/62, and between 1862-1866 he was still a director of gymnasium in Ljubljana. He
became a member of the Philharmonic Society and the Museum Society, while for thirteen
years (1853-1866) he taught physics and occasionally mathematics in Ljubljana. He dealt with
meteorology and seismology. He investigated electromagnetic phenomena and mostly their
history. In 1856, in front of the Carniolan Museum Society, he lectured on history with three
of four lectures on electricity. Together with Kocen, he participated in the Demans
Homestead Circle at the Museum Society for Carniola and helped to prepare the first year of
Museum Reports. On 4 July 1855, Kocen lectured on the development of astronomy from the
earliest times to Hipparchus at the first every-month meeting of the Museum Society.
Hipparchus proved the proverb of the island of Rhodos: hic Rhodos, hic salta. As the first one
determined the distance to the Moon and to the Sun. He compiled a map with over a thousand
stars, discovered the mysterious supernova, and showed the movement of all the stars from
west to east as they crossed the equinox by 36" per year (according to modern measurements
of 50"), which was well described only by Copernicus and explained by Newton. Hipparchus
map of stars, and above all the process of determining coordinates of points on the surface of
the Earth with latitude and longitude, encouraged Kocen's own work on maps; of course, not
the celestial maps. Hipparchus compiled the first trigonometric tables with sizes like the
modern sinus, and the contents of his lost books were summed up by Ptolemy. Hipparchus
epicycles deeply influenced the later researchers, which was aroused by many astronomers
before of Copernicus.

Kocen constantly inserted the introductory astronomical chapters in his geographical books
under the title "Mathematical Geography". Kocen began to publish geographical books soon
after leaving Ljubljana as a Gorizia (Gorica) and Olomouc professor. Kocens initial fifteen
pages were always devoted to astronomical descriptions of the universe, the solar system, the
Moon, the shape of the Earth, and the changes of the seasons.

According to Deman, Radics and Mitteis's free-minded views, Kocen summarized the
relatively cool attitude towards the intellectual elements of the Slovene national movement
before leaving Olomouc. After Kocen's departure, Radics, mediated by Deman's enemy
Etbin Costa, became supplied professor at the Ljubljana high school (autumn 1858/59-end of
the winter semester 1862). Radics studied geography, but instead worked primarily on history,
while Kocen studied natural sciences with mathematics, and was primarily concerned with
geography. Both were extremely fruitful writers. After the March Revolution, the Lyceums
were abolished in the Habsburg Monarchy and added two more to the sixth grade of pre-

85
primary gymnasiums. The Latin character of the gymnasium has been curtailed in favor of
mathematics and natural science. New classes have been introduced to teach mother tongue,
natural writing and philosophical prospektike. The envisaged curriculum was not always
implemented. The differences were in physics classes, which were heard in some places
between the years 1849-1852 after seven or even eight hours a week in the final year. In
1850/51, mathematician Georg Luscher gave lectures on potentials, logarithms and geometry
four hours a week in the seventh gymnasium class in Ljubljana. The biography was also
lectured four hours a week with zoology according to Knors textbook, botany and
mineralogy, according to the textbook of the mineralogy Mohs from Graz. In the seventh
grade, natural history was taught by dr. Anton Schubert, who in the eighth class taught natural
science (physics and chemistry). However, he soon fell ill and died on 21 April 1851. On 16
March 1851 he was replaced by Suplent Deman, who returned to Ljubljana in 1849 after the
Vienna Medical Studies and Law Enforcement. In 1851/52 the curriculum was reopened
greatly changed in favor of natural science. That year, Deman taught natural science in the
second semester of the sixth grade, three hours a week, in the seventh grade, four hours a
week, and in the 8th grade, seven hours a week. In the following decades, the total number of
weekly lessons in physics in all gymnasiums in Ljubljana stabilized at ten. In the middle of
the 19th century, at the grammar schools in Ljubljana, Klagenfurt and Novo Mesto, they
taught natural science according to Baumgartner's textbook with the first use of the noun
"Thermodynamik". Baumgartner advocated the assumption of the wave nature of heat, which
was no longer counted in the second half of the century. Despite a few hours, Deman
completely rewritten Baumgartner's textbook in the eighth grade according to the following
plan: Chemistry, statics, dynamics, acoustics, optics, magnetism, electricity, heat, astronomy,
meteorology. The ranks of chapters in the curriculum for natural sciences at the Ljubljana
grammar school remained largely unchanged throughout Kocen's pedagogical engagement.
Only between 1852-1855, at the time of Kocen's lesson in Ljubljana, Mitteis abandoned the
last two boundary chapters of physics, often because of the distress of time with the reduction
of natural science classes. The change in the order of the chapters occurred in both textbooks
and curricula only in the 1860s. Then other types of waves began to be dealt with immediately
for electricity and magnetism: sound, light and heat.10. Kocen acquires teaching aids in
Ljubljana. In the time of Kocen's teaching, the physics cabinet of the gymnasium in Ljubljana
had 200 yearly grants, while in Klagenfurt they received half less. In 1854, 652 kg of beef or
2105 kg of the cheapest bread could be purchased for 200 fl in Ljubljana, which apparently
was not a small sum. The curator of the physics cabinet Deman did not acquire new devices
for measuring the thermal properties of the substance. Thus, he had at his disposal only
twenty-two instruments for measuring the thermal properties that remained since Kersnik's
forty years of teaching. Half of these devices remained useful even at the Mitteis departure
from Ljubljana in 1866. Among them, a platinum lighter was rated at the highest value,
followed by Papin pot and three metal thermometers, which totaled over 70 fl.

FIGURE 95 (KersnikOdpravnuka0000154): Kocens predecessor of the Ljubljana gymnasium


Janez Krstnik Kersnik (gift of his great grandson Gorazd Zupani)-

86
FIGURE 96: Kersniks map of the world enumerated in 1811 in the lab of the Central School
in Ljubljana (ZAL_SI Kersnik, 1811).

Figure 97 (KersnikKocenAstroPopisZAL1847_17SferaArmiralisZvezdna &


ZemeljskaKroglaMapaSveta): Kersniks armilla, star and globe and the map of the world
were censored in 1847 in the physics cabinet of the Ljubljana lyceum (Kersnik, 1847, 17).

The most common instruments were Leslie's cube, whose surfaces were coated with various
materials, which allowed measurement differences in the radiation of heat in different
directions. Irish researcher Tyndall explained Leslie's cube's work with the then popular
theory of ether. They also bought a mercury thermometer, a pyrometer, a calorimeter, four
lamps, a refrigerator and the like. In 1851/52, Deman procured even the popular Mors'
'photoreceptor' telegraph, about which his student ubic published a thorough discussion in
the Slovene language about thirty years later. In the first half of the 19th century physics
classes in the Ljubljana faculty and gymnasium were not at the desired height. Kersnik and
his successors with Deman did not have proper education. The situation was settled barely
with the arrival of Kocen and Mitteis in 1853/54. In 1852, at the Ljubljana Gymnasium,
Berghaus Physical School Atlas, geographical maps, De Triaux's and Fried's maps of Austria,
the map of Wlf's trips, the map of languages, Eisenlohr and many other books about physics
and magazines. In 1853, Kocen in Ljubljana replaced the Carinthia native the German Philip
Pauschitz, who went to Gorizia. Pauschitz was supplied professor between 1852 and 1853 and
was the head of the physics cabinet of the gymnasium in Ljubljana and, together with
Deman, they repeatedly offered a public lecture. In 1852/53, Pauschitz bought a nine-pound
heavy iron ball for the pendulum of Foucault's experiment of direct evidence of the rotation of
the Earth, which glossed over a century later with the book Umberto Ecco. Pauschitz also
obtained Reuter's map of stars from the northern hemisphere, the Berzelius lamp, the artificial
eye, and many other physics experimental devices. On September 19, 1869, Pauschitz became
a professor of natural science and mathematics in Graz, and in 1882 he was the director of the
second higher gymnasium in Graz.

Figure 98 (KocenLjubljana 1853_23FizikaKabinetFoucaultPoskusAstronomijaMadler):


Purchases of astronomical and geographical devices, among them the Foucault pendulum for
the apparent proof of rotation of the Earth at the Ljubljana High School 1853, 23).

FIGURE 99 (Robida1866MitteisPopisFoucault FARA1mojeSLIKE): Foucault's pendulum for


the proof of rotation of the Earth and other geographical devices in the Mitteis list of the
physics lab of the Ljubljana lyceum (Mitteis, 1866).

87
In 1853/54, for gymnasiums in Ljubljana they acquired Spitzer's sterreichisch among
geographical devices. They also got Vaterlandskunde, a map of Germany, a globe, Bellinger's
Geography, Schmitt's Statistik von Oesterreich, Hauke's Geography, Zakovsky's Post-
Reisekarte Oesterreich, and Janei's Slovene Grammar. Kocen bought Haines Statistik von
Oesterreich, Meynertovo Geografie und Staatskunde von Oesterreich, Ritter's Geography for
Gymnasiums, Hartmann's Geography, Becher's Geography, and J.F. Schouw's Danish Proben
einer Erdbeschreibung, Strieler's Geographical Atlas, Schlagintweit's Physical Geography of
Alpen, Berghaus Physical Geography on XII + 1184 pages with maps of 22 cm in size and
Ethnographie, Meyen's Pflanzengeografie and Humboldt Kosmos along with his short stories.
Among the astronomical purchases, Wunder des Himmels, director of the Littrow
Observatory of Vienna, took the lead, and also purchased Kunzek Meteorology and Physics
with the meteorology of the Parisian academic Pouillet in the fourth edition of the translation
of Freiburg's professor of physics Mller. Kocen also acquired books of important physicists-
mathematicians Plcker, Poggendorff, Geist and der Natur id the Dane Oersted. The influence
of Humboldt and his associates, such as the brother of Schlagintweit, Humboldt
correspondent Berghaus or Berlin's associate professor of botany Meyen, who, with
Humboldt's recommendation, attended the expedition to South America, Polynesia and China
(1830-1832). The price of travel obviously attracted in spite of poor health.

Figure 100 (Pouillet1853pl31aFig15telekopLjubKocenMitteis): Telescope in Physics with the


meteorology of Parisian academician Pouillet in the fourth edition of the translation of the
physics professor in Freiburg Mller, bought by Kocen in 1854 (Ljubljana, 1854, 24; , 1853,
plate 31a, fig. 15).

Figure 101 (KocenKunzekMeteorogija1850Naslovnica): The cover page of the second edition


of Kunzek's meteorology, which Kocen acquired for the Ljubljana grammar school in
1853/54 immediately after the end of his studies at Kunzeks class in Vienna. Kunzek's
mathematical temporal approaches largely focused on the description of Gorizia's weather
conditions three years later (Reports of the Gymnasium Ljubljana, 1854, 24; Kunzek, 1850,
234).

Figure 102 (KocenKunzekMeteorogija1850_234SkicaMavrice): The formation of the rainbow


after the second edition of Kunzek's meteorology (Ljubljana Grammar School Report , 1854,
24: Kunzek, 1850, 234).

88
Figure 103 (KocenKlima1857PopisHubl137): Kocen's climate of the Gorizia (Gorika) region
in the meteorological section of the list of high school education (Hbl, 1869, 137).

For the natural-agricultural cabinet of the gymnasium in Ljubljana with an annual grant of
180 fl Kocen acquired numerous natural, physics and geographical tools. By studying them,
we can certainly reach important findings about the maturation of the teacher and scholar
Kocen.

Table 20: Head of the Natural Science-Agricultural Cabinet of the Ljubljana High Grammar
School (gymnasium), Kocen, buys books and teaching aids in 1854/55

Writer Book Topics

Dove46 Verbreitung der Warme (Atlas and text) Physics


Ziegler47 Geographische physikalische Atlas Geography
Eduard Beck Reliefkarte der Schweiz Geography
Bromme48 Physikalische Atlas zu Humboldt's Kosmos, 1845-1862 Geography
Hoevon Zoologie Zoology
Voigt Zoologie Zoology
Wagner Familien der Grfer und Halbgrfer History
Hermann Wagner Kryptogamenflora, 2nd Serie Botany
Becker Wandtafeln mit Schwmmen Mushrooming
Anonimno Naturhistorischer Schulatlas. Olmtz Geography
Tschudi Thierwelt der Alpen Zoology

46
Heinrich Wilhelm Dove (* 6. 10. 1803 Liegnitz; 4. 4. 1879 Berlin).
47
Jakob Melchior Ziegler (* 27. 11. 1801 Winterthur v vici; 11. 4. 1883 Basel). Stareji Anton Ziegler (*
1793; 1869) je napisal 1852-1853. Wiener Huser-Schema und der nchsten Umgebung in
Grundrissendargestellt. Wien: Vorstadt Wieden.
48
Traugott Bromme (* 1802 okolica Leipziga; 1866).

89
Schlechtendal49 Deutschlands Flora III, IV, XII Botany
Loebe Encyclopdie der Landwirtschaft, volumes 59, 60 Agriculture
10 for school (prepared) insect with glass explanatory tiles; Zoology
over 200 models of insects

Dove studied mathematics and physics in Wroclaw and Berlin (1824), and habilitated in
Konigsberg in 1828. He sent an extraordinary in September 1829, and in 1845 he was a
regular professor in Berlin. He established modern weather forecasting with the laws of the
wind according to the "Dove's Dictation". In 1846 he founded the meteorological institute and
two years later became its director. He even studied electrical and optical phenomena, while
Kunzek was the main source of Kocen's knowledge of the Gorizia climate. Kocen bought
many Swiss geographical works. Among them were the atlases of Jakob Melchior Ziegler,
who studied mathematics and science at Genf and Paris, and between 1828 and 1834 he
taught mathematics at home in Winterthur. In 834 he became a forest inspector. Together with
the student Wurster he founded the lithographic company Wurster & Co., since 1863 Wurster,
Randegger & Co., which belonged to Ziegler in part until 1873. Ziegler has long been in close
contact with geographer Karl Ritter, whos textbook was bought for the Ljubljana gymnasium
the year before, in 1853/54. The Berlin cartographer, relief maker and publisher Beck
arranged many other maps along the 26 x 42 cm relief with a scale of 1: 900,000, which was
bought by Kocen. He published the map of Bern (1858) and all Switzerland in the ratio 1:
25,000 in 1861.

In 1821, Bromme left for USA and studied medicine there. In 1848, he published a successful
German guide to the United States and Canada for the German arrivals. In total, he announced
the publication of as many as twenty-three geographical works. In Ljubljana, his focus on
geography was geography, which later devoted most of his efforts to him. For twenty years,
Mitteis received more state subsidies than Kocen for his physics lab, and the director of the
botanical garden Fleischmann received twice as much as Mitteis. Although Deman was no
longer a member of the Gymnasium stuff, students regularly watched the treasures of his
natural science museum Rudolfinum on Saturdays and Wednesdays. Above all, Deman has
successfully attracted high school professors to the Museum Society.

In 1856/57, Konschegg taught natural science at the Museum Society; a few months earlier,
he replaced Bla Kocen as the head of the Natural Science and Farming (Agricultural)
Department of the gymnasium in Ljubljana. In 1842, Konschegg was confirmed as a high
school lecturer in natural science. He participated in the Kaiserlich-Knigliche Geologische
Reichsanst, the Vienna Zoological Society, the Historical, Museum and Agricultural Society
of Carniola.

Figure 104 (KocenLjubljanaIzvestja1852_24Knjige & Physical & Natural


HistoryCabinetNabaveAtlas): Acquisitions of geographical books, among them the atlas at the
Ljubljana Gymnasium in 1854 (Program of gymnasium Ljubljana, 1852, 24).

49
Diederich von Schlechtendal (* 27. 11. 1794 Xanten v Vestfaliji; 12. 10. 1866), profesor botanike, direktor
botaninega vrta v pri univerzi Martina Lutra v Halleju (Wittenberg) od leta 1833 do smrti in urednik botanine
revije Linnaea.

90
Figure 105 (KocenLjubljanaIzvestje1854_23Knjige &
FizikaKabinetGlobusiGeografijeZemljevidi): Acquisition of geographical globes and maps on
the Ljubljana gymnasium in 1854 (Izvestja gymnasium Ljubljana, 1854, 23).

Figure 106 (KocenLjubljanaIzvestje1854_24Naravos &


FizikaKabinetKunzekOerstedLittrowRitterGeograf): Kocens purchases of geographical
books in Ljubljana school, among them Carl Ritters textbook European geography (first
edition 1811) at the Ljubljana Gymnasium in 1854. (Report of the gymnasium Ljubljana,
1854, 24).

Figure 107 (KocenLjubljanaIzvestja1855_26Fizical and Natural


SciencesKocenovKabinetDezmanNM): Kocen's purchases of geographical and other devices
for the natural-agricultural cabinet of the Ljubljana gymnasium in 1855 (Ljubljana, 1855, 26).

Figure 108 (KocenLjubljanaIzvestja1856_26Fizicki &


NaravoslovniKonschegKabinetZimmermanErdball): Ljubljana purchases of the geographical
books of Kocen's successor as the curator of the natural cabinet Konschegg, among them the
Zimmerman's Earth Ball (Ljubljana, 1856, 26).

Figure 109
(MitteisAstroPopisZAL1866UranoskopTelurijSferaArmiralisSekundnoNihaloZvezdnaKrogla
Astrolab): Telurius, globe and other geographical aids in the Mitteis list of the physics cabinet
of the Ljubljana lyceum (Mitteis, 1866).

64. Conclusion

In addition to the description of Bla Kocen's life and work, we also tried to describe the less-
known but equally important Kocen's work in astronomy, physics and meteorology, which
greatly stood out from the average and predicted its geographical successes. Departing to
Moravia was a turning point, which allowed Kocen to work professionally with geography.
Unfortunately, a sudden death may remind that the healthier Gorizia climate should be better
for Kocens health. By reviewing the teaching of geographical contents and the geography of
the first Slovene Kocen that had the influence on the knowledge of geography in the world
and in Europe, we wanted to say that Slovenian people and space were practically all the time
in touch with the development of the current teaching of geographical contents and the
geography itself. Often, they even had a decisive influence on them.

We tried to describe the less known but also important Kocen's work in astronomy, physics
and meteorology, which predicted its geographical successes. Departing to Moravia was a
turning point, which allowed Kocen to work professionally with geography. Unfortunately,
the sharply old woman warned him all too soon that he ought to remain in the healthier
environment of the Gorizia (Gorica) climate.

91
Figure 110: Kocens academic ancestors by his studies of philosophy with math and physics
in Graz under the dean Leopold Haler.

Figure 110: Kocens academic ancestors by his studies of physics in Vienna and work in
Ljubljana.

65. Acknowledgements

Thanks for helping goes to the Prof. Bratec-Mrvar, and for financial support to Mellon's
Department of the History of Science of the University of Oklahoma.

92
++++ German Translation ++++

BLA KOCENS (BLASIUS KOZENN) LEBEN UND WERK


Kocen ware geboren am 24. 1. 1821 in einem kleinen Dorf Hotunje bei Ponikva, in einer einfachen
Bauernfamilie. Schon sehr frh zeichnete er sich durch seine groe Begabung und Flei aus, die ihn
zur weiteren Schulung trieben, zuerst ins Celje, dann ins Graz und zuletzt ins Klagenfurt, wo er
Theologie studierte. Einige Jahre diente er als Kaplan in slowenischer Steiermark, doch sein unruhiger
Geist trieb ihn nach der Schulreform ins Schulwesen. Zuerst kehrt er auf sein ehemaliges Gymnasium
in Celje zurck, dann erwirbt er sich noch die Professur auf dem Physikalische Institut im Wien. Er
lehrt dann als Professor auf Gymnasium in Ljubljana und Gorizia (Gorica). Dort beginnt er mit seiner
wissenschaftlichen Arbeit und publiziert seine ersten zwei Arbeiten (die Studie ber Das Klima von
Grz und das Lehrbuch Grundzge der Geographie). Danach geht er nach Mhren, wo er sehr
fruchtbar mit dem Verleger Eduard Hlzel aus Olmutz (Olomouc) mitzuarbeiten beginnt. In 13 Jahren,
die ihm noch briggeblieben sind, versuchte er mit ihm in einem hohen Arbeitstempo praktisch alle
Grundlehrmittel fr den Unterricht der Geographie an Grundschulen und Gymnasien zu errichten.
Neben einer Menge der Atlanten publizierte er auch vier Lehrbcher, mehrere Dutzende
verschiedener Karten und die Methodik des Geographieunterrichts Geographische Lehrmittel. Seine
Arbeiten erschienen zwar verarbeitet bis zum Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts, trotz seinem zu frhem
Tod am 29. 5. 1871, im Alter von 50. Jahren, in Wien. Die Ausnahme bilden seine Atlanten, die
natrlich heute noch unter seinen Namen publiziert werden. Trotzdem, dass er Autodidakt ohne
geographischer Ausbildung war, gelang es ihm durch seine unbestrittene zeichnerische Begabung,
auerordentlichen Flei und ausgezeichneter mathematisch-physikalischer Grundlage diesen
Bereich des sterreichischen Schulwesens zu Ausfllen, auf dem das grte Mangel herrschte, wie
er selbst in einer seinen Vorreden schrieb. Mit seinem Werk setzte er feste Grundlagen der
Geographie als Schulfach in breiterem mitteleuropischem Raum. Man warf ihm vor, dass er sein
Nationalbewusstsein nicht deutlich genug zeigt; doch er hat auch den Slowenen eine groe
Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet mit einer Sondertabelle mit den slowenischen geographischen Namen und
mit der aufgezeichneten Nationalgrenze auf der Karte den Alpinlndern. Bald nach seinem Tod hat
Ivan Lapajne sein Lehrbuch - Erdbeschreibung fr Volksschulen auch ins slowenische bersetzt.
Wenn er auch seine didaktische Arbeit mit den Lehrbchern anfing, die einen sehr gnstigen Empfang
bei den Kritikern hatten und auch markterfolgreich waren, ist er heute besser als Kartograph bekannt.
Sein kartographisches Werk begann mit den geographischen Karten, mit denen er im Laufe der Zeit
Grundbedarfe der Schulen deckte (die sterreichische Lnder, Palstina, Europa, Welt ). Weil sie
Pionierarbeiten in Nationalsprachen waren, sind sie heute noch hoch geschtzt auch im Polen,
Ungarn, Tschechien, nicht nur im sterreich, wo sie auf Deutsch erschienen. Im Jahre 1861
publizierte er seinen ersten Atlas fr Gymnasien, der sehr gut empfangen wurde, vor allem auf dem
deutschen Sprachgebiet, wenn er auch zugleich auch in der ungarischen, polnischen und
tschechischen Sprache erschien. Es folgt eine Reihe der Atlanten, die fr verschiedene Schulen
angepasst waren. Er publiziert auch den ersten regionalen Schulatlas der sterreich-Ungarischen
Monarchie und ein Atlas, bestimmt fr die bungen mit den stummen Karten. In seinen Werken
versuchte er die Verwendbarkeit, Wirtschaftlichkeit, Anschaulichkeit und die neuesten
wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse zu vereinbaren, wobei er sich die besten Karten und Atlanten seiner
Zeit zum Vorbild nahm, zugleich aber auch seine eigenen Ideen und bedeutende Neuheiten einfhrte.
Mit seiner Arbeit und Fachfhrung baute er die Grundlagen des bedeutendsten kartographischen
Verlags in der sterreich-Ungarischen Monarchie in der zweiten Hlfte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Heute
finden wir unter seinem Namen fast 300 verschiedenen Publikationen, vor allem Atlanten, die aber
meistens nach seinem Tod erschienen. Sieben davon, in vier Sprachen, haben aber in insgesamt 56
Auflagen schon bis 1871 erschienen. In der slowenischen Sprache ist das leider nie passiert. Heute
hat KOZENN ATLAS auf dem sterreichischen Markt einen hnlichen guten Ruf als zum Beispiel
Puchs Gelndewagen.

93
++++ Slovenian Translation ++++

Fizik Kocen za geografe

Povzetek

Kocen je zaslovel kot geograf in kartograf, vendar kae upotevati tudi njegove uspehe v
astronomiji in meteorologiji, prav tako pa ne smemo zanemariti njegovo pedagoko delo v
matematiki in predvsem v fiziki. S fizikalnimi vedami se je resno sreal med tudijem pri
Ettingshausnu na dunajskem fizikalnem institutu. Zatem se je posvetil predvsem olski
geografiji za potrebe nijih in srednjih ol. Na razstavo smo vkljuili tudi oris pregleda
razvoja pouka geografskih vsebin in geografije med Slovenci.

Kocen je zaslovel kot geograf in kartograf. Njegova osnovna izobrazba je bila usmerjena bolj
prirodoslovno, zato kae upotevati tudi njegove uspehe v astronomiji in meteorologiji. Ne
gre zanemariti njegovega pedagokega dela v matematiki in predvsem v fiziki. S fizikalnimi
vedami se je resno sreal med tudijem pri Gintlu na graki univerzi in pri Ettingshausnu na
dunajskem fizikalnem institutu. Zrela leta je posvetil predvsem olski geografiji. Prepletanje
danes razmeroma razlinih ved ob Kocenovi ivljenjski poti je bilo njega dni precej manj
nenavadno, kot se zdi danes. V Kocenovih mladih letih si je samostojna panoga geografije
ele tlakovala pot utirajo si prostor med naravoslovjem in druboslovjem. Podan je pregled
nad fizikalno srenjo, skozi katere eri se je Kocen prebijal med tudijem v Gradcu in na
Dunaju, nato pa kot mlad profesor fizike-matematike v Ljubljani.

Nakazane so Kocenove povezave z vodilnimi ljubljanskimi naravoslovci, predvsem s Karlom


Demanom, ki je usmerjal zgodnja Kocenova mladostna raziskovanja pri Muzejskem drutvu.
Prvi je opisano Kocenovo vodenje naravoslovno-kmetijskega kabineta v Ljubljani. Nateti so
njegovi nakupi kot odsev znanstvenih in uiteljskih nagnjenj.

Kocen je zaslovel kot geograf in kartograf. Njegova osnovna izobrazba je bila usmerjena bolj
prirodoslovno, zato kae upotevati tudi njegove uspehe v astronomiji in meteorologiji. Ne
gre zanemariti njegovega pedagokega dela v matematiki in predvsem v fiziki. S fizikalnimi
vedami se je resno sreal med tudijem pri Gintlu na graki univerzi in pri Ettingshausnu na
dunajskem fizikalnem institutu. Zrela leta je posvetil predvsem olski geografiji. Prepletanje
danes razmeroma razlinih ved ob Kocenovi ivljenjski poti je bilo njega dni precej manj
nenavadno, kot se zdi danes. V Kocenovih mladih letih si je samostojna panoga geografije
ele tlakovala pot utirajo si prostor med naravoslovjem in druboslovjem. Podan je pregled
nad fizikalno srenjo, skozi katere eri se je Kocen prebijal med tudijem v Gradcu in na
Dunaju, nato pa kot mlad profesor fizike-matematike v Ljubljani.

Nakazane so Kocenove povezave z vodilnimi ljubljanskimi naravoslovci, predvsem s Karlom


Demanom, ki je usmerjal zgodnja Kocenova mladostna raziskovanja pri Muzejskem drutvu.
Prvi je opisano Kocenovo vodenje naravoslovno-kmetijskega kabineta v Ljubljani. Nateti so
njegovi nakupi kot odsev znanstvenih in uiteljskih nagnjenj.

94
Kljune besede:

Bla Kocen, Ljubljana, Gradec, Dunaj, zgodovina fizike, zgodovina geografije, zgodovina
astronomije, Gorica, Olomouc, Dunaj, zgodovina geografije, zgodovina kartografije,
domoznanstvo.

1. Uvod
tajerca Blaa Kocena50 poznamo kot kartografa in geografa. Vendar je bila njegova osnovna
izobrazba usmerjena v fizikalne vede. Zato kae pogledati tudi njegove uspehe v
meteorologiji in astronomiji. V mladih letih je raziskoval zgodovino astronomije in klimo
Gorike. V uvodna poglavja svojih zemljepisnih ubenikov je vseskozi vpletal astronomijo
kot matematino geografijo, meteorologijo pa kot del fizine geografije z opisi podnebja.51
Kasneje se je povsem usmeril na podroje olske geografije ter bil avtor tevilnih ubenikov,
stenskih in ronih kart ter nenazadnje atlasov, ki so najbolj proslavili njegovo ime. Poleg tega
je bil s svojo razpravo o geografskih uilih eden od zaetnikov geografske didaktike na
ozemlju habsburke monarhije.
Vkljuujemo tudi oris pregleda pouka geografskih vsebin in geografije med Slovenci od
Hermana Korokega iz 12. stoletja do preloma iz 19. v 20. stoletje.

2. Herman Koroki in Sigismund Herberstein

Herman Koroki52 je skupaj s prijateljem Robertom iz Kettona (Kertensis, iz Chastra)


prepotoval Francijo, Severno Italijo, Juno Hrvako ter preko Grije priel do Carigrada,
kriarskih deel v Palestini in Damaska. Tam sta se seznanila z arabsko inaico antine grko-
rimske kulture, ki je bila napredneja od tedanje evropske. Vraala sta se po drugi strani in
prek Sicilije prispela v panijo leta 1138.
Sigismund Herberstein53, ki je Rusijo odkril ostalim Evropejcem, je v Rusiji uspel tudi
zato, ker se je kot nae gore list zlahka nauil ruskega jezika. Podobne uspehe so v Rusiji eli
drugi diplomati slovenskega rodu: Janez baron Kobencl54 se je izkazal kot diplomat v Rusiji
in gost Ivana Groznega, ki mu je zdravico napil kar po rusko. Kobencl je bil zaetnik
dinastije prvovrstnih slovenskih diplomatov. Grof Janez Filip Kobencl je bil diplomat v
Peterburgu v asu, ko je tam carsko diplomacijo na skrivaj vodil jezuitski general Gabrijel
Gruber55.

SLIKA: Herbersteinova KARTA MOSKOVIJE (evropske Rusije) iz 1549

3. Zaetki pouka zemljepisa v deelah poseljenih s Slovenci: Protestanti

50
Bla Kocen (Kozenn, * 24. 1. 1821 Hotunje pri Ponikvi na tajerskem; 28. 5. 1871 Dunaj-Hernals).
51
Bratec Mrvar, 2002, 178.
52
Hermanus de Carinthia, Dalmata, Sclavus, secundus, (* okoli 1110 sv. Peter na Sovrekem polju (Holz,
Lurnfeld) blizu Spittala ob Dravi; okoli 1167)

95
Med letoma 1533-1560 so Ljubljanani obiskovali protestantske stanovske ole
(Landschaftsschulen). Med 28. 3. 1563 in 30. 10. 1598 so ljubljanski protestanti vzdrevali
stanovsko olo, svojevrstno gimnazijo. Po Bohorievem olskem redu iz leta 1575 so
nadarjene uence v Ljubljani uili osnovnih pojmov naravne filozofije, geografijo in
zainteresirane dijake celo osnove astronomije (sphaerica doctrina). al so deelni knezi
Habsburani leta 1580 prepovedali meanskim otrokom obisk protestantske ole, kar je bil
seveda zaetek njenega konca.

Stanovska ola v Ljubljani je imela od leta 1582 pet razredov, ki so jih obdrali tudi po
olskemu Frischlinovem redu iz leta 1584. Frischlin je bil od leta 1582 do leta 1584 olski
ravnatelj v Ljubljani; objavil je astronomijo in latinsko pisano odo o Cerknikem jezeru, ki jo
je A. Urbas ve kot tri stoletja pozneje prevedel v nemino.56

SLIKA: Geografske skice iz Frischlinove astronomije

Med letoma 1536 in 1543 je v Ljubljani ivel kartograf Augustin Hirschvogel (* 1503;
1553), ki je raziskoval tudi jame v slovenskih deelah. Njegov skoraj pol metra dolg
zemljevid Kranjske, Hrvake, Istre, Slavonije in Bosne je bil graviran leta 1570.57

4. Turjaka fidejkomisna knjinica in Orbis Lusus

Deelni glavar grof Volf Engelbert Turjaki je sredi 17. stoletja zbral eno najbogatejih
baronih knjinic v Evropi. Gautruche je v ubeniku, ki ga je nabavil Volf, matematine vede
delil na aritmetiko, elementarno in praktino geometrijo, kozmologijo, kronologijo,
asoslovje, geografijo, optiko ter glasbo. Kar bogata bera za dananji as, ko le prve med
natetimi vejami e pripadajo matematikom.

SLIKA: Geografske knjige iz Volfove ljubljanske knjinice

Preglednica 1: Knjige o zemljepisu Evrope v Volfovem katalogu (1668) po prepisu iz leta 1762
(HHStA, FAA)

Pisec Leto Naslov in kraj izdaje

Mnster, Sebastiani 1552 Cosmographia universalis, Basilea


Mnster, Sebastiani 1628 Cosmographia, Basilea
Pantaleonis, Henrici 1561 Chronographia, Basilei
Strabonis (Strabo) 1562 Geographia tradota dGreco, Venetiis
Camocio, G.F. 1575- Isole famose, porti
1580
Ramusio, G. + Bartoli 1583 Della navigatione et viaggi
Mercatoris, Geraldi 1585- Atlas sive cosmographicae meditationes de fabrica Mund
1595

53
Sigismund Herberstein (*23.8.1486 Vipava; 28.3. 1566 Dunaj)
54
Janez Filip Cobenzl (* 1741 Ljubljana; 1810)
55
Gabrijel Gruber (* Dunaj 1740; 1805)
56
Gams, 2003, 13.
57
Shaw, 1998, 379-380, 389; Mikovi, 997.

96
Mercatoris, Geraldi 1589 Italia, Sclavonia et Graecia tabula geographica, Duisburg
Mercatoris, Geraldi 1589 Fons Germania tabula geographica, Duisburg
Huny (Hondius), Jodaci; Mercatoris, 1619 Atlas sive meditationis cosmographica, Amstelodami
Geraldi
Hond, Iodoci; Mercatori, Geraldi 1631 Atlas minor, Amstelodami
Botero, Giovanni 1585 Le relationi universali
Botero, Giovanni 1622 Le relationi universali
Braun, Georgi 1590 Theatrum mundi, Coloniae.
Braun, Georgi, Hoheberg, Franz 1582- Beschreibung und Contrafactur
1600
Braun, Georgi, Hoheberg, 1612- Civitates Orbis Terrarum
Franz 1618
Ptolemei, Claudij 1599 Geographia, Venetiis
Quad, Mathias 1600 Compendium universi
Paglioni, Joanni Nicolai 1606 Theatri universae, Venetiis
Paglioni, Joanni Nicolai 1623 Amfiteatro dEuropa overo cosmographia, Venetiis 4 pr. Belo.
Fournier, Georgi 1668 Geographica orbis notitia per litora maris et ripas fluviorum. Francoforti
Meisner, Daniel 1642 Sciographia cosmica, Norimbergae
Hall, kof Joseph 1643 Mundus alter er Idem. Sive Terra Australia antehac semper incognita
Barezzo, Barezzi 1643 Il proprio mio historia geographia et poeti, Venetia
Morisotus, Claudius 1643 Orbis maritimi
Bartholomeaus
Jansson (Janszon), Johannes 1644
Novus atlas
Alsted, Joannis Henrici Enciclopedia 1-4 (vsak del popisan zase), Lugduni
1645
Merian, Matthus (Anhalt- 1646 Der Fruchtbringenden Gesellschaft Hamen, Vorhaben, Gemhlde und
Kthen, Ludwig Wrter. Frankfurt: Merian
Siri, Victor 1649 Mercator overo istoria di tempo corento
Vareni, Bernhardi 1650 Geographia Generalis, Amstelodami
Brulius, Joachim 1651 Historiae Peruanae
Merian, Matthus 1649 Typographia Austriacorum Provincarum Austria, Styria, Carinthia,
Carniola et Tyrolis, Frankfurt
Merian, Matthus 1635- Theatrum Europaeum, vol. I-V & VIII. Frankfurt
1667
Merian, Matthus 1656 Dodatek k Typographia Frankfurt (argi, 2002, 288)
Olearius, Adam (Bircher, 1995, 1656 Newe Beschrebung der Muscowitischen und Persichen Reise. Schleswig
295)
Zeiller, Martin 1652 Topographia Electorati Brandenburgici
Zeiller, Martin 1649-56 Topographia provinciarum Austriacum
Zeiller, Martin 1655-56 Topographia Galliae
Fikritch, Georgi; Serlini Wilhelm 1656 Orbis Lumen et Atlantis juga tecta retrecta, Frankoforti
(tiskarja!, pisci: Linda, Akity, Laet)
Vossi, Isaac 1658 Observationes an Pomponi Melani de Situ orbi. Hagae
Auersperg, Wolfgang 1659 Orbis Lusus. Gradec (4 izvodi)
Cellari, Andrea Palatini 1661 Harmonia macrocosmica seu atlas universalis, Amstel, fol. Perg. Belo.
Blaeu, Joanis; Blaeu, W. 1641- Novus Atlas. Amsterdam.
1642
Blaeu, Joanis 1649 Novum ac magnum theatrum. Amsterdam.
Blaeu, Joanis 1655 Novus atlas. Amsterdam.
Blaeu, Joanis 1661 Atlas maior sive cosmographia Blaviana, 1-11, Amstelodami, fol.
Blaeu, Joanis 1663 Theatrum civitatum. Amsterdam.
Flitner, Joanne 1663 Jocoseria, Frankfurt
Bion, Joannis 1663 Theatrum sive atlas Italia
Von Rheinfelden, Ignatius 1667 Neue Jerosolymitaniche Pilger-Fahrt

97
Med matematinimi deli je Volfov knjiniar natel e disertacijo sina svojega bratranca
Volfa Engelberta (* 1641) Svet je igra ali Igra geografije (Orbis Lusus) branjeno pri
Kirchoffnu v Gradcu avgusta 1659; v ljubljanski kneji knjinici so jo hranili kar v tirih
izvodih. Matematine dele namizne druabne igre z uporabo zemljevida sveta je zapisal
izkueneji Kirchoffen, manj zahtevne pa domnevno kar tudent grof Volf Turjaki mlaji.
Navajala sta dela, ki jih je deelni glavar Volf imel v svoji ljubljanski knjinici: Seneko,
Cicera, Ovida, Aristotela, Ptolemaja in Tassa. Vsekakor celo ve enakih knjig. Volf mlaji se
je s svojo igro ukvarjal e pozneje, ko jo je tri desetletja po graki objavi javno predstavil v
Ljubljani. Ob tej prilonosti je svoje grako delo delil poslualcem;58 po tej poti se je en izvod
znael v knjinici ljubljanskih Operozov. K Operozom je delo gotovo zanesel kateri od
potomcev lanov nekdanjega Volfovega omizja.

Volf Engelbert Turjaki mlaji je po oetovi smrti postal dedni maral; poroil se je s Katarino
Elizabeto pl. Trilleck iz druine poznejih baronov. Volf Engelbert Turjaki mlaji si je kot
lan drube Zdruenih (sv. Dizme) izbral pridevek Bogoljubni. Portreta Volfa mlajega in
njegove soproge sta do leta 1943 visela v gradu Turjak, nato tri leta v Narodnem muzeju in od
leta 1946 v Narodni galeriji. Tako po barvi kot po vsebini podobna slika Volfa mlajega je
visela v nekdanjem Turjakem in Apfalterjevem gradu Kri-Mekinje pri Komendi; obe sta bili
verjetno izdelani po neki skupni predlogi, ki danes ni ohranjena.59 Dedni deelni maral
Kranjske Volf Engelbert Turjaki (* 1641) je leta 1698 zael v dolgoletni spor z deelnimi
stanovi Kranjske, deelnim upravnikom Kranjske Janezom Herbertom pl. Kacijanarjem z
Begunj in deelnim glavarjem Kranjske Eggenbergom zaradi volitev deelnega glavarja,
deelnih prejemnikov in stanovskih poverjenikov.60 Dne 17. 3. 1680 je kupil Jamo v Zgornji
iki, leta 1692 Namrelj leta 1686 pa je pod opuenim starim gradom Nadliek (Zvezda-
Tabor) sezidal Pajkovo, ki je bilo od leta 1739 del fidejkomisa skupaj s Turjakom. Valvasor je
leta 1680 grofu Volfu Engelbertu Turjakemu mlajemu posvetil umetelno izoblikovane
Ovidove Metamorfoze, v Slavi pa podobo Turjaka z razgledom na gorenjske planine.61

Deelni glavar Volf je v svoji zbirki poleg Orbis Lusus hranil e tevilne druge knjige o
druabnih igrah, med njimi Weikhmannovo knjigo o ahu ter podobno delo Avgusta II.
vojvode Braunschweig-Lneburga in Francesca Barozzija objavljeno pod psevdonimom
Gustava Seleniusa. Volf je imel tudi F. Barozzijevo Kozmografijo s kritiko Sacrobosca, druga
Barozzijeva dela pa je v svoji knjinici hranil celo Galilei.

Orbis Lusus so igrali z 38 figurami, med katerimi so bili orel, konj, jadrnica, pasja vprega,
potapljaa, vrvohodca in podobno. Za vsako figuro so veljala pravila glede areol
(prostorkov), v katere sme igralec potovati oziroma jih okupirati. Tako je bil orel univerzalna
figura in je lahko zasedel katero koli areolo, medtem ko so imele ostale figure omejitve.
Areole na zemljevidu so imele luknjice,v katere je bilo treba zabosti figuro, ki areolo okupira.
Areole so predstavljale resnine zemljepisne povrine, ki so bile dobro opisane. Seveda je bila
med njimi Kranjska, pa tudi sploen opis amerike celine, oitno izdelan tudi na podlagi
tevilnih tovrstnih knjig v Volfovi knjinici. Glede areol z junih morij ali neraziskanih
krajev so bili opisi razmeroma kratki, vasih kar: ni drugega kot morje. Umetelne figure
so lahko izdelali po vzoru na ahovske, zaradi prihranka asa in denarja se je smelo igrati kar

58
argi, 2002, 289.
59
Serbelj, 2005, 159.
60
Umek, 1991, 2: 324.
61
Smole, 1982, 241: Reisp, 1983, 125, 243.

98
z listki, na katerih je pisalo, katero figuro predstavljajo. Uporabljali so posebno igralno mizo z
raznimi predali.62 Oe Volfa mlajega, Janez Andrej Turjaki, je bil ob svoji nenadni smrti
leta 1664 lastnik Dragomlja, Turjaka in ljubljanske palae, v kateri je zapustil dve igralni
mizi;63 morda sta bili namenjeni prav za igranje Orbis Lusus, ki jo je pet let prej zasnoval
njegov sin.

SLIKA: Naslovnica zemljepisne igre Orbis Lusus, ki jo je grof Volf Engelbert Turjaki
objavil v Gradcu kot svoje zakljuno delo pri profesorju Kirchoffnu.

5. Geografske knjige v Valvasorjevi knjinici

Valvasor64 je bil s svojo Die Ehre des Herzogthums Crain iz 1689 za dolga desetletja
najpomembneji in temeljni kartografski, etnoloki, zgodovinski in tudi geografski vir o
Kranjski za celotno Evropo. Tako sta se po njegovem delu med drugimi zgledovala tudi
Johann Baptist Homman, ki 1714 in 1730 izda v Nrenbergu karto vojvodine Kranjske,
Slovenske marke in Istre s podobama Cerknikega jezera in Ljubljane v njenem kotu in nekaj
kasneje (1747) e Tobias Lotter v svojem Velikem svetovnem atlasu, ki tudi izide v
Nrenbergu, enako kot Valvasorjeva Slava.

SLIKA: Tabula Ducatus Carnioliae, Vindorum Marchiae et Histriae ex mente Illustr. Mi


quondam L.B. Valvasorii, 1714

Valvasorjeva bogata knjinica je konala v Zagrebu v Metropolitanski knjinici, saj se


kranjski deelni stanovi, ko je bila za to prilonost niso odloili za njen odkup. al je bila
zbirka delno pokodovana in ukradena pred nekaj leti.

Preglednica 2: Zanimive Valvasorjeve geografske knjige iz njegove knjinice:

Dauthendey, Casparus. 1639. Fundametum Geographicum Braunschweg: Duncker.


Goclenius, Rudolf Gckel ml. 1620. Synopsis methodica geometriae, astronomiae,
astrologiae, opticae et geographiae... Francoforti: Unckel
Hubernius, Mauritius. 1615. Globorum coelestis et terrestris fabrica et usus Nrnberg:
Fuhrmann
Hulsius, Levinus. 1598. newen Reise oder Schiffahrt, so die Hollendischen Schifft
Nrnberg: Lochner
Hulsius, Levinus. 1603. , Guineam Franckfurt: Richtern
Mnster, Sebastian. 1579. Cosmographia Basel: Henricipetrina
Praetorius, Johann. 1668. geographischen Bericht. Lipsiae: Hle
Quadt, Matthias. 1598. Enchiridon Cosmographicum Clln am Rhein: Ltzenkirchen
Quadt, Matthias. 1598. Geographischen Clln am Rhein: Buxemacher.

62
Informacija dr. Jerneja Sekolca, 2006.
63
muc, 2003, 262.
64
Johann Weichard Valvasor (*Ljubljana 28. 5. 1641 - Krko 19. 9. 1693)

99
6. Zemljepisne knjige naprodaj pri novem ljubljanskem tiskarju Mayru

Preglednica 3: Mayrjeva ljubljanska ponudba geografskih del v latinskem jeziku leta 1678

Avtor Naslov Stran popisa Format

Bucelini Germania Topo- Chrono- Stemmato-Graphica, Sacra 69 Fol.


& profana, Tomus III. & IV.65
Cellarij Nucleus Geographiae antiquae & novae 71 12
Cluverij Germania antiqua66 71 4
Cluverij Sicilia, Sardinia, & Corsica antiqua67 71 4
Cluverij Italia antiqua68 71 4
Cluverij Introductio in universam Geographiam tam veteram, 71 4
quam novam
Cluverij Epitome Historiarum totium Mundi 72 4
Heidmanni Europa, S. Manductio ad Geographiam veteram 77 4
Paulli Orbis terraqueus, in Tabula Geographicis & 85 8
Hydrographicis descriptus
Potomographia Europea , h. e. Bevis ac succincta 86
recensio Fluviorum Europae
Schaevij Sceleton Geographicum69 89 Fol.
Schottl, F70 Intinerarum Italiae 89 12

65
Bucelin, Gabriel. 1665. Germania Topo-Chrono-Stemmato-Graphica Sacra et Profana. In qua Brevi
Compendio Regno. Ulm; Overham, Gregor. 1662. Gabriel Bucelinus O.S.B., Germania topo-, chrono-,
stemmato-graphica sacra et profana in qua brevi compendio regnorum et provinciarun euiusdem amplitudo,
situs et qualitas designantur II. Ulm.
Gregor Overham (* 1619 (ob krstu Tilmann); 3. 8. 1687 Helmstedt), brat Adolpha (* 1631; 1686), se je uil
v samostanski oli Werdener. Predavati je zael leta 1644, leta 1647 pa je postal duhovnik. Leto dni je poueval
retoriko v Sint-Truienu (Saint-Trond), nato je bil pomonik priorja v Werdenu. Imenovali so ga za notarja,
arhivarja in konno priorja v Werdenu, leta 1671 pa prota v Helmstedtu.
66
Cluverius, Philippus. 1616. Germania antiqua Leiden Elzevir.
67
Cluverius, Philippus. 1619. Sicilia antiqua. Leyden; Cluverius, Philippus. 1619. Sicilia antiqua Leyden;
Cluverius, Philippus. 1659. Sicilia antique (Sardinia &Corsica Antiqua).
68
Cluverius, Philippus. 1624. Italia antiqua. Leyden: Elsevier ; Cluverius, Philippus. 1624. Italia antiqua,
Lugduni Batavorum; Cluverius, Philippus. 1624. Italiae Antiquae Novissima Tabula, Ex officina Nicolai
Visscher; Cluverius, Philippus. 1659. Italia antiqua. Guelpherbyti, Sumptibus C. Bunonis; Cluverius, Philippus.
1624. Italiae Antiquae Novissima Tabula, Ex officina Nicolai Visscher; Italia antique. Leyden Elsevier.
69
Schaevius, Heinricus. Henrici Schaevii Lexicon Mythistorologico-geographicum Statianum, cum Paraphrasi
Statiana. Opera, ex cura M. Friderici Redtelij Scholae Stetinens(sis) conrectoris, qui olim in sua juventute id
tanquam discipulus ab autore tanquam suo praeceptore ex professore publico excepit, in lucem editum;
Schaevius, Heinricus. 1683... Mythologia, Deorum Ac Heroum, ex Natali Comite, Torrentino, Ravisii Officinaac
Potis Classicis Methodice contracta, cum Geographia Potica & Mantissa materi Potic; ast Jam multis in
Locis auctior correctior reddita, M. Friderico Redtelio, Landsberg, Neo-Marchita. Stetini [Stetin]: Impensis
Johann-Adami Plenneri ...,Typis Hredum Hpfnerianorum. 12 o, pp [xiv], 48, 858: Schaevius, Heinricus;
Hauenstein, Th. H. 1662. Sceleton geographicum...
70
Frans Schott. Itinerarium nobiliorum Italiae regionum, urbium, oppidorum et locorum Zusatz : Nunc feri`o
auctum, & Tabellis Chorographicis, & Topographicis locupletiam In quo, tamquam in Theatro, Nobilis
adolescens, etiam domi ...; Frans Schott. Itinerario, Overo Nova Descrittione De' Viaggi Principali D'Italia
Zusatz : nellaquale si h`a piena notitia di tutte le cose pi`u notabili, & degne d'esser vedute; Nouamente tradotto
dal Latino in lingua Italiana,

100
Philippus Cluverius (* 1580; 1622) iz Danziga se je po potovanjih po Nemiji, Italiji,
Franciji in Angliji naselil v Leiden in specializiral v zemljepisu Blinjega Vzhoda ter antike.
Najveje delo mu je bilo "Introductionis in Universam Geographiam, tam veteram quam
novan, libri VI" (1628), ki je bilo najmanj 30 krat izdano do zaetka 18. stoletja. Zanimal se je
tudi za Afriko in Ameriko, bolj za ljudi, kot za naravo. Bil je dober prijatelj Thomasu
Bartholinu.

Preglednica 4: Mayrjeva ljubljanska ponudba geografskih del v nemkem jeziku

Avtor Naslov Format

Aigenler Tabula Geographico-Horologa universalis (1664) 4/65


Bartoli Geographia Politico-Moralis71 8/67
Bornameisteri Pharus Geographica 8/69
Francisci Neu-Polirter Geschicht: Kunst: und sitten=Spiegel Auslandischen Fol./111
Vlche72
Francisci Das erffnete Lust=Haus der Obern und Nidern welt 4/111
Francisci Hoher Tauer= Saal (trije deli) 8/111
Francisci Ost: und West Indianischer/ wie auch Sinnesische Lust= und Staats= Fol./111
Garten
Mnsters73 Cosmographia Fol./115
Starckens Mercatorische Rechen=Stuben 8/119

71
Bartoli, Daniello. 1664. De la Geographia transformata al morale parte prima (Geographia Politico-Moralis)
Roma: Egidio Ghezi (NUK-386: osmerka; 476 strani).
72
Francisci. 1670. Neu-polirter Geschicht- Kunst- und Sitten-Spiegel auslndischer Vlcker, frnemlich der
Sineser, Japaner, Indostaner, Malabaren, Peguaner, Siammer, Peruaner, Mexicaner, Brasilianer, Abyssiner,
Guineer, Congianer, Asiatischer Tartaren, Perser, Armenier, Trcken, Russen, und theils anderer Nationen
mehr ... Folio. Nrnberg: J. A. Endter und W. Endter Erben. Prva izdaja knjige o nenavadnih ljudstvih, s
praktinimi bakrorezi. Veliko materialnih podatkov, ki jih je Schiller uporabil v svoji "Kampf mit dem Drachen".
Francisci je podatke nabral iz cele knjinice potopisov. Ve kot 100 strani s slikami domorodcev je posvetil
Ameriki, vendar ne na enem mestu.
73
Mnster. 1537. Basel; 1545, 1546, 1548, 1550 (razirjeno), 1555, okoli 30 izdaj do 1578, Benetke 1588, izdaje
vnuka Sebastiana (Henri) Petra: 1592, 1598, 1614, 1628, 1638. Cosmographia universalis. S karto Kitajske.

101
Preglednica 5: Potopisi naprodaj pri Mayru v Ljubljani jeseni leta 1678

Avtor Naslov Podroje Stran Form


popisa at

Schefferi Lapponia, i. e. Regionis Lapponium & gentis Laponska 89 4


Descriptio
Caron Beschreibung Japan, Siam, und Chorrea Daljni vzhod 109 8
Murh Beschreibung einer Astronomisch=und Astronomija, 4/115
Geographich Kunst=Bewegung tudi latinska
Neutzschens Sieben=jahrige and gefhrliche Stare celine 115 8
Europae=Asiat=und Afrikanische
Welt=Beschauung
Nubila Jubila Oder Glucks=Werwandlung dess Knigreichs Anglija 115 3
Engeland
Reiss=Beschreibung durch ganz Italien Italija 117 12
Reiss=Gespann von allerhand 117 12
lustigen=Historien
Echeffers Beschreibung Lappland Laponska 118 4
Viatorium Burgicum, Oder Vollkmmener Nizozemska 119 12
Weegweiser in das Nider=und Holland
zureisen
Wenners Trckisches Reiss=Buch Otomansko 120 4
ces.
Zeilers Itineratium Germaniae (v nemini) Nemko ces. 120 8
Zeilers Itineratium Galiae (v nemini) Francija 120 8

Mayr je ponujal tevilne atlase, med drugim splono kozmografijo enega izmed Valvasorjevih
vzornikov Mnstra,74 ki je vsebovala tudi mapo Kitajske. Tako se je Hallerstein lahko e
doma seznanil z deelo, v kateri je preivel drugo polovico ivljenja.

Mayr je imel na prodaj latinini in nemini Mut(h)ovo delo o horologiji, astronomiji in


geografiji. Ostale objave je ponujal le v enem od obeh jezikov.

SLIKA: Zemljepisne knjige na prodaj pri Mayru leta 1678 v Ljubljani

74
Sebastian Mnster (* 1489 Nieder Ingelhem v palatinatu Rhein med Mainzom in Bingenom; 1552 Basel
(Dular, 2002, 121)).

102
7. Mnster in Apian na Kranjskem

Mnsterjevo Kozmografijo75 so imeli seveda tudi Volf Turjaki, Valvasor, Ferdinand pl.
Siebenek (Siebeneck), lastnik gradu Gerben (Gerbin) pri Litiji do leta 1683, Adam
Langenmantl v Kostelu leta 1681 in tevilni drugi Carniolan, saj jo je prodajal Mayr. Mnster
je bil poleg Franciscija najpomembneji Valvasorjev vzornik, saj je v poznejih izdajah
Kozmografije opisal celo Cerkniko jezero.76 NUK hrani tevilne Mnsterjeve knjige, med
njimi tiri razline izdaje Kozmografije. Kozmografijo iz leta 1548 je dve leti po natisu kupil
Peter Lukani od prvega lastnika in vanjo zapisal svoj ekslibris.

Poleg Flamca nemkega rodu Abrahama Orteliusa in Mercatorja je bil profesor Mnster
najbolj znan kartograf v 16. stoletju. Najprej je tudiral filozofijo in teologijo v Heidelbergu,
pozneje pa pri matematiku Johannu Stfflerju (Stoefler, Stofler) v Tbingenu. Postal je
matematik in poznavalec hebrejskega jezika. Mnster je bil franikan od leta 1515 do
preselitve v Basel leta 1529, ko je sprejel luteransko vero. Bil je profesor v Heidelbergu, leta
1537 pa redni profesor hebrejine na visoki oli in mean Basla.77 Po njegovi smrti zaradi
kuge je z izdajanjem kart nadaljeval njegov sin Henri Petri in za njim Henrijev sin Sebastian
Henri Petri, ki je priimek povzel kar po oetovem osebnem imenu. To je e posebej zaslovelo
ob drugi izdaji Kopernika leta 1566. Priimek Mnster so Sebastianovi potomci tako kar
zavrgli zaradi izjemnih poslovnih uspehov in priljubljenosti njegovega sina Henri Petrija. Tisk
Henri Petrija iz leta 1508 (sic!) so hranili kapucini v Krkem (Gurckfeld).78

Leta 1533 je Mnster objavil latinsko knjigo o sonnih urah v enainpetdesetih knjigah.
Najprej je posegel v teorijo ure, v etrti knjigi je opisal vodoravno sonno uro, v deseti
navpino, v 14. zidno, v 33. ure v Italiji, eki in drugih deelah, v 40. sestavo prenosnega
kvadranta in v 47. napravo za none meritve asa. Na koncu je bralcem postregel e s
tabelami gibanja Sonca in njegovih deklinacij.79

Volf je pred latinsko Mnsterjevo obravnavo sonnih ur (1633) dal privezati prvo izdajo
Apianove kozmografije iz leta 1524, vendar brez naslovne strani; leto izdaje lahko preberemo
komaj na koncu zadnje knjige v privezu, ob znaku baselskega tiskarja Henri Petrija. V prvem
poglavju je Apian opredelil kozmografijo, geografijo in topografijo. V tretjem poglavju je
obravnaval sfero, horizont, meridian, ekvinokcij, ekliptiko in zodiak. V etrtem poglavju je
bralcu predstavil obmoja zvezd. esto poglavje je opisovalo podnebje, sedmo zemljepisno
dolino Zemlje, osmo irino in nagnjenost polov, deveto viino polov, deseto mrke Lune,
tirinajsto geografijo, petnajsto tevilo in naravo vetrov. V drugem delu knjige je obravnaval
morja in polotoke. Vstavil je tevilne barvne slike, ki so se razmeroma dobro ohranile skozi
polovico tisoletja. Narisal je tipien Ptolemajev Sonev sistem v katerem je na kolobarje
razslojil tudi notranjost Zemlje.80 Oblino Zemlje je dokazoval z okroglo obliko Zemljine
sence, ki jo Sonce mee na Luno.81 Ozvezdja je seveda opremil z risbami ivali, posebno
natanno pa je opisal Lunin mrk.82 Zemljevid je po tedanji navadi risal z jugom (Afriko) na
vrhu slike.83

8. Thullner in najstareji ljubljanski zemljepisni tisk

75
Mikovi, 1997.
76
Mnster, 1578, 1224; Mnster, 1588, 1221; Reisp, 1983, 90, 299; Dular, 2002, 121.

103
Thullner je pri devetnajstih letih vstopil k jezuitom v Leobenu. Na Dunaju je poueval v
gimnazijskih letnikih poetiko in retoriko in izdal dve prozni pesnitvi, v katerih je slavil
cesarsko mesto. Leta 1702 je kot spovednik poueval etiko v Gradcu. Filozofijo je zael
pouevati v Gorici med letoma 1703-1704. Tu je zasnoval zemljepisno in zgodovinsko delo o
Gorici, ki ga je izdal v Ljubljani. Njegovi goriki predavanji o fiziki in horologiji84 sta se
ohranili v rokopisu tudenta Alea ige Dolniarja.

Thullner je svoje tudente fizike preprial v okroglo obliko Zemlje s ponazoritvijo opazovanja
svetilnika z ladje, ki se mu blia po morju. tudent Dolniar je razlago pospremil z lepo
risbo.85

Pri obravnavi rek je opisal Donavo, Savo na Kranjskem, reko Pad in Cerkniko jezero z
njegovim nenavadnim spreminjanjem gladine med letom.86

SLIKA: Prvo zemljepisno delo tiskano v Ljubljani:


Thullner, Janez Krstnik. 1704. Memorabilia Orbis et Civitatis Goritiensis, in saecula XXXII.
Lustra IV, et integram fere Olympiadem ab anno Mundi 2635 usque post Christum natum
1704. Labaci. 4o.

SLIKA: Dolniarjeve skice v Thullnerjevih gorikih predavanjih o fiziki in horologiji.

9. Matematino orodje v razpravi izdani od izpitu leta 1716

Razprava je bila dialog med strokovnjakom za sonno uro (Sciothericus) in natanneem


(Periergus). Zgovorna imena udeleencev pogovorov mono spominjajo na sto let stareja
Galilejeva dela.

Omenili so ve geografskih in astronomskih odprav, vendar brez letnic, na primer za


opazovanja v Cuscu in Quitu. Znana francoska odprava je merila dolino poldnevnika v
Peruju veliko pozneje, med letoma 1735-1744;87 torej je Sebastjan Stainer (* 2. 7. 1679 Wels;
SJ 9. 10. 1696 Trenin na Slovakem; 12. 6. 1748 Gradec) gotovo predaval o kateri od
starejih odprav. Poloaji Sonca so bili doloani glede na nebesna znamenja, veliko opomb pa
se je nanaalo e na vremenske razmere.

77
Thorndike, 1941, 5: 331.
78
Bahor, 2005, 679.
79
Mnster, 1533, 305-307, 314.
80
Apian, 1524, 6
81
Apian, 1524, 11
82
Apian, 1524, 26-29.
83
Apian, 1524, 53.
84
Horologija je bila srednjeveka znanost z deli sodobne hidrostatike, hidrodinamike, geografije in drugih ved.
85
Thullner, 1704, De Mundo et Coelo, I: t. 9.
86
Thullner, 1703, Metheororum, 33a, 33b, 36a.
87
Stainer, 1616, 2; Heilbron, 1993, 223.

104
Za zemljepisno irino Ljubljane so zapisali 46 stopinj, kar je za tedanjo natannost dovolj
blizu sicer nekoliko manji pravilni vrednosti.88

Sonni arek oklepa s telesom svetlobni in senni kot, ki skupaj dajeta iztegnjeni kot. Na
razlinih zemljepisnih irinah je Sonce razlino visoko in kae razlien as. Dolino sence je
opisal geometrijsko s pomojo kotov po tedanji matematini navadi. Zavezanost geometriji in
tudi sama navezanost na Sonno uro je bila e posebno znailna za Kircherjev pristop k fiziki,
pa tudi Stainer ji je posvetil oba svoja objavljena dela. Po izpeljavi je sledil e dokaz, v
katerem so namesto sredinih kotov uporabili laje dokazovanje z obodnimi koti.

SLIKA: Izpit Janeza Benjamina Erberga (* 3. 11. 1699 Ljubljana; SJ 27. 10. 1716 Ljubljana-
1725; 15. 10. 1759 Dol) pri Stainerju o zemljepisu in sonni uri

10. Krausova druga ljubljanska geografska knjiga

Joef Kraus (* 9. 11. 1678 Neumarkt (tajerska ob zgornji Muri); SJ 6. 10. 1696 Judenburg;
16. 11. 1718 Osijek)89 je osemnajstleten vstopil k jezuitom v Judenburgu. Po gimnaziji na
Dunaju je med letoma 1700-1704 tudiral filozofijo v Gradcu in ponavljal matematiko s
tudenti. Nato je sluboval v Celovcu, Judenburgu in v Gradcu, vendar je filozofijo in
matematiko poueval le v Ljubljani zadnja tri leta pred smrtjo. Leta 1717 je ob izpitu
cistercijanca Karla Rodeta dal v Ljubljani natisniti geografsko delo z matematinimi vajami.
Delo je imelo dve strani posvetila sv. Ksaverju, dve strani nagovora bralcu in 120 strani
dialogov s estimi slikami na eni tabli. Dialog je bil zapisan ivo s pogostimi vloki oblike
naj ivi ljubljanska matematika. Kljub dolini so ga verjetno uprizorili na javnem zagovoru.
Do strani 91 je pogovor potekal med matematikom in geografom v petih solatium
(tolabah). Med antinimi avtorji je uporabljal predvsem Flavija90 in Ptolemaja,91 med
sodobnejimi pa Ricciolija,92 Mercatorja, Joanesa Jansonija , Blaeuja, Visheja, itd. 93 V
pogovoru je geograf nateval zemljepisne doline in irine razlinih krajev doma in v tujini.
Navedel je tudi velikosti deel Nemije in Francije v miljah.94 Podrobno je opisal novo
osvojene turke deele na Balkanu.95 Kranjsko je bolj priblino postavil med 45 in 47
vzporednik.96 Omenil je planete, 97 vendar pa je do pogovora zunaj zemljepisa prilo ele ko je
matematika zamenjal uenec (discipulorum). Geograf in uenec sta obravnavala podnebje,
ekliptiko, zodiak, severni pol, horizont, meridian in ekvator.98 Prva slika je kazala poloaj
elipse in parabole na globusu, druga Ljubljano na globusu, tretja globus s koncentrinimi
krogi, etrta dva globusa z vrisanim Kontantinopolom, peta tok Donave do izliva v rno

88
Stainer, 1716, 3, 10.
89
Diar., I./37r, str. 975D/14, 1010D/12; Stoeger, 1855, 196; Sommervogel, 4: 1129; NM-9076 (119 strani, 16
cm). Po J.K. Erbergu (ARS, Breckerfeld v Dolskem Arhivu, fasc. 75) je bil avtor Krausove Consolatio
Geographiae v verzih pod prevdonimom Joannes Poeta de Grienthal ljubljanski jurist Ivan (Janez) tefan
Florjani de Grienfeld (* 1663 Ljubljana; SJ 1681-1683 (izstopil po koncu noviciata); 1709 Ljubljana), oe
Janeza Dizme (* 1691 Ljubljana; SJ 1709-1711 (izstopil po koncu noviciata); 1758) (SBL, 1925-1932, 1: 183;
Umek, 1991, 68). Vendar je knjiga dialog in nima verzov.
90
Kraus, 1717, 13.
91
Kraus, 1717, 78.
92
Kraus, 1717, II (nagovor bralcu), 84, 104, 108.
93
Kraus, 1717, 103.
94
Kraus, 1717, 19, 20.
95
Kraus, 1717, 42.
96
Kraus, 1717, 101.
97
Kraus, 1717, 3.
98
Kraus, 1717, 98-100.

105
morje s severnim Jadranom, zadnja esta pa horografski zemljevid Kranjske s Karlovcem,
rnomljem, Snenikom, Loem, Novim mestom, Cerknikim jezerom in gozdom juno od
njega. Cesarska mesta, gradovi in podroja bitk so bila posebej oznaena.

Podobno predhodniku Stainerju je bil tudi Kraus v Ljubljani matematik in fizik. Njuna dela so
bila tiskana v Ljubljani pod rektorjema Joefom Spindlerjem (* 1674; 1730) iz Augsburga
in tajercem Maksimilijanom Gallerjem (* 1669; 1750).

SLIKA: Risbe Ljubljane in drugih krajev v Krausovi geografiji (1717)

11. Janez Dizma Florjani

Janez Dizma Florjani de Grienfeld99 je bil je sin ljubljanskega pravnika in akademika Ivana
tefana, ki se je zanimal za matematiko in bil med soustanovitelji vijih filozofskih tudijev v
Ljubljani leta 1704. J.D. Florjani je tudiral v Ljubljani pri Schmelzerju, ki je poueval
matematiko in fiziko leta 1710/11 in 1711/12. Najbolj se je zanimal za metematiko,
astronomijo in kartografijo. Ohranili so se ljubljanski zapiski matematinih in fizikalnih
predavanj Florjanievega soolca Ljubljanana Leopolda Friderika pl. Breckerfelda. Med
tudijem filozofije v Ljubljani je J.D. Florjani vstopil v jezuitski red, vendar si je po dveh
letih premislil podobno kot tri desetletja pred njim njegov oe. Leta 1744 narie najboljo
terezijansko karto Kranjske DUCATUS CARNIOLIAE TABULA CHOROGRAPHICA v
latinini na 12 listih v merilu 1:111.000 Narejena je bila po Valvasorjevi tradiciji, vendar jo
mono prekaa v natannosti V bakreno ploo jo je vrezal Abraham Kaltschmidt, ki je prej
delal pri Durchlasserju. Zanjo sam izvede okoli 300 meritev. Izide v 2000 izvodih in je bila
takoj razprodana. Za njeno izdelavo je porabil kar deset let. V desnem zgornjem kotu karte je
bil objavljen tudi odlien tloris mesta Ljubljane, ki se je zaela moenje iriti preko
srednjevekih meja. Njen ponatis izide leta 1799.

Leta 1715 je Janez Dizma Florjani konal teoloke tudije in postal duhovnik. Sluboval je
po ve slovenskih krajih in se na koncu ustalil v stikem cistercijanskem samostanu. 30. julija
1751 je dvorni matematik Johann Jakob Marinoni100 pohvalil sedem let stareji Florjaniev
zemljevid Kranjske in dodal e nekaj podatkov o zemljepisnih dolinah in irinah evropskih
mest. Erberg je v istem asu nabavil Marinonijev astronomski ubenik za ljubljanski kolegij.
Marinoni je zaslovel s konceptom milanskega zemljevida za izmero zemlji na obmoju
Milana v obsegu 19.220 kvadratnih kilometrov. V ta namen je izboljal e pred tem znano
merilno mizico, ki je postala osnovni instrument za izmero zemljikega katastra in jo je
prevzela celo armada.101

12. Ljubljanski profesor fizike Lavreni o zemljepisu

Nikolaj Laurenchich (* 31. 10. 1707 Zagreb; SJ 14. 10. 1724; 25. 9. 1762 Zagreb) je bil
profesor filozofije v Zagrebu (1741-1744) in v Ljubljani (1745-1747). Januarja 1746 je v kot

99
Johannem Dismam Floriantschitsch de Grienfeld (* 1. 7. 1691 Ljubljana; SJ 27. 10. 1709 Ljubljana-1711;
1758).
100
Johann Jakob Marinoni (* 1676 Videm; 10. 1. 1755 Dunaj).
101
Koroec, 1978, 88-93.

106
filozof predaval fiziko v Ljubljani e kot mlad magister je zaslovel z risanjem zemljevidov in
pisanjem geografskih del. Po filozofiji je predaval moralno teologijo v Zagrebu (1748-1749,
1752-1753, 1755-1762) in Gorici (1750-1751).

13. Anton Erberg, Janez Krstnik Pogrinik in geograf Granelli

Franc Ksaver Anton Erberg102 je bil od 4/8. 12. 1744 do smrti rektor v Ljubljani. Objavil je
dve knjigi o topografiji.

Po tedanji navadi se je Erberg najprej uveljavil kot promotor priljubljenih knjig, da bi pozneje
lahko izdajal lastna dela. Pred odhodom iz Gradca je kot promotor objavil topografije vseh
treh deel notranje Avstrije, ki so jih naseljevali tudi Slovenci. Uporabil je izvleke patra
Josepha Ritterja103, spovednika portugalske kraljice Marije Ane Habsburanke ( 14. 8.
1754), povzete iz avstrijske topografije, ki jo je leta 1701 objavil jezuit Karl Granelli.104
Granellijev opis Ljubljane je leta 1765 ponovno izdal ljubljanski profesor fizike Janez Krstnik
Pogrietsnig105. Leta 1727 je Anton Erberg dal v topografijo tajerske vezati izpitne teze in
seznam dvaindvajset promoviranih bakalavrov. Knjigo je est let pozneje nabavil baron
Maximilian Anton Ignac Taufferer, oe poznejega ljubljanskega profesorja fizike Inocenca;
vanjo je vpisal svoj ekslibris.106 Leta 1728 je Anton Erberg kot promotor izdal Ritterjeve
izvleke iz Granellijeve topografije Koroke in Kranjske s kratko zgodovino Koevja,107
Idrije108 in drugih krajev. Omenja dela Schnlebna, Fuggerja in drugih starejih avtorjev. Za
knjiico sta bili vezani dve izpitni tezi po Aristotelu, ki ju je branilo devetintrideset
promoviranih doktorjev popisanih na tirih straneh. Izpit sta avgusta 1728 vodila profesorja
Anton Erberg in teolog Sigmund Posch.109

SLIKA: Erbergov povzetek geografa Granellija (NUK-7047 in privezano ?NUK-7048


(skupna vezava obeh knjig); NM, sig. 15484 (dvojnik 2331);

Janez Krstnik Pogrietschnig je bil med letoma 1764-1768 profesor splone in posebne fizike v
Ljubljani. Leta 1766 je objavil Izvleke iz topografije Ljubljane, ki so bili del knjige jezuita
Karla Granellija :
Compendiaria metropolis Carnioliae descriptio e topographia Germaniae Austriacae Caroli
Granelli S. J. excerpta, et auditoribus oblata, dum Assertationes ex universa philosophia in
archiducali, et academico Soc. Jesu Collegio Labaci. Anno M.DCC.LXVI. Mense Augusto,
die publice propugnarent. Eruditus, ac perdoctus dominus Michael Castelliz, Carniolus Labac.
E Seminario Soc. Jesu, eruditus, ac perdoctus dominus Simon Schillitz, Styrus ex Fano S.
Petri, Philosophi Absoluti ex praelectionibus r. p. Joannis Baptistae Pogrietsnig e Soc. Jesu,

102
Franc Ksaver Anton Erberg (* 21. 10. 1695 Dol pri Ljubljani; SJ 27. 10. 1712 Ljubljana; 3. 10. 1746
Ljubljana)
103
Joseph Ritter (* 1698 Bavarska; SJ; 1761 Passau)
104
Murko, 1974, 33; Stoeger, 1855, 120.
105
Janez Krstnik Pogrietsnig (* 6. 11. 1722 Radie na Korokem; SJ 31. 10. 1745 Trenin; po 1773)
106
ARS, AS, 1075, t. 257; Buar, 1998, 412-413.
107
Erberg, 1728, 126-129.
108
Erberg, 1728, 133-135.
109
NUK-7047 privezano NUK-7048; NM-15484; NM- 2331; Pivec-Stele, 1969, 112; Umek, 1991, 68.

107
Philosophiae Professoris publ. Ordin. Labaci, Typis Joannis Friderici Eger, Inclyt. Provinc.
Carniol. Typographi.

Pogrietschnigov tudent tajerec Schillitz je ob Granellijevo delo privezal svoje izpitne teze.
Branil je 17 tez iz logike, eno iz metafizike, 10 iz ontologije ter teze iz pnevmatologije in 40
iz splone fizike.

SLIKA: Pogrietschnigovo geografsko delo (NM, sign.: diss; NUK-6688).

14. Zemljevidi kranjskih misionarjev

Antonov brat Inocenc Volbenk (Volfgang) Anton Franc Erberg110 je od leta 1726 deloval v
Paragvaju in postal leta 1738 predstojnik redukcije sv. Ludvika v Urugvaju. Leta 1727 je izdal
zemljevid Paragvaja, podobno kot pozneje Avgutin zemljevida Macaa in kitajske pokrajine
Mu-lan. Inocenevo misijonarsko delo je opisano tudi v slovenskem leposlovju.111

Avgutin Hallerstein112 je narisal zemljevida Macaa in kitajske pokrajine Mu-lan. 29. 6. 1738
se je skupaj s sopotniki zasidral miljo dale od portugalskega pristania Malaja (Malacce,
Malakka) na polotoku enakega imena. Od skupine jezuitov je le Hallerstein ostal v mestni
trdnjavi in 4. 8. 1738 s francosko ladjo odplul proti Kitajski. 28. 8. 1738 so se usidrali pred
portugalskim Macaom (Aomen) na Kitajskem, 1. 9. 1738 se je Hallerstein izkrcal v Kantonu
(Guangzhou) in tri dni pozneje v sto kilometrov junejem Macau. Konec leta 1738 je na
pronjo guvernerja Macaa izdelal zemljevid mesta z okolico, ki je bil natisnjen naslednje leto
v francoskem jeziku za guvernerjevo uporabo. Drugi izvod zemljevida je Neugebauer prerisal
za portugalskega kralja.113

SLIKA: Hallersteinovi zemljevidi

Hallerstein je leta 1749 bratu in naslednje leto Kraljevi drubi v London poroal o reliefnem
zemljevidu cesarskega jesenskega lovia v pokrajini Mu-lan114 onstran velikega zidu blizu
Koreje. Zemljevid je skupaj z de Rocho izdelal leta 1748. Leta 1749 sta de Rocha in
Hallerstein po vladarjevem ukazu nadaljevala s topografsko in horografsko karto deele
zahodnih Tatarov na severu Kitajske onstran velikega zidu. Rocha je tam opravil e
astronomske meritve. Obiskala sta pusti deeli Har-zin in Oguiot. Pokrajina je bila ena sama
veriga in labirint gora in dolin brez prebivalstva. Polna je bila divjih zveri, jelenjadi,
merjascev, medvedov in tigrov.

110
Inocenc Volfgang Erberg (* 7. 10. 1694 Ljubljana; SJ 6. 1. 1714 Gradec; 17. 10. 1763/1766 redukcija sv.
Ane med rekama Paran in Urugvaj)
111
Janar, 2000.
112
Ferdinand Avgutin Haller pl. Hallerstein (*27.8.1703 Ljubljana; 29.10.1774 Peking)
113
Deman, 1881, 9.
114
mitek, 1995, 113. Bahr je 28. 11. 1749 v pismu Filipu Volteru (* 6. 8. 1707 Leovalensis na Slovakem; SJ 9.
10. 1723 Brno; 29. 9. 1748 Olomouc) okraj imenoval Muran (Kolek, 1999, 216--217). Mu-lan je bilo ime
legendarnega kitajskega dekleta bojevnika iz nad 10 stopinj juneje pokrajine Mulan v provinci Hunan. Mu-lan
p'i je legendarna ezoceanska deela kitajskih mornarjev.

108
Rocha in Hallerstein sta narisala predel, irok in dolg po eno zemljepisno stopinjo med 41,5o
in 42,5o. Zahodna meja risbe je bil poldnevnik mesta Pekinga, ki so ga Kitajci uporabljali kot
prvega v astronomiji in zemljepisu. Tako sta narisala kvadratni zemljevid skrajnega severa
dananje pokrajine Hebei.

SLIKA Hallersteinov opis krake pokrajine Mu-Lan (Phil.Trans. 1753 (1751-1752) 47: 322)

Opisano obmoje je imelo severozahodno oglie na meji dananje Notranje Mongolije (Nei
Monggol) pri dananjem mestu Doulun, severovzhodno pa na meji z dananjo pokrajino
Liaoning z oljnimi skrilavci, ki se vzhodneje raztezajo do korejske meje. Zemljevid je bil dolg
in irok po tiri evlje, torej narisan priblino v razmerju 1 : 90.000.115 To je bil e kar
spodoben zemljevid visoke loljivosti, ki ga je cesar nujno potreboval, saj je v te kraje vsako
tretjo leto hodil na lov iz svoje poletne rezidence v Jeholu. Poslopje z vodometi v Jeholu je
projektiral in gradil Castiglione po evropskem vzoru iz Versaillesa. Benoist je upravljal z
vodometi na veliko cesarjevo zadovoljstvo.116 Castiglione je med kartografiranjem deele
narisal sloviti Lov v Mulanu.

V tem asu so tudi v habsburki monarhiji zaeli izdelovati zemljevide, podobne


Hallersteinovemu. e omenjeni Ivan Dizma Florjani de Grienfeld je leta 1744 objavil
zemljevid vojvodine Kranjske v priblinem merilu 1 : 111.000. V letih 1784 do 1787 je
dvaindvajset armadnih zemljemercev in maperjev pod vodstvom polkovnika Neua premerilo
in mapiralo Kranjsko, spodnjo tajersko, ter dele Koroke in Gorike v merilu 1 : 28.800, kar
je bilo trikrat natanneje od Hallersteinovega zemljevida.

Hallerstein se je 28. 11. 1749 opravieval bratu in leto pozneje tajniku londonske Kraljeve
drube, ker jim e ni mogel poslati kopije zemljevida. Ni omenil vojake skrivnosti, ki je
itila pozneje habsburke Joefinske vojake zemljevide. Morda je bil Hallersteinov
zemljevid med tistimi, ki jih je aprila 1755 Gaubil poslal Kraljevi drubi v London.117

15. Antonov bratranec Bernard Ferdinand Erberg o zemljepisu in orodjih za mapiranje

Bernard Ferdinand Erberg118 je na Dunaju leta 1760 izdal Popis zemljepisno krajepisnih del o
slavnem ekem kraljestvu. Podobno delo je bil pripravljal tudi o Kranjski, a ga ni konal.

Preglednica 6: Erbergovi olski pripomoki za geografijo iz leta 1755

Naprava

1. elezni globus z obroi (ki omogoajo vrtenje), nabavljen e leta 1706


5. Globus po Joh. Gabr. Dopelmajerju
8. Tabele obrazcev za nartovanje

115
Stopinja zemljepisne doline meri priblino 112 km.
116
Hallerstein, 1753 (1751--1752), 321--322; Hallerstein, 28. 11. 1749, objava 1781, 28--29.
117
mitek, 1995, 113.
118
Bernard Ferdinand Erberg (* 20. 5. 1718 Ljubljana; SJ 27. 10. 1734 Gradec; 1773 Krems)

109
9. Tok z matematinimi napravami, med njimi estilo, ravnilo itd.
12. Magnetna igla v posodi iz bakra
13. Zemljemerska vez
14. Manja zemljemerska palica

16. Vinjan Inocenc Taufferer

Inocenc Taufferer119 je narisal dva zemljevida o teritorialni razdelitvi ljubljanske nadkofije


leta 1778.120 O zemljepisu je spraeval tudi svoje ljubljanske tudente fizike leta 1760. Zemljo
sestavljata kopno in voda; znotraj je malo ognjenega fluida, okoli pa je ozraje. Kljub
uspenim jezuitskim meritvam poldnevnikov so menili, da e ni mogoe zanesljivo doloiti
absolutne velikosti Zemlje; je pa kot pika v primerjavi z vsem vesoljem. Navedli so splone
zemljepisne pojme. Povrino Zemlje sestavljajo razne razline vrste prsti, tekoin in fosilov.
Nedostopna notranjost je domnevno iz zemeljskih, peenih in kamnitih plasti; vmes so
votline, napolnjene z vodo in ognjem, povezanim z razarjenim srediem Zemlje. Podzemni
ogenj povzroa potrese z nenadnim raztezanjem zraka in par v podzemnih votlinah. Zaradi
gibanja Zemlje podzemni ogenj naglo povzroa redenje in irjenje plinov in par v podzemnih
jamah.121 Gore baje niso vse nastale z vesoljnim potopom, temve so veinoma enako stare
kot Zemlja. Izviri dobijo vodo od deja, staljenega snega in tudi od podzemnih hlapov.122
Podzemni minerali naj bi nastali iz toka raznih kovin, polkovin, tekoin, katerih molekule se
izloajo in meajo zaradi toplote podzemnih ognjev ob izbruhih lave.

SLIKA: Zemljepisna izpitna vpraanja pri Tauffererju

Inocenev neak Janez Siegfried Taufferer123 je leta 1763 obiskoval prvi letnik nijih tudijev
pri jezuitih v Ljubljani. Pri zgodovini, zemljepisu in verouku je zasedel prvo mesto.124
17. Zemljepisne knjige Bokovia in prijateljev pri ljubljanskih jezuitih

Bokovi125 je vekrat obiskal Ljubljano, tako da so ljubljanski jezuiti takoj nabavili njegovo
poroilo o meritvah poldnevnika v Papeki dravi s priloenim zemljevidom Papeke
drave;126 hranili so kar dva izvoda. Tri leta po natisu je Bernard Ferdinand Erberg v
Bokovievo knjigo zapisal ekslibris: Inscriptus Catalogo Bibliotheca Philosophici
Coll.Labac.S.J.1758 a P.Bernardino Erber. Knjiga je bila dvakrat ponatisnjena (Bonnoniae
1757 in Viennae 1776), dopolnjeni francoski prevod pa je izel v Parizu leta 1770 pod
naslovom Voyage astronomique et gographique. Bokoviev prijatelj jezuit Christoph
Maire127 je bil rektor Anglekega kolegija v Rimu, znan po delih iz praktine astronomije.

119
Inocenc Taufferer (* 19. 1. 1722 Turn pri Vinji gori; SJ 28. 10. 1738 Dunaj; 14. 1. 1794 Ljubljana);
Lukcs, 1988, 1690. Po drugih virih umrl v Gorici (Stoeger, 1855, 362).
120
Diar., I./40r, str. 1763L/11 (1760), 1771L/14 (1761); Stoeger, 1855, 361; Sommervogel, 7: 1892; Ciperle,
1980, 112, 120, 177.
121
Taufferer, Ex physica Particulari 1760, teza 33.
122
Taufferer, Ex physica Particulari 1760, teza 34.
123
Janez Siegfried Her(i)bert Taufferer (* 23. 12. 1750; 24. 5. 1796).
124
rnivec, 1999, 295.
125
Rujer Josip Bokovi (* Dubrovnik 18. 5. 1711; Milano 13.2.1787)
126
Dolar, 1992, 191.
127
Christoph Maire (* 1697; 1767)

110
Leta 1772 je Bokovi najprej v francoskem prevodu objavil potopis svojega potovanja od
Istanbula do Poljske.

Ljubljanski jezuiti so kupili tudi knjigo Bokovievega prijatelja Franoisa Jacquierja,128 ki je


bil profesor matematike na liceju v Rimu. Leta 1766 je po Sploni fiziki z mehaniko v
drugem delu pri Posebni fiziki objavil poglavja o fluidih (I), svetlobi in ognju (II),
astronomiji (III) in geografiji (IV). Jacquier je zaslovel kot so-izdajatelj Newtonovih
Principov v enevi leta 1739, 1740 in 1742 z latinskim komentarjem in dopolnitvami.

Poznamo trinajst ohranjenih tiskanih tez za izpit iz fizike na jezuitskem kolegiju v Ljubljani v
letih 1709, 1716, 1717, 1732, 1754, 1759, 1760, 1766, 1768 (2), 1771, 1772 in 1773.129
Nekatere teze so izle v samostojnih izdajah in obravnavajo samo posebne dele fizike: optiko
(1709, 1772), hidravliko (1771) in fizikalno astronomijo (1773). Druge so bile vezane pred
pomembnim delom iz pedagogike (1732), fizike (1754, 1761, 1768), fiziologije (1716),
geografije (1717, 1766) ali astronomije (1768).

SLIKA: Ljubljanske zemljepisne knjige Bokovia in prijateljev

18. Liesganig meri poldnevnik v naih krajih

Meritve jezuitskih geodetov in e posebej Bokovia v papeki dravi med letoma 1750-1756
so spodbudile nabavo zemljemerskih naprav v Ljubljani leta 1755. Kupili so zemljemersko
vez in manjo zemljemersko palico. Merjenje poldnevnika je postalo kar neke vrste paradni
konj jezuitskih znanstvenikov. Na naem tajerskem je poldnevnik meril Joseph Xavier
Liesganig,130 ki je uil tudi Gruberja.

Pionirske meritve poldnevnika seveda niso minile brez sodelovanja ljubljanskih profesorjev
matematike. Poleg Bokovia in Hrvata Ignaca Szentmartonyja, ki je poueval v Gradcu, se je
leta 1750 za razmejevanje panske in portugalske posesti v Juni Ameriki na poziv
portugalskega kralja in jezuitskega generala Retza javil tudi ljubljanski profesor matematike
Hrvat Haller. Bokovi je po konani razmejitvi elel meriti e poldnevnik, medtem ko se je
Haller zanimal za misijonarsko delo v Juni Ameriki. 19. 5. 1750 je jezuitski general Hallerju
odobril pot v portugalsko Brazilijo, vendar je moral ve let akati na ladjo v Lizboni. 14. 2.
1754 je izplul iz Cdiza kot lan panske odprave in 24. 4. 1755 odel proti ustju Orinoka,
vendar je e dva meseca pozneje 24. 6. 1755 umrl za epidemijo na otoku Trinidad. Tako v
novem svetu ni sreal drugega ljubljanskega misijonarja Inocenca Erberga.

Bokovieva prijatelja jezuita Liesganig in Scherffer sta merila poldnevnik med letoma 1762
in 1767 med Brnom in Varadinom, med letoma 1768 in 1769 pa na obmoju Czurok-
Petrovaradin (danes Novi sad)-Kitelek. V tem asu je Scherffer na Dunaju poueval
matematiko G. Gruberja in pozneje njegovega polbrata Tobijo in jim posredoval svoje
zemljemerske izkunje.

128
Franois Jacquier (* 1711; 1788); z Biwaldovimi izpitnimi tezami.
129
Kraus, 1717; Fabri, 1732; Taufferer, 1760; Pogrietschnig, 1766 in 1768; Schttl, 1773.
130
Joseph Xavier Liesganig (* 13. 2. 1719 Gradec; SJ 28. 10. 1734 Dunaj; 4. 3. 1799 Lviv (Lvov)

111
Ob strokovnih Scherfferjevih nasvetih131 je meril od leta 1762 do 1767 med Brnom in
Varadinom. Poleg izdelovalca kvadranta in drugih orodij jezuita Josepha Ramspoecka jima
je pomagal e Vegov pozneji predstojnik, tedaj e inenirski nadporonik Unterberger,132 in
Hippolit Verit.133 Leta 1768 in 1769 je Liesganig nadaljeval z meritvami e na obmoju
Czurok-Petrovaradin-Kitelek, leta 1771 pa je postal dekan dunajske filozofske fakultete.
Pozneje se je izkazalo, da je Liesganig zagreil dvojno napako pri meritvi osmega trikotnika
med sv. Urbanom nad Mariborom, Wildonom in sv. Magdaleno nad Radgono, ko je meril s
stolpa gradu Schatzenthurn v Zgornjo Radgoni. Zaradi napake je postavil poldnevnik pri
Varadinu preve vzhodno, kar je leta 1799 popravil Laplace.134 Seveda je Liesganig zato
slial marsikatero krepko od Zacha,135 ki je popravil e Liesganigove ogrske meritve. Bazo pri
Dunajskem novem mestu pa je Liesganig tako dobro nameril, da je njegove rezultate vojska
uporabljala e stoletje pozneje.136 Poldnevnik med Reko in Krkom so leta 1825 merili pariki
astronomi.137

SLIKA: Spomenik in znamka posveena Liesganigu, ki je meril poldnevnik v naih krajih

19. Knjige ljubljanskih jezuitov:

Rosaccio, Giuseppe138. 1666, 1674. Teatro del cielo, a della terra. In quest' ultima
impressione adornata di bellissime figure... In Trevigi: Francesco Righettini 141 strani s
slikami in zemljevidi, 15 cm.139 V katalogu Franca Ksaverja Wilda140 knjiniarja v Licejski
knjinici.141 Z lesorezi Evrope, panije, Francije, srednje Evrope, Rusije, Grije, Afrike, Azije
in Amerike na dvojnih straneh. Na enojnih straneh zemljevidi Anglije, Korzike in Sicilije.

Preglednica 7

Druge ljubljanske jezuitske knjige o zemljepisu po popisu iz leta 1775:


Verzeichnis der vom Feuer geretteten Bcher des gewesten Collegii S.J142.:

11. Veteris et novae geographiae compendiosa Congeries.


207. Thesaurus vita terrestris et coelestis.
226. Austria mappis geographicis distincta.

131
Liesganig, 1770, uvod, 2 (nepaginirano).
132
Leopold baron Unterberger (* 12. 10. 1734 Strengberg v Spodnji Avstriji; 9. 2. 1818 Dunaj).
133
Liesganig, 1770, 227, 228; Allmer, 1987, 15.
134
Pierre Simon Laplace (* 1749; 1827).
135
Baron Franz Xaver von Zach (* 13. 6. 1754 Peta; 1832 Pariz ).
136
Allmer, 1987, 33, 37-39.
137
Schwaba, 2002, 57.
138
Rosaccio, Giuseppe (* okoli 1530; okoli 1620)
139
NUK-8237; Erberg
140
Franc Ksaver Wilde (* 1753; 1828),
141
Catalogus Librorum Bibliotheca Publicae Lycei Labacensis in Ducatu Carniola, NUK, rokopisni oddelek
142
NUK, rokopis 31/83

112
421. Roger Joseph Boscovich S.J. (1711-1787), Theoria Philosophiae Naturalis, Venetiis,
1763 (NUK- 8179; NUK-8180). De litteraria expeditione per pontificam ditionem ad
dimetiendos duos meridiani gradus et corrigendam mappam geographicam jussu, et auspiciis
Benedicti XIV Pont. Max suscepta a Patribus Societ. Jesu Christophoro Maire et Rogerio
Josepho Boscovich, Romae, 1755 (NUK-4243)
443. Epitome elementorum matheseos universae. Pars quarta P. Philippo Steinmeyer S.J.
Philipp Steinmeyer (Philemon, * 1710; 1797) S.J. 1766. Epitome elementorum matheseos
universae. Pars quarta, complectens spherica cum trigonometria spherica, astronomiam, et
geographiam. Faugustae Vindel, Friburgi Brisg.: Ign. & Ant. Wagner. (NUK-4784).
590. series Ducum in regum Bohemia.
594. Series regum Gallia.
598. Beschardungder Relatione ber den ein zug und Erbhuldigung actum in dem
Hertzoghum Krnten

20. Gregor Schttl

Ob prihodu v Ljubljano, morda e pred nastopom profesorske slube, ki v lastnikih vpisih ni


bila omenjana, je G. Schttl daroval jezuitski knjinici knjige v katero so vpisali nedatiran
ekslibris In Soc. Bibl. Phil. Coll. Lab. S.J. Dono P. Greg. Schttl. Med podarjenimi deli je
bila rodoslovna raziskava o grofih (in knezih) Celjskih, vezana ob izpitne teze, ki jih je baron
Edmund Brabeck leta 1755 zagovarjal pri profesorju fizike Erasmusu Frlichu na
Terezijaniu. V rodoslovnem delu na 118 straneh ni bila omenjena Veronika Desenika,
omenil pa je nasilno smrt Ulrika II. Celjana in njegove morilce. Podatke je pisec rpal iz
celjske kronike, Valvasorja in Anea Silviusa, na cesarsko dokumentacijo pa ga je opozoril
jezuit Antonio Steyer.

Sledilo je nepaginiranih 17 listov vpraanj iz zgodovine (ena stran), kozmografije (3 strani),


kronologije, ponovno zgodovine, optike, etike, splone in posebne fizike. Branil jih je kanonik
Brabeck, sluatelj drugega letnika filozofije, matematike in zgodovine. Po teh tezah iz svojih
olskih dni se je Schttl zgledoval pozneje med pouevanjem v Ljubljani.

Pri zemljepisu je najprej opisal gibanje Sonca. tudent je moral povedati kaj je ekliptika,
ekvator, zenit in nadir. Opisati je moral Sonevo deklinacijo in deklinacijo zvezd (Frlich,
1755, 4-6). Edini zemljepisni teorem je zahteval doloitev zemljepisne doline kraja in smer
(severnega) pola. Sledilo je reevanje ve problemov, med njimi rte meridiana deklinacije
zvezd, razdelitev zemljevida na stopinje zemljepisne irine in doline s kazalom v miljah.
Sledila so vpraanja iz kronologije, kjer se je zanimal za nujne popravke julijanskega
koledarja in o Gregorijanskem koledarju (Frlich, 1755, 8).

Med petimi ohranjenimi disputacijami G. Schttla iz let 1769-1775143 je mogoe najti leta
1773 tudi triinpetdeset tez o astronomiji in sili tee. Javni zagovor izpita iz fizikalne
astronomije so pri Schttlu opravili Janez Bonnes iz Tolmina, Prevodnig,144 ljubljanski
mean Toma Sedej in Verwega145 ob koncu drugega letnika filozofije leta 1773. tirje
njihovi soolci, eh Ignac Zumper, Vinjan Maksimilijan Wreger, Koevar Janez Tschinkl in

143
Murko, 1974, 39.
144
rnivec, 1999, 284.
145
rnivec, 1999, 283, 284.

113
Janez Jabornik, so raje javno zagovarjali teze iz etike. Odgovarjali so na naslednja geografsko
obarvana vpraanja:

5) Od kod vemo, kakne oblike je Zemlja? Ali utimo njeno okroglino? Kako velika je? Kako
so prvi posumili, da ima Zemlja okroglo obliko? Na osnovi esa presojamo obliko Zemlje?
Kako doloamo obliko Zemlje in velikost stopinje meridianov? Kateri slavni moje so
opravili meritev meridianov?146 Zakaj Cassinijeve meritve v Galiji147 niso prepriljive? Imajo
napako.

6) Zemlja je v resnici na polih stisnjena, na ekvatorju razirjena.

16) Kaj so horizont, zenit, nadir, pol, nebesne osi, ekvator, meridiani, viina zvezd, vertikalni
krogi, ekliptika? Kaj je zodiak in kakna je njegova razporeditev? Kako pada in naraa?

SLIKA: Schttlove teze o geografiji iz leta 1773

20. Kauffnann, Schmidt in Maffei

Kauffmann148 je priel v Ljubljano v letu 1766, ko so jezuiti s pomojo Kranjske kmetijske


drube ustanavljali katedro za mehaniko in risanje ter zaeli pouevati zidarje in tesarje.
Najbolj ugleden profesor na katedri je bil od leta 1769 G. Gruber, ki je poueval risanje
geometrijo, mehaniko in hidravliko.

Zaetki geodetskega olstva na Slovenskem segajo v 18. stoletje. Pri upravi rudnika ivega
srebra v Idriji je delovala jamomerska, zemljemerska in risarska ola skoraj ob istem asu, ko
je zael Gruber predavati mehaniko, zemljemerstvo in zemljemersko risanje. Njegovo
pouevanje na Ljubljanskih vijih tudijah in obrtni oli v Ljubljani je zaetek vijeolske
teoretine inenirske geodezije; dopolnjeval jo je praktini pouk meritev in mapiranja na
obrtni oli. Geodezija je bila paradna veda tedanjih jezuitov, ki so z Bokoviem,
Liesganigom in Scherfferjem vodili vse meritve poldnevnika v tedanji habsburki monarhiji
in v Papeki dravi.

Leta 1766 so Ljubljanani natisnili dvanajst Kauffmanovih matematinih tez, leta 1768 pa dve
manj; postavili so jih za Pogrietschnigovimi fizikalnimi tezami. Fiziki so bila najblija
poglavja o kozmografiji ter o merjenju in nartovanju na terenu pri vpraanjih o
meroznanstvu, geodeziji in vojnem gradbenitvu. Izpit iz kozmografije je bil enak leta 1771 in
1772, obravnaval pa je predvsem matematino geografijo Zemlje. tudentje so morali vedeti:
kako vidimo, da je Zemlja okrogla, kaj je Zemljina os, kaj je teaj, ekvator, vzporednik,
poldnevnik, horizont, zenit, nadir; kako se giblje Sonce po ekliptiki, kaj je zodiak; kaj je
geografska dolina in irina, katere so strani neba; kako je s asom na razlinih krajih Zemlje,
kako je z dolino dneva, kakno je podnebje v razlinih pasovih (npr. tropskem, polarnem),
katere dele sveta naseljujejo razna ljudstva. Sledile so naloge: podati trojno lego sfere,
razloiti estmeseni dan na teajih, doloiti geografsko lego poljubljenega kraja (s pomojo

146
ODGOVOR: Condamine, Maupertius in Bouguer po letu 1735, Lacaille 1746 ter e posebno jezuiti Bokovi,
Liesganig, Scherffer in drugi.
147
Med letoma 1739-1740 v Franciji.
148
Josef Kaufmann (* Dunaj 22. 8. 1725; 1791)

114
globusa ali zemljevida), doloiti krajevne ase, doloiti podnebje raznih krajev v zvezi z
dolino dneva.

SLIKA: Izpitne teze o zemljepisu pri Kauffmanu julija 1772

Po Kauffmanovem odhodu je postal leta 1772 profesor matematike na jezuitskem kolegiju v


Ljubljani Michael Schmidt,149 ki je bil obenem e katehet in zapisovalec zgodovine hie. e
naslednje leto ga je nadomestil Joef Jakob Liberatus Maffei pl. Glattfort.150 Kauffmann je
priel v Ljubljano v letu 1766, ko so jezuiti s pomojo Kranjske kmetijske drube ustanavljali
katedro za mehaniko in risanje ter zaeli pouevati zidarje in tesarje. Najbolj ugleden profesor
na katedri je bil od leta 1769 Gabrijel Gruber, ki je poueval risanje geometrijo, mehaniko in
hidravliko. Gruber je zael v Ljubljani predavati mehaniko, zemljemerstvo in zemljemersko
risanje. Njegovo pouevanje na Ljubljanskih vijih tudijah in obrtni oli v Ljubljani je
zaetek vijeolske teoretine inenirske geodezije; dopolnjevalo je praktini pouk meritev in
mapiranja na obrtni oli. Matematik, geodet in znameniti topniki astnik Vega se je uil
nijih gradenj in mapiranja na ljubljanski jezuitski katedri za mehaniko.

21. Gabrijel Gruber in Jurij Vega

Gabrijel Gruber, Vega in drugi ljubljanski inenirji so urejevali reko Muro med Radgono in
Gradcem v 1770ih letih. Gruber, ki je bil po rodu Dunajan je deloval v Ljubljani med leti
1768 in 1784. Svoj naraaj na ljubljanskem liceju poueval tudi v kartiranju, narisal pa je
tudi odlino situacijsko karto Ljubljanskega barja (1780), ki je sluila za pripravo za njegov
projekt osuevanja barja s prekopom, ki danes nosi njegovo ime in je bil odprt leta 1780.151

Gabrijel Gruber152 je leta 1802 objavil razpravo o urejevanju Save v praki geografski
reviji.153 Gruberju se je zdelo, da bi se dalo kopati, saj so bile nadmorske viine od 246 m v
niinah do 500 m v gorovju, kar je posebno okoli Benetk dajalo vtis nizozemske pokrajine.
Razmiljal je o prekopavanju Save za boljo plovbo v razpravi, ki je bila natisnjena le nekaj
mesecev pred njegovo izvolitvijo za generala. Pri natisu je v Pragi posredoval Gabrijelov
polbrat Tobija: Ker ima Sava na Kranjskem moan padec je mestoma tudi do 20 senjev
globoka. Drugod odlaga gramoz v jarke, izgublja padec, poplavlja, se zvija in na Madarskem
in na Hrvakem spreminja tok. Do Krkega lahko ladje tovorijo po 150-180 centov, od
Krkega do Beograda pa od 300 do 400 centov. Vendar je plovba nevarna. Zato bi bilo treba
staro reno korito poravnati. To je gotovo Heraklejevo delo, vendar potrebno in koristno, tako
kot njegovo ienje Avgijevih hlevov.154

SLIKA: Gruberjeva objava v praki geografski reviji

149
Michael Schmidt (* 18. 4. 1735 Dunaj; SJ 17. 10. 1751 Dunaj; po 1773)
150
Joef Jakob Liberatus Maffei pl. Glattfort (* 15. 8. 1742 Gorica; SJ 19. 10. 1757 Dunaj; oktober 1807
Dunaj)
151
Koroec, 1978, str. 114-118
152
Gabrijel Gruber152 (* 6. 5. 1740 Dunaj; SJ 18. 10. 1755 Dunaj; 25. 3. 1805 Sankt Peterburg)
153
Diar., I./40r, str. 1831L/10, 1837L in 1842L; Stoeger, 1855, 109; Sommervogel, 3: 1882.
154
Gruber, 1802. Rectification der Saveflusses.

115
Recenzent razprave navigacijskega inenirja Abb Gabr. Gruberja je predlogu zaelel
naklonjen sprejem. Navigacijski inenir je le nekaj mesecev pozneje postal jezuitski
general. Do izvedbe v Gruberjevih razsenostih ni prilo. Danes je poloaj drugaen in
jadranje postaja priljubljen port premonejih. Morda vendarle nova prilonost za ponovno
uveljavitev Gruberjevih jadrnic na argonavtskih vodnih poteh?

Vegova razprava iz leta 1798 o smeri sile tee je bila zapisana v obliki vpraanj in odgovorov.
Na strani 156 je Vega nanizal tudi geografska vpraanja:

1) Kakna je smer tee pri razlini viini polov pri prostem, mirujoem, nerotirajoem,
popolnem elipsoidu enakomerne gostote in znane velikosti, mase in doline osi? (Upotevamo
le lastni privlak sile tee brez zunanjih motenj.)
2) Kakna je zveza med resnino viino polov in resnino (zemljepisno) irino?
3) Kakna so razmerja med dolinami enostavnega sekundnega nihala in z njim povezanim
pospekom sile tee na razlinih (zemljepisnih) dolinah?
4) Kolikna je navidezna dolina meridiana na razlinih (zemljepisnih) dolinah?

22. Zoisova knjinica

iga Zois155 je bil vodja razsvetljenskega kroga na Kranjskem, ki je s svojim mecenstvom


odloilno vplival na Vodnika, Linharta, Hacqueta, Kopitarja, Japlja. Sistematino je zbiral
zlasti naravoslovne in slavistine knjige, ki so tvorile eno najboljih in najvejih zasebnih
knjinic. Veina knjig je leta 1827 preel v last licejske knjinice in je danes v NUKu.

Preglednica: Seznam knjig iz nekdanje Zoisove knjinice v ljubljanskem NUK:

Lalande, (Joseph Jrme Le Franois). 1769. Voyage d'unFranois en l'Italie. 8 tom Querero
(2 fl:0 kr).
Eppilly. 1769. Le geographie manuel. Paris.2
Robert. 1767. Geographie universelle. Paris (0:45).
Fresnoy. 1768. Methode pour tudier la gographie. Paris (5:00).
La Martiniers. 1737. Grand dictionaire geographie (10:00)
Gmelin. 1767. Siberia.
Philipus. 1773. Pole Boreal.
Bougainville. 1771. Atour de Monde et Suppement.
Byron, Commodore. 1774. Voyage atour de monde. (12:00).
Cooke (kapetan). 1778. Voyage dans l'hemisphre Austral et autour du monde 1772-1775.
Paris. (9:00).
Kolbe. 1743. Descriptio de Cap de Bone Experance ou histoire des Hotentotes.
Sonnerat. 1776. Voyage a la nouveau Guina avec Paris.
Bajon. 1777. Memoire pour servir a l'Histoire de Cayene et de la Gijana Franois. (0:50).
Atlas de toutes les parties connues du globe terrestre, presse pur l'histoire susdite. 1780???.
Fol.
De Ulloa. 1781. Physikalische Nachrichte em Sddliche und Nordstliche Amerika.
2 Atlas universelles avec 141 cartes pr. Sandini ven 4 fil. (20:00)

155
iga Zois (* Trst 23. 11. 1747; Ljubljana 10. 11. 1819)

116
1 humarme siser Atlas 25 Karten. (3:00)
166?. Geografia delli Enfanti lest da frenoy. (0:30).

SLIKA: Lalande, (Joseph Jrme Le Franois). 1769. Voyage d'un Franois en l'Italie. 8
tom Querero (2 fl:0 kr).

23. Idrija praktina geometrija in kartografija

Idrijski rudarji niso uspeli ustanoviti dveh gimnazijskih razredov po pronji dvorni komori
poslani dne 7. 7. 1716. Srenejo roko je imel rudniki ravnatelj Steinberg156, ki je leta 1728
ustanovil jamomersko olo. Med svojimi dijaki je hitro opazil nadarjenega domaina Joefa
Mraka157, ki ga je dobro izobrazil tako da je 28. 4. 1752 Mrak lahko prevzel pouk
zemljemerstva, jamomerstva, kartografije, geometrije, geodezije in risanja. Ob Scopolijevi158
nastavitvi so leta 1763 izdali dekret o idrijski Rudarski oli, ki pa je s Scopolijevim odhodom
v Bansko tiavnico, al, zamrla, medtem ko je Mrakova Rudnika, jamomerska in
kartografska ola pa je delova po upokojitvi Joefa Mraka (1776) e nekaj let pod njegovim
sinom Antonom, pomonim uiteljem in kartografom. Leta 1778 so idrijski rudarji vzdrevali
zasebno gimnazijo, med ilirskimi provincami pa so imeli eno leto celo poseben matematini
oddelek pri normalki. Na uvedbo joefinskih olnin leta 1784 so se idrijski rudarji odzvali na
sebi svojstven nain; pa niso hoteli biti izkljueni iz vijega izobraevalnega sistema, ki naj
bi bil po ukinitvi jezuitov rezerviran predvsem za bogate. Zato so pri domai glavni oli
organizirali pouk v obsege treh razredov gimnazije. Seveda oblasti niso s prijaznim oesom
gledale na njihovo poetje in idrijskega pouka niso hotele uradno priznati. Tako so absolventi
dopolnilne idrijske ole morali opravljati dodatne izpite za vpis v etrti razred ljubljanske
gimnazije; podobna obveznost je bila pa predvidena za vse, ki so tudirali privatno. V asu
Ilirskih provinc so leta 1810/11 pri idrijski normalki ustanovili poseben dvorazredni
matematini oddelek. V njem so pouevali vijo matematiko in risanje. al so se razmere
izjemno naglo spreminjale v tistih prevratnih asih; tako je obetajoi oddelek deloval eno
samo leto. Od leta 1838 do 1875 so Idrijani obiskovali nedeljsko olo, glavno olo pa so leta
1869 preimenovali v rudarsko olo. Da bi idrijska dekleta ne zaostajala za fanti so zanje leta
1876 ustanovili ipkarsko olo, za mone Idrijane pa od leta 1892 do 1909 gozdarsko olo.159
Vsekakor je bila Idrija velika izjema v kakovosti kartografskega in matematinega pouka; ni
udno, da sta prav tam zaetno znanje pridobila Monik in Peternel.160

SLIKA: Poevni naris Joefa Mraka: Idrijski rudnik 1744

ZNAMENITI OLNIKI V IDRIJI:161


Steinberg 1728 kartografija v Geodetski oli
Joef Mrak 28. 4. 1752 1769 Jamomerska ola

156
Franc Anton pl. Steinberg (*grad Kalca pri Pivki 1684; 1765)
157
Joef Mrak (*Idrija 25.2. 1709,; 14.8.1786)
158
Giovani Antonio Scopoli (* Cavalese 13.6.1723; 8.5.1788 Pavia)
159
Pavli, 2000.
160
Mednarodni simpozij Kulturna dediina v geologiji, rudarstvo in metalurgiji.
17.-21. 6. 2002. Idrija: Rudnik ivega srebra.
161
Pavli, 2000.

117
Janez Anton Scopoli 1763-1769 ola za metalurke in kemijske vede
Josip Reisner 1904/1905 Realka
Julij Nardin 1905-1912 Realka
Lavo ermelj 1914-zaetek marca 1920 Realna gimnazija

24. Balthasar Hacquet

Balthasar Hacquet162 je bil ena najbolj zanimivih in tudi skrivnostnih osebnosti razsvetljenstva
pri nas. Domnevno je bil francoskega porekla, vendar je kar dobri dve desetletji deloval na
Slovenskem v Idriji in Ljubljani.

Hacquetova Oriktografija Kranjske v tirih delih163 je izla je v Leipzigu pri zalobi


Breitkopf, 1778-89, vsebuje opis neive narave na Kranjskem, in njegovo geslo: Brez vse
elje dobika in brez neresnice, ampak zgolj iz nagnjenja to povedati, kar se je videlo in
skualo iz ljubezni do ene deele najmogonejega in najbolj razirjenega ljudstva starega
sveta.

Hacquetovi ZEMLJEVIDI:
Alpkarte Krainska deschela,
Mappa Litho-Hydrographica nationis slavicae ad occidentem solem sitae Lito-hidrografska
karta slovanskih narodov
Continuatio Mappae Litho-Hydrographicae nationis slavicae ad occidentem solem sitae
Nadaljevanje prejnje karte, ki zajema obmoje Hrvake do Une in Drave

KRANJSKA DEELA: rno-bela litografija, (original velikosti 65 x 43 cm), s podpisom


Franza Xaverja Barage, narejena v Ljubljani 1778, pri tedaj znanem bakrorezcu Jakobu
Adamu164 (*1748; 1811). Zemljepisna imena na njej so veinoma v slovenini ali nareju.
Zlasti to velja to za podroje med morjem in Alpami do reke Save v Zasavju in Slovenske
marke. V desnem zgornjem kotu je zanimiva veduta splavarja

SLIKA : Hacquetova Kranjska deela

Na drugem zemljevidu so prikazane kamnine in vodovje slovanskega naroda leeega proti


zahodu Sonca. Podpisal ga je in. Leopold Lieber, izdelan je bil v Ljubljani, leta 1782.
Bakrorezec je bil tudi Adam, zanimiv je njen rokokojski naslov ter predstavitev prebivalstva v
lokalnih noah; zemljepisna imena so slovenska in severno od Karavank dvojezina, tako kot
poimenovanje regionalnih pripadnosti.
Tretji zemljevid vsebuje nadaljevanje prejnjega zemljevida, zarisal ga je Georg Reider,
bakrorez pa je izdelal Johann Hieronymus Loeschenkohl (1807). Levo zgoraj ima lepo
veduto z istrskim in dolenjskim parom v znailnih noah.

Druga Hacquetova zemljepisna dela


Na Kranjskem:

162
Balthasar Hacquet (*Francija? 1739; 10.1.1815 Dunaj)
163
Hacquet, Balthasar. 1778-89. Oryctographia Carniolica oder Physikalische Erdbeschreibung des
Herzogthums Krain, Istrien, und zum Teil der benachbarten Laender, 4 deli
164
Jakob Adam164 (*1748-1811)

118
1776. Schreiben an H. Ignaz v. Born ber verschiedene auf einer Reise nach Semlin
gesammelte Beobachtungen. Abhandlungen einer Privatgesellschaft in Bhmen zur Aufnahme
der Mathematik etc. (Prag) (2): 230-257. (NUK-166). Italijanski prevod: 1778. Delni nemki
ponatis: 1808.
1778. Beschreibung einer Reise durch das sterreichische und Trkische Illyrien. Opuscoli
scelti sulle scienze e sulle arti (Milano) (1):
1778. Lettera odeoporica del Sig. Prof. Hacquet at Sign. Cavaliere di Born, contente i dettagli
d'un viaggio fluviatile, fatto pell.Illieio Ungarese e Turchesco da Lubiana in Carniola sino a
Semlin nel Sirmiuo. Opuscoli scelti sulle scienze e sulle arti (Milano) Parte 1: 5-27. Prevod
dela iz leta 1776. (Ponatis: 1984).
1782. Aus einem Schreiben des Herrn Doctor Reineggs aus Tiflis vom 21sten Januar 1780 an
Herrn Prof. Hacquet in Laybach. Schriften der Berlinischen Gesellschaft naturforschender
Freunde (3): 398-406. (Ponatis: 1994. Deutsche Zeitschriften des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts.
1783. Schreiben eines reisenden aus Zermanien oder Tedanum des alten Illyriens, welches
nun zu dem sterreichischen Kroatien gehrt. (Johan Ernst) Fabri's geograph. Magazin
(Band 2) Heft 7.
1784. Hacquets Mineralogisch= Botanische Lustreisen, von dem Berg Terglou in Krain, zu
den Berg Glockner in Tyrol, im Jahre 1779 und 81. Wien: Johann Paul Krauss. 149 strani.
(Zwote (sic!) vernderte und vermehrte Auflage). (Ponatis: (1784): Schriften der Berlinischen
Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde (Th. 1): 119-171).
1785. Physikalisch-politische Reise aus den Dinarischen durch die Julischen, Carnischen,
Rhtitschen in die Norischen Alpen im Jahre 1781 und 1783 unternomen von Hacquet.
Leipzig: Adam Friedrich Bhme. I-II. 156+220 strani. 6+12 bakrorezov.

Po odhodu s Kranjske:
1789. Oryctographia Carniolica oder physikalische Bescheibung des Herzogthums Krain,
Istrien und zum Theil der benachbarten Lnder. Leipzig: Johann Gottlob Immanuel Breitkopf.
IV. del. VIII-XVI, 1-91 strani.
1790. Hacquet's neueste physikalisch-politische Reisen in den Jahren 1788. und 1789. durch
die Dacischen und Sarmatischen oder Nrdlichen Karpathen. Nrnberg: Raspe. I. del. 206
strani. 7 bakrorezov s prav toliko slikami.
1791. Reise durch die Norischen Alpen physikalischen und anderen Inhalts unternommen in
den Jahren 1784 bis 1786. Nrnberg: Raspe. I-II. 263 strani. I del 5 vinjet, dva bakroreza; II
del 3 vinjete, dva bakroreza.
1791. Etwas ber die Karpatischen Gebirgen, und einige Mineralwasser. Chemische Annalen
fur Freunde der Naturlehre, Arzneygelahrheit, Haushaltungskunst und Manufakturen von
Lorenz Crell (Helmstaedt und Leipzig: J. G. Mller) (Crell's Chemische Annalen) (Stck 2):]
136-139.
1791. Hacquet's neueste physikalisch-politische Reisen in den Jahren 1788. 89 und 90. durch
die Dacischen und Sarmatischen oder Nrdlichen Karpathen. Nrnberg: Raspe. II del. 249
strani, 4 strani korektur, 8 slik na 6 bakrorezih.
1792. Sur les monts Carpaths. Journal de Physique (Paris) (Th. 40): 317-318.
1794. Hacquet's neueste physikalisch-politische Reisen in den Jahren 1791. 92. und 93. durch
die Dacischen und Sarmatischen oder Nrdlichen Karpathen. Nrnberg: Raspe. III. del. 247
strani, 1 stran popravkov II. dela. 3 tabele, 7 bakrorezov s prav toliko slikami.
1794. Hacquets Mineralogisch= Botanische Lustreise, von dem Berg Terglou in Krain, zu den
Berg Glockner in Tyrol, im Jahre 1779 und 1781. Wien: Johann Paul Kaustschen. 149 strani.
ber die Salzberge in Siebengebirgen und Galitzien. Moll's Jahrbcher fr Bergbau und
Httenkunde (in der Mayerschen Buchhandlung). 1: 596. Ponatis: 1794. Gttinger gelehrte
Anzeiger No. 41.

119
1796. Hacquet's neueste physikalisch-politische Reisen den Jahren 1794 und 95. durch die
Dacischen und Sarmatischen oder Nrdlichen Karpathen. Nrnberg: Raspe. IV. del. 254
strani. 6 bakrorezov s prav toliko slikami.
1797-1799. Von einer Reise durch Deutschland und Skandinavien. Allgemeiner Leipziger
Anzeiger (Leipzig).
1798. Reise durch die neu eroberten Provinzen Russlands, in Jahr 1797, mit Rcksicht auf
Handel, Manufakturen, Fabriken, Geographie, Statistik, Politik, konomie, Naturgeschichte,
Botanik u.s.w. Schreiben an einem Freund in L. Journal fr Fabrik, Manufaktur, Handlung
und Mode (Leipzig: Christian Adolph Hempel) Julij: 1-33; Avgust: 89-131.
1801-1808. Abbildung und Beschreibung der sdwest- und stlischen Wenden, Illyrer und
Slaven, deren geographische Ausbereitung von den Adriatischen Meere bis an den Ponto,
deren Sitten, Gebrauche, Hanthierung, Gewerbe, religion u.s.w. nach einer zehnjhrigen Reise
und vierzigjhrigen Aufenthalte in jenen Gegenden. Leipzig: Im Industrie-Comptoir. Erster
Theil. Heft 1-5. Heft 1: XII+246 strani.
1801-1808. Kranjska, geloki in hidrografski opis, predvsem Gorenjske. Izpisi iz Hacquetove
Oryctographia Carniolica. AS, Zbirka rokopisov in urbarjev, II 66r.
1808. Skizze ber das Karpatische Gebirge. Beu Annalen der literatur des sterreichischen
Kaiserthumes (Wien: Anton Doll (sterreichische Annalen). 2. Heft.
1815. L'Illyrie et la Dalmatie, ou meurs, usages et costumes de leurs habitants et de ceux des
contres voisines. Traduit de l'allemand de M. le docteur Hacquet par M. Breton. Augment
d'un Mmoire sur la Croatie militaire; orn de trente-deux planches, dont vingt-quatre d'aprs
les dessins originaux indits. Paris: Nepveu. I del: XII + 155 strani, Tabele. II del: 175 strani.
1816. Miniaturgemalde aus der Lnder und Vlkerkunde Illyrien und Dalmatioen oder Sitten,
Gerauch und Trachten den Illyrier ind Dalmatier und inhnen Nachbarn (aus dem
franzsischen nach Hacquet). Fortiss und Cassis Verfassen Werke des Herren reton. bersetzt
von Jamis Pannonius. 36 bakrorezov. Delno pripravil Hacquet, del po originalnih zapiskih iz
zapuine. Pesth

Berlinski lekarnar in praktini zdravnik Friedrich Heinrich Wilhelm Martini je izdal prve tiri
volumne Beschftigungen der Berlinischen Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde. Nato je
urednitvo Beschftigungen in tudi Schriften prevzel Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Otto iz
Berlina, ki je leta 1783 (glej sliko datirano leto poprej) in 1788 objavil tudi pismi
Scopolijevega uenca dr. Jacoba Reineggsa165 iz Gruzije s Hacquetovimi pojasnili.

Reineggs je v pismu Hacqueta izpostavil kot svojega najboljega prijatelja, kar mee novo lu
na skrivnostno Hacquetovo osebo. Zael je kot brivski pomonik v Leipzigu in zabavlja ter
konal medicino v Trnavi z disertacijo o kemijskih sistemih leta 1773. Nato je odpotoval na
vzhod. Bil je ruski diplomat v Gruziji, svetnik na ruskih olah in nato olski tudijski direktor
instituta za mlade ranocelnike v Sankt Peterburgu. Leta 1796 in 1797 je objavil pomembno
zgodovinsko-geografsko tudijo o Kavkazu.166 Poroilo so prevedli kar dvakrat: A General,
historical, and topographical description of Mount Caucasus. 1797. London: C. Taylor;
1800. Mmoire historique sur la Gorgie. Paris

25. Anton Toma Linhart

165
dr. Jacob Reineggs (Reinegg, Christian Rudolph Ehlich, Ehrlich, Oehlich, * 28. 11. 1744 Eisleben;
marec/april 1793 Sankt Petersburg)
166
Allgemeine historisch-topographische Beschreibung des Kaukasus. Gotha und St. Petersburg: Fr. E.
Schrder (Shreder) J. D. Gerstenberg (ur.), Dittmar.

120
Linhart167 je izdelal dva zemljevida, ki sta sluila za prilogo k njegovemu Poskusu zgodovine
Kranjske in ostalih deel junih Slovanov, ki je ostal nedokonan. Prvi zvezek je izel leta
1788 in je vseboval tudi zemljevid Pokrajine med reko Dravo in Jadranskim morjem v
antinem asu,168 ki je bila izdelana s pomojo Alojza Kralja e tri leta prej. Povrje je le
grobo nakazano s hribki, mono poenostavljeni pa sta tudi naselbinska in rena mrea. Za
predlogo je sluila tudi Hacquetovi Kranjski deeli, vendar v eni izmed pomanjanih verzij
tega zemljevida.

SLIKA: Linhartov zemljevid Karantanije

V drugem zvezku, ki je izel leta 1791 pri Wilhelmu Heinrichu Kornu v Ljubljani je bil tudi
zemljevid Karantanije iz asa pred frankovsko zasedbo.169 Na zemljevidu je na nekaterih e
germaniziranih delih dodal imena slovanskega izvora. Likovna oprema je podobno asketska,
vsebuje pa nekatera slovenska in dvojezina imena, kljub temu, da je sam Poskus170 izel v
nemini. Samo delo pa je eno temeljnih del za slovensko zgodovino (karantanski mit).

26. Ilirske province

V sicer kratkem obdobju delovanja francoskega olstva (1810-13) je bila zlasti vloga
ljubljanskega liceja zelo pomembna. Sluil je kot centralna ola za ostale gimnazije, ki pa so
bile precej spremenjene. V letu 1810/11 je Valentin Vodnik171 prvi poueval geografijo v
slovenini a le v 1. razredu ljubljanskega liceja, saj je v vijih pouk potekal v francoini. Za
svoja predavanja si je izdelal tudi lastne skripte, ki pa se al niso ohranile. Pouk geografije in
zgodovine je v slovenini veinoma potekal tudi na postojnski gimnaziji in verjetno tudi
idrijski gimnaziji. al je finanna stiska e naslednje leto pripeljala do prve preureditve in
kritve ol in predmetnika (tudi geografije). Sicer je bila geografija naslednjega leta zopet
vrnjena vanj a se je pouevala v nemini in e konec olskega leta 1812/13 je ilirsko olstvo
razpadlo.

SLIKA: Ilirske province

27. Janez Krstnik in Karl Hummel

Na univerzi v Ljubljani je fiziko predaval Janez Krstnik Kersnik172 iz Most pri irovnici na
Gorenjskem, ded poznejega pisatelja Kersnika. V Ljubljani je po gimnaziji tudiral e dva
letnika filozofije. Fiziko je poslual v 2. letniku leta 1802-1803 po dve uri na teden pri
nekdanjem jezuitu Schalerju. Tega je zaradi bolezni po 3. 3. 1803 nadomeal Neumann. Po
konani filozofiji je Kersnik leta 1803-1804 konal e en bogoslovni letnik, vendar ni bil
posveen v duhovnika. Dne 15. 9. 1804 je postal uitelj 4. razreda na normalki v Ljubljani.

167
Anton Toma Linhart (*Radovljica 11.12.1756- Ljubljana 14.7.1795)
168
Tabula Antiqua Regionis inter Dravum et mare Adriaticum
169
Conspectus Karantaniae sive Slavorum meriodionalium ante Caroli M. imperium
170
Versuch einer Geschichte von Krain und uebrigen suedlichen Slaven Oesterreichs, 1788 in 1791
171
Valentin Vodnik (*Ljubljana 3.2.1758; 8. 1.1819)
172
Janez Krstnik Kersnik (* 26. 3. 1783 Moste pri irovnici na Gorenjskem; 24. 6. 1850 Ljubljana)

121
Dne 10. 12. 1808 je bil imenovan za rednega profesorja fizike na liceju Ljubljani na mesto
Matije Kalistra. Kersnik je bil tudi lan Kranjske kmetijske drube.

SLIKA: Kersnikov popis z globusi in zemljevidi iz 1847

Hummel173 z Moravske je bil poldrugo desetletje Kersnikov kolega, saj je predaval


elementarno matematiko v prvem letniku liceja v Ljubljani od leta 1835 do odhoda v Gradec.
Na graki univerzi je Hummel leta 1850 postal prvi profesor fizike in katedro obdral do
upokojitve 31. 5. 1867. Leta 1855 je v Gradcu objavil knjigo o fizikalni geografiji.

SLIKA: Naslovnica in slike iz Hummlove zemljepisne knjige

28. Karl Robida

Benediktinec Karel Robida174 je bil rojen v predmestju Ljubljane. Kot Kranjec in zaveden
Slovenec se je zavzemal za slovensko kulturo in jezik. Zato je moral bridko doivljati
ponemevanje, ki je na Korokem dobivalo nevarne oblike po letu 1848. Prav v tem asu je
bil Robida zelo delaven, saj je sodeloval v Slomkovih Drobtinicah od prvega letnika leta
1846 dalje in pri Janeievi Slovenski Beli prav tako od prve tevilke leta 1850, kjer je
priobil Uvod k splonemu zemljopisu. Okroglo obliko Zemlje je dokazal s tem, da popotnik
najprej od dale vidi zvonik, in ele nato cerkev.175 V vrtenje Zemlje je bralca preprial reko:
Lae je predpostaviti, da se kepa kotali po hribu, kot da se hrib kotali po kepi in jo
ponazoril z vrtenjem pomarane,176 ki je bila Slovencem gotovo e zelo nenavaden sade pred
poldrugim stoletjem. Leta 1866 je opisal doloanje viin z barometrom.

SLIKA: Robidov uvod k zemljepisu iz Slovenske bele

29. Peter Kozler

Peter Kozler177 je bil rojen oetu Ivanu (1780-1864). Odraal je na graini Ortnek, ki jo je
oe kupil leta 1820. Peter se je zael olati pri Sv. Gregorju, nato pa je med letoma 1835-1840
obiskoval normalko in gimnazijo v Ljubljani. V Ljubljani je stanoval pri svojemu
gimnazijskemu profesorju fizike Janezu Kersniku in sodeloval v njegovem krogu. Filozofijo
je tudiral v Italiji. Prvo leto (logiko) je tudiral v Padovi, drugo (fiziko) pa v Pavii. Nato se je
vpisal na dunajsko univerzo in med letoma 1843-1846 konal pravo. Do leta 1856 je delal v
dravnih slubah v Istri in v Trstu. Med pomladjo narodov si je zamislil in leta 1853 dal
natisniti prvi zemljevid slovenskega etninega ozemlja, ki pa je zaradi policijske prepovedi
priel v javnost ele leta 1861 in bil ponatisnjen e 1864 in 1871. Med letom 1857-1863 je bil
notar v Seani, nato pa je po oetovi smrti prevzel njegovo trgovino na Dunaju. Skupaj s

173
Karl Hummel (* 1801 atov (Schattau) na Moravskem; 1879 Gradec)
174
Karel Robida (Dragotin, Lucas, * 13. 10. 1804 Mala vas pri Jeici; 1877 Celovec).
175
Robida, 1850, 83.
176
Robida, 1850, 84, 119.
177
Peter Kozler (Kosler, * Koe 16.2. 1824; Ljubljana 16.4.1879).

122
tremi brati in sestro je maja 1867 osnoval in vodil najvejo pivovarno na Kranjskem, prednico
dananjega Uniona. Od leta 1875 je bil podpredsednik kranjske Kmetijske drube. Posmrtni
izdaji Kocenovega zemljevida iz leta 1875 so dodali posebno karto slovenskih deel pod
vplivom Kozlerjevega zemljevida. Kozler je skupaj s Matejem Cigaletom sodeloval pri prvi
splono geografski publikaciji Slovenske Matice, pri slovenskem atlasu, ki je leta 1869 v
prvem zvezku prinesel tri zemljevide: celotno zemljo, Evropo in Habsburko monarhijo;
sprva so jih hoteli povzeti po Kocenovih atlasih. Med letoma 1867-1877 je bil Kozler
poslanec narodne stranke v deelnem zboru za okraje Koevje, Ribnica in Velike Lae, med
letoma 1868-1877 tudi namestnik deelnega glavarja. Na jezo nemkega koevarskega
okrajnega glavarja so na volitvah leta 1870 izbrali slovensko usmerjena Luko Svetca in Petra
Kozlerja. Svetec in Kozler sta dobila po 51 oziroma 47 glasov od skupno devetdesetih,
medtem ko sta njuna nemka protikandidata F. Kromer in I. Wenedikter dobila samo po 36
glasov. Kozler je kandidiral tudi na listi mladoslovencev za dravni zbor leta 1873, vendar ga
je premagal grof Barbo. Umrl je 16. 4. 1879 v Ljubljani.178

SLIKA: Kozlerjev zemljovid

30. Deman in njegov krog

Deman179 je oivil Muzejsko drutvo in urejeval njegovo glasilo.180 Deman je prvi zbral in
objavil dovolj natanno zbirko viin kranjskih krajev,181 potem ko je Kocenov dunajski
profesor Andreas Baumgartner182 v svoji reviji Ettingshausen und Baumgartners Zeitschrift
fr Physik und Mathematik objavil splone katastrske trigonometrine meritve za monarhijo
od koder so v Ljubljani povzeli podatke za Kranjsko domovinsko geografijo. Za Triglav so
namerili 1506 dunajskih klafter.183 Deman je priobil tevilne odmevne tudije rastlinske
geografije.

Karel Aleksander Adam Ulepi pl. Krainfels184 je 11. 11. 1857 prebral poroilo Kranjana
Antona Pirca o Juni Ameriki pred Muzejskim drutvom, katerega lan je bil Kocen, vodja pa
Deman.185

SLIKA: Demanov opis Notranjske in Cerknikega jezera iz prvega slovenskega


gimnazijskega berila iz 1850

Deman je bil tudi avtor geografskega opisa Notranjske in e posebej Cerknikega jezera, ki
je izel v Slovenskem berilu za pervi gimnmazijalni razred, leta 1850 v Ljubljani in sta ga

178
Kordi, Ivan; kufca, Irena, 1996.
179
Karl Deman (Dragotin Deschmann, * 3. 1. 1821 Idrija; Ljubljana 11. 3. 1889)
180
Jahreshefte des Vereines des krainischen Landes Museums, pozneje Mitteil. des Musealvereines fr Krain
(MMK)
181
MMK, 1866, 1-77.
182
Andreas Baumgartner (* 1793; 1865)
183
Vaterlandische trigonometrisch bestimmte Hhenpunkte im Herzogthume Krain. Illyrisches Blatt, 14. januar
1841, tevilka 2, stran 5-6.
184
Karel Aleksander Adam Ulepi pl. Krainfels (Ullepich, * 1811; 1862)
185
2. Jahreshefte des Vereines des krainischen Landes Museums, Laibach, 1858, str. 126-136

123
uredila Ljubljanski gimnazijski ravnatelj Johann Kleemann in urednik Kmetijskih in
rokodelskih novic Janez Bleiweis.186

31. ivljenjska pot in domai kraji Blaa Kocena

Rojen je bil v skromni kmeki druini na Hotunju pri Slomkovi Ponikvi. Po uspenem
olanju na trivialki v Ponikvi, je nadaljeval s olanjem na glavni oli in gimnaziji v Celju,
liceju v Gradcu in nato na bogoslovju v Celovcu. Pri 24 letih je bil posveen v duhovnika. Pet
let je kaplanoval po spodnji tajerski (entrupert, Rogatec in otanj). V letu 1850 je sledil
pozivu drave, ki je zaradi velike reforme gimnazij potrebovala nove moi in sprejel slubo
nadomestnega profesorja na svoji nekdanji gimnaziji v Celju. Poueval je matematiko in
fiziko oziroma prirodopis. V letu 1852 je v enem letu na Fizikalnem intitutu na Dunaju
diplomiral z odliko pri prof. Ettinghausnu in si priboril ustrezno profesorsko izobrazbo. Takoj
je dobil slubo na ljubljanski gimnaziji, kjer pa je ostal le dve leti. Tu se je veliko druil s
Karlom Demanom in njegovim krogom pri Muzejskim drutvom v katerem je bil tudi sam
aktiven. Verjetno je bil ravno izredno razgledani Deman tisti, ki je sicer fizika in matematika
Kocena navduil nad geografijo. V letu 1855 sledi selitev na gimnazijo Gorici. Tam zane s
svojim znanstvenim delom in izda svoji prvi deli (tudijo podnebja na Gorikem in ubenik
Osnove geografije). Vendar je njegovo najbolj plodno obdobje sledilo na Moravskem, kamor
odide leta 1858 in ostane do 1870. Le zadnje leto svojega ivljenja je preivel na Dunaju kjer
je v predmestju Hernals umrl star ele 50 let.187

SLIKA: Bla Kocen z oetom

eprav je bil rojen v dokaj odmaknjenem delu spodnje tajerske, ki se je bolje povezal z
vejimi kraji ele z izgradnjo June eleznice leta 1846, je Kocenu, tako kot e pred njim
njegovemu sokrajanu Antonu Martinu Slomku ki so mu ga pogosto postavljali za vzgled,
uspelo postati zelo cenjen kartograf in olnik. e doma je bil navduen nad naravo, rastlinami,
ivalmi in zgodovino domaih krajev, kar je pomembno vplivalo na njegovo kasnejo
odloitev, da opusti duhovniki poklic in poie sreo v olstvu, kljub nasprotnim eljam
njegove matere. e v rani mladosti je slovel kot odlien risar, kar se je izkazalo tudi kasneje
pri risanju kart.188

Uspeh Kocenovih zemljepisnih uil je tako temeljil na bogatih temeljih. Bla Kocen se je
otepal s pomanjkanjem na estletni celjski gimnaziji. e huje je bilo med tudijem filozofije v
Gradcu (1839-1841), ki je poasi znova postajal univerzitetno mesto po degradaciji med
vladavino Marije Terezije in Joefa II. (1773-1782). Leta 1821 je nadvojvoda Janez ustanovil
Joanneum kot prednika Politehnike, leta 1828 pa so ponovno ustanovili univerzo v Gradcu.
Prvi profesor fizike na univerzi v Gradcu je bil nekdanji ljubljanski profesor, doktor filozofije
Karl Hummel, ki je katedro vodil med letom 1850 in 31. 5. 1867.

186
Deman, 1850, str. 123-132
187
Bratec Mrvar, 2002, str. 162-168
188
Sever Sonja

124
Po teolokih tudijah v Celovcu je bil Kocen leta 1845 posveen v duhovnika. Sluboval je
kot kaplan dovolj blizu domae kaje v entrupertu nad Lakim, otanju in Rogatcu. Ko so
filozofske tudije po Marni revoluciji prikljuili gimnazijam so tevilne gimnazije dopolnili
do osmih razredov tudi v krajih, kjer prej pouka filozofije ni bilo. Zato je bilo seveda treba
novih unih moi. Po Exner-Bonitzovi reformi sta geografija in zgodovina postali skupen
predmet na osemletnih gimnazijah, geografija pa je postala samostojen predmet leta 1870 na
uiteljiih, leta 1878 pa na realkah. Kocen se je odloil za profesorski poklic, podobno kot
duhovnik-kemik Mihael Peternel189 in pred njim benediktinec Karel Robida. Kocen je zael s
predavanji na celjski gimnaziji (1849), ki jo je desetletje prej konal z odliko. Celje je takoj
po Kocenovem odhodu poleg gimnazije dobilo e nijo dvorazredno realko v poslopju
osnovne ole leta 1852/53.

Preglednica 8: Fiziki na Celjski gimnaziji Kocenove dobe

Ime Poueval in raziskoval Ustanova

Bla Kocen 1849-1852 suplent Gimnazija


Joef Essl190 -1855-1856 Gimnazija
Anton antel191 -1872 Gimnazija
Maurer192 1873-193 Gimnazija

32. Kocen na Dunaju

Da bi lahko obdral profesorsko slubo, je moral Kocen opraviti potrebne izpite na dunajskem
fizikalnem institutu iz naravoslovja, fizike in matematike (5. 12. 1852-9. 10. 1853). Dunajski
fizikalni institut so ustanovili 17. 1. 1850 pod Dopplerjevim194 vodstvom. al je ta sloviti
salzburki fizik, odkritelj po njem imenovanega efekta spreminjanja frekvence zvoka
gibajoega se vira, tik pred zaetkom Kocenovih tudijev zbolel jeseni 1852, odel na dalji
dopust in podal ostavko. Tako je Kocen tudiral pri Ettingshausnu;195 le-ta je institut vodil
med letoma 1853-1858, nato pa ga je zaradi bolezni nadomestil Stefan in za njim Boltzmann.
Kemijski institut je vodil J. Redtenbacher, matematiko je leta 1853 predava Moth,196 fiziko pa
Kunzek,197 Petzval,198 Ettingshausen in Grailich.199 Poleg njih sta bila slovita dunajska
profesorja e astronom Littrow in fizik Baumgartner. Vzporedno s Kocenom je na Dunaju
med letoma 1852-1856 Simon ubic tudiral matematiko in fiziko, leto za njim pa je Joef
Stefan poslual predavanja matematike pri profesorju Mothu, teoretina poglavja fizike pa pri
Kunzeku in Dopplerjevemu nasprotniku matematiku Petzvalu.

189
Mihael Peternel (* 1808 Neuoslitz; 1884).
190
Nemec Josef Essl (* 21. 1. 1830 Perneck na ekem), profesor matematike in fizike 14. 11. 1856
(Dassenbacher, 1868).
191
Anton antel (* 13. 1. 1845 Pesnica na tajerskem; 28. 4. 1920 Krko).
192
Dr. Ferdinand Maurer (* 1837 Wettern na ekem; cistercijanec).
193
Anton antel, 2006, 438.
194
Christian Doppler (* 29. 11. 1803 Salzburg; 17. 3. 1853 Benetke).
195
Baron Andreas von Ettingshausen (* 25. 11. 1796 Heidelberg; 25. 5. 1878 Dunaj).
196
Franz Xaver Moth (* 1802; 1879).
197
August Kunzek Edler von Lichton (* 1795; 1865).
198
Joseph Petzval (* 1807; 1891).
199
ermelj, 1976, 25.

125
126
Preglednica 9: Kranjski tudentje na dunajski Univerzi Kocenovega asa200

Filozofska fakulteta Celotna Univerza

Leto: Kranjci Skupaj zimski/letni doktorati Kranjci Skupaj zimski/letni doktorati

1847/48 0 49
1848/49 ? 189/189 8 28 929/ 929 125
1849/50 ? 110/110 6 28 808/ 808 145
1850/51 0 84/ 65 2 16 2283/2189 131
1851/52 2 81/ 66 2 11 3060/2864 128
1852/53 9 110/107 1 16 2652/2387 142
1853/54 5 163/149 0 13 2508/2206 187
1854/55 7 215/198 1 13 2534/2253 300
1855/56 11 275/259 1 15 2695/2482 251
1856/57 7 280/254 3 15 2925/2464 225
1857/58 5 258/248 4 15 2722/2511 234
1858/59 3 161/229 5 15 2437/2270 250
1859/60 2 138/144 4 13 2343/2386 217

Ettingshausen je bil najtesneji Cauchyjev201 sodelavec v habsburki monarhiji. Na Dunaj ga


je pripeljal oe oficir; najprej je tudiral filozofijo, pravo in topnike vede na
Bombardierschule, kjer je do nedavnega predaval Jurij Vega. Ettingshausen je leta 1817
postal adjunkt za matematiko na univerzi v Innsbrucku. Od leta 1821 do leta 1835 je bil
profesor vije matematike na dunajski univerzi, nato pa je zamenjal katedro za fiziko,
uporabno matematiko in mehaniko. Leta 1826 je skupaj z Baumgartnerjem na Dunaju zael
izdajati odmevno fizikalno-matematino revijo. Dne 4. 3. 1840 je prvi na svetu posnel
fotografijo skozi mikroskop. Leta 1852 je postal profesor inenirskih ved na dunajskem
politehninem institutu. Utemeljil je Dunajsko akademijo znanosti in jo od leta 1847 do 1850
vodil kot glavni tajnik. Leta 1862 je bil rektor dunajske univerze; al ga je kmalu zaela
pestiti bolezen in si je moral izbrati Joefa Stefana za naslednika pri Fizikalnem institutu.

Fizikalni institut je bil od 1. 4. 1850 v velike univerzitetnem poslopju, kjer je danes


Akademija znanosti. Leta 1851 so ga prestavili na Erdberg, kjer je tudiral Kocen. Tam je
Fizikalni institut deloval do leta 1875, ko so ga prestavili na Trkenstrasse t. 3. V
Kocenovem asu je imel Fizikalni institut 1300 fl C.M. letnih dotacij, svoji knjinici pa je
hranil 863 knjig v 3132 zvezkih, ki jih je Kocen s pridom uporabljal.202

SLIKA: Pogled s ceste na Fizikalni institut na Dunaju-Erdberg, kjer je tudiral Kocen

SLIKA: Kocenov dunajski profesor Andreas von Ettingshausen.

200
Petritsch 1972, 12, 90-91; Geschichte der Wiener Universitt, 1898, 401-402, 406-407.
201
Augustin Louis baron Cauchy (* August 21, 1789 Paris; May 2, 1857 Sceaux pri Parizu).
202
Geschichte der Wiener Universitt, 1898, 289.

127
Ettingshausen je na Dunaju predvsem preverjal Cauchyjeve gorike optine teorije. Dne 29.
11. 1838 je Cauchy opisal irjenje ravnih valov v sistemu molekul, ki se privlaijo in odbijajo
na zelo majhnih razdaljah. Iz zelo enostavnega postopka je takoj sledila enaba za povrinske
valove. Podobno enabo je Ettingshausen izpeljal za polarizacijo v prozornih telesih na osnovi
Cauchyjeve gorike razprave objavljene dne 29. 10. 1837.203 Ettingshausen je svetle in temne
rte v spektru Sonca ali drugih svetil pojasnil z valovno teorijo svetlobe in o rezultatih poroal
Cauchyju. ez nekaj let je Cauchy pri pariki akademiji objavil podobno dopolnjeno teorijo
(22. 4. 1839)204 razvito iz starejih gorikih dognanj.

Skupaj s Kocenom in ubicom sta tudirala matematiko in naravoslovje na Dunaju e


Ljubljanan Wurner in Schrey205 s pomojo Knafljeve tipendije. Vsi so pozneje postali
srednjeolski profesorji. Wurner je postal gimnazijski profesor leta 1862 in je bil ob svojem
asu poleg Demana in Vovka najpomembneji meteorolog na Kranjskem. Schrey pa je bil
profesor in ravnatelj na realkah v Ljubljani in Celovcu in lan Kranjskega muzejskega
drutva. Za razliko od ubica in Wurnerja Schrey ni objavljal razprav v slovenskem jeziku.

Skupaj s Kocenom je med letoma 1851-1854 na Dunaju tudiral matematiko in naravoslovje


avgutinski menih eh Mendel,206 pozneje pionir genetike. Leta 1855/56 so se na dunajsko
filozofsko fakulteto vpisali ljubljanski "Vajevci", Kocenovi nekdanji ljubljanski dijaki, med
njimi naravoslovca Fran Erjavec in Ivan Tuek.207

Med tudijem na Dunaju je Kocen priel tudi v stik s tamkajnjimi geografi. Geografijo je
predaval privatni docent Adolph von Schmidl,208 ki je raziskoval jame in e posebej Planinsko
Jamo (Planina-Hhle) s tolikno vnemo, da si je pridobil vzdevek Hhlen Schmidl.
Sodeloval je v debati o Proteusu pri Dunajski akademiji med 3.-31. 10. 1850209 in pozneje
istega leta. Ta raziskovanja loveke ribice so pomembno vplivala na Demana in Muzejsko
drutvo za Kranjsko. Po Schmidlu je leta 1851 Friderich Simony210 postal prvi profesor
zemljepisa na Dunajski univerzi. Razvil se je v uspenega raziskovalca Alp, fizinega
geografa in snovalca unih pripomokov v lastnem opremljenem kabinetu.

Verjetno je tudi v letih preivetih na Moravskem Kocen pogosto zahajal na Dunaj, saj je bil
tukaj sede Hlzlovega kartografskega intituta, ki je izdeloval njegove zemljevide in atlase.
Poleg tega pa je bil tudi lan Prosvetnega sveta, med leti 1863-7, ki so ga ustanovili na
pobudo Frana Mikloia. Po konanem tudiju se je Kocen drugi preselil na Dunaj leta 1870,
saj se je sem preselila tudi njegova domaa zaloba Hoelzel (Hlzel). V Olomoucu je zaprosil
za predasno upokojitev, vendar je vseeno nadaljeval s svojim delom na podroju olske
geografije, saj naj bi umrl 29. maja 1871 v dunajskem zahodnem predmestju Hernals in sicer
sredi dela z kartografsko skico v roki.211 Pokopan naj bi bil na starem hernalkem
pokopaliu, ki pa se je ravno leta 1872 preselilo na novega, kjer verjetno danes poivajo
njegovi ostanki.

203
Cauchy, 1884, 1/4: 99, 103, 106.
204
Cauchy, 1884, 1/4: 330.
205
Thomas Schrey (* 1830 Logatec).
206
Gregor Johann Mendel (* 1822; 1884)
207
Bratec Mrvar, 2002, 169.
208
Adolph von Scmidl (Schmidt,* 18. 5. 1802 Knigswart na ekem Bohemia; 20. 11. 1863 Buda)
209
Wien.Ber. (5/3: 228-231, 291-303)
210
Friedrich Simony (* 30. 11. 1813 Hrichuv Tynec (Hrochowteinitz) na eksem; 20. 7. 1896 S. Gallen na
tajerskem)
211
Kaui, 1920, str.4

128
33. Profesor v Ljubljani in Gorici

Po koncu tudijev je Kocen priel na ljubljansko gimnazijo skupaj z dobro leto mlajim
Mitteisom,212 ki je prav tako predaval za matematiko in fiziko. Zanimiveje nabave v
fizikalnem kabinetu gimnazije v Ljubljani je eki Nemec Mitteis vekrat predstavil pred
Kranjskim muzejskim drutvom in se s tem kar najbolj priblial poljudnim predstavitvam
svojega fizikalnega kabineta, kar je bil tudi namen poznejih olskih razstav. Za uitelja
matematike in fizike je bil nastavljen leta 11. 10. 1851 in je zael predavati na Dunajski
Terezijanski Akademiji.213 Med letoma 1862-1865 je bil lan mestnega sveta ljubljanske
obine.214 Po Peternelu je prevzel ravnateljstvo realke leta 1861/62, med letoma 1862-1866 pa
je bil obenem e ravnatelj gimnazije v Ljubljani. Postal je lan Filharmoninega drutva in
Muzejskega drutva medtem ko je trinajst let (1853-1866) predaval fiziko in obasno e
matematiko v Ljubljani. Ukvarjal se je z meteorologijo in seizmologijo; raziskoval je elektro-
magnetne pojave in e posebej njihovo zgodovino. V letu 1856 je imel pred Kranjskim
muzejskim drutvom tiri predavanja o elektriki, med katerimi so tri posegala v zgodovino.
Kocen je skupaj z njim sodeloval v Demanovem domoznanskem kroku pri Muzejskem
drutvu za Kranjsko in pomagal pri pripravi prvega letnika Demanovih muzejskih izvestij.

Dne 4. 7. 1855 je Kocen na prvem vsakomesenem sestanku Muzejskega drutva predaval o


razvoju astronomije od najstarejih asov do Hiparha.215 Hiparh je raziskoval na otoku
Rhodos in tam do skrajnosti dokazal izrek: hic Rhodos, hic salta. Iz paralakse prvi doloil
razdaljo do Lune in Sonca. Sestavil je zemljevid z nekaj nad tiso zvezdami, odkril
supernovo, ki je seveda e ni znal pojasniti in dokazal premik vseh zvezd od zahoda proti
vzhodu kot precesijo ekvinokcija za 36'' na leto, ki jo je dobro opisal ele Kopernik, vzroki
zanjo pa so bili jasni komaj po Newtonovih raziskovanjih. Hiparhovo vrednost premika 36''
danes toneje izmerimo kot 50''. Hiparhov zemljevid zvezd je lahko pozneje postal povod za
Kocenovo lastno delo na zemljevidih, seveda pozemskih in ne nebesnih. Hiparh je bil namre
pionir sodobne matematine kartografije, saj je vpeljal princip doloanja koordinat tok na
povrini Zemlje, zemljepisno irino in dolino. Sestavil je tudi prve trigonometrijske tabele z
velikostmi hord, ki ustrezajo sodobnim sinusom. Nobena od Hiparhovih knjig ni ohranjena,
seveda pa se je nanj skliceval Ptolemaj. al so Hiparhovi epicikli pri veini poznejih
raziskovalcev postali realni in oprijemljivi, ne pa zgolj konstruirane rte; to je privedlo do
tevilnih teav astronomov pred Kopernikom.

Kocen svojih raziskovanj astronomije ni opustil niti pozneje, saj jih je vseskozi vpletal v
uvodna poglavja svojih geografskih knjig pod naslovom Matematina geografija.
Geografske knjige je zael priobevati kmalu po odhodu iz Ljubljane kot profesor v Gorici in
Olomoucu. Poglavje je po navadi opisal na priblino petnajstih straneh z obravnav vesolja,
Sonevega sistema, Lune, oblike Zemlje in spreminjanja letnih asov.216

Po Demanovih, Radicsevih in Mitteisovih liberalnih nazorih217 je Kocen povzel razmeroma


hladen odnos do intelektualnih prvin slovenskega narodnostnega gibanja in v oli ni

212
Heinrich Mitteis (* 1. 4. 1822 Praga; 15. 5. 1878 Dunaj).
213
Dassenbacher, 1868.
214
Z.st.Gym. 29 (1878) str. 398.
215
Jahresheft MK, 1856, 47; SBL, 1: 481. Hiparh (* okoli 190 Nicaea, danes Iznik severno od Istanbula; okoli
120 pr.n.t.).
216
Bratec Mrvar, 2002, 174, 178; Kocen, 1858, 1-16; Kocen, 1868, 1-13.
217
Bratec Mrvar, 2002, 167.

129
uporabljal slovenine. Med moravskimi ehi v Olomoucu pa je postal narodno zaveden
Slovenec. Radics je po posredovanju Demanovega sovranika Etbina Coste postal suplent na
ljubljanski gimnaziji od jeseni 1858/59 do konca zimskega semestra 1862. Radics je prehodil
do neke mere nasprotno pot od Kocena: tudiral je zemljepis, vendar se je namesto z njim
ukvarjal predvsem z zgodovino, medtem ko je Kocen tudiral naravoslovje matematiko,
ukvarjal pa se je predvsem z zemljepisom.

Preglednica 10: Kocen med ljubljanskimi fiziki in geografi

Ime Poueval in raziskoval Ustanova

Janez Nepomuk Kleeman 1848/49- Gimnazija


Fran Keinzl 1850-1852 Nija realka
Karel Deman 1851/52 Gimnazija
Georg Luscher 1852-1858 Gimnazija
Anton Globonik 1852/53 Gimnazija
Peter Petruzzi 1852/53 Gimnazija
Jan Neasek 1852/53 Gimnazija
Bla Kocen 1853 24. 9. 1855, pravi profesor 30. 1. 1854 Gimnazija
Heinrich Mitteis 1853/54-1865/66 Gimnazija
Mihael Wurner 1856-24. 9. 1862, 1868/69-1887/88 Realka
J. Belovi 1859-1860/61 suplent Gimnazija
J. Smole 1866- direktor Gimnazija
Mihael Peternel 1853-1861 kemija Nija realka
Wilhelm Kukula (Kukule) 1861/62 Nija realka
Ignaz Shonta 1864/65 suplent Gimnazija
Josip Nejedli 1862-1884 matematika Gimnazija
Kukule (Julever) Wilhelm (*30. 6. nastavljen 1857, lan geografskega, zoolokega in botaninega Realka
drutva na Dunaju in Historinega drutva Kranjske, 1868 odide v
1833 Mglitz na Moravskem), Nemec
Linz (Dassenbacher, 1868)
Peter Pavel Radics 1858/59-1862 Gimnazija

Dne 30. 1. 1854 je bil Kocen potrjen za pravega profesorja.218 Kljub temu pri ljubljanskih
olskih oblasteh ni bil priljubljen. Zaradi svobodomiselnosti in obenem zavoljo jetike je 24. 9.
1855 priel na gimnazijo v Gorico in 9. 6. 1857 postal stalni profesor. Gorica je bila e vedno
pod monimi Cauchyjevimi vplivi, eprav je Cauchy delal tam kot domai uitelj
burbonskega pretendenta le od 21. 10. 1836 do srede oktobra 1838.

V gorikih izvestjah za leto 1857 je Kocen objavil razpravo Das Klima von Grz. Goriki
klimo je obudoval tudi zato, ker je ugodno vplivala na njegova pljua. S tem je postal
prednik profesorja realke Seidla, ki je poklicno raziskoval podnebje v Gorici o pomoi
svojega nekdanjega novomekega profesorja, franikanskega meteorologa Bernarda Vovka.
Kocen je fiziko poueval v tretjem in v zadnjih dveh gimnazijskih letnikih. Skrbel je za
naravoslovni kabinet in botanini vrt. Od Filipa Jordana je prevzel bogato opremljen fizikalni
kabinet. Filip je bil oe nadkofa Andreja Jordana, opov znanec in korespondent.. Malo pred

218
Dassenbacher, 1868.

130
Kocenovim prihodom je Filip leta 1846 preskrbel modroslovnemu franikanskemu uiliu
na Kostanjevici najpotrebneje fizikalne naprave.

Preglednica 11: Fiziki, matematiki, geografi in zgodovinarji v Gorici Kocenove dobe

Ime Poueval fiziko Ustanova

Augustin Cauchy Oktober 1836-oktober 1836 Zasebni uitelj


Franc Monik 1836-1846 matematika 4. razred normalke
Filip Jordan219 1825-1855220 Licej, Gimnazija
Bla Kozenn (Kocen) 24. 9. 1855 18. 7. 1858221 matematika, fizika Gimnazija
Anton Diak 1. semester 1. razreda,1.semester 4.r. zgodovina, Gimnazija
zemljepis
Ferdinand Gatti 2. s. 1. r.,2.semester 8.r. zgodovina, zemljepis Gimnazija
Franz Kott 2. r. zgodovina, zemljepis Gimnazija
Dr. Ludwig Preiss 3. r., 2. semester 4. r., 5., 6.,7.r, 1.semester 8.r. Gimnazija
zgodovina, zemljepis
Nicolaus Tessari222 -1863- Realka
Pater Engelbert (Matej) Vovk 1863 osmi razred223 MUK, Gimnazija
Dr. Egid Schreiber224 -1864-1868- Realka
Franz Villich225 1858?-1867 Realka
Mansvet majdek226 (1843)-1853-1859-(1868) MUK, Gimnazija
Pater Evstahij Osimk227 1845-1853- (1882/1891) matematika, fizika228 MUK, Gimnazija
Matija Hartmann -1845/46-1851/52 matematika229 Gimnazija
Filip Paui (Pauschitz)230 3. 10. 1853-19. 9.1869 matematika in fizika Gimnazija
Hubert Leitgeb231 Fizika, naravoslovje -1860-1869- Gimnazija
Moshammer232 -1862- matematika Realka
J. Streissler233 -1865- matematika Realka

219
Filip Jordan (* Malence pri dolenjski Kostanjevici; 15. 11. 1857 Gorica).
220
Marui, 1991, 42-44.
221
SBL, 1: 480.
222
Nicolaus Tessari (* 1835 Koper, imenovan 1861 (Dassenbacher, 1868)).
223
Franikanski ematizmi, 1863: 17. Med letoma 1867-1868 je poueval fiziko v novomeki gimnaziji, dne 2.
9. 1868 pa je bil upokojen zaradi bolezni (Vrhovec, 1891, 297).
224
Egid Schreiber (* 1836).
225
Franz Villicus (Villicius, * 1826 Domain na ekem).
226
Mansvet majdek (Schmaidek, pri krstu Janez, * 1. 3. 1819 Soteska pri Dolenjskih Toplicah; franikan 22.
8. 1836 Novo mesto; 10. 4. 1868 Kostanjevica nad Gorico (Franikanski ematizmi, 1853: 12, 1855: 16,
1859: 17; PBL, 3: 561)).
227
Pater Evstahij Osimk (Ozimk, Ozimek, pri krstu Joef, * 24. 1. 1817 entvid pri Stini; franikan 25. 9.
1838; po 1894 (Franikanski ematizmi, 1853, 12; 1855, 16, 1859: 17, 1860: 17, 1863: 17, 1881: 17, 1892:
12, 1893: 12, 1894: 12.
228
krabec, 2002, 79, 81.
229
Marui, 1991, 42
230
Koroki Nemec Philip Paushitz (* 26. 5. 1824 Ntsch na Korokem).
231
Hubert Leitgeb (* 1835 Portendorf na Korokem, Nemec, nastavljen 1857 (Dassenbacher, 1868)).
232
Karl Moshammer (* 27. 9. 1837 Eisenstadt na Ogrskem).
233
Joseph Streissler (* 1839 Drevikov na ekem).

131
Thomas Klime234 Matematika, tehnino risanje -1868- Gimnazija
Joef Borghi235 30. 10. 1869-1869/70 kandidat-suplent matematike in fizike Gimnazija
Simon Kos236 -1871/72- Realka
Jakob ebular237 1871-1904 matematika, fizika Realka
Heinrich vitez pl. Egger238 -1861-1870/71- matematika, fizika, profesor 31. 5. 1872 Realka, gimnazija
Clemens Barchanek -1873-1888- matematika Realka
Anton antel 31. 5. 1872-1907 matematika fizika Gimnazija
Mathias Lazar -1873/74 etrti razred Gimnazija
Johan Zindler239 1874/75-1876/77 matematika, fizika, ravnatelj (21. 8. 1874-30. 8.
1878)
Gimnazija
Willibaldus Sever240 -1881- matematika fizika, filozofska propadevtika MUK, gimnazija
Henrich Schreiner241 1884-1891 direktor Gimnazija
Ferdinand Seidl242 Februar 1887-1915 naravoslovje, fizika Realka
Bernard Vovk243 1884-1893 MUK

34. Olomouc

Dne 18. 7. 1858 je Kocen odel za profesorja matematike in zgodovine na Vijo nemko
gimnazijo v Olomouc, kjer je univerzitetno katedro dve leti do 13. 12. 1850 dral nekdanji
goriki profesor trivijalke, Franc Monik. Tako je Kocen konno predaval zgodovino z
zemljepisom, kar mu je bilo seveda najblije. Med Kocenovimi sodelavci na gimnaziji
Olomouc je bil Schenk, ki je takoj po Kocenovem prihodu objavil dve razpravi o astronomiji
v izvestjah. Sledila je Kocenova razprava o pedagokem pomenu zemljepisa z opisom
didaktinih izhodi za izdelavo olskih zemljevidov.244 Tukaj je v borih 12 letih izdal veliko
veino svojih del. 3 ubenike v 10 razlinih izdajah; 7 razlinih atlasov v ve kot 50 izdajah,
ve kot 20 razlinih ronih kart Avstrije, Ogrske, razlinih avstrijskih in sosednjih deel (med
njimi tudi Alpskih deel, Avstrijskih alpskih deel, Kranjske z Istro, Koroke in domae
tajerske) ter vsaj 11 stenskih olskih zemljevidov (med njimi tudi Koroke in vsaj dve izdaji
domae tajerske).245 eprav je bil velik individualist in skoraj samouk je vzpostavil temelje,
ki so zalobo Hlzel pripeljali na vodilno mesto predvsem pri olski kartografiji v tedanji
Avstriji, saj je njen trni dele presegel 40 odstotkov v asu od sredine 19. stoletja do konca
Avstro-Ogrske monarhije.

SLIKA: Olomouka zaloba Hlzel

234
Thomas Klime (* 1834 Horusic na ekem), nastavljen 1862 (Dassenbacher, 1868).
235
Joef Borghi (Borgh, Borgim, * 6. 10. 1846 Motovun v Istri; 30. 12. 1896 Ljubljana).
236
Pupin, 1977, 20-23; Erjevec, 1934, 77-78.
237
Jakob ebular (* 31. 7. 1844 Tekaevo pri Rogaki Slatini; 3. 7. 1929 Ljubljana).
238
Heinrich vitez pl. Egger (* 1831 Pavia), suplent za geometrijo in nartovalno geometrijo leta 1868 na niji
realki v Roveretu na Tirolskem (Dassenbacher, 1868).
239
Johann Zindler (* 1835 Palanka v leziji (Marui, 1991, 81)).
240
Willibaldus Bernard Sever (Vilibald, * 22. 8. 1845 Ribnica na Dolenjskem; OFM 28. 8. 1863; 13. 6, 1924
Vi v Ljubljani (Franikanski ematizmi, 1881: 17, 29; sporoilo Patra Felicijana Pevca 23. 10. 2006)).
241
Henrich Schreiner (* 1850 Ljutomer; 1920 Maribor).
242
Ferdo Seidl (* 1856; 1942).
243
Bernard Vovk (Andrej Vouk, * 11. 11. 1824 Ovsie nad Savo na Gorenjskem; franikan 29. 8. 1843; 8. 3.
1911 Breice).
244
Bratec Mrvar, 2002, 163.
245
Bratec Mrvar, 2002

132
SLIKA: Edvard Hlzel

Avgusta 1870 je dobil dopust za kartografske tudije in se kot znan kartograf preselil na
Dunaj, katerega znanstveno srenjo je tedaj e obvladoval Stefan. al je Kocen naglo umrl
zaradi vroice.

Svoj priimek je podpisoval kot Kozenn zato, da bi prepreil nepravilno izgovorjavo. Objavil
je najbolje geografske ubenike v monarhiji, podobno kot se je Moniku istoasno posreilo
v matematiki. Leta 1860-1861 je Kocen dal natisniti zemljevid za osnovne in poklicne ole, ki
so ga uporabljali est desetletij v 43 nemkih (1861-) in 16 ekih izdajah (1862-) ter
priredbah v slovenini, hrvaini, poljini in italijanini. Slovensko narodnostno mejo je
leta 1861 in 1863 povzel po Czoernigu246 in mu dodal seznam slovenskih krajevnih imen.
Czoernig je bil do leta 1865 predsednik upravne statistine komisije, med letoma 1852-1863
pa e predsednik osrednje komisije za ohranitev umetnike in zgodovinske dediine.

Posmrtni izdaji Kocenovega zemljevida iz leta 1875 so dodali posebno karto slovenskih deel
pod vplivom zemljevida Petra Kozlerja tiskanega leta 1864 in 1871. Kozler je sodeloval pri
prvi splono geografski publikaciji Slovenske Matice, pri slovenskem atlasu, ki je leta 1869 v
prvem zvezku prinesel tri zemljevide: celotno zemljo, Evropo in Habsburko monarhijo;
sprva so jih hoteli povzeti po Kocenovih atlasih.247

35. Kocenovi nemki atlasi

Srednjeolski atlasi
Gre za njegov prvi izdani atlas, ki je izel julija 1861 in je tudi njegovo najbolj znano delo, ki
sicer popolnoma spremenjen, a e vedno pod njegovim imenom (Neuer Kozenn Atlas) izhaja
e danes. Atlas je sprva izel pod naslovom Geographiescher SCHUL-ATLAS fr die
Gymnasien, Real- und Handels- Schulen der sterreichischen Monarchie von B. Kozenn
k.k.Professor248. Vendar je e naslednja izdaja leto kasneje nosila drugaen naslov, ki se je
ohranil dolga leta B. Kozenn's geographiescher Schul-Atlas fr die Gymnasien, Real- und
Handel-Schulen der sterreichischen Monarchie.249 e prva izdaja je izla v tirih jezikih
(nemkem, madarskem, ekem in poljskem). Atlas je kljub porodnim teavam doivel lep
uspeh in je bil tudi komercialno uspeen, saj je od leta 1861 naprej izhaja praktino
neprekinjeno v e skoraj 200 razlinih izdajah in ponatisih v skupno milijonih izvodov. e
vedno velja za eno najbolj znanih blagovnih znamk v avstrijski kartografiji.250

SLIKA: Prva izdaja Kocenovega srednjeolskega atlasa

246
Karl baron Czoernig pl. Czernhausen (* 5. 5. 1804 erniusu (Tschernhausen) na ekem; 5. 10. 1889
Gorica).
247
Kranjec, 1964, 213.
248
Kocen, Srednjeolski atlas, 1861.
249
Kocen, 1862
250
Bratec Mrvar, 2000.

133
Prva izdaja:
Kocen je tujim atlasom oital tudi razsipnost s prostorom in pomanjkanje znanstvene ureditve,
uporabnosti tako za zaetnike kot zahtevneje uporabnike. Vse to pravi, da bodo nali v
njegovem atlasu, kjer fizine karte prekaajo vse dosedanje. Pri nadaljnjem tudiju, pravi
Kocen, je geografija veinoma pomona znanost pri zgodovini, zato je v svoj atlas dodal na
stotine historinih naselij, zlasti na kartah avstrijskih kronskih deel, ki so izdelane tako
izrpno in pravilno, kot jih ne najdemo niti v velikih atlasih. Posebno opozarjajo na dvojini
karti Alpskih deel in Sredozemlja, ki sta kot taki unikatni v olskih atlasih. Z ekonomino
razporeditvijo kart je uspelo na 31 listih predstaviti doslej najbolj bogato vsebino pri olskih
atlasih. Atlas odlikuje tudi preprosto in primerljivo merilo, kar olajuje primerjave, pojasnila
projekcij in kartografskih elementov, esar drugi atlasi ne vsebujejo. Poleg tega e cena, ki je
nija kot pri veini olskih atlasov, atlas pa je lahko tudi razdeljen v tri loene zvezke, ki so se
lahko kupili posebej, kar je e olajevalo nakup.251

Drugi atlasi:
e eno leto (jeseni 1862) po srednjeolskem je izel Mali geografski olski atlas, ki je
vseboval skrajano vsebino prejnje izdaje. Namenjen je bil tedaj razlinim osnovnim olam.
Sprva ni bil tako uspeen, kot srednjeolski, saj je drugo izdajo doivel ele ez est let, k
emur je precej prispevalo dejstvo, da v nijih olah atlasi e niso bili obvezni. Takrat je izel
v treh variantah s po 6, 12 ali 18 listi in je izhajal do konca sedemdesetih let 19. stol.
Oro-hidrografski atlas je izel v treh izdajah med leti 1864-73 in je vseboval le fizine karte
celin in srednje Evrope (Alpskih, Karpatskih deel, eke, JZ Nemije). Vzporedno z
zadnjo izdajo 1873 izide tudi istoimenski atlas Avstro-Ogrske monarhije (kronske deele), ki
pa je bil e, delno, delo njegovih naslednikov. lo je za posebno vrsto atlasa z nemimi
zemljevidi. Malo po njegovi smrti, leta 1873 izide e Oro-hidrografski atlas Avstro-Ogrske
monarhije.252
olski atlas avstro-ogrske monarhije je bil zadnje povsem Kocenovo delo saj je izel tik pred
njegovo smrtjo (1870). Vseboval je karte Avstro-Ogrskih deel in bil ena pomembnih novosti
kot regionalni olski atlas, namenjen predvsem domoznanstvu v nijih razredih. Le prva
izdaja je vsebovala posebno karto junoslovanskih deel, ki je v drugi izdaji iz 1875 ne
najdemo ve. Izhajal je do leta 1882.253

SLIKA: Naslovnica Kocenovega atlasa za mepanske ole iz 1879

PREGLEDNICA 11: Kocenovi atlasi

KOCENOVI ATLASI 1861-2007


VRSTE \ JEZIKI nemina eina poljina madarina hrvaina italijanina SKUPAJ
1. Srednjeolski 113 27 20 2 19 4 185
2. Oro-hidrografski 3 1 0 0 0 0 4
3. V 6 kartah 1 2 1 1 0 0 5
4. V 12 kartah 6 1 1 1 0 0 9
5. V 18 kartah 3 1 2 1 0 0 7
6. Mali olski 1 2 0 0 0 0 3
7. Avstro-ogrski 6 1 0 0 0 0 7

251
Kocen, Srednjeolski atlas, 1861, str. 2-5
252
Kretschmer, Dorflimger, 1995
253
Kretschmer, Dorflimger, 1995

134
8. Oro-hidrogr. AO 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
9. Za mean. ole 5 0 0 0 0 0 5
10. Kocen-Letoschek 5 0 0 0 0 0 5
11. Kocen-Seibert 4 0 0 0 0 0 4
12. Kocen-Sonklar 7 0 0 0 0 0 7
13. Kocen-Gttenberger 15 0 0 0 0 0 15
14. Novi Kocenov atlas 10 0 0 0 0 0 10
SKUPAJ 180 35 24 5 19 4 267

36. Kocenovi atlasi v drugih jezikih:

V eini je izla e prva Kocenova izdaja, vendar so se Kocenovi atlasi uveljavili ele v
sredini sedemdesetih let, ko jih je predeloval prof. Jiriek. Skupaj je do konca prve svetovne
vojne, ko je izhajal, izlo preko 20 izdaj in 13 ponatisov Kocenovih atlasov. Ve kot tri
etrtine je bilo srednjeolskih atlasov, poleg katerih so izli e osnovnoolski mali, oro-
hidrografski in atlas Avstro-Ogrske.254

Zelo znani so bili Kocenovi atlasi tudi na Hrvakem, vendar so zaeli izhajati ele konec 80.
let 19. stoletja. eprav je sprva izel osnovnoolski (mali) atlas je bil uspeneji veji
srednjeolski, ki je izhajal e med drugo svetovno vojno (1943). Skupaj je izlo kar 20 izdaj le
tega. Zanimivo je, da je pri izdajanju sodeloval tudi znani slovenski geograf Valter Bohinec.
Glavni hrvaki sodelavci so bili Dobilovi, Hranilovi in Milan enoa. S temi atlasi so se med
obema vojnama zelo pogosto sreevali in jih uporabljali tudi nai srednjeolci.255

V poljini so Kocenovi atlasi izhajali e celo po prvi svetovni vojni do leta 1926. Skupaj je
izlo vsaj 23 izdaj in ponatisov. Tukaj se je srednjeolski atlas najbolj uveljavil izven nemkih
deel, saj je bil pol stoletja najbolj priljubljen srednjeolski atlas. Po manj uspeni prvi izdaji
je uspel konec devetnajstega stoletja, predvsem po predelavi Gustawicza.256

Kocenov srednjeolski atlas je v zadnjih letih Avstro-Ogrske monarhije izhajal tudi v


italijanini (1904-1917). Skupaj so izle 4 izdaje in ponatisi.257

e najmanj so uspeli Kocenovi atlasi v madarini. e prva izdaja, ki je imela tako kot eka
in poljska le preveden uvodni del, jedro pa enako nemki izdaji, je doivela mlaen odziv in
e kmalu so izdali popravljeno izdajo. Kljub temu prodor na madarski trg ni uspel in
srednjeolski atlas v madarini ni ve izhajal. Kocen je znova poskusil konec estdesetih let
z malim osnovnoolskim atlasom, ki mu je dodal posebno karto Madarske, vendar po treh
izdajah od leta 1870 tudi ta ni ve izhajal.258

37. Kocenova didaktika

254
Kretschmer, Dorflimger, 1995
255
Bratec Mrvar, 2000, str. 130-133
256
Bratec Mrvar, 2000, str. 125-129
257
Bratec Mrvar, 2000, str. 134
258
Kretschmer, Dorflimger, 1995

135
Geographische Lehrmittel (Geografska uila) je bilo najpomembneje Kocenovo didaktino
delo, ki je izlo v glasilu olomuke nemke gimnazije v letu 1861. Kocen ga je napisal e po
izidu njegovih prvih ubenikov in neposredno po izidu njegovega prvega srednjeolskega
atlasa. V njem razlaga svoja temeljna didaktina naela pouka geografije ter je pregledno
ocenil tedanja uila na avstrijskem trgu (predvsem atlase). Za temeljno naelo je imel od
poznanega, lahkega in preprostega postopno do neznanega, tekega in sintetinega
znanja.259 Ni podpiral golega prerisovanja in uenja na pamet. Menil ke, da lei vrednost
geografije veinoma v njeni nazornosti in trdnem pomnjenju vtisnjenih predstav o njenih
objektih.260 Uenje imen na pamet ni nikjer manj primerno in da bo uenec svoje znanje
najbolje preizkusil z risanjem delov Zemlje in otokov, meja velikih drav, renih tokov,
slemenitve vejih gorovij, lege in razdalje med znanimi kraji ter risanju profilov iz spomina.
Tako si lahko izoblikuje obutke in razumevanje za velika razmerja, kar je po Kocenovem
mnenju potrebno imeti za temeljni cilj geografskega pouka. Vseeno pa je mono odsvetoval
neposredno prerisovanje zemljevidov, saj pravi, da je malokdo narisal toliko zemljevidov kot
jaz, a je to le malo prispevalo k mojemu geografskemu znanju.261 Poskual je tudi utemeljiti
nekatere didaktine novosti iz njegovih atlasov (pravilno izgovorjavo in zapis tujih
zemljepisnih imen, enotne merske enote na kartah). V enem izmed svojih uvodov, ki so bili
tudi didaktino obarvani je tudi utemeljil svojo odloitev za izdelavo geografskih uil z
velikim pomanjkanjem na tem olskem podroju v tedanji Avstriji.262

38. Kocenovi ubeniki in lanki

V gorikem gimnazijskem glasilu za leto 1857 je Kocen objavil razpravo Das Klima von
Grz. Kocen je svojo Klimo Gorike imenoval v nemkem jeziku enako kot zdravnik Anton
Muznik 76 let prej v latinskem jeziku.263 Muznik je vseh 15 let svojega dotedanjega bivanja v
Gorici vodil meteoroloka opazovanja.264 Skupaj z Muznikovimi je Joseph Barzellini od 1. 1.
1781 do 31. 3. 1788 objavljal svoje nekoliko dvomljive meritve v lokalnem kmekem tisku
vsake tri mesece.265 Kocen je zael meriti po trikrat na dan kmalu po prihodu v Gorico od
junija 1856. Zapisoval si je temperaturo v senci in pod Sonevimi arki, tlak, koliino
padavin, bliskanje, vlago, oblanost, veter in potrese.266

Prvi Kocenov ubenik Osnove geografije je bil natisnjen v Gorici leta 1858 na 86 straneh pri
zalobi Hartleben. Vse naslednje izdaje so izle pri zalobi Hlzel na Dunaju in v Olomucu.
Ker se je pokazalo, da sta potrebna loena ubenika za nije in srednje ole zaneta po 4.
izdaji izhajati dva predelana in dopolnjena ubenika.267

Kocenov Vodi po geografiji je izel 1868 na 192 straneh in bil namenjen srednjim olam ter
je vseboval sprva 27 lesorezov. Kasneje je izhajal loeno v tirih delih, ki so jih predelovali in
dopolnjevali Kocenovi nasledniki vse do leta 1898, ko izide zadnja 11. izdaja.268

259
Kocen, Uila, 1861
260
Kocen, Uila, 1861
261
Kocen, Uila, 1861
262
Kocen, Srednjeolski atlas, 1862
263
Bratec Mrvar, 2002, 170.
264
Punik, 1979, 35.
265
Marui, 2000, 201.
266
Kocen, 1857.
267
Kocen, 1858. Bratec Mrvar, 2000, str. 139-140
268
Bratec Mrvar, 2000, str.141-149.

136
Zemljepis za ljudske ole je izel leta 1869, ko se je geografija zaela posebej pouevati v
tovrstnih olah. Vsebina je bila nekoliko skrena v primerjavi z Osnovami saj je vsebovala 10
lesorezov na 80 straneh. Skupno je izlo 11. izdaj do leta 1878.269

Kmalu po njegovi smrti (1872) je izel e domoznanski ubenik Avstro-Ogrska monarhija za


geografski pouk na 84 straneh, ki ga je dokonal in dopolnil dr. Ferdinand Krautschneider. Za
razliko od drugih izdaj ta ubenik ni bil trno uspeen in ni doivel nobenega ponatisa ali
nove izdaje.270

PREGLEDNICA 12: Kocenovi ubeniki271

KOCENOVI UBENIKI
1858-1871 pozneje SKUPAJ
Osnove geografije 5 0 5
Vodi po geografiji 2 19 21
Zemljepis za ljudske ole 4 10 14
Avstro-Ogrska monarhija 0 1 1
SKUPAJ 11 30 41

39. Kocenovi zemljevidi

Kocen je bil avtor mnogih stenskih in ronih zemljevidov, ki pa so se al le redki ohranili.


Morda se je najve uencev najbolj neposredno z njegovimi deli srealo ravno v tej obliki, saj
sprva olski atlasi v olah nije stopnje e niso bili obvezni. Veina jih je sicer izla v
nemkem jeziku, vendar so mnoge izdaje izle tudi v madarini, eini in poljini. Ker je
lo hkrati tudi za prva ali ena prvih tovrstnih del za uporabo v olah v teh treh jezikih je Bla
Kocen e danes mono cenjen v razvoju olske geografije v teh dravah. O kvaliteti njegovih
del najve pove podatek, da so se mnoga uporabljala e ve desetletij po njegovi smrti, kljub
velikemu napredku v tehniki (barvna litografija). Njegovi stenski zemljevidi so bili: Poluti,
Fizina in Politina karta Evrope, Fizina in Politina karta Avstro-Ogrske monarhije,
Palestina, Kraljevina eka, Moravska in lezija, Spodnja Avstrija, Zgornja Avstrija,
Koroka, tajerska, Zgornja Avstrija in Solnograka. Pri ronih kartah je poleg vseh teh
naslovov izlo e nekaj domoznanskih kart: Madarska in sosednje deele, Galicija z
Bukovino, Deele ogrske krone, Karpatske deele, Tirolska s Predarlberko, Bavarska,
Wuertemberg, Baden, vica in tudi Kranjska z Istro.272

40. Slovenski Kocenovi zapisi za Ivana Lapajneta

269
Bratec Mrvar, 2000, str. 150-154
270
Kocen, 1872.
271
Bratec Mrvar, 2000, str. 41
272
Bratec Mrvar, 2000, str. 67-68

137
Kocenove knjige je za slovensko trie priredil osnovnoolski uitelj Ivan Lapajne (* 2. 2.
1849 Vojsko pri Idriji; 17. 11. 1931 Krko)273, ki je bil med tem delom naduitelj in vodja
ole v Ljutomeru (februar 1872-september 1878) in ravnatelj novoustanovljene meanske
ole v Krkem (do maja 1906). Lapajne je priredil zadnjo v asu Kocenovega ivljenja
objavljeno izdajo iz leta 1870 in jo najprej v Mariboru izdal brez slik (1877), nato pa z
desetimi astronomskimi slikami na Dunaju (1879).

Lapajnetov prevod je imel 8 strani manj od gotsko tiskanega originala. Drugi poglavje je
prevedel kot Osolnje. Za razliko od Robide (1849), ki se je v svoji fiziki izognil novo
odkritemu Neptunu, je Kocen natel tudi njega in 100 malih planetov, zvezdic (asteroidov)
med Marsom in Jupitrom okoli nekaterih planetov kroijo lune.274 Omenil je tudi repatice
(komete), dvojno gibanje Zemlje in natel ozvezdja. Zemlja je torej okrogla, in sicer malo
naploskana, n.pr., kakor jabolko, je posreeno zapisal na vsakomur umljiv nain.275 Podobno
je nadaljeval v sklepnem poglavju fizikalne geografije posveenem meteorologiji oziroma
ozraju: Gibanje zraka dela vetrove276

Popravljeno izdajo je Lapajne leta 1879 izdal na Dunaju pri Hlzlu, ki je seveda skual
obdrati monopol nad Kocenovimi knjigami. Med 10 astronomskimi slikami je dodal planete
v sorazmernih velikostih, ki je dijake navadila k misli, kako majhna je pravzaprav Zemlja v
primerjavi z drugimi.277 Iz originala je prerisal e Zemljino kroglo,278 nagnjenost ekliptike z
zodiakom,279 meseeve spremembe,280 gibanje Lune281 in mrke.282 Poglavje o ozraju in
druga neastronomska poglavja niso imela nobenih slik. Poglavja o deloma slovenskih deelah
Koroki, tajerski, Kranjski in Primorski Lapajne ni posebno raziril, skual pa je podatke
uskladiti z novimi ljudskimi tetji in meritvami povrin.

e pred Kocenovim zemljepisom (1876) je napisal Kratek opis tajerske, Koroke, Kranjske
in Primorja, ki je izel v Mariboru.283 Vmes med obema izdajama Dominoslovje (1878)284 in
desetletje kasneje (1889) e ubenik Domoznanstvo, ki je izel v Ljubljani.285

273
Ivan Lapajne (* 2. 2. 1849 Vojsko pri Idriji; 17. 11. 1931 Krko).
274
Kocen, Lapajne, 1877, 5.
275
Kocen, Lapajne, 1877, 6.
276
Kocen, Lapajne, 1877, 11.
277
Kocen, Lapajne, 1879, 6.
278
Kocen, Lapajne, 1879, 8.
279
Kocen, Lapajne, 1879, 9.
280
Kocen, Lapajne, 1879, 11.
281
Kocen, Lapajne, 1879, 12.
282
Kocen, Lapajne, 1879, 13.
283
Lapajne, 1876.
284
Lapajne, 1878
285
Lapajne, 1889.

138
Preglednica 13: Prebivalstvo in povrina s Slovenci poseljenih habsburkih deel

Kocen 1870 Erdbeschreibung Kocen, Lapajne 1877 Kocen, Lapajne 1879


Prebivalstvo tajerske (v tisoih) 1.170 1.156 1.178
Povrina tajerske 390 milj2 V enotah miriam, V enotah miriam
brkone milje
Prebivalstvo Koroke (v tisoih) 350 336 339
Prebivalstvo Kranjske (v tisoih) 520 463 479

Tako je bilo tajercev v slovenski izdaji iz leta 1879 za 8000 ve kot v nemki izdaji iz leta
1870, medtem ko je bilo Korocev manj za 11.000, Kranjcev pa celo za 50.000! Upamo, da se
dijaki le niso uili vseh teh tevilk na pamet. Lapajne je dodal nekaj vrstic o slovenskih
deelah v svojem prevodu in drugae oblikoval odstavke. Spremenil je tudi vrstni red poglavij
in s tem dal izdaji politini poudarek Zedinjene Slovenije, saj so si pri njem slovenske deele
sledile druga za drugo 21. tajerska,286 22. Koroka, 23. Kranjska, 24. Primorska, 25.
Tirolska. Kocenova izdaja iz leta 1870 ni la tako dale in je poglavja razporedila takole: 21.
tajerska,287 22. Koroka, 23. Tirolska 24. Kranjska, 25. Primorska.

Lapajne je prevajal tudi fizikalne knjige, med njimi ubenik Eugena Netoliczka,288 profesorja
naravoslovja in fizike od leta 1853, ki je predaval na gimnaziji v Brnu (-1860-1868-).289

Kot stalni ravnatelj meanske ole v Krkem od februarja 1883 je Lapajne vplival tudi na
zasnovo Slovenskega olskega muzeja. Na prvi stalni uiteljski zbirki v Krkem, potrjeni na
seji odbora pedagokega drutva dne 16. 2. 1888, so razstavljali tudi aparate,290 med njimi
seveda fizikalne. Ustanovitelj, predsednik in upravitelj Pedagokega drutva v Krkem je bil
Fran Gabrek291 med letoma 1886-1896. Lapajnetov govor na zboru Slovenskega
uiteljskega drutva oktobra 1887 O potrebi stalne razstave uil za slovenske ole292 je bil
eden kamnov v mozaiku, iz katerega je nastal SM v Ljubljani, tudi zaradi potrebe po
centralizaciji razstav uil.

41. Kocenove knjige v ZDA in v Evropi

Preglednica 11: Kocenove zemljepisne knjige in zemljevidi dunajskega izdajatelja Hlzla v


ZDA in na Nizozemskem

Leto izdaje Naslov tevilo univerzitetnih Opombe


knjinic

1860293 Geographischer Schul-Atlas fr Brgerschulen. 3. izdaja 1 (Yale) 26 zemljevidov; 26 cm

286
Kocen, Lapajne, 1879, 28.
287
Kocen, 1870, 33.
288
Eugen Netoliczk (Netolika, * 1825 Iglau na Moravskem; ?)
289
Dassenbacher, 1868.
290
Popotnik, 16. 2. 1888, str. 63.
291
Fran Gabrek (* 1856; 1937)
292
Uiteljski tovari, 15. 10. 1887, zvezek 27, str. 20.
293
Po Bratec Mrvarju (sporoilo 22. 1. 2007) naj bi prva izdaja izla ele leta 1862!

139
1860ta Herzogthum Steiermark 1 (Chicago) zemljevid 133x127 cm, 1:180.000

1863 Der ffentliche Unterricht im Lichte der Verfassung 1 (Yale) 204 strani; 22 cm
1867 Grundzge der Geographie 1 (Yale)
1870 Atlas fr Mittelschulen (Gymnasien, Realschulen, 1
komerziele und verwandte Lehranstalten
1889 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 1
1901 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 1 ur. V. von Haardt, W. Schmidt in drugi

1904 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 1 ur. V. von Haardt, W. Schmidt in drugi

1905 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 1


1906 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 1 Zagreb
1912 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 2
1912 Karte von Krnten 1
1913-1922 Geographichen Atlas fr Mittelschulen 1
1919 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 1
1925 Atlas 1
1929 Atlas 1 ur. Heinrich Gttenberger, Hermann Leiter

1930 Atlas 1 ur. Heinrich Gttenberger, Hermann Leiter

1930 Atlas 1 ur. Heinrich Gttenberger

1931 Atlas 2 ur. Heinrich Gttenberger, Hermann Leiter

1932 Atlas fr Mittelschulen 1


1933 Atlas 1 ur. Heinrich Gttenberger

1935 Atlas fr Mittelschulen 1


1937 Atlas fr Hauptschulen in 1 Olmtz
Niedersterreich
1937 Atlas fr Hauptschulen in Obersterreich 1 Olmtz
1937 Atlas fr Hauptschulen in Steilermark 1 Olmtz
1937 Atlas fr Hauptschulen im Krnten 1 Olmtz
1937 Atlas 1
1938 Atlas 1
1939 Atlas 1 Zagreb, ur. enoa

1943 Atlas 1
1944 Atlas 1
1945 Atlas 1
1951 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 2
1952 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 2 ur. Hans Slanar
1953 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 2
1954 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 2
1956 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 3
1958 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 7
1960 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 2
1961 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas: (Kozenn-Atlas) 2
1961 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas: (Kozenn-Atlas) 1 ur. Walter Strzygowski
1966 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 3
1967 sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas 2 (Amsterdam; 167 strani; 31 cm
Rijkuniversiteit
Groningen)

Na univerzitetnih knjinicah v ZDA je danes vsaj 60 Kocenovih knjig, kar niti ni veliko glede na
ogromne naklade v katerih so izhajale za habsburki in nemko trie. Med njimi sta tud hrvaka
prevoda, vse ostale knjige pa so nemke. Tako Kocena ali Monika, za razliko od Vege, niso prevajali

140
v angleino in druge svetovne jezike. To pomeni, da Kocenovih knjig, morda z izjemo zemljevidov,
ameriki dijaki niso uporabljali in so jih amerike knjinica nabavile predvsem za voljo raziskovanja
zgodovine razvoja evropske geografije in ne za pouk v ZDA. Uvoz zemljepisnih knjig je oitno skoraj
tako politino doloen, kot uvoz zgodovinskih knjig: le teko jih je mogoe spraviti v zamejski
promet, e posebno na niji stopnji. Tako je e dejstvo, da je svoje knjige uspeno prodajal v novi
nastajajoi Bismarckovi Nemiji predstavljalo velik Kocenov uspeh, dlje pa seveda ni mogel. Bistven
del Kocenovega uspeha je predstavljalo njegovo podrobno poznavanje potreb na osnovnih in srednjih
olah ter prirejanje posameznih poglavij doloenim pokrajinam Habsburke monarhije.

42. Kocenovi nasledniki

Konrad Jarc294 je bil olnik, geograf in zgodovinar. Rojen je bil tik ob dananji slovensko-
avstrijski meji pod Kozjakom. Sluil je kot topniki poronik pri Maksimiljanovih
prostovoljcih v Mehiki. Kasneje je konal tudij z doktoratom v Gradcu leta 1873 in postal
gimnazijski profesor v Znojmu (1878-1885) ter kasneje v Brnu (1885-87), leta 1892 je postal
deelni olski inpektor na tajerskem in kasneje na Moravskem. Poleg izpopolnjevanja
Kocenovih ubenikov in atlasov je pisal o Tokovih v severnem Atlantiku (1877), Didaktinih
povezavah geografije in zgodovine (1885) Zadnjih bojih za mehiko krono (1889)295 Med
svojim delovanjem na dananjem ekem je sodeloval z zalobo Hlzel kot soavtor pri
srednjeolskih atlasih od leta 1873 do 1877 in pri Vodiu po geografiji pa od 1878 do 1898.296

Vincenc Von Haardt297 je konal je Vojako akademijo na Dunaju in sodeloval v vojni v


Italiji leta 1866. Po 1869 je sluboval v generalnem tabu avstrijske vojske in postal leta 1872
profesor na Vojaki tehnini akademiji, 1877 postane tehnini vodja zalobe Hlzel in 1897
vodja Vojako-geografskega intituta. Malo pred smrtjo je leta 1912 postal tudi lan
ministrskega sveta 1912. Pomembna so njegova dela na podroju olske geografije,
kartografije in zgodovine kartografije (zlasti v Avstriji in na Balkanu). Pri izdajanju
Kocenovih srednjeolskih atlasov je sodeloval od leta 1877 do 1905 in mono prispeval k
utrditvi njihovega poloaja na triu. Bil je tudi avtor Hlzlovih atlasov za nije ole, ki so
bili namenjeni posameznim avstrijskim deelam. Tako je bil avtor Geographischer Atlas fr
Volksschulen des Herzogthums Krain, ki je v 7 kartah izel leta 1882. Pomemben je ker sta ga
predelala Simon Rutar in Fran Oroen ter ga 1899 izdala kot PRVI SLOVENSKI OLSKI
ATLAS pod naslovom Haardtov zemljepisni atlas za ljudske ole s slovenskim unim jezikom.

SLIKA: Haardtov zemljepisni atlas za ljudske ole

Valter Bohinec298 je bil eden prvih doktorjev na ljubljanskem Oddelku za geografijo (1921) in
eden najpomembnejih slovenskih geografov 20. stoletja; doktoriral je pri Antonu Meliku.
Delal je na Intitutu za geografijo, kot srednjeolski profesor in ve kot tri desetletja v
kartografskem oddelku NUKa. Sodeloval je pri hrvakih izdajah Kocenovih srednjeolskih
atlasov med leti 1934 in 1940, ki so izhajali pri zalobi Kugli in so se veliko uporabljali tudi v
slovenskih olah. V arhivu zalobe Hlzel hranijo tudi njegovo pismo v nemini v katerem
predlaga tevilne izboljave in dopolnitve njihovih srednjeolskih atlasov. Bil je tudi avtor

294
Konrad Jarc (*Luane 17.2.1842; Gradec 14.4.1909).
295
BL, Konrad Jarz.
296
Bratec Mrvar, 2000, 22, 46.
297
Vincenc Von Haardt (Jihlava na Moravskem *13.8.1843; Dunaj 1.8.1914)
298
Valter Bohinec (*Volosko pri Opatiji 12.8.1898; Ljubljana, 18.5. 1984)

141
prve nae zgodovine geografije, ki je izla v prvi tevilki Geografskega vestnika leta 1925 z
naslovom Razvoj geografije pri Slovencih.

43. Vinko Fereri Klun in Georg Supan

Vinko Fereri Klun299 je bil avtor tevilnih ubenikov in profesor geografije na dunajski
trgovski akademiji (po 1857) in univerzi (docent po 1862). Aktiven je bil tudi v dunajskem
geografskem drutvu. Napisal je Splono geografijo (Allgemeine Geographie 1860), Vodi po
geografskem pouku (Leitfaden fuer den geographieschen Unterricht 1861-72)Njegov
ubenik je Janezu Jesenku, ki je bil njegov uenec, sluil za podlago za njegov prvi ubenik
Zemljepisna zaetnica. Doktoriral je iz filozofije v Padovi in se vrnil v Ljubljano, kjer je bil v
petdesetih letih tajnik, urednik njihovega glasila in osrednja osebnost Historinega drutva za
Kranjsko. Leta 1856 je zaradi preve liberalnih stali celo zaasno emigriral v vico. Konec
1860ih let je bil najprej izvoljen v kranjski in nato e dravni deelni zbor na listi slovenske
stranke. Vendar je kmalu prestopil v pronemki ustavoverni zakon in si pri nas nakopal
tevilne sovranike. Pisal je tudi o etnografsko-demografskih znailnostih in zgodovini
Slovencev v reviji Russkaja beseda 1857 in 1859 in izdaj Knobleharjev dnevnik prvega
potovanja po Belem Nilu (1850-51).300

Aleksander Georg Supan301 je bil doma z June Tirolske, vendar je obiskoval Ljubljansko
gimnazijo in leta 1870 doktoriral na graki univerzi. Zatem je prevzel mesto profesorja na
Viji realki v Ljubljani, vendar je e kmalu odel na tudij geografije na Dunaj, v Dresden in
Halle ter se vrnil leta 1877. Leta 1881 je dobil profesorsko mesto na univerzi v Czernowitzu
in leta 1884 je postal urednik Petermanns Mitteilungen, kjer je vodil eno osrednjih
geografskih revij v Srednji Evropi vse do 1909, ko odide v Breslau za predstojnika oddelka za
geografijo. Pod njegovim vodstvom so se Mitteilungen bolj posvetila poroilom in ocenam
geografskih del, kot pa izdajanju svojih del in odkritjem. Mono je spodbujal izdajanje
razlinih dodatkov reviji (Ekonomska proizvodnja v Severni Ameriki v obdobju 1880-85, ki je
izel 1886; nadaljevanje Poselitve Zemlje od 1890-1910). Po 1889 je bil tudi urednik
Gothinega almanaha. Sam se je najbolj ukvarjal s klimatologijo in oceanografijo ter pisanjem
zlasti srednjeolskih ubenikov, ki so mnogi izli e v Ljubljani (Lehrbuch der
Geographie1874-1904 in je imel ve kot 10. izdaj). Njegova pomembneja dela, ki pa niso
ve nastala v njegovem ljubljanskem obdobju so e: Grundzuege der physischen Erdkunde
1884-1911), Deutsche Schulgeographie (1895-1915), Die territorialische Entwicklung der
europaischen Kolonien (1906).302

44. Janez Jesenko

Nekdanji goriki gimnazijski suplent Janez Jesenko303 velja za zaetnika med pisci
geografskih ubenikov (zlasti za srednje ole). V letu 1865 pri zalobi Paternolli v Gorici
izide njegov prvi ubenik za gimnazije in realke Zemljepisna zaetnica Sledila sta e zelo
kvalitetna Obni zemljepis 1873 in Prirodoznanski zemljepis 1874, ki pa e izideta pri

299
Vinko Fereri Klun (*1823-1875)
300
Jana Zorn, 1996, str. 210-222
301
Aleksander Georg Supan (*Innichen 3.3.1847; Wroclaw 6.7.1920)
302
www.1911encyclopedia.org/Alexander_Georg_Supan
303
Janez Jesenko (* 1838 Poljane na Gorenjskem; 1908 Trst)

142
Slovenski matici v Ljubljani. Nove ubenike za srednje ole izdaja vse do 1890 leta. Napisal
pa je tudi zanimivo poljudnoznanstveno razpravo o potresih, ki je izhajala v Ljubljanskem
zvonu v 14 nadaljevanjih v letih 1881-2, predvsem zaradi oitkov, da je potresom v svojih
ubenikih posvetil premalo pozornosti.304

45. Matej Cigale

Matej Cigale305 je bil sicer pravnik in jezikoslovec, ki je dolgo skrbel za prevajanje avstrijskih
zakonov v slovenino in za uvajanje slovenske znanstvene terminologije, a je bil skupaj s
Petrom Kozlerjem pobudnik izhajanja prvega slovenskega atlasa. Atlant je izhajal v letih
1869-77 pod njegovim vodstvom. Letno so izli po trije zemljevidi, z izjemo let 1870, 73 in
76 (skupaj 18). Vendar do enotne izdaje v enem snopu ni prilo. Bil je tudi avtor Kratkega
popisa Cesarstva avstrijskega (1861) in prevoda odlinega Schubertovega geografskega
ubenika, ki pa je ostal le v rokopisu.

Matej Cigale je med letoma 1869-1877 izdal Atlant, ki sta ga Slovenski Matici predlagala
skupaj s Petrom Kozlerjem 11. 1. 1866.306 Skupaj z Demanom je Cigale izdal slovar
znanstvene terminologije (1875), kjer sta jima z novimi znanstvenimi izrazi pomagala Fran
Erjavec in ebular (1880) iz Gorice s pomojo bolj dodelane hrvake terminologije.

46. Domoznanske zbirke Slovenske matice

Leta 1864 je bilo ustanovljeno nae najstareje znanstveno drutvo in zaloba Slovenska
matica, ki si je za eno temeljnih nalog zadala izdajanje poljudno-znanstvenih del z
naravoslovno, zgodovinsko, kulturno in domoznansko vsebino. V prvih letih svojega
delovanja je ponovno izdala Kozlerjev Zemljovid in se lotila projekta prvega slovenskega
atlasa Atlanta, ki ga je vodil Matej Cigale. Konec estdesetih let se je lotila izdajanja prve
zbirke zemljepisnih, statistinih in zgodovinskih pregledov opisov slovenskih pokrajin:
Joef Erben: Kranjska (1866),
Joef Erben: Koroka (1866)
Rodoljubi uman, ua in Majcinger: tajerska, 1. del. (1868)
Ivan Gerak: tajerska, 2. del. (1870)

47. Zbirka Slovenska zemlja (1892-1926): Zbirka prirodoznanskega, statistinega, kulturnega


in zgodovinskega opisa slovenskih pokrajin

Zbirka prirodoznanskega, statistinega, kulturnega in zgodovinskega opisa slovenskih


pokrajin se zane z deli Simona Rutarja opisom Gorike in Gradianske (1892), Trsta in

304
Jesenko, 1881-82.
305
Matej Cigale (*Lome pri Idriji 2.9.1819; Dunaj 20.4.1889)
306
umrada, 2005, 7; Oroen Adami, Urbanc, 2005, 8

143
Istre (1897) ter Beneke Slovenije (1899). Fran Oroen (1901) je nadaljeval opis Vojvodine
Kranjske, ki jo je zael Viljem Urbas, ki je al prej umrl. Zelo kvaliteten je bil tudi peti del
Ferdinanda Seidla,307 Kamnike ali Savinjske Alpe (1907). Seidl je bil od februarja 1887 do
leta 1915 profesor naravoslovja na goriki realki) Sledil je opis Vojvodine Koroke, ki ga je
napisal Matej Potonik (1909). al je izhajanje zbirke prekinila prva svetovna vojna, tako da
je opis tajerske izel ele leta 1926. al so bili opisi precej neenotni, tako da za najbolje
veljajo stareji opisi Rutarja, Orona ter Seidla.

48. Joef Blaznik in Peter Hicinger

Idrijan Joef Blaznik308 je bil eden najpomembnejih tiskarjev in zalonikov ne le v Ljubljani


v 19. stoletju. Poleg drugih del je natisnil tudi vrsto zemljevidov Kranjske, June eleznice
med Ljubljano in Trstom, Ljubljane z okolico in drugih. Natisnil pa je tudi zanimiv zemljevid
sveta Petra Hicingerja Obraz cele zemlje v dveh polkroglah (1852), ki naj bi bil namenjen
tudi za pouk geografskih vsebin na nijih stopnjah v slovenskem jeziku, saj je poleg obeh
polut, vseboval e planete, pot Zemlje okoli Sonca in Lune okrog Zemlje, velikosti celin s
tevilom prebivalstva in opis starega sveta. al ga prosvetno ministrstvo ni potrdilo za olsko
rabo, a ga je v svojo knjigo ivljenja srena pot vkljuil Anton Martin Slomek. Bil je del
knjiice Popis sveta s kratko povestnico vsih asov in narodov, ki ga lahko tejemo za prvi
poskus geografskega ubenika v slovenini, ki pa al ni priel v uporabo v tedanjih olah.309

Peter Hicinger310 je bil dolga leta (1847-59) kurat v Podlipi in kasneje do svoje smrti upnik
in dekan v Postojni. Bil je tudi pesnik in zgodovinar.311 Nadvse odmeven je bil Hicingerjev
Obraz sveta.

49. Ivan Tuek in Heinrich Schreiner

Ivan Tuek312 je prevedel Fiziko Friderica Schdlerja. Poleg Piska se je skliceval predvsem na
Robidove dve desetletji stareje slovenske fizikalne izraze. Tuek je bil Kocenov uenec na
ljubljanski gimnaziji in tudi avtor prvega geodetsko-zemljemerskega slovenskega ubenika
NIE MERSTVO (na 87 straneh), ki je izla v Ljubljani 1872 in je bila priredba ubenika
Vekoslava Krskenya iz hrvakih Krievcev. Tuek je bil sicer profesor matematike in
prirodoslovja na realkah v Zagrebu in Ljubljni.

Slovenec Henrich Schreiner313 se je fizike uil pri Antonu antlu na mariborski gimnaziji.
tudij prirodopisa, matematike in fizike je konal na Dunaju leta 1877. Bil je profesor in
ravnatelj na gimnaziji v Gorici med letoma 1884-1891. Leta 1884 je pri Slovenski Matici v
Ljubljani objavil razpravo o botaniki. Leta 1891 je zael pouevati matematiko na privatni
franikanski gimnaziji v Bolzanu na Tirolskem. Ob zaetku svojih predavanj je objavil
ubenik fizike, ki je imel velik vpliv na Slovenskem. Iz Bolzana je odel v Maribor, kjer je 23.

307
Ferdinand Seidl (* 1856; 1942)
308
Joef Blaznik (*Idrija 7.2.1800; Ljubljana 23.6.1872)
309
Schmidt, 1966, III. del, 111
310
Peter Hicinger (*1812; 1867)
311
Jana Zorn, 1996, 203
312
Ivan Tuek (* 1835; 1877)
313
Henrich Schreiner (* 1850 Ljutomer; 1920 Maribor)

144
maja 1903 postal prvi podpredsednik Zgodovinskega drutva za Spodnjo tajersko, ki je
zaelo izdajati najstarejo slovensko zgodovinsko revijo. Od leta 1900 do smrti je predsedoval
Slovenski olski matici. Leta 1891 v Bolzanu objavil Fiziko, ki je vsebovala tudi osnove
zemljepisa.

50. Fran Oroen

Fran Oroen314 iz znane laanske druine, je bil neak Ignacija Orona, ki je napisal odlino
krajevno zgodovino mariborske kofije v osmih knjigah.315 Na dunajski univerzi je pri prvem
tamkajnjem rednem profesorju geografije Simonyju dotudiral zgodovino in geografijo ter
nato poueval v Kopru, Novem mestu in Ljubljani.316 S Simonom Rutarjem sta skupaj
priredila prvi celoten slovenski olski atlas Haardtov zemljepisni atlas za ljudske ole s
slovenskim unim jezikom (1899), ki je bil delo Kocenovega naslednika Vincenca von Haardta
pri zalobi Hoelzel in je v nemini izel e leta 1882. Druga izdaja tega atlasa, ki je bila
dvakrat obseneja s 14 kartami je izla leta 1902. Bil je tudi pomemben odbornik in
sodelavec Slovenske matice pri njeni zbirki Slovenska zemlja ter prvi predsednik (naelnik
osrednjega odbora) Slovenskega planinskega drutva (1893-1908) ter Drutva slovenskih
profesorjev (1906-9), saj je bil dolgo profesor na ljubljanskem uiteljiu (1889-1912).317 Bil
je tudi avtor ve zemljepisnih ubenikov za meanske ole, ki so izhajali med 1891 in 1911,
zemljepisa Avstro-Ogrske drave za 4. razrede srednjih ol (1907) in ubenika Kranjsko
domoznanstvo (1909). Nenazadnje pa je avtor prve slovenske Metodike zemljepisnega pouka,
ki je izla 1891 in 1898.

51. Simon Rutar

Simon Rutar318 je bil srednjeolski profesor v Gorici, Kotorju, Splitu in Ljubljani, ki je slovel
kot odlien pedagog. Deloval je kot zgodovinar, arheolog in geograf ter sodelavec Slovenske
matice pri zbirki Slovenska zemlja. Diplomiral je na graki univerzi. Bil je eden utemeljiteljev
slovenskega znanstvenega zgodovinopisja in arheolog. Poleg njegovih domoznansko-
zgodovinskih knjig o Tolminskem, Beneki Sloveniji, Gorikem in Gradianskem ter Trstu
in Istri je bil tudi avtor srednjeolskega ubenika (Zemljepis za spodnje in srednje razrede
avstrijskih srednjih ol, Ljubljana 1896 in in slovenskega stenskega zemljevida Avstro-
Ogrske. Bil je tudi ena osrednjih osebnosti slovenskega kulturnega ivljenja v drugi polovici
19. stoletja.319

52. Domoznanska dela uiteljev in uiteljskih drutev

Mnoga drutva uiteljev so zaloila ali bila pobudnik izdaje domoznanskih knjig, zemljevidov
in podobnega za ole uporabnega gradiva. Poleg unega pomena je bil velik tudi narodnostni,
saj so s temi deli pomembno razirjali narodno zavest in poznavanje posameznih delov

314
Fran Oroen (*Lako17.12.1853; 26.11.1912 Ljubljana)
315
ES, Ignacij Oroen.
316
ES, Fran Oroen.
317
SBL, Fran Oroen.
318
Simon Rutar (*Krn 12.10.1851; Ljubljana 3.5.1903)
319
ES, Simon Rutar.

145
dananje Slovenije. Znailno je bilo, da so bila aktivna na podrojih z monejo narodno
zavestjo in manjim delom nemko govoreega prebivalstva.

Med bolje spada tudi Juvanev zemljevid Logakega okraja (1910) in ga je izdal Okrajni
olski svet v Ljubljani, s svojo velikostjo 76x90 cm in merilom 1:75.000. cm, se je uporabljal
kot stenski zemljevid, poleg je kot priloga izel tudi praktini Zaznamek (1911).

SLIKA: Juvanev zemljevid logakega okraja

Enega zanimivejih taknih zemljevidov je v svojih tudentskih letih (okoli 1890) zarisal v
kamen (litografija) tudi eden najvejih slovenskih impresionistov Matej Sternen320 v malce
nenavadnem merilu 1:459.000. Vseboval je pregled krajev s tevilom prebivalstva.

53. Karte Kranjske

Georg Ludwig von Ritter je leta 1831 naredil odlino Najnovejo specialno karto Kranjske.
Litograf je bil znani Joseph Kaiser. Izla je v Ljubljani pri zalobi Peternolli, ki je kasneje v
Gorici izdala tudi prvi Jesenkov zemljepisni ubenik. Posveena je bila Antonu Codeliju, na
sredini pa je imela e grb Kranjske in ob straneh seznam okrajev in zabeleke o velikosti
ozemlja ter tevila prebivalcev v njih. ez slabega etrt stoletja je von Ritter izdal tudi
podobno karto tajerske, bil pa je tudi avtor cestnih kart Kraljevine Ilirije, ki je izla istega
leta kot zemljevid Kranjske in cestne karte tajerske in Koroke.

Po propadu francoskih Ilirskih provinc so bili nai kraji pogosto poimenovani tudi Kraljestvo
Ilirija, kako je vidno tudi v naslovu karte Ljubljanske gubernije z leta 1836, ki sta jo narisala
Renner in Appelt. lo je za upravni zemljevid s prikazom razdelitve na tedanja okroja in lepo
zarisano notranjo delitvijo Kranjske na Gorenjsko, Dolenjsko in Notranjsko, ki je uradno
veljala do leta 1850, a se je v ljudski zavesti obdrala do danes. Podobno karto je nekaj let
kasneje (1843) izdelal tudi Vojno-geografski intitut na Dunaju in je poleg teh treh okroij
(Ljubljana, Novo mesto in Postojna) vsebovalo e okroija Celovec in Beljak, ki sta prav tako
spadala pod to gubernijo in gubernijo Trst, ki je vkljuevala mesto Trst, in okroji Istro in
Goriko.

Idrijan ekega rodu kustos kranjskega deelnega muzeja Henrik Freyer,321 ki je bil uenec
Franca Hladnika, je v komaj 800 izvodih pri zalobi Mueller na Dunaju, leta 1843 izdal
odlino in natanno karto Kranjske (Karte des Herzogthums Krain) na 16 listih. Za predlogo
je uporabil generaltabno karto iz 1834 in je na njej uporabil nemko-slovenska dvojezina
imena. Gradivo za to karto je zbiral od leta 1832. Pripadal je Zoisovemu krogu, a trni
neuspeh te karte ga je zavedel v spor z zalonikom. V desni zgornji kot je postavil posvetilo
cesarju Francu Ferdinandu I.

54. Karte Koroke in tajerske

320
Matej Setrnen (Strnen,*20. 9. 1870 Verd; 28.6.1949 Ljubljana)
321
Henrik Freyer, (*Idrija 8. 7. 1802; 21. 8. 1866 Ljubljana)

146
Jakob Pauliny je sicer bolj znan kot avtor prvih olskih reliefov na Avstrijskem, ki delno
prikazujejo tudi nae kraje (okolica Postojne in okolica Cerknice) in so se gotovo uporabljali
tudi v olah pri nas in so nastali v letih 1858-1860. Njegova karta Vojvodine Koroke iz leta
1861 je izla pri Vojno-geografskem intitutu na Dunaju in je bila vkljuena v
Wagner&Hartmannov Vodnik skozi Koroko.

Georg Matthaeus Vischer322, ki je bil sicer tudi avtor podobnih kart Spodnje in Zgornje
Avstrije, je naredil najboljo karto tajerske v 17. stoletju. Izdana je bila leta 1678 pod
naslovom Nov geografski opis najplodoviteje vojvodine tajerske (Styriae Ducatus
fertilissimi nova geographica descriptio) . Izla je na 12 listih. Tri leta kasneje je izla
monografija Topografija vojvodine tajerske (Topographia Ducatus Stiriae), ki vsebuje kar
okoli 400 grafik razlinih tajerskih krajev, gradov in dvorcev.

55. Zakljuek

Poleg opisa ivljenja in dela Blaa Kocena smo poskuali opisati tudi manj znano a prav tako
pomembno Kocenovo delo v astronomiji, fiziki in meteorologiji, ki je mono izstopalo iz
povpreja in napovedovalo njegove zemljepisne uspehe. Odhod na Moravsko je pomenil
preobrat, ki je Kocenu omogoil domala poklicno ukvarjanje z zemljepisom. al pa je nagla
bridka smrt morda povedala, da bi moral ostati v svojemu zdravju veliko bolj ugodni goriki
klimi.
S pregledom pouka geografskih vsebin in same geografije od prvih Slovencev, ki so
pomembno vplivali na znanje geografije v svetu in zlasti Evropi, smo eleli povedati, da so
bili nai ljudje in prostor praktino ves as bolj ali manj v stiku z razvojem tedanjega pouka
geografskih vsebin in same geografije. Pogosto in nemalokrat pa so celo odloilno vplivali
nanje.

1. Bla Kocen, meteorolog, astronom in fizik

tajerca Blaa Kocena323 poznamo kot kartografa in geografa, eravno je bila njegova
osnovna izobrazba usmerjena v fizikalne vede. Vsekakor ni brez haska pogledati e njegove
uspehe v meteorologiji in astronomiji. Kot mlad profesor je raziskoval zgodovino astronomije
in klimo Gorike. Med zaetna poglavja zemljepisnih ubenikov je vseskozi vpletal
astronomijo z matematino geografijo, meteorologijo pa kot del fizine geografije z opisi
podnebja.324 Kasneje je s olsko geografijo proslavil svoje ime. Vzporedno je v habsburki
monarhiji oral ledino didaktike iroke palete naravoslovnih ved z zemljepisom vred.

322
Georg Matthaeus Vischer (*22. 4. 1628 Wenns;13. 12. 1696 Linz)
323
Bla Kocen (Kozenn, * 24. 1. 1821 Hotunje pri Ponikvi na tajerskem; 28. 5. 1871 Dunaj-Hernals).
324
Bratec Mrvar, 2002, 178.

147
2. ivljenjska pot

Kocen se je olal na glavni oli in gimnaziji v Celju, liceju v Gradcu in bogoslovju v Celovcu.
Leta 1850 je upoteval potrebe po novih gimnazijskih predavateljih in sprejel slubo
nadomestnega profesorja na svoji nekdanji gimnaziji v Celju. Podobno so se tedaj za
pedagoki poklic odloili e tevilni drugi duhovniki, med njimi benediktinec Robida in
kemik Mihael Peternel,325 nekdanji Kersnikov pomonik pri pouku kemije. Goriki uitelj
Monik je bil v Gradcu Kocenov soolec, pozneje pa prav tako prodoren pisec ubenikov.

Kocen je poueval matematiko in fiziko (prirodoslovje, Naturgeschichte) oziroma prirodopis


(Naturlehre). Po dveletni praksi je na profesorski pripravljalnici pri Ettingshausnovem
Fizikalnem intitutu diplomiral z odliko in si pridobil ustrezno profesorsko izobrazbo. V dveh
letih na ljubljanski gimnaziji se je veliko druil s Karlom Demanom in njegovim krogom pri
Muzejskem drutvu v katerem je bil zelo aktiven. Razgledani Deman je fizika in matematika
Kocena navduil za geografijo in vremenoslovje, tako da je Kocen svoja prvenca,
raziskovanje podnebja na Gorikem in ubenik Osnove geografije, objavil kot profesor
gorike gimnazije (1855-1858).

3. Dekan Haler, Kocenov graki profesor zgodovine (z zemljepisom)

Bla Kocen se je otepal s pomanjkanjem med tudijem na estletni celjski gimnaziji. e huje
je bilo med tudijem filozofije v Gradcu (1839-1841), ki je poasi znova postajal
univerzitetno mesto po ukinitvi univerze pod Joefom II. Jezuiti so vodili vije tudije na
univerzi v Gradcu med letoma 1585/86 in 1773. Po ukinitvi jezuitskega reda je prilo do
podobnih kadrovskih teav kot na dvoletnem liceju v Ljubljani. Joef II. je ukinil grako
univerzo, tako da so med letoma 1782-1826 imeli v Gradcu samo licej s tremi letniki. Kljub
temu so profesorji veinoma ostali isti, med njimi fizik Biwald,326 ki je svojo poklicno pot
zael kot predavatelj v Ljubljani. Leta 1828 so ponovno ustanovili grako Univerzo, graka
Politehnika (Technische Hochschule) pa se je razvila leta 1864 iz Joanneuma, ki ga je
nadvojvoda Janez ustanovil leta 1811.327

SLIKA 1 (MocnikDrugiSemester1839_40izrezanoFara1): Neobvezna Halerjeva predavanja


o zgodovini z zemljepisom na filozofski fakulteti v Gradcu v drugem semestru leta 1839/40,
ko je Kocen obiskoval vije filozofske tudije v Gradcu (Universittsarchiv Graz,
Philosophische Fakultt, Studentenkatalog, 1839/40-1843).

325
Mihael Peternel (* 22. 9. 1808 Lanie; 6. 8. 1884 Ljubljana).
326
Leopold Gotlib Biwald (* 26. 2. 1731 Dunaj; SJ 17. 10. 1747 Dunaj; 8. 9. 1805 Dunaj).
327
Nadvojvoda Janez habsburki (* 1782; 1859).

148
Med Kocenovim tudijem filozofije je dekan Haler predaval avstrijsko dravno zgodovino328
na univerzi v Gradcu kot neobvezen predmet v drugem semestru. Leta 1839/40 je v obeh
semestrih prvega letnika filozofske fakultete univerze v Gradcu Knar predaval osnove
matematike, Matheu Muchar latinsko filologijo, Lorenz Gabriel (teoretino in praktino)
filozofijo, Widerhofer pa bogoslovje. V drugem letniku 1839/40 je Gintl predaval fiziko in
uporabno matematiko (v drugem semestru fiziko), Widerhofer bogoslovje, Muchar latinsko
filologijo in Gabriel moralno filozofijo (v drugem semestru filozofijo). Neobvezni predmeti
so bili: Gabrielova zgodovina filozofije, Halerjeva svetovna zgodovina, Widerhoferjev
vzgojni nauk, Halerjeva dravna zgodovina in Mucharjeva klasina filologija. V drugem
semestru Muchar ni predaval svojega neobveznega predmeta, zato pa je Knar redkim
izbrancem ponujal uporabno geometrijo, Kvas slovenino, Josef August Rossi pa
italijanino. Direktor filozofskih tudijev je bil deelni svetnik Karl Appeltauer.329

SLIKA 2 (MocnikDoktorandi1839_40izrezanoFaRA1): Podpisi Kocenovih grakih


profesorjev pod zapisi o doktoratih filozofske fakultete Grake univerze v olskem letu
1839/40 (Universittsarchiv Graz, Philosophische Fakultt, Rigorosenprotokolle, 1823-
1866/1-140, Nr. 33 d, 1839/40-1843).

Med neobveznimi predavanji so bila za Kocenovo pozneje kartografsko delo pomembna


predavanja uporabne geometrije pri Knaru, manj pa pouk slovenine Kocenovega tajerskega
rojaka Kvasa.330. Kvas je po skoraj desetletni nezasedenosti katedre za slovenski jezik na
grakem liceju zaradi Primicove331 bolezni postal najprej zaasni, nato pa redni profesor od
dne 28. 4. 1836 do smrti leta 1867. V asu Kocenovega tudija je Kvas predaval po tri ure na
teden kot soavtor Dajnkove332 slovnice.

4. Kocenov graki profesor uporabne matematike in fizike Gintl333

Cauchyjev sodelavec Hessler je leta 1830 postal redni (stalni) profesor matematike in fizike,
dne 15. 6. 1835 pa je prevzel fizikalno katedro v Pragi. Dne 5. 6. 1836 je graki profesor
fizike postal Kocenov uitelj (Julius) Wilhelm Gintl.334 Neobveznih predmetov ni imel, saj je
bil ob profesuri e vodilni elektrotehnik v monarhiji in gotovo ni utegnil. tudiral je v Pragi in
tam sluboval kot privatni docent dokler ni februarja 1833 postal adjunkt za matematiko in
fiziko na Dunaju. Meril je viine z ivosrebrnim termometrom ob upotevanju vpliva tlaka
(1835, 1837, 1849), raziskoval magnete (1837), pojasnil poledenitve na reki Muri (1838) v
primerjavi s tedanjimi evropskimi teorijami in opisal grake vremenske razmere (1837-1842),
podobno kot njegov tudent Kocen pozneje gorike. Vsekakor bi si Kocen teko nael bolj
razgledanega in praktinega uitelja, ki bi prekosil Gintla. Gintl je leta 1847 sprejel slubo

328
Universittsarchiv Graz, Philosophische Fakultt, Studentenkatalog, 1836-1839.
329
Povi, 1966, 5; Krones, 1886, 601; Universittsarchiv Graz, Philosophische Fakultt, Rigorosenprotokolle,
1823-1866/1-140, Nr. 33 d, 1839/40-1843.
330
Koloman Kvas (Kolloman Quass, * 30. 11. 1790 Roiki vrh pri Sv. Juriju ob avnici; 19. 12 1867
Gradec).
331
Janez Nepomuk Primic (* 1823; 1867).
332
Peter Dajnko (* 23. 4. 1787 Sv. Peter pri Radgoni; 22. 2. 1873 Velika Nedelja).
333
Julius Wilhelm Gintl (* 12. 11. 1804 Praga; 22. 12. 1883 Praga).
334
Krones, 1886, 148, 153.

149
telegrafskega inpektorja na Dunaju, Franz Steinz pa je postal asistent za fiziko in matematiko
na filozofski fakulteti grake univerze.335 Naslednje leto je Gintl ob ustanovitvi Dunajske
akademije postal njen dopisni lan. Izumil je prvi prenosni telegraf in zasnoval zanimiv nart
za poiljanje dveh hkratnih telegramov po istem kablu (1854). Prvi profesor na samostojni
katedri za fiziko univerze v Gradcu je postal doktor filozofije Karl Hummel, ki je bil pred tem
profesor osnov matematike v prvem letniku liceja v Ljubljani. Hummlov uenec (1849/50)
Trdina336 je pristransko rtil Hummlova predavanja,337 saj mu matematika ni ravno diala,
eravno si je mono gnal k srcu slovensko usmerjene spodbude profesorja fizike Kersnika.

5. Knar,338 Kocenov profesor osnov matematike

Leta 1820 je tajerec Knar zael pouevati matematiko v Gradcu in leta 1824 napredoval v
naziv rednega (stalnega) profesorja. Leta 1834/35 je Knar postal rektor grake univerze, leta
1854/55 in med letoma 1857-1859 pa je bil dekan filozofske fakultete v Gradcu.339 Haler je
bil dekan grake filozofske fakultete od leta 1836 do leta 1838,340 znova pa v asu
Kocenovega tudija v letih 1839 in 1840.

Leta 1824 je Knar v Gradcu objavil knjigo o novem postopku za raunanje korenov tevil.
Raziskoval je razvoj funkcij (1827, 1856), kombinatoriko (1827), Evklidov peti aksiom o
vzporednicah (1827, 1828) in harmonine vrste (1861, 1865) v Grunertovih341 Matematinih
arhivih. Knar se je leta 1830 po zgledu pokojnega Jurija Vege med prvimi zavzemal za
reformo mer na francoskem desetikem vzoru, ki se je v habsburki monarhiji le poasi
uveljavljal.

6. Kocen tudira bogoslovje Celovcu

Kocen je ustregel materi s tudijem bogoslovja v Celovcu (1841-1845). Leta 1773 so celovke
jezuitske vije tudije spremenili v licej, ki so ga med letoma 1807-1871 benediktinci iz st.
Pavla vodili skupaj z gimnazijo; med vojno so izpraznili poslopje (1809), po marni revoluciji
pa so licej spremenili v zadnja dva gimnazijska letnika.342 Kocen je v Celovcu spoznal
nekoliko starejega benediktinca Robido in si utrdil svoja naravoslovna obzorja. Robida je
polnih petnajst let (1830-1845) poueval v prvem humanitetnem razredu celovke gimnazije
in medtem leta 1843 v Celovcu objavil slovenski molitvenik v bohoriici. Po Marni
revoluciji je leta 1850 priobil Uvod k splonemu zemljopisu kot eden temeljev Kocenovega
dela.

Preglednica 1: Fiziki in matematiki v Celovcu med Kocenovim tudijem bogoslovja

335
Krones, 1886, 519.
336
Janez Trdina (* 1830; 1905).
337
Trdina, 1946, 163, 169.
338
Josef K. Knar (* 1799 ali 1. 1. 1800 Hartberg; 1. 6. 1864 Gradec).
339
Krones, 1886, 582, 585-586.
340
Krones, 1886, 585.
341
Johan August Grunert (* 1797; 1872).
342
Eggermann, 1964, 6, 7.

150
Ime Poueval Ustanova

Matija Ahacel343 1801- suplent, 1807-1845 matematika 1824-1845 prirodoslovje Licej


Paul Spach344 -1832-1837- fizika Licej
Victor Pierre345 -1847- fizika Licej
Karel Robida 1831-1878; 1845-1847 in 1849-1874 matematika Licej, Gimnazija
Engelbert Passler346 1848-1852 matematika Licej
Prettner 1851 matematika Gimnazija
J. G. Sepper347 -1852- matematika 6. in 7. razred Gimnazija
E. Paser -1852- matematika 1. razred Gimnazija

Celovka podrunica Drutva za pospeevanje industrije in obrti je pod pokroviteljstvom


nadvojvode Janeza pomagala pri organizaciji predavanj Kmetijske drube,348 med letoma
1842-1845 pa je omogoila predavanja mehanike in kemije Ahaclu,349 Prettnerju 350 in
pozneje Robidi. Klimatolog in meteorolog Prettner je bil leta 1851 nastavljen za profesorja
matematike v Celovcu; vlanil se je v Historini drutvi za tajersko in Kranjsko, skupaj z
Demanom pa sta bila od leta 1870 do smrti dopisna lana tajerskega naravoslovnega
drutva (Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein fr Steiermark), ki je bilo ustanovljeno dne 4. 4.
1862 v Gradcu. Prettner je na sejah drutva poroal o korokem podnebju, vendar je rezultate
objavil komaj po Kocenovi smrti (1873).

S predavanji o eksperimentalni fiziki, mehaniki in podobnih zanimivostih je v Celovcu priel


Roan Kobentlar; le-ta je bil v prve olske knjige vpisan z domaim hinim imenom
Ahacel,351 ki se ga je prijelo za vse ivljenje. Tako majhne olske pomote pogosto krojijo
ivljenje velikih ljudi. Med letoma 1791 in 1794 je konal normalko v Celovcu; prav tam je
nadaljeval tudij na gimnaziji (1794-1799) in liceju (1800, 1801). Matematike se je nauil
tako dobro, da so ga takoj ob koncu tudijev leta 1801 vzeli za suplenta, ez est let pa je e
postal profesor matematike na liceju v Celovcu.352 Od leta 1809 do 1811 je obiskoval
predavanja iz kmetijstva, tako da je lahko leta 1820 v Celovcu prevzel e katedro za ta
predmet. Pod vplivom fiziokratov in kmetijskih drub se je Slovencem predvsem pa Ahaclu
zdelo kmetijstvo kar najpomembneja gospodarska panoga. Seveda se je Ahacel leta 1811
vlanil e v Kmetijsko drubo; kot profesor kmetijstva si je v Drubi pridobil velik ugled,
tako da so ga leta 1820 izbrali za kanclerja.

343
Ordnung der ffentlichen Vorlesungen am k.k. Lyceum zu Klagenfurt 1824.
344
Provizorien in nato po letu 1832 oziroma 1837 pravi profesor fizike, ivel v Benediktinskem kolegiju kot
duhovnik samostana St. Paul (Schematismus des Laibacher Gouvernements-Gebiethes im Knigreiche Illyrien
fr das Jahr 1832, stran 148; 1837, stran 165).
345
Doktor filozofije in medicine, adjunkt pri katedri za matematiko in fiziko na Dunaju, provizorini profesor,
stanoval na Neuer Platz t 18 (Schematismus des Laibacher Gouvernements-Gebiethes im Knigreiche Illyrien
fr das Jahr 1847, stran 227).
346
Kapitular benediktinskega samostana St. Paul (Schematismus des Laibacher Gouvernements-Gebiethes im
Knigreiche Illyrien fr das Jahr 1848, stran 227).
347
Predaval tri ure na teden po Monikovem ubeniku (Izvestja gimnazije Celovec, 1853, 1854, 1861, 1865,
1876, 1888.
348
Bufon, 1974, 127.
349
Matija Ahacel Kobentar (Achazel, * 24. 2. 1779 Gorene v upniji sv. Jakob ali Podgrad v Gornjem Rou;
23. 9. 1845 Celovec).
350
Ivan Prettner (* 24. 1. 1812 Glanegg na Korokem; 18. 3. 1875 Celovec).
351
SBL, 1: 3.
352
Schematismus des Laibacher Gouvernements-Gebiethes im Knigreiche fr das Jahr 1831, stran 309.

151
Leta 1825 je Ahacel prevzel e predavanja iz naravoslovja na celovkem liceju, sodeloval pa
je celo pri ustanavljanju posojilnic. Rad je pomagal svojim neukim rojakom z brezplanim
poukom na obrtni oli in podpiral olo za organiste. Kocen se je pozneje kot kustos kabineta
za kmetijstvo na ljubljanski gimnaziji v marsiem zgledoval po Ahaclu.

7. Kocen profesor v Celju

Po teolokih tudijah v Celovcu, kjer je njegov rojak Slomek dne 29. 10. 1929 postal
celovki semeniki spiritual, je bil Kocen leta 1845 posveen v duhovnika. Sluboval je kot
kaplan dovolj blizu doma v entrupertu nad Lakim, otanju in Rogatcu. Ko so filozofske
tudije po Marni revoluciji prikljuili gimnazijam so tevilne gimnazije dopolnili do osmih
razredov tudi v krajih, kjer prej pouka filozofije ni bilo. Zato je bilo seveda treba novih unih
moi. Kocen je zael s predavanji na celjski gimnaziji (1849), ki jo je desetletje prej konal z
odliko. Celje je takoj po Kocenovem odhodu poleg gimnazije dobilo e nijo dvorazredno
realko v poslopju osnovne ole leta 1852/53.

Med Kocenovimi celjskimi dijaki je bil Poljanec Simon ubic, ki je med letoma 1844-1850
obiskoval gimnazijo v Celju. V prvem razredu nije gimnazije je bil leta 1844/45 med
estintridesetimi soolci najbolji (prvi premifer) Toma Janei, ki se je po konanih tudijih
zaposlil kot knjiniar Joanneuma v Gradcu. V drugem razredu leta 1845/46 je bil med
tridesetimi dijaki najbolji Vonjak,353 ki je e naslednje leto s Krellovo tipendijo nadaljeval
tudije na gimnaziji v Gradcu.

V prvih dveh razredih celjske gimnazije so pouevali: verouk, latinino, zemljepis,


zgodovino in matematiko, v tretjem razredu pa e grino.354 Ob prihodu v Celje ubic ni znal
skoraj ni nemko, zato je imel veliko unih teav med tiri leta mlajimi soolci. V drugem
razredu vije gimnazije leta 1849/50 se je ubic ob zaetku Kocenovega pouka e prebil med
premijante. Kocenov gimnazijski prefekt Hartrid Dorfmann je sprejel siromanega Simona na
stanovanje do jeseni leta 1850, zato pa mu je moral po svojih moeh pomagati pri pisarnikih
delih. Admontski menih in humanitetni uitelj grake gimnazije Dorfmann je postal prefekt
gimnazije v Celju novembra leta 1827 in tam utemeljil numizmatino zbirko. Leta 1850/51 ga
je zamenjal Gassner.355

8. Kocen se izpopolnjuje na Dunaju

Da bi lahko obdral poloaj profesorja na gimnaziji, je moral Kocen opraviti potrebne izpite
na dunajskem fizikalnem institutu iz naravoslovja, fizike in matematike (5. 12. 1852-9. 10.
1853). Na Dunajski univerzi so slovela zgodovinska in filozofska predavanja Aschbacha,356
Lotta,357 Lichtenfelsa358 in drugih strokovnjakov. Aschbach je posebno zaslovel z zgodovino

353
Josip Vonjak (* 1834; 1911).
354
Vonjak, 1982, 17, 19-21.
355
Oroen, 1928, 4, 6, 10.
356
Josef von Aschbach (* 1801; 1882).
357
Franz Karl Lott (* 1807; 1874).
358
Johann Peithner Ritter von Lichtenfels (* 1787; 1866).

152
svoje Alma mater (1865). Fizikalni institut je vodil Cauchyjev sodelavec Ettingshausen.359
Oe oficir je pripeljal Heidelberana Ettingshausena na Dunaj. Najprej je tudiral filozofijo,
pravo in artilerijske vede na Bombardierschule, kjer je do nedavnega predaval Vega, za njim
pa pozneji novomeki profesor Ramutha.360 Nato je Ettingshausna zanesla predvsem
matematina muza. Leta 1817 je postal adjunkt za matematiko na univerzi v Innsbrucku. Od
leta 1821 do leta 1835 je bil profesor vije matematike na dunajski univerzi, nato pa je
zamenjal katedro za fiziko, uporabno matematiko in mehaniko. Leta 1826 je skupaj z
Baumgartnerjem361 na Dunaju zael izdajati odmevno fizikalno-matematino revijo. Leta
1852 je postal profesor inenirskih ved na dunajskem politehnikem institutu. Leta 1853 je
organiziral Dopplerjev Institut za fiziko dunajske univerze za odmevne potrditve obstoja
atomov. Utemeljil je Dunajsko akademijo znanosti in jo od leta 1847 do 1850 vodil kot glavni
tajnik. Leta 1862 je bil rektor dunajske univerze; al ga je kmalu zaela pestiti bolezen, tako
da je njegov poloaj moral prevzeti Slovenec Joef Stefan.

9. Profesor v Ljubljani

Po koncu tudijev je Kocen priel na ljubljansko gimnazijo skupaj z dobro leto mlajim
Mitteisom,362 ki je prav tako predaval matematiko in fiziko. eki Nemec Mitteis je
zanimiveje nabave v fizikalnem kabinetu gimnazije v Ljubljani vekrat predstavil pred
Kranjskim muzejskim drutvom in se s tem kar najbolj priblial poljudnim predstavitvam
svojega fizikalnega kabineta, kar je bil tudi namen poznejih olskih razstav. Za uitelja
matematike in fizike na Dunajski Terezijanski Akademiji je bil nastavljen dne 11. 10. 1851.363
Med letoma 1862-1865 je bil lan mestnega sveta ljubljanske obine.364 Po Peternelu je
prevzel ravnateljstvo realke leta 1861/62, med letoma 1862-1866 pa je bil obenem e ravnatelj
gimnazije v Ljubljani. Postal je lan Filharmoninega drutva in Muzejskega drutva medtem
ko je trinajst let (1853-1866) predaval fiziko in obasno e matematiko v Ljubljani. Ukvarjal
se je z meteorologijo in seizmologijo; raziskoval je elektromagnetne pojave in e posebej
njihovo zgodovino. V letu 1856 je pred Kranjskim muzejskim drutvom s tremi od tirih
predavanj o elektriki posegel v zgodovino. Skupaj s Kocenom je sodeloval v Demanovem
domoznanskem kroku pri Muzejskem drutvu za Kranjsko in pomagal pripraviti prvi letnik
Muzejskih izvestij.

Dne 4. 7. 1855 je Kocen na prvem vsakomesenem sestanku Muzejskega drutva predaval o


razvoju astronomije od najstarejih asov do Hiparha.365 Hiparh je z raziskovanjem na otoku
Rhodos rono dokazal: hic Rhodos, hic salta. Prvi je doloil razdaljo do Lune in Sonca iz
paralakse. Sestavil je zemljevid z nekaj nad tiso zvezdami, odkril tedaj e skrivnostno
supernovo in dokazal premik vseh zvezd od zahoda proti vzhodu kot precesijo ekvinokcija za
36'' na leto (po sodobnih meritvah 50''), ki jo je dobro opisal ele Kopernik, pojasnil pa
Newton. Hiparhov zemljevid zvezd, predvsem pa postopek doloanja koordinat tok na
povrini Zemlje z zemljepisno irino in dolino je spodbudil Kocenovo lastno delo na

359
Andreas von Ettingshausen (* 25. 11. 1796 Heidelberg; 25. 5. 1878 Dunaj).
360
Aquinas Ramutha (* 1787; 1861).
361
Andreas baron von Baumgartner (* 1793; 1865).
362
Heinrich Mitteis (* 1. 4. 1822 Praga; 15. 5. 1878 Dunaj).
363
Dassenbacher, 1868.
364
Z.st.Gym., 1878. 29: 398.
365
IMK, 1856, 47; SBL, 1: 481. Hiparh (* okoli 190 Nicaea, danes Iznik severno od Istanbula; okoli 120
pr.n.t.).

153
zemljevidih; seveda ne nebesnih. Hiparh je sestavil prve trigonometrijske tabele z veliinami
podobnimi sodobnim sinusom, vsebine njegovih izgubljenih knjig pa je povzel Ptolemaj.
Hiparhovi epicikli so se poznejim raziskovalcem zdeli dejansko oprijemljivi, kar je nagajalo
tevilnim astronomov pred Kopernikom.

Kocen je astronomijo vseskozi vpletal v uvodna poglavja svojih geografskih knjig pod
naslovom Matematina geografija. Geografske knjige je zael priobevati kmalu po odhodu
iz Ljubljane kot goriki profesor z zaetnimi petnajstimi stranmi opisov vesolja, Sonevega
sistema, Lune, oblike Zemlje in sprememb letnih asov.366

Po Demanovih, Radicsevih in Mitteisovih svobodomiselnih nazorih367 je Kocen povzel


razmeroma hladen odnos do intelektualnih prvin slovenskega narodnostnega gibanja do
odhoda v Olomouc. Po Kocenovem odhodu je Radics ob posredovanju Demanovega
sovranika Etbina Coste postal suplent na ljubljanski gimnaziji (jesen 1858/59-konec
zimskega semestra 1862). Radics je tudiral zemljepis, vendar se je namesto z njim ukvarjal
predvsem z zgodovino, medtem ko je Kocen tudiral naravoslovje z matematiko, ukvarjal pa
se je predvsem z zemljepisom. Oba pa sta bila izjemno plodna pisca.

Po marni revoluciji so v habsburki monarhiji ukinili liceje in estim razredom predmarnih


gimnazij dodali e dva. Latinski znaaj gimnazije so okrnili v prid matematike in
prirodoslovja. Na novo so vpeljali pouk materinine, prirodopisa in filozofske
propedevtike.368 Predvideni predmetnik se ni vedno zares izvajal. Posebno velike razlike so
bile pri pouku fizike, ki so jo ponekod med letoma 1849-1852 posluali tudi po sedem ali celo
osem ur na teden v zakljunem letniku.369

Matematik Georg Luscher je leta 1850/51 v sedmem ljubljanskem gimnazijskem razredu


predaval po tiri ure na teden o potencah, logaritmih in geometriji. Prirodopis so prav tako
predavali po tiri ure na teden z zoologijo po Knorovem ubeniku, botaniko in mineralogijo
pa po ubeniku mineraloga Mohsa370 iz Gradca. V sedmem razredu je prirodopis poueval dr.
Anton Schubert, ki je v osmem razredu predaval e prirodoslovje (fiziko in kemijo). Vendar je
kmalu zbolel in umrl dne 21. 4. 1851. e dne 16. 3. 1851 ga je nadomestil suplent Deman, ki
se je leta 1849 vrnil v Ljubljano po dunajskem tudiju medicine in absolviranju prava.

Leta 1851/52 so uni nart znova mono spremenili v korist prirodoslovja. V tem letu je
Deman poueval naravoslovje v drugem polletju estega razreda po tri ure na teden, v
sedmem razredu po tiri ure na teden in v 8. razredu po sedem ur na teden. V poznejih
desetletjih se je skupno tevilo tedenskih ur pouka fizike v vseh letnikih gimnazije v Ljubljani
ustalilo na deset.

Sredi 19. stoletja so na gimnazijah v Ljubljani, Celovcu in Novem Mestu pouevali


prirodoslovje po Baumgartnerjevem ubeniku s prvo uporabo samostalnika
"Thermodynamik".371 Baumgartner je zagovarjal domnevo o valovni naravi toplote, ki v drugi
polovici stoletja ni bila ve v islih.

366
Bratec Mrvar, 2002, 174, 178; Kocen, 1858, 1-16; Kocen, 1868, 1-13.
367
Bratec Mrvar, 2002, 167.
368
Schmidt, 1988, 3: 129.
369
Izvestja gimnazije Ljubljana, 1852, 17.
370
Friederich Mohs (* 1773; 1839).
371
Kangro, 1976, 229, Brush, 1976, 322; Baumgartner, 1837.

154
Kljub malotevilnim uram je Deman v osmem razredu v celoti predelal Baumgartnerjev
ubenik po naslednjem nartu: Kemija, statika, dinamika, akustika, optika, magnetizem,
elektrika, toplota, astronomija, meteorologija.

Vrstni red poglavij v unem nartu za prirodoslovje na ljubljanski gimnaziji je ostal v


glavnem nespremenjen ves as Kocenovega pedagokega udejstvovanja. Le med letoma
1852-1855, v asu Kocenovega pouka v Ljubljani, je Mitteis opual zadnji dve mejni
poglavji fizike, brkone zaradi stiske s asom ob zmanjanju ur prirodoslovja. Do pomembne
spremembe vrstnega reda poglavij je prilo tako v ubenikih kot v unih nartih ele v 1860ih
letih. Tedaj so zaeli takoj za elektriko in magnetizmom obravnavati e druge vrste valovanj:
zvok, svetlobo in toploto.

10. Kocen nabavlja une pripomoke v Ljubljani

V asu Kocenovega pouevanja je imel fizikalni kabinet gimnazije v Ljubljani 200 fl letnih
dotacij, medtem ko so v Celovcu dobivali pol manj. Za 200 fl je bilo leta 1854 mogoe v
Ljubljani kupiti 652 kg govedine ali 2105 kg najcenejega kruha,372 kar oitno ni bila majhna
vsota. Kustos fizikalnega kabineta Deman ni nabavljal novih naprav za merjenje toplotnih
lastnosti snovi. Tako je imel na razpolago le dvaindvajset instrumentov za merjenje toplotnih
lastnosti, ki so ostali e iz asov Kersnikovega tiridesetletnega pouevanja.373 Polovica teh
naprav je ostala uporabna e ob Mitteisovem odhodu iz Ljubljane leta 1866. Med njimi je bil
na najvijo vrednost ocenjen platinski vigalnik, sledil pa so mu Papinov lonec in trije
kovinski termometri, ki so skupaj stali nad 70 fl.374

SLIKA 3 (KersnikOdpravnuka0000154): Kocenov predhodnik na ljubljanski gimnaziji Janez


Krstnik Kersnik (Last njegovega prapravnuka Gorazda Zupania)

SLIKA 4 (KersnikMapaSvetaHemisferea1811KOPIRANJE): Kersnikova mapa sveta


popisana leta 1811 v kabinetu Centralnih ol v Ljubljani (Kersnik, 1811).

SLIKA 5
(KersnikKocenAstroPopisZAL1847_17SferaArmiralisZvezdna&ZemeljskaKroglaMapaSvet
a): Kersnikova armila, zvezdni in zemeljski globus ter mapa sveta popisani leta 1847 v
fizikalnem kabinetu ljubljanskega liceja (Kersnik, 1847, 17).

Med cenejimi instrumenti je bila Leslijeva kocka, katere ploskve so bile prevleene z
razlinimi snovmi, kar je omogoalo meritve razlik sevanja toplote v razlinih smereh. Irski
raziskovalec Tyndall375 je delovanje Leslijeve kocke pojasnil s tedaj priljubljeno teorijo
etra.376 Poceni so nabavili e ivosrebrni termometer, pirometer, kalorimeter, tiri inaice
svetilk, hladilnik in podobno. Leta 1851/52 je Deman nabavil celo priljubljeni Morsov

372
Melik, 1981, 32.
373
Janez Krstnik Kersnik (* 26. 3. 1783 Moste pri irovnici na Gorenjskem; 24. 6. 1850 Ljubljana).
374
Mitteis, 1866.
375
John Tyndall (* 1820; 1893).
376
Tyndall, 1867, 364.

155
samopisni telegraf, o katerem je njegov uenec ubic triindvajset let pozneje objavil
zajetno razpravo v slovenskem jeziku.

V prvi polovici 19. stoletja pouk fizike v ljubljanskem liceju in gimnaziji ni bil na eleni
viini. Kersnik in njegovi nasledniki z Demanom vred namre niso imeli ustrezne izobrazbe.
Poloaj se je uredil komaj s Kocenovim in Mitteisovim prihodom leta 1853/54.

Leta 1852 so na Ljubljanski gimnaziji nabavili Berghausov Fizikalni olski atlas, geografske
karte, De Triauxove in Friedove zemljevide Avstrije, zemljevid Wlfovih popotovanj,
zemljevid jezikov,377 Eisenlohra in tevilne druge fizikalne knjige ter revije. Leta 1853 je
Kocen v Ljubljani nadomestil korokega Nemca Philipa Pauschitza, ki je odel v Gorico.
Pauschitz je bil med letoma 1852-1853 suplent in vodja fizikalnega kabineta gimnazije v
Ljubljani, skupaj z Demanom pa sta vekrat poljudno javno predavala.378 Leta 1852/53 je
Pauschitz kupil devet funtov teko elezno kroglo za nihalo Foucaultovega poskusa
neposrednega dokaza vrtenja Zemlje, ki je zaslovel dobro stoletje pozneje s knjigo Umberta
Ecca. Pauschitz je nabavil e Reuterjev zemljevid zvezd vidnih s severne poloble,
Berzeliusovo svetilko, umetno oko in tevilne druge fizikalne pripomoke.379 Dne 19. 9. 1869
je Pauschitz postal profesor naravoslovja in matematike v Gradcu, leta 1882 pa direktor druge
vije gimnazije v Gradcu.

SLIKA 6
(KocenIzvestjeLjubljana1853_23FizikaKabinetFoucaultPoskusAstronomijaMadler):
Nakupi astronomskih in geografskih naprav, med njimi Foucaultovega nihala za nazoren
dokaz vrtenja Zemlje na Ljubljanski gimnaziji leta 1853 (Izvestja gimnazije Ljubljana, 1853,
23).

SLIKA 7 (Robida1866MitteisPopisFoucault FARA1mojeSLIKE): Foucaultovo nihalo za


dokaz vrtenja Zemlje in druge geografske naprave v Mitteisovem popisu fizikalnega kabineta
ljubljanskega liceja (Mitteis, 1866).

Leta 1853/54 so za gimnazijo v Ljubljani med zemljepisnimi pripomoki nabavili Spitzerjevo


sterreichisch. Vaterlandskunde,380 zemljevid Nemije, globus, Bellingerjevo Geografijo,
Schmittovo Statistik von Oesterreich, Haukejevo Geografijo, Zakovskyjevo Post-Reisekarte
Oesterreich,381 pa tudi Janeievo Slovensko slovnico. Kocenov je posebej za naravoslovni
kabinet kupil Hainovo Statistik von Oesterreich, Meynertovo Geografie und Staatskunde von
Oesterreich, Ritterjevo382 Geografijo za gimnazije, Hartmannovo383 Geografijo, Becherjevo
Geografijo, prevod J.F. Schouwove danske Proben einer Erdbeschreibung, Strielerjev

377
Brkone Joseph Vincenz Haeufler (* 1810; 1852), 1846.
378
Schmidt, 1966, 140-141.
379
Izvestja gimnazije Ljubljana, 1953, 23.
380
Brkone 82 strani velikosti 23 cm iz leta 1854 (Wien: Schulbcher-Verlag).
381
Morda se je zapis nanaal na Raffelspergerjerve zemljevide.
382
Carl Ritter (* 7. 8. 1779 Quedlinburg na Sakem pod prusko upravo; 28. 9. 1859 Berlin). Drugi Georg
Ludwig von Ritter je leta 1831 sestavil Najnovejo specialno karto Kranjske.
383
Julius Hartmann (* 1814; 1876).

156
Geografski atlas, Schlagintweitovo384 Physikalische Geographie der Alpen, Berghausovi385
Physikalische Geographie na XII+1184 straneh z zemljevidi velikosti 22 cm in Ethnographie,
Meyenovo386 Pflanzengeografie in Humboldtov387 Kosmos skupaj z njegovimi kratkimi spisi.
Med astronomskimi nabavami izstopa Wunder des Himmels direktorja Dunajskega
observatorija Littrowa, kupil pa je e Kunzekovo388 Meteorologijo in Fiziko z meteorologijo
parikega akademika Pouilleta389 v etrtem natisu prevoda freiburkega profesorja fizike
Mllerja.

Kocen je nabavil e knjige pomembnih fizikov-matematikov Plckerja, Poggendorffa ter


Geist in der Natur Danca Oersteda. Prevladoval je vpliv Humboldta in njegovih sodelavcev,
kot sta bila brata Schlagintweit, Humboldtov dopisnik Berghaus ali berlinski izredni profesor
botanike Meyen, ki se je s Humboldtovim priporoilom udeleil odprave v Juno Ameriko,
Polinezijo in Kitajsko (1830-1832). Kocena so potovanja oitno privlaila kljub ibkemu
zdravju.

SLIKA 8 (Pouillet1853pl31aFig15telekopLjubKocenMitteis): Teleskop v Fiziki z


meteorologijo parikega akademika Pouilleta v etrtem natisu prevoda profesorja fizike v
Freiburgu Mllerja, ki ga je Kocen kupil leta 1854 (Izvestja gimnazije Ljubljana, 1854, 24;
Pouillet, 1853, ploa 31a, slika 15).

SLIKA 9 (KocenKunzekMeteorogija1850_Naslovnica): Naslovna stran druge izdaje


Kunzekove meteorologije, ki jo je Kocen nabavil za ljubljansko gimnazijo leta 1853/54 takoj
po koncu svojega tudija pri Kunzeku na Dunaju. Kunzekovi matematini vremenoslovni
prijemi so v veliki meri usmerili Kocenov opis gorikih vremenskih razmer tri leta pozneje
(Izvestja gimnazije Ljubljana, 1854, 24; Kunzek, 1850, 234).

SLIKA 10 (KocenKunzekMeteorogija1850_234SkicaMavrice): Nastanek mavrice po drugi


izdaji Kunzekove meteorologije (Izvestja gimnazije Ljubljana, 1854, 24: Kunzek, 1850, 234).

SLIKA 11 (KocenKlima1857PopisHubl137): Kocenova klima Gorike v meteorolokem delu


popisa srednjeolskih objav (Hbl, 1869, 137).

Kocen je za Naravoslovno-kmetijski kabinet gimnazije v Ljubljani z letno dotacijo 180 fl


nabavil tevilne naravoslovne, fizikalne in geografske pripomoke.390 Z njihovim
preuevanjem se vsekakor lahko dokopljemo do vanih ugotovitev o zorenju uitelja in
uenjaka Kocena.

384
Predavatelj meteorologije in fizikalne geografije na berlinski univerzi Hermann Rudolph Albert von
Schlagintweit-Saknlunski (* 13. 5. 1826 Mnchen; 19. 1. 1882 Mnchen) in njegov brat Adolf Schlagintweit
(* 9. 1. 1829 Mnchen; 26. 8. 1857), ki je nesreno konal na enem svojih vzhodnjakih potovanj.
385
Geodet Heinrich Karl Wilhelm Berghaus (* 3. 5. 1797 Kleve; 17. 2. 1884).
386
Franz Julius Ferdinand Meyen (* 28. 6. 1804 Tilsit; 2. 9. 1840 Berlin).
387
Alexander von Humboldt (* 1769; 1859).
388
August Kunzek Edler von Lichton (* 1795; 1865).
389
Claude Servait Matthias Pouillet (* 1790; 1868).
390
Izvestja gimnazije Ljubljana, 1855, 26.

157
Preglednica 3: Vodja naravoslovno-kmetijskega kabineta ljubljanske gimnazije, Kocen,
nakupuje knjige in une pripomoke (1854/55)

Pisec Knjiga Podroje

Dove391 Verbreitung der Warme (Atlas in tekst) Fizika


Ziegler392 Geographische physikalische Atlas Geografija
Eduard Beck Reliefkarte der Schweiz Geografija
Bromme393 Physikalische Atlas zu Humboldt's Kosmos, 1845-1862 Geografija
Hoevon Zoologie Zoologija
Voigt Zoologie Zoologija
Wagner Familien der Grfer und Halbgrfer Zgodovina
Hermann Wagner Kryptogamenflora, 2. serija Botanika
Becker Wandtafeln mit Schwmmen Gobarstvo
Anonimno Naturhistorischer Schulatlas. Olmtz Geografija
Tschudi Thierwelt der Alpen Zoologija
Schlechtendal394 Deutschlands Flora III, IV, XII Botanika
Loebe Encyclopdie der Landwirtschaft, zvezka 59, 60 Kmetijstvo
10 za olo (prepariranih) insektov s steklenimi ploicami; nad Zoologija
200 modelov insektov

Dove je tudiral matematiko in fiziko v Wroclawu in Berlinu (1824), habilitiral pa je v


Knigsbergu (1828). Septembra 1829 je poslal izredni, leta 1845 pa redni profesor v Berlinu.
Utemeljil je sodobno napovedovanje vremena z zakonitostmi vetrov po Dovejevem izreku.
Leta 1846 je utemeljil meteoroloki institut in dve leti pozneje postal njegov direktor.
Raziskoval je celo elektrine in optine pojave, ob Kunzeku pa je bil poglaviten vir znanja
Kocenove razprave o gorikem podnebju.

Kocen je kupil tevilna vicarska zemljepisna dela. Med njimi so bili atlasi Jakoba Melchiorja
Zieglerja, ki je tudiral matematiko in naravoslovje v Genfu in Parizu, med letoma 1828-1834
pa je poueval matematiko v domaem Winterthuru. Leta 834 je postal gozdni inpektor.
Skupaj z dijakom Wursterjem je ustanovil litografsko podjetje Wurster & Co., od leta 1863
Wurster, Randegger & Co., ki je Zieglerju deloma pripadalo do leta 1873. Ziegler je bil dolgo
v tesnih stikih z geografom Karlom Ritterjem, katerega ubenik so za ljubljansko gimnazijo
nabavili leto poprej (1853/54).

Bernski kartograf, izdelovalec reliefov in zalonik Beck395 je uredil e tevilne druge


zemljevide po reliefu 26 x 42 cm s skalo 1:900,000, ki ga je kupil Kocen. Izdal je zemljevid

391
Heinrich Wilhelm Dove (* 6. 10. 1803 Liegnitz; 4. 4. 1879 Berlin).
392
Jakob Melchior Ziegler (* 27. 11. 1801 Winterthur v vici; 11. 4. 1883 Basel). Stareji Anton Ziegler (*
1793; 1869) je napisal 1852-1853. Wiener Huser-Schema und der nchsten Umgebung in
Grundrissendargestellt. Wien: Vorstadt Wieden.
393
Traugott Bromme (* 1802 okolica Leipziga; 1866).
394
Diederich von Schlechtendal (* 27. 11. 1794 Xanten v Vestfaliji; 12. 10. 1866), profesor botanike, direktor
botaninega vrta v pri univerzi Martina Lutra v Halleju (Wittenberg) od leta 1833 do smrti in urednik botanine
revije Linnaea.
395
Eduard Beck (* 1820; 1895 ali 1900).

158
Berna (1858) in vice v razmerju 1: 25,000 (1861).

Bromme je leta 1821 prijadral v ZDA in tam tudiral medicino. Leta 1848 je objavil uspeen
nemki vodi po ZDA in Kanadi na nemke prilece, skupno pa naj bi objavil kar 23
veinoma geografskih del.

Kocen je tako e v Ljubljani svoje nabave osredotoil na zemljepis, ki mu je pozneje posveal


veino svojih prizadevanj. Mitteis je dobival za svoj fizikalni kabinet 20 fl letnih dotacij ve
od Kocena, direktor botaninega vrta Fleischmann396 pa je dobival dvakrat toliko kot Mitteis.
eprav Deman ni bil ve lan gimnazijske zbornice, so dijaki ob sobotah in sredah redno
odhajali gledati zaklade njegovega naravoslovnega muzeja Rudolfinuma. Predvsem pa je
Deman gimnazijske profesorje uspeno pritegnil v Muzejsko drutvo. Leta 1856/57 je
Konschegg397 predaval o naravoslovju pred Muzejskim drutvom; nekaj mesecev prej je
nadomestil Blaa Kocena kot vodja Naravoslovno-kmetijskega kabineta gimnazije v
Ljubljani.398 Leta 1842 je bil Konschegg potrjen za gimnazijskega predavatelja naravoslovja.
Sodeloval je v Kaiserlich-Knigliche Geologische Reichsanst, Dunajskem zooloko-
botaninem drutvu, Zgodovinski, Muzejski in Kmetijski drubi za Kranjsko.

SLIKA 12
(KocenLjubljanaIzvestja1852_24Knjige&Fizikalni&NaravoslovniKabinetNabaveAtlas):
Nakupi geografskih knjig, med njimi atlasa na Ljubljanski gimnaziji leta 1854 (Izvestja
gimnazije Ljubljana, 1852, 24).

SLIKA 13
(KocenLjubljanaIzvestje1854_23Knjige&FizikaKabinetGlobusiGeografijeZemljevidi):
Nakupi geografskih globusov in zemljevidov na Ljubljanski gimnaziji leta 1854 (Izvestja
gimnazije Ljubljana, 1854, 23).

SLIKA 14
(KocenLjubljanaIzvestje1854_24Naravos&FizikaKabinetKunzekOerstedLittrowRitterGeogr
af): Nakupi geografskih knjig, med njimi Carl Ritterjevega ubenika evropske geografije
(prva izdaja 1811) na Ljubljanski gimnaziji leta 1854 (Izvestja gimnazije Ljubljana, 1854, 24).

SLIKA 15
(KocenLjubljanaIzvestja1855_26Fizikalni&NaravoslovniKocenovKabinetDezmanNM):
Kocenovi nakupi geografskih in drugih naprav za naravoslovno-kmetijski kabinet Ljubljanske
gimnazije leta 1855 (Izvestja gimnazije Ljubljana, 1855, 26).

SLIKA 16
(KocenLjubljanaIzvestja1856_26Fizikalni&NaravoslovniKonschegKabinetZimmermanErd
ball): Ljubljanski nakupi geografskih knjig Kocenovega naslednika kot kustos
naravoslovnega kabineta Konschegga, med njimi Zimmermanove Zemeljske krogle (Izvestja
gimnazije Ljubljana, 1856, 26).

396
Andrej Fleischmann (* 1805; 1867).
397
Valentin Konschegg (Konek, * 1816 Trojane na Kranjskem).
398
Izvestja gimnazije Ljubljana, 1855, 26.

159
SLIKA 17
(MitteisAstroPopisZAL1866UranoskopTelurijSferaArmiralisSekundnoNihaloZvezdnaKrog
laAstrolab): Telurij, globus in drugi geografski pripomoki v Mitteisovem popisu fizikalnega
kabineta ljubljanskega liceja (Mitteis, 1866).

11. Zakljuek

Poskuali smo opisati manj znano a prav tako pomembno Kocenovo delo v astronomiji, fiziki
in meteorologiji, ki je napovedovalo njegove geografske uspehe. Odhod na Moravsko je
pomenil preobrat, ki je Kocenu omogoil domala poklicno ukvarjanje z zemljepisom. al ga
je nagla bridka starka s koso malce prepozno opozorila, da bi moral ostati v svojemu zdravju
bolj prijaznem gorikem podnebju.

12. Zahvala

Za pomo se zahvaljujem prof. Roletu Bratec-Mrvarju, za gmotno podporo pa Mellonovemu


skladu oddelka za zgodovino znanosti Univerze Oklahoma.

13. Viri in okrajave

VIRI

ARS Arhiv Republike Slovenije v Ljubljani.

Diar. - Diarium p. ministri(AS, Zbirka rokopisov, I/35r (1. 12. 1694--31. 12. 1706), I/36r (1.
1. 1707--31. 12. 1711), I/37r (1. 1. 1712--31. 12. 1721), I/38r (1. 1. 1722--31. 10. 1736));
Diarium praefecturae scholarum(I/39r (1. 11. 1736--31. 12. 1753), I/40r (1. 1. 1754--29. 7.
1772)).

HHStA, FAA - Dunaj, Minoritenplatz 1, Haus-, Hof- und Staats-archiv, Dep. Frstlich
Auerspergsches Archiv, VII Laibach, A 14/4 conv. 1 Laibach-Frstenhof 1729-1895.

NM Signature knjinice Narodnega muzeja v Ljubljani.

NUK Signature Narodne in univerzitetne knjinice v Ljubljani.

SK Semenika knjinica v Ljubljani.

160
IMK Jahresheft/Mitteilungen Musealvereines fr Krain, Izvestja Muzejskega drutva za
Kranjsko.

Izvestja - Programm und Jahresbericht des kaiserl. knigl. Gymnasiums zu Laibach fr das
Schuljahr...

Kersnik, Janez Krstnik. 1811. Inventaire des objects existantes dans le Cabinet de Chimie et
de Physique des coles centrales Laibach. ZML. Akc.fond 1, arh.enota 53.

Kersnik, Janez Krstnik. 1847. Inventura podpisana 6. 7. 1847 in 7. 7. 1847. ZML. Akcesijski
fond 1, arhivska enota 76.

Mitteis, Heinrich. 9. 8. 1866. Inventarium dem Instrumente, Apparate, sonstigen


Unterrichtsbehelfe und Einrichtungsstucke der physikalischen Kabinetts am k.k.Gymnasium
in Laibach mit Ende des 2. Semesters. Zgodovinski muzej Ljubljana. akc.fond 1, arh.enota 48.

NUK Knjige v Narodni in univerzitetni knjinici, Ljubljana.

Ordnung der ffentlichen Vorlesungen am k.k. Lyceum zu Klagenfurt 1824.

Schematismus des Laibacher Gouvernements-Gebiethes im Knigreiche Illyrie fr das Jahr

Universittsarchiv Graz, Philosophische Fakultt, Studentenkatalog, 1839/40-1843.

Universittsarchiv Graz, Philosophische Fakultt, Rigorosenprotokolle, 1823-1866/1-140, Nr.


33 d.

ZML - Zgodovinski muzej Ljubljana.

Z.st.Gym. - - Zeitschrift fr die sterreichischen Gymnasien (1850-) , Dunaj.

14. Literatura

Aschbach, Josef von. 1865. Geschichte der Wiener Universitt. Wien.

Baumgartner, Andreas. 1837. Anfangsgrnde der Naturlehre. Wien.

Beck, Eduard (ur.). 1853. Reliefkarte der Schweiz. Carte releef de la Suise. Bern: Beck.

Berghaus, Herman; Br, J.C. Zeichn. 1837. Ethnographie. Gotha: Perthes.

Berghaus, Heinrich. 1849. Grundlinien der Ethnographie, enthaltend in zwei Abtheilungen


eine allgemeine Vlkertafel oder Nachweisung aller Vlker des Erdbodens, nach
Sprachstmmen und Sprachfamilien ethnographisch und geographisch geordnet; und eine
vergleichende, bersichtliche Beschreibung ihrer Sitte, Gebrauche und Gewohnheiten...

161
Stuttgart: Verlags-Bureau. Ponatis: 1850. Stuttgart: Verlags-Bureau. Ponatis: 1856. Stuttgart:
Verlags-Bureau.

Berghaus, Heinrich. 1843. Grundriss der Geographie in fnf Bchern, enthaltend die
mathematische und physikalische Geographie, die allgemeine Lnder- und Vlke- so wie
Staatenkunde als leitfaden beim Unterricht in den obern klassen von Gymnasien. Breslau:
Barth Glass & Co.

Berghaus, Heinrich. 1892. Physikalische Atlas. Gotha (NUK).

Bratec Mrvar, Role. 2002. Bla Kocen. Zbornik za zgodovino naravoslovja in tehnike. 15-16:
162-196.

Bromme, Taugott (ur.); Humboldt. 1845-1858. Entwurf einer physischen Weltbeschreibung.


Zadnji (peti) zvezek: Atlasband von T. Bromme. Stuttgart: Cotta.

Brush, Stephen G. 1976. The kind of motion we call heat. Drugi del. Amsterdam, New York,
Oxford: North-Holland.

Bufon, Zmago. 1974. Naravoslovje v slovenskem narodnem prebujanju. Zbornik za


zgodovino naravoslovja in tehnike. 2. del. Ljubljana: SM. 2: 117-163.

Dassenbacher, Johann. 1868. (Schematismus) Mittelschulen der im Reichsrate vertreten


Lnder und der Militrgrnze (ur. Johann Dassenbacher). II. Znaim.

Dove, Heinrich Wilhelm. 1852. Die Verbreitung der Warme auf der Oberflche der Erde:
erlutert durch Isothermen, thermische Isanomalen und Temperaturkurven. Berlin. Angleki
prevod: 1853. London.

Eggermann, F. 1964. 400 Jahre Klagenfurt Gymnasium. Klagenfurt: Festschrift.

Geschichte der Wiener Universitt von 1848-1898. 1898. (ur. Akademischer Senat der
Wiener Universitt). Wien: Alfred Hlder.

Haeufler, Joseph Vincenz. 1846. Sprachenkate der Oesterreichischen Monarchie. Pest: G.


Emich.

Hartmann, Julius. 1841. Urania: das Wissenswrdigste aus der Himmelskunde und
mathematischen Geographie: in allgemein fasslicher Darstellung. Leipzig: W. Einhorn.

Hbl, Franz. 1869. Systematisch geordnetes Verzeichnis derjenigen Abhandlungen, Reden


und Gedichte, welche in den Mittelschulprogrammes Oesterreich-Ungarns seit d. J. 1850 bis
1869 und in jenen von Preussen seit 1852 und von Baiern seit 1863 bis 1868 enthalten sind.
Czernowitz: Im Selbstverlage des Herausgebers.

Kangro, Hans. 1976. Le developpement de la thermodynamique de Clausius Planck, v


zborniku Table ronde du CNRS: Sadi Carnot, Paris 1974. Paris: Editions CNRS. 229-246.

162
Kocen, Bla. 1856. Predavanje o razvoju astronomije od najstarejih asov do Hiparha pri
Muzejskem drutvu v Ljubljani 4. 7. 1855. Erste Jahresheft des Vereins des Krainischen
Landes-Museums. Stran 47.

Kocen, Bla. 1857. Das Klima von Grz. Izvestja gimnazije Gorica. 14 strani, 8o.

Kocen, Bla. 1858. Grundzge der Geographie fr die I. Classe der Mittel.- uns
Brgerschulen. Pest/Wien: Ed. Hlzel (Olmtz). 4. izdaja: 1867. Wien.

Kocen, Bla. 1868. Leitfaden der Geographie. Wien: Hlzel.

Krones Franz. 1886. Geschichte der Karl-Franzes Universitt. Graz: Verlag Karl Franzes
Universitt.

Kunzek, August. 1850. Lehrbuch der Meteorologie, leichfachlich dargestellt. Druga izdaja.
Dunaj: Braumller.

Lbe (Loebe), William (ur.). 1850. Encyclopdie der gesamten Landwirtschaft, der Staats-,
Haus- und Forstwirthschaft.

Melik, Vasilij. 1981. Ljubljanske cene kruha in mesa v predmarni dobi. Kronika. 29/1: 27-
33.

Meyen, Franz Julius Ferdinand. 1837-1839. Neues System der Pflanzenphysiologie. 1-3.
Berlin.

Meynert, Hermann. 1851. Neueste Geografie und Staatskunde des Kaiserthums Oesterreich,
nach der gegenwrtigen Verf. und nunmehrigen politischgerichtlichen Eintheilung. Ponatis:
Handbuch der Geographie und Staatskunde von Oesterreich: nach dem gegenwrtigen
Bestande und der. politisch-Eintheilung, nebst geschichtlichen Abrissen der. Kronlnder: zum
Selbstunterrichte, wie auch zum Lehrvortrage. Wien: Hartleben.

Oroen J. 1928. Zgodovina celjske gimnazije. Izvestja dravne realne gimnazije v Celju
1927/28. Celje. 1-28.

Pouillet, Claude Servait Matthias. 1853. lements de physique experimentale et du


mtorologie. 6. izdaja. 1-3. Paris: Hachette. etrti ponatis Johann Jacob Mllerjevega
prevoda: 1853. Braunschweig.

Povi, Joe. 1966. Bibliografija Franca Monika. Ljubljana: SAZU.

Prettner Johann. 1873. Die klimatische Vortheilung der Wrme und Niederschlage in
Krnten. Mitt.Nat.Ver.Steier. (Graz) 1-15

Raffelsperger, Franz. 1846. General-Post und Eisenbahnkarte des Kaiserthums Oesterreich


und der nchsten Grenzleander, mit Ergaenzungen der brigen Staaten in Europa: erste
typometrische Karte 1837. Wien: Typografischer Landkarten Verlag.

Santifaller, L; Obermayer-Marnach. 1969. sterreichisches Bibliographisches Lexikon. Wien:


AW.

163
Schlagintweit, Hermann Rudolph Albert in Adolf. 1850. Untersuchungen ber physikalische
Geographie der Alpen in ihren Beziehungen zu den Phaenomenon der Gletscher, zur
Geologie, Meteorologie und Pflanzengeographie. Leipzig: J.A. Barth.

Schmidt, Vlado. 1963, 1964, 1966. Zgodovina olstva in pedagogike na Slovenskem. 1-3.
Ljubljana: DZS. Ponatis: 1988. Ljubljana: Delavska enotnost.

Schouw, J.F. 1851. Proben einer Erdbeschreibung: Mit einer Einleitung ber die
geographische Methode. Aus d. Danischen bs. von H. Senald. Berlin: Duncker.

Trdina Janez. 1946. Zbrano delo, Spomini 1. del. Ljubljana: DZS.

Tyndall John. 1863. Heat as a Mode of Motion. Ponatis: 1865. Nemki prevod H. Helmholtza
in G. Wiedemanna. 1867. Braunschweig.

Vonjak, Josip. 1982. Spomini. Ljubljana: SM.

Allmer, Franz. 1987. Joseph Liesganig, S.J. 1711-1799. Graz: Mitteilungen der geodtischen
Institute der Technischen Universitt Graz.

Apian, Peter. 1524. Cosmographicum liber Petri Apiani Mathematica studiose collectue.
Basileae: Henri Petrina (NUK-4330; privezan Mnster 1533; brez ekslibrisa). Prevod: 1575.
La cosmographia de Pedro Apiano, corregida y aadida por Gemma Frisio, medico y
mathematico. La manera de destrucriur y situar los Lugares, conel vao del anillo
astronomico, del mismo auctor Gemma Frisio. El sitio y description de las Indias y mu(n)do
nuevo, sacada dela historia de Francisco Lopez de Gomara, y dela cosmographia de
leronymo Giraua Tarragonez. En Anvers (Antwerpen): Iuan Bellero al Aguila de Oro

Arnberger, E. 1957. Beitrage zur Geschichte der angewendten Kartographie und ihrer
Methoden in sterreich. Festschrift der Geographieschen Gesellschaft Wien. Wien. Str. 1-43.

Auersperg, Wolffgang Engelbert. 1659. Orbis lusus, pars prima; seu Lusus geographicus.
Defensus... ab illustrissimo ... comite Wolffgango Engelberto ab Auersperg in alma
universitate graecensi, praeside R. P. Matthia Kirchoffer. Graecii: Typis F. Widmanstadii
(Semenika knjinica).

Babler, O. 1972. Dvoji vyroi Blae Kocena. Sbornik vlastivedne spolenosti muzejni v
Olomouci. Olomuc.

Bahor, Stanislav. 2005. Samostanske knjinice na Dolenjskem. Franikani in knjinica


franikanskega samostana v Novem mestu. Rast. 66/3-4: 387-409.

Bazala, Vladimir. 1978. Pregled hrvatske znanstvene batine. Zagreb: Nakladni zavod Matice
Hrvatske.

Bohinec, Valter. 1925. Razvoj geografije v Slovencih. Geografski vestnik.

Bokovi, Ruer Josip. 1755. De litteraria expeditione per pontificam ditionem ad


dimetiendos duos meridiani gradus et corrigendam mappam geographicam jussu, et auspiciis

164
Benedicti XIV Pont. Max suscepta a Patribus Societ. Jesu Christophoro Maire et Rogerio
Josepho Boscovich. Romae.

Bratec Mrvar, Role. 2000. Bla Kocen (1821-1871). Didaktik, kartograf in geograf.
Diplomska naloga.

Bratec Mrvar, Role. 2002. Bla Kocen. Zbornik za zgodovino naravoslovja in tehnike. 15-16:
162-196.

Cauchy, Augustin. 1882-1975. Oeuvres compltes d'Augustin Cauchy. Publies sous la


direction scientifique de l'Acadmie des sciences et sous les auspices de M. le Ministre de
l'instruction publique. 1: 1-12; 2: 1-15. Paris: Gauthier-Villars.

Ciperle, Joe. 1980. Ljubljanska gimnazija (1773-1808), I. del, Kronika. 28: 111-127.

Czoernig, Carl baron. 1849-1857. Ethnographie der oesterreichischen Monarchie. Wien: k.k.
Hof- und Staatsdruckerei.

Czoernig, Carl baron. 1855. Ethnographische karte der oesterreichischen Monarchie. Wien:
k.k. Direction der administrativen Statistik (NUK-G Z 280/55).

Czoernig, Carl baron. 1861. Statistisches Handbchen fr die Oesterreichische Monarchie.


Wien: k.k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei.

ermelj, Lavo. 1976. Josip tefan. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga.

rnivec, ivka in drugi (ur.). 1999. Ljubljanski klasiki 1563-1965. Ljubljana: Maturanti
klasine gimnazije.

Dassenbacher, Johann. 1868. (Schematismus) Mittelschulen der im Reichsrare vertreten


Lnder und der Militrgrnze (ur. Johann Dassenbacher). II. 1868 Znaim.

Deman, Karl. 1850. Notranjske gore in Cirkniko jezero (str. 123-132). Slovensko berilo za
pervi gimnazijalni razred. Ljubljana: Blaznik.

Deman, Karl. 1866. Zusammenstellung der bischer in Krain gemachten Hhemessungen.


MMK. 1-77.

Dolar, Jaro 1992. Ob ostankih jezuitske knjinice v NUK. Jezuiti na Slovenskem. 1992.
Ljubljana: Intitut za zgodovino Cerkve Teoloke fakultete v Ljubljani in Provincialat
slovenske province Drube Jezusove. 190-192.

Dular, Anja. 2002. iveti od knjig. Ljubljana: Kronika.

Erberg, Anton. 1727. Topografia ducatum Styriae laureatis honoribus Illustrissimi Domini
Domini Francisci Rambaldi Venerei Mariam S.R.I. Comtis de Strasoldi Dum In Alma, et
Celeberrima Universitate S.J. Graecensii Prima AA. LL. et Philosophia Laurea innignisetur,
Promotore R.P. Antonio Erber, e S. Jesu, AA. LL. et Phil. doctore, ejusdumque Professore
Ordinario a Condiscipulis Baccalaureos dicator. Anno M.DCC.XXVII. Mense April Die XXII.
Graecii Typis Haeredum Widmanstandij, 12o 88 strani (izvleek iz Topographia Germania

165
Austriacae P. Karla Granellija, ki jo je verjetno opravil pater Joseph Ritter, A. Erberg pa
objavil kot promotor po Sommervogelu, 3: str.403 (Styria ter felix)) 1727. V resnici le 40
strani.

Erberg, Anton. 1728. Topografia ducatum Carinthiae et Carniolae, Honiribus


Perillustrium Dominorum AA. LL. et Philosophia Neo-Doctorum cum in Alma, et
Celeberrima Universitate Graecensii Suprema Laurea innignisetur, Promotore R.P. Antonio
Erber, e Soc. Jesu, AA. LL. et Philosoph. doctore, ejusdumque Professore Emerito a
Philosophis Condiscipulis dicata. Anno M.DCC.XXVIII. Mense Augusto, Die_. Viennae
Austriae: Typis Mariae Theresiae Voigtin. (12o, 160 listov/80 strani).

Erberg, Bernard Ferdinand. 1760. Notitia illustris regni Bohemiae scriptorum geographica et
chorographica. Vindobonae.

Franikanski ematizmi: Pletz, Joseph. 1839. Stand der kroatisch-krainerischen


Franciskaner-Orden Provinz des H. Kreuzes. Labacii: J. Blasnik (NUK-7053); 1853-1894.
Schematismus der kroatisch-krainerischen Franciskaner-Orden Provinz des H. Kreuzes.
Labacii: Blasnik. Labacii: Egger, Gorizia: Hillariansis.

Fridl, Jerneja. 1998. Oris razvoja kartografije in geografije. Geografski atlas Slovenije.
Ljubnljana: DZS. Str. 49-50.

Fuchs, H.1952. sterreichische Hauptschulatlas. Mitteilungen der Geographieschen


Gesellschaft Wien. Wien. N. 92. str. 343-358.

Gams, Ivan. 2003. Kras v Sloveniji v prostoru in asu. Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU.

Geschichte der Wiener Universitt von 1848-1898. 1898. (ur. Akademischer Senat der
Wiener Universitt). Wien: Alfred Hlder.

Gruber, Gabrijel. 1802. Rectification der Saveflusses. Archiv fr Geographie und Statistik,
ihre Hlfswissenschaften und Literatur. Verfasst und gesammelt von einer Gesellschaft von
Gelehrten. 1. B. 8. Prag, im Verlage d. v. Schnfeldischen Niederlage (Modus Savum fluvium
in meliorem statum redigendi, ut navigatio promoveretur, et ab inundationibus caveretur).
Recenzija v Annalen der sterreischischen Literatur, Wien, Nro. 28. XXVIII Stck, april
1802, str.217.

Haardt, Vinzenz. 1898. Die Entwicklung der Kartographie in sterreich 1848-1898.


Festschrift der Geographieschen Gesellschaft Wien. Wien. Str. 83-92.

Jacquier, Franois. 1766. Institutiones Philosophicae ad Studia Theologica, Physica


Generalis et Particularis. Graecii.

Janar, Drago. 2000. Katarina, pav in jezuit. Ljubljana: Slovenska matica.

Jana-Zorn, Olga: Historino drutvo za Kranjsko. Ljubljana: Modrijan.

Heilbron J.L. 1993. Weighing Imponderables and Other Quantitive Science Around 1800,
HSPS, Supplement to Vol. 24, part 1

166
Kaui, F.. 1906; K tirideseti izdaji Kocenovega atlanta za sredenje ole. Slovenski narod.
276

Kaui, F.. 1920; Blasius Kozen. Marburger Zeitung. t.3. Str.4

Kocen, Bla. 1856. Predavanje o razvoju astronomije od najstarejih asov do Hiparha pri
Muzejskem drutvu v Ljubljani 4. 7. 1855. Erste Jahresheft des Vereins des Krainischen
Landes-Museums. Stran 47.

Kocen, Bla. 1857. Das Klima von Grz. Izvestje Gorica, 14 strani, 8o.

Kocen, Bla. 1858. Grundzge der Geographie fr die I. Classe der Mittel.- uns
Brgerschulen. Pest/Wien: Ed. Hlzel (Olmtz). 4. izdaja: 1867. Wien (Univerza Yale knji.,
204 strani; 22 cm).

Kocen, Bla. 1860. Geographischer Schul-Atlas fr Brgerschulen 3. izdaja Wien: Hlzel


(Yale Univerz.knji., 26 zemljevidov; 26 cm). Ponatisi: 1870. Schul-Atlas fr die Gymnasien,
Real- und Handels-Schulen der sterreischischen Monarchie. Ausgabe in 40 Karten. 2.
umgearbeitete und vermehrte auflage. Wien/Olmz: Hlzel (NUK-G A II 83); 1906.
Kozennov geografiki atlas: sadraje 57 listova i 85 karta. Zagreb: Glavno skladite za
Hrvatsku, Slavoniju, Dalmaciju, Bosnu i Hercegovinu; 1939. Kocnov geografski atlas (ur.
enoa, Milan). Zagreb: Knjigarna Kralj. Vseuilia i Jugoslavenske Akademije; 92. izdaja:
1966. sterreichischer Mittelschulatlas: (Kozenn-Atlas): Hundert-Jahr-Ausgabe. Wien:
Hlzel (167 strani; 31 cm). 93. izdaja: 1967. Wien: Hlzel (167 strani; 31 cm).

Kocen, Bla. 1861. Geographische Lehrmittel. Izvestje Olomouc (Olomc). 20 strani.

Kocen, Bla. 1863. B. Kozenn's geographiescher Schul-Atlas fr die Gymnasien, Real- und
Handel-Schulen der sterreichischen Monarchie. Wien Olomouc: Hlzel.

Kocen, Bla. 1863. Der ffentliche Unterricht im Lichte der Verfassung. Wien (Univerza
Yale knji).

Kocen, Bla; Kke, F. 1860ta leta. Herzogthum Steiermark. Wien (Univerza Chicago, 1
zemljevid 133x127 cm, 1:180.000); 1865. Unterkrnten und Untersteiermark. Olmtz: Hlzel
(NUK-G Z 282.6/117, s slovensko jezikovno mejo); 1865. Steiermark und Krnten. Olmtz:
Hlzel (NUK-G Z 282.6/2, z rono barvano slovensko jezikovno mejo).

Kocen, Bla. 1868. Leitfaden der Geographie. Wien: Hlzel.

Kocen, Bla. 1870. Erdbeschreibung fr Volksschulen. Wien: Hlzel (NUK-46496). Prevoda


Ivana Lapajneta: 1877. Kocenov zemljepis za narodne ole. Maribor: Uiteljsko drutvo za
slovenski tajer (NUK-41521); 1879. 2. popravljeni prevod. Be: Edvard Hlzel (NUK-
120750).

Kordi, Ivan. kufca, Irena. 1996. Peter Kozler in prvi zemljevid slovenskega ozemlja: Po
hribih, po dolih razirjen njih rod. Koevje: Muzej Koevje.

Koroec, Branko. 1978. Na prostor v asu in projekciji. Ljubljana: Gedetski zavod SRS.

167
Kranjec, Silvo. 1964. Geografija. Slovenska Matica 1864-1964 (ur. France Bernik).
Ljubljana: Slovenska Matica. 195-219.

Kraus, Joef . 1717. Geographiae in solatium desolatae mathesis et discipulorum per modum
recreationis automnalis instituta et proposita a rev. D. Carolo Rodhe, sacri exemptique
ordinis Cisterciens. Celeberrimi Monasterii ad Fontes Marianos professo, praeside R. P.
Josepho Kraus Societate Jesu. Edita in examine publico ipso praeside. Labaci, Mayr typis,
anno MDCCXVII, 8o

Kretschmer, Dorflinger Warwik. 1986. Lexikon zur Geschichte der Kartographie. Wien:
Franz Deuticke.

Kretschmer, Ingrid. 1990. Hhepunkten sterreichischer Kartographiegeschichte (bis zum


ersten Weltkrieg). Wiener Schriften zur Geographie und Kartographie. Str. 262-270.

Lapajne, Ivan (prevajalec); Netoliczka, Eugen. 1875. Mala fizika za narodne ali ljudske ole v
pogovorih, prevod Ivan Lapajne. Gradec.

Lapajne, Ivan (prevajalec); Decker, August. 1876. Fizika in kemija za vije razrede ljudskih
ol in za meanske ole, prevod Ivan Lapajne. Dunaj.

Laurenchich, Nikolaj. 1732. Zemljevid za zgodovinsko akademijo v Zagrebu, Zagreb.399

Laurenchich, Nikolaj. 1732 Assertiones (o Hrvaki, njenih upanstvih, mestih, trgih, kraljih
in banih, pa tudi o kranstvu in njegovem napredku med Hrvati). Rokopis. Zagrebiae.400

Laurenchich, Nikolaj. 1737. Assertiones Banorum Dalmatiae Croatiae et Slavoniae.


Tyrnaviae. 1737.401

Liesganig, Joseph Xavier, S.J. 1770. Dimensio graduum meridiani Viennensis et Hungarici
Augg. Jussu et auspiciis peracta a Josepho Liesganig, Societatis Jesu. Vindobonae: Bernardi.

Lukcs, Ladislaus S.J. 1987-1988. Catalogus generalis seu Nomenclator biographicus


personarum Provinciae Austriae Societatis Iesu (1555-1773). I-III. Romae: Institutum
historicum S.I.

Marui, Branko. 2000. Zdravnik dr. Anton Muznik (1726-1803). V: Muznik, Anton. Goriko
podnebje Clima Goritiense. Ljubljana: Intitut za zgodovino medicine Medicinske fakultete.
193-204.

Mayr, Joannis Baptistae. 1678. Catalogus Librorum qui Nundinis Labacensibus Autumnalibus
in Officina Libraria Joannis Baptistae Mayr, Venales prostant. Anno M.DC.LXXXVII (sic!).
Ljubljana: Mayr.

MUK franikansko Modroslovno uilie na Kostanjevici nad Gorico.

399
Diar., I./39r, str. 1548; Stoeger, 1855, 205; Sommervogel, 5: 1563; Vanino, 1969, 121.
400
Bazala, 1978, 248.
401
Bazala, 1978, 248.

168
Mnster, Sebastian (* 1488/9 Nieder Ingelhem v palatinatu Rhein med Mainzom in
Bingenom; 1552 Basel). Mnster, Sebastian. 1537. Cosmographia. Ponatisi (okoli 30 izdaj
do leta 1578): 1545. Basel: 1546; 1548. Cosmographia. Beschreibung aller Lender durch
Sebastianum Munsterum, in wlcher begriffen aller Volcker Herrschafften, Stetten und
namhafftiger Flecken Hrkommen: Sitten, Gebrauch, Ordung, Glauben, Secten, und
Hantierungen durch die gantze Welt, und frnemlich teutscher Nation. Was auch besunders in
jedem Landt gefunden, und darin beschehen sey. Alles mit Figuren und schnen Landtafeln
erklrt und fr Augen gestellt. Weiter ist diese Cosmographie durch den gemelten S. Must.
allerthalben fast sehr gemeret und gebessert, auch mit eim zugelegten Register
vilbreuchlicher gemacht. Basilea: D.H. Petri (NUK-G 2505; folio; Med ekslibrisi: Peter
Lukanzic (Lukani, SBL, 2: 431) 1556); 1550 (razirjeno); 1555; 1556. Cosmographia oder
beschreibung aller Lender... Basilea (NUK-2368); 1567. Basel: Henricpetrina; 1578.
Cosmographia oder beschreibung aller Lender... Basilea: Henricipetrina (NUK-III 2367);
1588. Cosmographia oder beschreibung aller Lender... Basilea: Henricipetrina (NUK-2368);
Venetii 1588; sine dato. Cosmographia oder weltbeschreiben (NUK-III 2497; ekslibris
avgutincev pri sv. Joefu v Ljubljani); izdaje vnuka Sebastiana (Henri) Petra: 1592; 1598;
1614; 1628. Cosmographia, das ist: Beschreibunh der gantzen Welt darinnen aller
monarchien keyserthumben knigreichh frstenthumben graff- ubd herrschafften Lnderen
Stten und Gemeinden; wie auch aller geistlichen Stifften busthumben. Basilea:
Henricipetrina (Langenmantova 1681 knjiga); 1638. Cosmographia universalis. Basel (s karto
Kitajske); 1628. Cosmographia. Basilea: Henricipetrina; 1652. Cosmographia universalis.
Basilea.

Murko, Vladimir. 1974. Stareji slovenski znanstveniki in njihova vloga v evropski kulturni
zgodovini - Astronomi. Zbornik za zgodovino naravoslovja in tehnike (Ljubljana: Slovenska
matica). 2: 11-42.

Muevi, Veselin. 1997. Imago Sloveniae. Ljubljana: NUK.

Oroen, Janko. 1971-73. Zgodovina Celja in okolice. 2. dela. Celje: Celjski tednik.

Pavli, Slavica. 2000. Zgodovina idrijskega olstva do leta 1945. Idrija. Bogataj.

Penck, A., 1891. Die Geographie an der Wiener Universitt. Geographiesche Abhandlungen.
Wien.

Perko, D., Fridl, J., Kladnik, D., Oroen Adami, M., Urbanc, M. 2005. Atlant. Ljubljana:
ZRC Sazu.

Peterca, Radoevi, Milisavljevi, Racetin. 1974. Kartografija. Beograd: Vojnogeografski


institut.

Peternel, Mihael. 1855. Geographische Skizze des Herzogthums Krain. Izvestje realke
Ljubljana. 24 strani (Nadaljevanje izvestij iz leta 1853).

Petritsch, Wolfgang. 1972. Die sloweninischen Studenten in der Universitt Wien. disertacija.
Wien.

Pivec-Stele, Melita. 1968. Svet med Muro in Dravo. Maribor.

169
Pivec-Stele, Melita. 1969. Promocije Slovencev na graki univerzi 1728. Kronika. 2: 112.

Pogrietschnig, Janez Krstnik; Kauffmann, Joef. 1766. Compendiaria metropolis Carnioliae


descriptio e topographia Germaniae Austriacae Caroli Granelli S. J. excerpta, et auditoribus
oblata, dum Assertationes ex universa philosophia in archiducali, et academico Soc. Jesu
Collegio Labaci. Anno M.DCC.LXVI. Mense Augusto, die publice propugnarent. Eruditus, ac
perdoctus dominus Michael Castelliz, Carniolus Labac. E Seminario Soc. Jesu, eruditus, ac
perdoctus dominus Simon Schillitz, Styrus ex Fano S. Petri, Philosophi Absoluti ex
praelectionibus r. p. Joannis Baptistae Pogrietsnig e Soc. Jesu, Philosophiae Professoris
publ. Ordin. Labaci: Typis Joannis Friderici Eger, Inclyt. Provinc. Carniol. Typographi. (NM-
diss; NUK-6688)

Punik, Janko. 1979. Vremenoslovje na Slovenskem. Zbornik za zgodovino naravoslovja in


tehnike. 4: 9-104.

Reisp, Branko. (1983). Janez Vajkard Valvasor. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga.


Roskiewicz, J. 1873. Zur Geschichte der Kartographie in sterreich. Mitteilungen der
Geographieschen Gesellschaft Wien. Str. 248-298.

Roskiewicz, J. 1875. Kartographie. Wien: Zur Weltausstelung 1873 in Wien.

Roskiewicz, J. 1875. Die Kartographie in sterreich vom Jahre 1750 bis zum Jahre 1873.
Wien.

Santifaller, L. 1969. sterreichisches Bibliographisches Lexikon. Wien: AW

Schmidt, Vlado, 1963-1966. Zgodovina olstva in pedagogike na Slovenskem. 3. deli.


Ljubljana: DZS.

Schenk. 1859, 1860. Anleitung zur Berechnung der Sonnen- und Mondfinsternisse, so wie
aller von der Parallaxe abhngigen Rechnungen. Izvestje gimnazije Olomuc (Olomc). 139
strani, 5 tabel risb.

Serbelj, Ferdinand. 2005. Portret Volfa Engelberta grofa Auersperga mlajega (* 1641;
1709) in njegove ene Katarine Elizabete rojene pl. Trilleck. Almanach in slikarstvo druge
polovice 17. stoletja na Kranjskem. (ur. Darja Murovec in drugi). 159-161.

Sever, Sonja. Pisma Slavi Kovai

Shaw, Trevor R.; Macqueen, James G. 1998. Did the Argonauts of Greek Myth Go
Underground In the Slovenian Karst? Acta Carsologica. 27/1: 371-393.

Sitte, Christian. 1992. Entwicklung des Unterrichtsgegenstandes Erdkunde, Geographie,


Geographie und Wirtschaftskunde an allgemeinbildenden Schulen (AHS u APS) in
sterreich. Wien

Sitte, Christian. 1987. Bibliographie zur Entwicklung der Schulbcher aus Geographie in
sterreich. Mitteilungen der sterreichischen Geographieschen Gesellschaft. Wien.

170
Sitte, Wolfgang. 1996. Zur Erinnerung an Blasius Kozenn (1821-1871). GW Unterricht.
Wien. N. 62, str. 102-104.

Sitte, Wohlschlgl. 1999. Beitrage zur Didaktik des Geographie und Wirtschaftskunde-
Unterricht, Wien.

Slanar, Hans st. 1952. Zur Geschichte der sterreichischen Mittelschulatlanten. Mitteilungen
der Geographieschen Gesellschaft Wien. Wien. N. 94. Str. 299-308

Smole, Majda. 1982. Graine na nekdanjem Kranjskem. Ljubljana: DZS.

Sommervogel, Carlos. 1890-1900. Bibliothque de le Compagnie de Jsus. Bibliographie par


les Pres Augustin et Aloys de Backer, Nouvelle dition par Carlos Sommervogel, S. J.
Strasbourgeois, Bruxelles-Paris: publie par la province de Belgique, Tome I-IX.

Stainer, Sebastjan. 1716. Anathema Astronomico-Sciathericum Augustissimae Caelorum, et


Siderum Reginae Mariae appensum honoribus et in disputatione physico-mathematica oblatum, ab
Illustrissimo, ac Erudito Domino Joanne Benjamino L.B. ab Erberg, opponente Illustrissimo, ac
Erudito Domino Maximiliano Antonio L.B. Tauffrer, Physices, & Matheos Cultoribus. Praeside R.P.
Sebastiano Stainer Soc.Jesu. A. A. L. L. & Philosophiae Doctore, ejusdmque & Matheseos
Professore Ordinario. in Archi-Ducali, & Academico Societatis JESU Gymnasio Labaci Anno 1716.
Die_ Mens._ Labaci, Formis Joannis Georgij Mayr, Inclytae Provinciae Carnioliae Typogr. fol

Stoeger, Joannes Nepomuk. 1855. Scriptores Provinciae Austriacae Societatis Jesu ab ejus
origine ad nostra usque tempora. Viennae: Typis congregationis mechitharisticae.

antel, Anton. 2006. Zgodbe moje pokrajine. Ljubljana: Nova revija.

Schwaba, R. 2002. Prepiska Adami-Nugent. Novi Kamov. 2/3: 53-76.

krabec, Stanislav. 2002. Naa Kostanjevica. Nova Gorica: Branko.

Taufferer, Inocenc, S.J. 1760. Dissertatio Cl. Mairani De Causa Variationum Barometri.
Tentamen Publicum ex Universa Philosophia, Quod In Archi-Ducali, & Academico Soc.
JESU Collegio Labaci ex praelectionibus r. p. Innocentii Taufferer Soc. Jesu Phil. Prof. Publ.
& Ord. Subiverunt Perillust. D. Aloysius Vermati, de Vermesfeld, Carn. Lab. Nobilis D.
Antonius Feichtinger, Carn. Locopolitanus. Prolusionis loco Explanabuntur Phaenomena
motus Astrorum Systematis Copernicani. Ljubljana: Typis Joannis Georgii Heptner, Inclytae
Provinciae Carnioliae Typographi, Anno 1760. 8o

Thorndike, Lynn. (1941-1958). History of Magic and Experimental Science. 5-8. del. New
York: Columbia University Press.

Thullner, Janez Krstnik. 1703-1704. Philosophiae Peripateticae tractatus III in reliquos libros
Aristotelis de mundo, coelo, ortu et interitu. Traditus a R. P. Joanne Baptista Thullner AA.LL.
Et philosophia doctore Conscripta a Alexio Sigismundo Thalnitscher De Thalberg Goritiae
MDCCIV Inceptus 16 Martis in 4 libros Metheororum 1703 Aristotelis De generatione et
corruptione. (Papir 200 x 145 mm brez otevilenih strani; SK, Rkp 75 (Grmek, 1963, 289)).

171
Thullner, Janez Krstnik. 1704. Memorabilia Orbis et Civitatis Goritiensis, in saecula XXXII.
Lustra IV, et integram fere Olympiadem ab anno Mundi 2635 usque post Christum natum
1704. Labaci. 4o.

Thullner, Janez Krstnik. 1704. Tractatus praeleminares ad horographiam. Traditus a R. P.


Joanne Baptista Thullner... Conscripta a Thalnitscher (Ale iga Dolniar (1685-1708))
Goritiae 1704 Aristotelis Metheora Aristotelis De generatione et corruptione. Papir
200x145 mm. SK Rkp 74.

Thullner, Janez Krstnik. 1709. Exercitium Mathematicum, Sive Paradigma Catoptrico-


Steganographicum, ac Causticum per radios reflexos ex speculis planis, Demonstratum, & in
resolutione Variorum problematum a Perillustribus, & Eruditis Dominis Joanne Ernesto ab
Erberg, & Laurentio Daniele a Wolbiz, Provincialibus Carniolis Labacensibus, Physices, &
Matheos Auditoribus. Praeside R.P.Joanne Baptista Thullner e Societate JESU AA. LL. &
Philosophiae Doctore, Theologiae Moralis, & Mathesos Professore Ordinario. Dialogice
propositum In Archi-Ducali Societatis JESU Gymnasio Labacensi, Mense Junio die 23. Anno
M. DCC. IX. Labaci: Typis Joan. Georgij Mayr, Inclyt, Provinc. Carn. Typogr. (Semenika
knjinica).

Umek Ema. 1991. Erbergi in Dolski Arhiv. Ljubljana: Arhiv republike Slovenije.

Umlauft, Fr. 1898. Geographiuescher Unterricht in sterreich-Ungarn 1848-1898. Festschrift


der k.k. Geographiescher Gesellschaft in Wien. Wien

Vanino, Miroslav. 1969. Isusovci i Hrvatski narod, I del: Rad u XVI stoljeu. Zagrebaki
kolegij. Zagreb: Filozofsko-teoloki institut Drube Isusove u Zagrebu, Zagreb.

Vega, Jurij. 1798. Mathematische Betrachtungem ber eine sich um eine unbewegliche Achse
drehende feste Kugel, und die Folgen dieser Voraussetzung fr Astronomie, Geographie und
Mechanik, in Beziechung auf unser Erdsphroid. Erfurt: Nova Acta Academie Erfordi.

Vovko, Andrej (ur.) in drugi. 1990. Valvasorjev zbornik ob 300 letnici izida Slave vojvodine
Kranjske. Referati s simpozija. Ljubljana. SAZU.

Wawrik, Zeilinger. 1989. sterreich ab alten Karten & Ansichten. Graz: Austria Picta.

argi, Matija. 2002. Auerspergov kneji dvorec v Ljubljani (Lozar tamcar, Maja; vanut,
Maja. (ur.)). Theatrum Vitae et Mortis Humanae. Ljubljana: Narodni Muzej. 277-308.

muc, Irena. 2003. Zapuina grofa Janeza Andreja Auersperga. Kronika. 51/3: 249-266.

172

You might also like